Torpedo of Rijeka- First in the world by Rijekamgr

TORPEDO OF RIJEKA FIRST IN THE WORLD

EXHIBITION GUIDE

MUZEJ GRADA RIJEKE CITY MUSEUM OF RIJEKA 26 November 2010 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7 September 2011

FOYER TORPEDO OF RIJEKA – FIRST IN THE WORLD When a group of enthusiasts, “torpedoists”, met at the City Museum of Rijeka in 2007 in favourable circumstances, first torpedoes and their instruments, parts and tools started arriving. This exhibition our first actual step towards a museum collection and the future museum of the industrial and technical heritage in Rijeka, which was mentioned a few times in the recent years, but only now it has been taken into serious consideration. Our approach to torpedo research is based on fascination with technical achievements and particular progress in Rijeka at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Because of torpedo, Rijeka became known throughout the world. Many technical innovations were introduced in the torpedo factory and many new instruments were invented and tested for the first time. No less fascinating is the fact that early acoustic and aerodynamics research was conducted in this factory and that the breaking of the sound barrier was proven here. The help for this exhibition came from many assistants of different profiles and interests and cooperative museums and other institutions. We are very grateful to everyone who diligently and with great enthusiasm volunteered to make this exhibition happen.

FLOOR LEGENDS I. Giovanni Ivan Luppis (1815 – 1875) Frigate captain who in the winter of 1860, during the long and uncomfortable patrol of the outer, southern side of the Kvarner islands on frigate Bellona, invented the “coast guard”. It was a boat filled with explosive, propelled by clockwork mechanism. It was to be steered from the coast by means of bridles. The boat would be directed at the enemy and explode on contact. The idea was never tested in practice, but it was a base for the future torpedo. II. Types of torpedoes and total production All important characteristics of torpedo were improved during the 100 years of its production. Between the late 1860s and 1960s, the factory in Rijeka produced more than thirty models, which differed in calibre, length, quantity of explosive, speed and range. Various navies around the world took delivery of about twenty thousand torpedoes.

1. BUST OF GIOVANNI IVAN LUPPIS Michelangelo Vanni end of the 19th cent. bronze height 81 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-12134

MEZZANINE TORPEDO IN WORD AND PICTURE 1854 RISE OF RIJEKA AND THE FIRST BIG FOUNDRY The foundry was founded in the lively industrial climate at the beginning of the 1850s, but it did not work well until 1858, when an English engineer Robert Whitehead came from Trieste and started producing big ship engines for the Austrian Navy. 1860 ANTECEDENT OF TORPEDO – “COAST GUARD” Frigate captain, Giovanni Biagio Luppis (Ivan Vuki} or Vuki~evi}) came up with the idea of the “coast guard“, an explosive boat for the defence of the coast, which he unsuccessfully offered to the Ministry of War in Vienna. 1864 STABILIMENTO TECNICO FIUMANO Captain Luppis joined with the engineer Robert Whitehead, the director of Stabilimento tecnico fiumano in attempt to develop the new weapon. The man who connected them was the retired lieutenant colonel and the future mayor Giovanni Ciotta, who participated in the project as the manager. 1866 FIRST TORPEDO In 1865 Whitehead already gave up Luppis’s concept and started from scratch – instead of exploding boat, he developed an explosive “fish” which looked like tuna and moved under the surface. Torpedo was first called the “mine-ship” (Minenschiff) and it was presented to the Austrian Navy committee on 20 December 1866. 1868 SUCCESS – PARIS WORLD’S FAIR At the Paris World’s Fair, Whitehead presented an engine he built for the Erzherzog Ferdinand Max ship, which fought at the Battle of Vis. He was also awarded in Paris in 1899 and 1900. 1869 WHITEHEAD’S SECRET Among Whitehead’s greatest inventions was the depth regulator which keeps the torpedo at a constant depth. It was developed in the 1870s and did not change much by the mid-20th century. Whitehead called it “my secret” and did not even want to patent it for fear of uncovering. 1870 HUNDREDS OF TORPEDOES In September and October of 1870 more than a hundred torpedoes were launched. Their average speed was 7 kn and their reach 500 m. At the beginning, the Ministry of War technical committee thought them adequate only for destroying unmoving targets. 1871 TWO PROPELLERS The Navy workshops in Woolwich started producing torpedoes with two propellers. They used Whitehead’s concession, and they had a deal to share new innovations. In Rijeka, two counter-rotating propellers enabled better maintenance of the course. 1875 TORPEDOFABRIK WHITEHEAD & COMP. Robert Whitehead bought, together with his son-in-law, Stabilimento tecnico Fiumano and he renamed it Torpedofabrik Whitehead & Comp. 1878 MANY COUNTRIES BUY TORPEDOES IN RIJEKA Representatives of governments and navies of many countries came to Rijeka.

