to English
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UNIT
2
Warming up
1 2
Work with a classmate. What’s your opinion about the following statements?
1 Music can help solve problems.
3 Music increases creativity and sensitivity.
2 Music can bring people together.
4 Music can lead to aggressive behavior.
Look at the pictures and discuss the answers to these questions with a classmate.
1 What feelings are these people expressing? 2 Why do you think they are feeling like this? 3 Imagine they are all listening to music. What kind of music would that be? Why?
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3 04
Listen to some music extracts. How do you feel about each one of them?
Brainstorming
1 2
If we were aware of the effects sounds have upon us, we would be more careful about the frequencies we expose ourselves to.
3
Michael S. Schneider, educator and writer
ďż˝ What kind of effects can music have upon people? Do you agree with Schneider?
4 5
ďż˝ Can music also have an effect on animals, plants and water?
6
4 5
Which extracts can be related to the pictures in exercise 2? Why? Work with a classmate and discuss the following questions.
1 Did you have similar feelings when listening to the music extracts?
2 What kind of music do you listen to... a when you need to concentrate and study for a test? b when you are having fun with your friends?
Many experiments have been done to study the effect of music on growing plants. According to the popular TV show Mythbusters, plants that were growing while intense death metal was playing grew better than the ones exposed to classical music. More details at http://mythbustersresults.com/episode23
c after a long day at school? 15
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2 Reading and Learning
1
Work with a classmate and discuss.
1
What would life be like without music?
2
What would be different in your routine if music didn’t exist?
3
4
2
3
Have you ever watched a silent movie? If yes, what was your reaction to it? If no, what do you think your reaction would be? What is the role of music in the movie industry?
4
Can you hum the music from the following movies? Work in groups of four.
5
Skim the text on page 17 and answer the questions.
1
What kind of text is it?
2
Is the language in the article formal or informal?
3
Where would you expect to read such a text?
4
Who do you think would read this kind of text?
According to the article, what’s the role of music in films?
Scan the text and write CF if the information can’t be found in it or CI if you can infer meaning from the context. Raksin’s first name. Raksin’s profession. Rembrandt is a painter. Bernard Herrmann is a composer. John Williams is a film-score immortal.
6
Read the text again and mark if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). The majority of films contain more than one hour and a half of music. Music is important in the movie industry. However, more music has been produced for concert halls than for the cinema. The quality of music for films has to be as good as music for a concert or a symphony. Music is like a puzzle for the audience who is challenged to understand what it means. According to Bernard Herrmann, you can’t make a movie without good music. Sometimes just a few notes prepare the audience for what is going to follow. The music in the 1944 film Laura is partially responsible for the film’s success.
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2
Music’s Starring Role in Films by Richard Nilsen
‘Imagine Star Wars without John Williams!’ says William Rosar, founder of the non-profit Film Music Society, which seeks to preserve historical movie scores. ‘It would be like opera without music.’ [...] 5
Most films contain forty-five to ninety minutes of composed music. And with the thousands of films made around the world since the advent of sound in 1927, that means that more orchestral music has been written for the movie house than for all the concert halls put together. Not that it’s all good music. Film music isn’t usually meant to stand alone, like a symphony or concerto. It serves its film like theatrical scenery: no one expects a stage backdrop to be painted to the same standards as a Rembrandt.
10
To do its job, the music often must be easily understood, even generic, so that audiences won’t waste time puzzling over what it’s supposed to mean. It has to speak a common language. ‘You can’t make a movie without music,’ film-score immortal Bernard Herrmann said, ‘but it doesn’t have to be good music.’
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Sometimes, it’s just a little orchestral ostinato or string tremolo that underscores a pensive moment before the action breaks that can set the tone for everything that follows. What audiences remember of Williams’ score for Jaws is really just two ominous notes, repeat dosage as needed. The ‘Big Tune’
20
25
30
35
Herbert Stothart, who wrote the score for 1935’s Mutiny on the Bounty, once said about that music, ‘I approached the task with the intention of having the score actually tell the story in psychological impressions. The listener can, without seeing the picture, mentally envision the brutalities at sea, the calm, the storms, the idyllic tropics, mutiny, clash of human wills and retribution. With the exception of some special cases, none of the music was purely melodic, but rather impressionistic, depending on instrumentation and technique to create imagery, rather than on tunes to suggest definite ideas.’ Yet, some of the most famous film scores do have a fanbase. In the early days, it was the ‘big tune’ that governed the film score. Like Raksin’s haunting ‘Laura’s Theme’ from Otto Preminger’s 1944 film Laura, or the great title theme of Max Steiner’s music for 1939’s Gone With the Wind. If you’re at all familiar with these films, those tunes are going through your head right now. Laura wouldn’t be half the film classic it is without Raksin’s sinuous, tonally ambiguous tune.
Extracted from www.azcentral.com/ent/movies/articles/2008/05/03/20080503filmscoremain.html. Accessed on October, 28th, 2009.
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2
7
These sentences were taken from the text. What do the words in italics mean?
1
... no one expects a stage backdrop to be painted to the same standards as a Rembrandt. (lines 8-9) A large piece of cloth with buildings, countryside or something else painted on it that is hung at the back of a stage during a performance. The door which is used by the actors and theater workers when entering and leaving the theater.
2
... so that audiences won’t waste time puzzling over what it’s supposed to mean. (lines 10-11) Enjoying something.
3
Thinking hard about something in order to understand it.
What audiences remember of Williams’ score for Jaws is really just two ominous notes... (line 16) Dramatic notes which show that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen. Melodic and calming notes in a piece of music.
4
Yet, some of the most famous film scores do have a fanbase. (lines 30-31) How much money the film makes.
The music written for a film or a play.
Language in Use Feelings and Sensations
1
How is Greg feeling? Number the pictures according to the box.
1 thrilled 2 annoyed 3 bored 4 calm 5 relaxed 6 ecstatic 7 nervous 8 disappointed 9 miserable 10 excited 11 exhausted 12 petrified 13 devastated 14 furious
2
Now, write the words from exercise 1 into the correct column. Positive
Negative
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2
3
Work with a classmate. How would you feel in the following situations? Use the expressions from the box. I’d feel like crying.
I’d feel very happy.
I’d be bored.
I’d be disappointed.
1 Your pet has died. 2 You won a trip to Buenos Aires in a competition at school. 3 Your best friend forgot to invite you for his or her birthday. 4 Your parents invited you to go to a classical music concert with them. 5 You haven’t studied for your final exam at school. Sentence connectors are used to connect ideas, forming more complex sentences.
4
Read this extract about music in Brazil and choose the best connector to complete the sentences.
Although / On the other hand Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, most people are only familiar with two of its musical forms: samba and bossa nova. And / But there is much, much more than that. The Portuguese arrived in Brazil in 1500 and / whereas soon started to import African slave labor into the country. However / As a result, Brazilian music is an Afro-European fusion. While / On the one hand this is true in most of Latin America, the Afro-European traditions in Brazil differ in rhythm and in dance form, because / but the dance does not take the couple form that it does elsewhere. Tropicália, música nordestina, repentismo, frevo, capoeira, maracatu and / while afoxé are just some of the other popular musical styles that abound in a country that loves to sing and dance. Adapted from http://latinmusic.about.com/od/southameric1/p/PRO13BASIC.htm. Accessed on October 30th, 2009.
5
Discuss the following statements with a classmate. Do you have the same opinion?
1 Madonna is much more famous than Ivete
7
Compare the things below. Use intensifiers like far, a lot, much, a great deal and a little. Follow the example.
1 Pop music / country music / good
Sangalo.
2 In general, teenagers like hip hop far more
Pop / Country music is much better than pop / country music.
than opera.
3 Classical music is a lot older than axé music.
2 Beyoncé / Alison Kraus / famous
4 Heavy metal is a great deal noisier than relaxation music.
6
3 romantic music / samba / lively
Read the sentences from exercise 5 again and underline the intensifiers.
4 rock ’n’ roll / heavy metal / noisy 5 Banda Calypso / popular in Brazil / the USA
Intensifiers are words that add force to another adjective, verb or adverb.
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2 Listening and Speaking
1
What kind of music do you think the people in the pictures are listening to?
2
Listen to different people talking about music. What kind of music do they like?