1881 ORDERS CONTINUE Whitehead sold torpedoes to many countries: 254 to England, 250 to Russia, 218 to France, 203 to Germany, 100 to Austria-Hungary, 83 to Denmark and 70 to Italy. Other buyers were Argentina, Belgium, Greece, Portugal and others. 1889 BIGGER AND MORE POWERFUL TORPEDOES Whitehead increased the calibre of the torpedo from 356 and 381 mm to 450 mm and soon to 533 mm. 1892 BRANCHES AND CONCESSIONS The USA bought Whitehead’s concession rights on torpedoes fuelled by cold compressed air. A branch office in Weymouth was established, along with the one in Newport, USA. Others, like Schwarzkopf, the biggest competitor in Rijeka, produced the same torpedoes, with or without the concession. 1894 OBRY’S GYROSCOPE Ludovico Obry from Trieste developed and patented his own gyroscope for directing the torpedo. His invention was developed further by the end of the century – a mechanic called Czerny improved it and adjusted it for incorporation into torpedo. 1905 NEW BRITISH OWNERS The factory in Rijeka became a joint stock company Torpedo Fabrik Whitehead und Co Aktiengeselschaft. At the court in Rijeka, it was registered in English, Italian and Hungarian. Georg Hoyos’s son Edgar became the managing director. 1909 INCREASE OF SPEED AND RANGE The production of 533 calibre torpedo – which was already being produced in Woolwich – began in Rijeka. When they added burning paraffin, at the range of 4000 m the speed of torpedo rose to 26 kn. A completely new engine was produced, with two slanted cylinders, and the star-shaped engine was abandoned. 1923 NEW AGE – NEW OWNERS Orlando family from Livorno took over the Torpedofabrik and turned it into Silurificio Whitehead. The Ciano family, a powerful family which gave two ministers and two admirals, also from Livorno, had an important role as well. Admiral Arturo Ciano was important in Rijeka’s factory management. 1934 AERIAL TORPEDO First launching station in the world with a catapult for aerial torpedo was built, and test flights were also made above the bay of Rijeka. Torpedo is fired in low flight, 50 to 100 m above ground, at the speed of 200 km/h.

1945 FACTORY IN RUINS Demolished factory got a new name, Jadran, but at the end of 1947 it was renamed after Yugoslav politician Aleksandar Rankovi}. In 1953 it became the Engine Factory Torpedo. The post-war production of torpedoes lasted for 20 years, but it was kept secret – all we know is that approximately 350 torpedoes were made. The range of the TZR 533 mm torpedo was 12 km and its speed was 40 kn.

1965/1966 A VIEW OF THE FACTORY FROM THE AIR A hundred years after the first experiments, the factory stopped producing torpedoes. It continued making engines, from the small Aran to the large ship engines. It also produced tractor and lorry engines until 1990s.

PERSONALITIES PIONEERS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN RIJEKA Andrija Ljudevit Adami} (Andrea Lodovico Adamich) (1766–1828) Adami} was a harbinger of modernization in Rijeka. Together with his son Primo, in 1823 he designed a chain suspension bridge over Rje~ina, and in 1825 he lobbied for the construction of the railway from Rijeka to Pest. Iginio Scarpa (1794–1866) One of the founders of the Fonderia metalli (Foundry, 1854), merchant and ship owner, he cooperated on the establishing of the gas plant and steam mill. He is best known as a founder of “elite tourism” – he built the villa Angiolina (1844) in Opatija. Gasparo Matcovich (1797–1881) It is believed that he was the one who brought the inventor of torpedo, Robert Whitehead, to Rijeka, just as he had brought Walter Crafton Smith, the founder of the Paper mill before him. Walter Crafton Smith (1799–1860) With Charles Meynier, he developed in Rijeka the most modern paper mill in the Monarchy, winning medals and rewards since 1835. In 1833 he bought a steam engine and employed a hundred workers. Charles Meynier (around 1793–1876) With Walter Crafton Smith he established the Paper mill.