05
3
1 George
all kinds
rock and pop
2 Silvester
rock ’n’ roll and heavy metal
classical and jazz
3 Nadine
just club music
all kinds
4 Paula
classical music
gospel
5 Roy
Brazilian and Caribbean music
hip hop and Caribbean music
6 Pedro
all kinds
country music
Listen again. Make notes in the table.
05
When does he / she listen to music? George
How does it make he / she feel?
When he has time and feels the need.
Silvester Nadine
Whenever she can. Calm, relaxed and confident, and it makes her sleep.
Paula Roy
On his way to school and when he comes back home.
Pedro
4
Can you name songs that make you feel... depressed? excited? happy? calm? bored? irritated? scared?
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2
5
Read the extract and discuss the following questions with a classmate.
A new European study has found that listening to music can help stroke patients recover faster. Researchers stated that listening to music for a couple of hours each day in the early stages after a stroke can help patients recover faster than those who are not exposed to music, by enhancing cognitive recovery and preventing negative mood. The study analyzed sixty patients who presented problems with motor controls, cognitive processes and speech after the stroke. They could choose the type of music they wanted to listen to, but received standard stroke rehabilitation therapy. After three months, their verbal memory improved by 60% and their focused attention improved by 17%, whereas the other group showed a 29% improvement in their verbal memory and no improvement at all in focused attention. But the study of the effects of music in our bodies and minds is still in the preliminary stage.
Based on www.financialexpress.com/news/music-therapy-helps-stroke-patients-recover-faster/275203/. Accessed on January 20th, 2010.
1 Were you surprised to read the information in the article?
2 What type of music would you choose if you were a stroke victim?
3 Do you find it strange that music improved focused attention in patients? Can you concentrate when there’s music around?
6
7
Read the statements below. Do you believe they are facts or fallacies?
1 Listening to music can boost the immune system.
fact
fallacy
2 Listening to music can help fight off diseases.
fact
fallacy
3 Different types of music affect stress differently.
fact
fallacy
4 Dance music stimulates our antibodies.
fact
fallacy
5 The mind affects the body.
fact
fallacy
Work with a classmate and check if you both have the same opinions. Use the expressions in the box to help you. I don’t think this is true, because...
I’m sure this is true.
I’m in two minds about it.
This might be true...
This can’t be true because...
This is definitely true.
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2
8
Read the following article and check your previous guesses in exercise 6.
How
music helps prevent disease In 2008 research findings were reported in The Telegraph that claimed listening to music can boost the immune system and may even help fight off disease. The study was led by Dr. Ronny Enk, a neurocognition expert at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig [Germany]. He stated, ‘We think the pleasant state that can be induced by music leads to special physiological changes which eventually lead to stress reduction or direct immune enhancement. Stress reduction probably plays an important role, but the stress reducing effect seems to be different for various types of music.’ Dr. Enk’s team tested 300 people, asking them to listen to a collection of random tones or fifty minutes of joyful, upbeat dance music. They reported that levels of the stress hormone cortisol decreased significantly in those listening to the dance music compared to the random tones control group. Furthermore, the levels of the immune system’s first line of defense were heightened in those listening to the upbeat music. The team did not test whether variations occurred on these effects based on the type of music played to the respondents. Dr. Enk added, ‘We’d expect that different kinds of music might show different physiological and immunological effects. Not only the music itself is important but probably the personal appraisal of the listener will also be important.’ Adapted from www.musicworksforyou.com/health/how-music-helps-prevent-disease.html. Accessed on January 21st, 2009.
more about how music can help us in different areas of our lives at www.musicworksforyou.com
9
Write down some arguments for and against the following ideas. Idea
For
Against
Music should be used in schools during all classes. Shopping malls should play background music to make us feel better and more comfortable. Doctors can listen to music while they are operating to feel more relaxed. Music appreciation should be a mandatory school subject. Radios and MP3 players should be allowed in offices.
10
In your notebook, write a short paragraph using these arguments and the sentence connectors from exercise 4, page 19.
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2 Grammar in Use
1 06
Luana is a music teacher. Listen to this extract from an interview with her and mark what she is talking about.
4
a typical day in her life
What would you do if you could change your life by magic? Read what these students said and circle the correct option.
1
a typical day she would like to have
3
a typical day in her life and what she would like to change if she could
2
The sentences below are taken from Luana’s interview. Are they about her real life or the life she would like to have?
1 I work from eight to five everyday.
4
2 If I could change my life by magic, I’d work 2
part-time only.
3 I work long hours. 4 I don’t have much time at the weekends because I’m normally playing in concerts or gigs.
5 If I had money, I’d buy a small car. 6 If it was possible, I’d like to have more time to spend with my family and friends. Luana’s real life
1 ‘I’m very happy with my life, but, if I can / could change it, I am / would be a famous top model or a Hollywood actress.’ (Tessa, from Los Angeles)
Luana’s imaginary life
2 ‘If I had more time, I would start / start
3
studying Italian, French and Spanish as well. I’m going to be a diplomat and I need to speak other languages fluently.’ (Alastair, from Sydney)
Answer the following questions based on the sentences that describe Luana’s imaginary life.
3 ‘I’d like to date Zac Efron. I think if I saw / see
1 What structure do these sentences have in
him, I’d scream and shout and cover him in kisses.’ (Gina, from Istanbul)
common?
2 These sentences are examples of the second
4 ‘I would / will ride my motorbike all the way
conditional. What is the idea behind them?
up to the northeast of Brazil if I had / would have the chance.’ (Bruno, from Blumenau)
3 Are the sentences below similar or completely different? � If I had money, I’d buy a car. � I’d buy a car if I had money.
5
Work with a classmate and discuss what you would do if you could change your life by magic. 23
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Project 1
n w O y M Soundt rack 1
Discuss with a classmate.
1
When you watch movies or TV shows, do you pay attention to the soundtrack?
2
How important is the soundtrack in a movie or TV show? Why?
3
How many songs from movies or TV shows can you name? Make a list!
Musical producers and their crew are the professionals responsible for choosing the songs that will be part of a movie or TV show soundtrack. They have to know the story very well and understand the characters’ feelings and mood to be able to find songs (melody or lyrics) that can relate to the movie. But most of all, musical producers need to be sensitive enough to choose songs that can touch the audience and make the scenes more memorable. These professionals have to be very creative to choose the songs of a movie or a TV show and creativity is not something that they ‘were simply born with’. They need to practice it everyday to make it perfect!
2
Imagine you and your classmate are musical producers. Practice your creativity by making a soundtrack inspired by the following pictures, imagining they are scenes of a movie. Describe what is happening in each scene (by answering the questions) and choose one song for each picture.
Where are they? What competition did they win? How are they feeling? What are they going to do next?
Song:
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Who is she? Where is she? Who is she looking at? What is she planning to do?
Song:
What happened to him? How is he feeling? What is he thinking about?
Song:
Where are they? What were they doing before? Who are they talking to / texting? What are they planning to do?
Song:
3
Explain your answers and choices of song to the class.
4
Time to make a real soundtrack. Follow the steps below.
1
Ask your classmate to tell you about five different experiences he / she’s had in his / her life and how he / she felt. Use the words below and take notes. happy: sad: embarrassed: afraid: proud:
2
With your classmate, decide on songs that could illustrate each of the experiences you both mentioned in the previous exercise. There are ten experiences, so there must be ten tracks in your soundtrack!
3
Create a cover and a title for the CD. Present your list and explain your choices to the class.
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Have you heard?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Music
What is the biggest musical instrument in the world? It is the organ in the Municipal Auditorium, in Atlantic City, which was designed by Emerson L. Richards in 1930. It has 33,112 pipes, but only 10% are functioning nowadays. The biggest musical instrument in the world that is still functioning is the pipe organ at Macy’s store in Philadelphia. It contains more than 28,000 pipes.
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Music for animals? Apparently, animal’s favorite music sound comes from harps. They have a relaxing effect on animals and as a consequence, lower the heart rate, anxiety levels, and respiration patterns. These effects have already been observed in dogs, cats, cows and even gorillas!
Can I listen to music in space? Only if you are inside the spacecraft or wearing a spacesuit. The sound is air molecules vibrating and since there is no air in space, you wouldn’t hear a thing.
The oldest preserved song with notation in the wor ld was discovered on a clay tablet in Mesopotamia (nowadays Iraq), dated to around 1,400 BC.