Giovanni and Luigi Francovich Giovanni was among the founders and shareholders of the Fonderia metalli (1854), founder and chairman of the Bank of Rijeka and chairman of the Municipal savings bank. His son Luigi (pictured) was a shareholder of Fonderia as well, close to the Whitehead’s English circle. He was one of the founders of the steamboat association Adria (1882). Giovanni Ciotta (1824–1903) Grandson of Andrija Ljudevit Adami} and a long-standing Mayor of Rijeka, he connected Giovanni Luppis with Robert Whitehead.

“TORPEDOISTS” AND RESEARCHERS Giovanni Ivan Luppis (1815–1875) Frigate captain who in the winter of 1860 invented the “coast guard”. It was a boat filled with explosive, propelled by clockwork mechanism. It would be steered from the coast by means of bridles. The boat would be directed at the enemy and would explode on contact. The idea was never tested for real, but it was a base for the future torpedo. Robert Whitehead (1823–1905) Born in the area of the earliest European industrialization, Bolton near Manchester. Upon his arrival to Rijeka, he became the director of the Foundry (later Stabilimento tecnico fiumano) and then Torpedofabrik Whitehead & Comp (1875). The invention of torpedo (1866) enabled the fast development of the factory and brought Whitehead world fame. John Whitehead (1854–1902) He graduated from the Technical college in Zurich and joined his father’s factory, where he was the head engineer for more than 20 years.

Georg Hoyos (1842–1904) Whitehead’s son-in-law and one of the closest associates, partner and director of the Torpedofabrik.

Annibale Plöch (1836–1906) Precise mechanic, one of the Whitehead’s closest associates for many years. He was the most prominent representative of the highly qualified technicians torpedo factory was famous for.

Peter Salcher (1848–1928) Professor at the Marineakademie (Naval academy) in Rijeka. Salcher and his associate Sandor Riegler recorded the shock wave at the breaking of the sound barrier and gained recognition.

EXHIBITS CATALOGUE FIRST FLOOR (1-12) (F1 – F4) 2. MODEL OF LUPPIS’S “COAST GUARD”, 1860–1864 Luciano Keber Rijeka, 2009 wood, 123 x 230 x 48 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-14068

3. MODEL OF THE FIRST TORPEDO FROM RIJEKA, 1866 Alen Vi{ni} – Arka bravarija Vi{kovo, 2010 wood, 355 x ø 40,6 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-14066

photo: First torpedo from Rijeka, 1866 (original) 4. 4-CYLINDRE BROTHERHOOD TORPEDO ENGINE WITH SHAFT AND PROPELLER Mr. Peter Brotherhood’s Company Peterborough, England, early 20th cent. brass, iron, 170 x ø 45 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13766

5. 3-CYLINDRE TORPEDO ENGINE Whitehead – Brotherhood engine Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1909–1914 brass, iron, 134 x ø 38,1 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHP-KPO-TZ 16231

6. PROTOTYPE OF TORPEDO PROPELLER WITH 4 BLADES Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1900 metal, 27,5 x 30 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHP-KPO-TZ 16258

7. PROTOTYPE OF TORPEDO ENGINE WITH 8 CYLINDERS Whitehead – Brotherhood engine Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1902 metal, 44,5 x ø 47 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHP-KPO-TZ 16350 8. PROTOTYPE OF GYROSCOPE ENGINE WITH FLYWHEEL John Whitehead, Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1894–1895 metal, 80 x ø 38 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHP-KPO-TZ 16230 9. PROTOTYPE OF DEPTH REGULATOR Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1885 brass, 15,5 x 26 x 22 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHP-KPO-TZ 16244 10. TAIL OF TORPEDO Stabilimento tecnico Fiumano Rijeka, 1868 metal, 187 x ø 46 cm Croatian Maritime Museum Split, HPMS-775:SLT-1182-ZO

11. SERRATED TORPEDO HEAD Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, end of 19th cent. brass, 91 x ø 35 cm Croatian Maritime Museum Split, HPMS-775:SLT-1175-ZO

12. TAIL OF TORPEDO Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1884 metal, 189 x ø 34 cm Croatian Maritime Museum Split, HPMS-775:SLT-1172-ZO

13. TAIL OF TORPEDO Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1898 metal, 154 x ø 35 cm Croatian Maritime Museum Split, HPMS-775:SLT-1178-ZO

FILMS F1 FIRST TORPEDO – Istra film, Bernardin Modri}, Miljenko Smokvina F2 ENGINES 1866 – 1966 F3 “TORPEDOISTS” AND RESEARCHERS F4 PIONEERS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN RIJEKA

EXHIBITS CATALOGUE GROUND FLOOR (13 – 40) (F5 – F6)

14. AIMING DEVICE TR 45 1954 brass, wood City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13626

15. TORPEDO AUTOGRAPH 53/VA Engine factory Torpedo 1960s brass, plastics, 32.5 x ø 25.2 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13624

16. AUTOGRAPH – DEPTH INDICATOR Stabilimenti Whitehead, Società di Esercizio Anonima Rijeka, 1926 metal, 45.5 x 20.5 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHPKPO-TZ 16254

17. AUTOGRAPH – DEPTH INDICATOR IN A BOX Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1950s 48 x 25 x 14 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-14069

18. TORPEDO TOOLS Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1950s wood, steel, 69 x 43 x 16.5 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-14067

19. GYROSTABILIZER USED BY AIRCRAFT-LAUNCH Silurificio Whitehead di Fiume, Società Anonima di Fiume Rijeka, 1936 metal, 22.5 x 14 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHPKPO-TZ 16271

20. TORPEDO SETTING HEAD Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1950-ih. metal, 10,5 x 6,8 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHP KPO-TZ 16351

21. GYROSCOPE DIRECTION KEEPER TR 53 / IV Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1962. mjed, 31 x 16,5 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13072

22. TORPEDO GYROSCOPE DIRECTION KEEPER TR 45 A / B Silurificio Whitehead di Fiume, Società Anonima di Fiume Rijeka, 1940 brass, 20 x 19.5 x 14 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13202

23. DIRECTION KEEPER WITH SPRING ACTIVATION Obry direction keeper, improved Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1897–1907 metal, wood, 18.5 x 14 x 25 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHP-KPOTZ 16212

24. TORPEDO DIRECTION KEEPER MK 44 Rijeka, after 1925 5 x ø 6 cm Goran Pernjek

25. GYROSCOPE DIRECTION KEEPER TR 53/IV IN A BOX Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1962 brass, wood, 41 x 26.5 x 28 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13629

26. TORPEDO DEPTH CONTROL DEVICE 53/IV Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1961 aluminium, 13 x ø 50 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13630

27. TORPEDO DEPTH CONTROL DEVICE 45 cm– type ULAN Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1910 –1912 bronze, 36 x 22 x 16 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHPKPO-TZ 16267

28. TORPEDO DEPTH CONTROL DEVICE 35 cm Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1883 metal, 27.5 x ø 34,1 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHP-KPOTZ 16259

29. DEPTH CONTROL DEVICE Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company 1883 bronze, lead, 17 x ø 32 cm Croatian Maritime Museum Split, HPMS-775:SLT-1143-ZO

30. COMBUSTION FLASK WITH AIR DIRECTION KEEPER FOR TORPEDO 53,3 cm Stabilimenti Whitehead, Società di Esercizio Anonima Rijeka, 1925 metal, 33 x 34 x 20 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHPKPO-TZ 16256

31. TORPEDO ENGINE TR 53/IV Slanted two-cylinder, double-acting Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, around 1961 brass, length 99 x ø 50 cm Faculty of Maritime Studies, Rijeka

32. TORPEDO PISTOL TR 53 / IV Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1950s brass, 12.5 x 6.5 x 5 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13076

33. PETROLEUM TANK FOR TORPEDO 53/IV Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1961 brass, 40 x 20 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13633

34. TORPEDO IGNITER TR 53 / IV Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1950s brass, 14.5 x 16 x 11 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13075

35. TORPEDO IGNITER 53/ IV (CROSS-SECTION) Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1950s brass, 14.5 x 16 x 11 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13622