Music without sounds? In 1952 American composer John Cage wrote a musical piece called 4’33’’ (4 minutes 33 seconds). A pianist sits at the piano, with a music sheet, and plays nothing for 4 minutes and 33 seconds! The idea is to listen to the sounds of the environment and not the sounds of the piano.
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Glossary enGlish – PortuGuese
A ability: capacity; capacidade abolish: cancel; abolir abound: be abundant; estar repleto de abroad: in another country; no exterior accord: agreement; acordo aching: hurting; dolorido actress: female performer; atriz add: supplement; adicionar advertise: promote; anunciar publicamente afford: to be able to pay for; poder pagar agree: consent; concordar agreement: accord; acordo
arrive: reach; chegar ashes: material remaining after something is burned; cinzas
bored: uninterested; entediado
cloth: fabric; tecido, pano
borrow: take on loan; pegar emprestado
ask: inquire; perguntar
bottom line: fundamental reason; ponto principal (de argumento, explanação, descrição, etc.)
clue: something which helps to solve a problem; dica, pista
assist: help; ajudar assure: promise; assegurar attic: roof space; sótão aware: conscious of; consciente awareness: consciousness; consciência
B backdrop: background; pano de fundo barbecue: outdoor party where grilled food is eaten; churrasco
brainstorm: imagine; reunir-se para propor e avaliar diferentes ideias ao mesmo tempo, de modo que resolva um problema, etc. bread: type of food made from baked wheat; pão brought: past of bring; trouxe by heart: memorized; de cor
C
aid: help; ajuda
basement: cellar; porão
career: profession; carreira
alleged: believed; suposto
battle: fight; batalha be born: start to exist; nascer
carefully: cautiously; cuidadosamente
be nuts: be crazy; estar louco
catchy: easy to remember; chamativo
almost: nearly; quase although: despite the fact that; embora, apesar de amazing: wonderful; maravilhoso ambiguous: open to dispute; ambíguo amendment: correction; emenda among: amid; entre, no meio de (mais de dois seres ou coisas) ancient: very old; antiquíssimo angry: irritated; bravo antibodies: protein in the blood which reacts to infectious agents; anticorpos apologize: to say one is sorry; desculpar-se appeal: attractiveness, charm; atrativo (charme, encanto) applicant: person who applies; candidato apply: make a request; candidatar-se apprenticeship: time of training; aprendizagem arrangements: planned course of action; planos
beach: shore; praia bear: large mammal of the family Ursidae; urso behavior: conduct; comportamento belief: creed; crença below: lower down; abaixo belt: cloth or leather band around the waist; cinto benefit: advantage; benefício bereavement: loss of something or someone that one loves (generally through death); luto besides: furthermore; além de better: in a superior way; melhor between: in the middle; entre (dois seres ou coisas) beverage: drink; bebida black-eyed pea: fruit or seed of the cowpea plant; feijão-fradinho blizzard: severe snowstorm; nevasca
cast: team of actors; elenco
catharsis: emotional cleansing through drama; catarse cello: a bass instrument of the violin family; violoncelo censorship: ban; censura century: period of one hundred years; século charity: giving of money or other goods to the poor; caridade chemical: pertaining to chemistry; químico citizen: native of a country; cidadão classmate: fellow member of a class; colega de sala cleanup: removing dirt; limpeza clerical: relating to a church; clerical clerk: office worker; secretário clingy: sticky; grudento cloaked: disguised; disfarçado
cloudy: overcast; nublado
cognitive: aware; cognitivo commitment: obligation; compromisso community: people living in the same area; comunidade complaint: act of expressing displeasure; reclamação comprehensive: extensive, including much, large in scope; abrangente conductor: person who conducts an orchestra; maestro consecutive: sequencial; consecutivo country: nation; país countryside: rural area; zona rural courage: bravery; coragem court: tribunal; corte judicial cousin: son or daughter of one’s aunt or uncle; primo(a) cow: adult female bovine; vaca creativity: ability to create; criatividade crew: group of people working together on an aircraft or watercraft; tripulação crumble: fall to pieces; desmoronar current: modern; atual customer: client; cliente customs: official procedure of inspecting merchandise and interrogating people coming into a country; alfândega cute: adorable; engraçadinho cyclone: type of storm characterized by high winds rotating around a low pressure area; ciclone
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Glossary
PortuGuese – enGlish
A a menos que: unless abaixo: below
aumentar: increase
chateado: upset
correio: mail
autoestrada: highway
chegar: arrive
corte judicial: court
autônomo: self-employed
chover torrencialmente: pour down
crença: belief
churrasco: barbecue
crescimento: growth
chuvoso: rainy
criatividade: creativity
avós: grandparents
abaixo de: under abolir: abolish abrangente: comprehensive academia (de ginástica, boxe, etc.): gym ação, feito: deed acordo: accord, agreement adequado: suitable adiar: postpone, put off adicionar: add agradável: pleasant ajuda: aid ajudar: assist aleatório: random além de: besides alfândega: customs alugado: rented ambíguo: ambiguous ameaça: threat ameaçador, sinistro: ominous anfitrião: host ânimo (estado de espírito): mood anticorpos: antibodies antiquíssimo: ancient anunciar publicamente: advertise ao invés de: rather than ao passo que: whereas aparência: guise, appearance
B
ciclone: typhoon, cyclone
crescer: grow up
baixo: low
cidadão: citizen
crítica: criticism (ataque, censura); review (resenha)
banca de jornal: newsstand, newsagent (jornaleiro)
cidade: town
cuidadosamente: carefully
cidade natal: hometown
cujo fim é: intended
barulhento, retumbante: rumbling
cinto: belt cinza: gray
cúpula: dome (domo); summit (encontro)
batalha: battle
cinzas: ashes
curandeiro: healer
bater: slam
classificar: rate
bateria: drums
clerical: clerical
bebida: beverage
cliente: customer
bem-estar: welfare
cognitivo: cognitive
da mesma forma: likewise
benefício: benefit
colar: glue, stick (verbo); necklace (adereço)
dano: damage
colega de sala: classmate
declaração: statement
benefícios adicionais: fringe benefits bolso: pocket bombeiro: firefighter
colega de trabalho: workmate
bravo: angry (furioso); brave (corajoso)
colonização: settlement
briga: fight
combater: fight off
colonizar: settle combustível: fuel
C
compartilhar: share completamente: fully
cada: each
comportamento: behavior
camarão: shrimp
comprimento: length
canção: song
compromisso: appointment (encontro, hora marcada, etc.); commitment (disposição de empenhar-se seriamente)
candidatar-se: apply candidato: applicant, candidate cansado: tired cantor(a): singer capacidade: ability
D de cor: by heart derrame: stroke derreter: melt desativar: phase out descender de: descend from desculpar-se: apologize desejo: desire desemprego: unemployment desistir: give up deslizamento de terra: landslide desmoronar: crumble desperdiçar: waste
comunidade: community
dica: clue
concordar: agree
dilema: dilemma
confiável: reliable
dirigido a: towards
conhecimento: knowledge
discurso: speech
consciência: awareness (percepção); conscience (sentido moral)
disfarçado: cloaked, disguised
consciente: aware
ditadura: dictatorship
consecutivo: consecutive
diversidade: diversity
contagioso: infectious
divertido: fun
contente: upbeat contudo: however
doce: candy (substantivo); sweet (adjetivo)
apesar de: despite
característica: trait
aprendizagem: apprenticeship
caridade: charity carne de porco: pork
aquecimento global: global warming
carne do corpo: flesh
assegurar: assure assim, por conseguinte: thus
casamento: marriage (instituição); wedding (cerimônia)
assistência: help (ajuda); relief (socorro)
(em) caso contrário, diferentemente: otherwise
atraso: delay
castigo: punishment
convidado: guest
doença: disease
atrativo: appeal (charme, encanto); attractive (atraente)
catarse: catharsis
convidar: invite
dolorido: aching; sore
censura: ban, censorship
convite: invitation cooper: jog, jogging
dormir além da conta: oversleep
atriz: actress
céu: sky (de planeta); heaven (paraíso)
coração: heart
dúvida: doubt
atual: current
chamativo: catchy
coragem: courage
duvidoso, dúbio: doubtful
carreira: career
distinto: distinguished
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