36. IGNITER Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, 1950s 41 x ø 16 cm x 11 cm Croatian Maritime Museum Split, HPMS-775:SLT-1129-ZO

37. IGNITER Torpedofabrik, Whitehead & Company Rijeka, beginning of the 20th century brass, 17 x 30 cm Croatian Maritime Museum Split, HPMS-775:SLT-1138-ZO

38. BLOWOUT MECHANISM FOR BLOWOUT HEADS ON TORPEDO 53.3 CM Stabilimenti Whitehead, Società di Esercizio Anonima Rijeka, 1924. metal, 15 x 14 x 22 cm Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral Rijeka, PPMHP-KPOTZ 16274

39. LAUNCH STATION Model by Josip Gabri} Rijeka, 2010 wood, plexiglass, styrofoam, 160 x 90 x 120 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-14065

40. TORPEDO MODEL TR 45/a Goran Pernjek Rijeka, 2010 iron, plexiglass, length 545 x ø 45 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-14064

41. TORPEDO TR 45/a Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1950s iron, length 545 x ø 45 cm City Museum of Rijeka, MGR-13077

FLOOR LEGENDS – LEFT III. Depth indicator Before the delivery of each torpedo, it underwent test launching, during which its movement was recorded with depth indicator, which had a built-in printer that showed depth oscillations and possible emerging. IV. Gyroscope First acceptable device for directing the torpedo with gyroscope was patented in 1894 by Lodovico (Ludwig) Obry from Trieste, a former employee of Whitehead’s. Obry was the first to solve many problems: how to get the gyroscope to start rotating in as little time as possible, how to direct the vertical rudders and maintain the fast rotation of the rotor. V. Depth regulator Its function was to maintain a constant, pre-arranged depth, which was achieved with hydrostatic vessel that directed horizontal rudders. Whitehead’s “secret”, with few additions, remained almost unchanged until 1950s.

FLOOR LEGENDS – RIGHT VI. Slanted 2-cylinder engines Important progress in the power and speed of the engine happened in 1909 when Whitehead’s factory, instead of producing engines with cylinders vertical to the torpedo axis started producing a horizontal slightly slanted engine with two bigger cylinders with greater volume and power. The so-called slanted 2-cylinder engine got its final shape in the 1920s and kept it until the end of production in Rijeka, in 1960s. VII. Paraffin reservoirs Until the beginning of the 20th century, cold compressed air was the only fuel for the Whitehead’s torpedo. Afterwards, a heater that heated the air and increased its volume – and torpedo’s speed and range – was added. Even later, steam, heated by the paraffin, was added, further increasing the speed and range. VIII. Last models from the Rijeka factory – 450 mm and 533 mm calibre The last models form the Rijeka factory, which were first produced before WWI and developed later, were the 450 mm and 533 mm calibre. In the 1930s aerial 450 mm calibre torpedoes were made. Since then, torpedo can be fired from under the sea, at the sea level and from the height of 100 m. IX. Igniter Igniters on the first and a few next torpedoes functioned according to a simple mechanical principle and were situated at the front of the torpedo: when it hit the enemy ship, the igniter ignited automatically. X. Launching station First launching station was built in the 1870s. It was a wooden house on stilts with a wooden bridge. New station, built of reinforced concrete, was made in 1930, and in 1934 it was added a “catapult” for aerial torpedoes. The model exhibited here shows the 1930s station, renovated after WWII.

EXHIBITS OUTSIDE 42. ARAN 7 – ONE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE 7-9 HP AND WINCH Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1950s City Museum of Rijeka 43. TORPEDO TR-53/IV Engine factory Torpedo Rijeka, 1961, 684 x ø 53,3 cm Faculty of Maritime Studies, Rijeka 44. TORPEDO TR 53-VA Manufactured in the USSR 1970s, 790 x ø 53,3 cm City Museum of Rijeka 45. PART OF TORPEDO CONTAINER TR 53/VA Manufactured in the USSR 1960s, 180 x ø 60 cm City Museum of Rijeka 46. PART OF TORPEDO CONTAINER TR 53/VA Manufactured in the USSR 1960s, 520 x ø 60 cm City Museum of Rijeka

48. TORPEDO TR 53/VA WITHOUT WARHEAD Manufactured in the USSR 1960s, 651 cm, ø 53,3 cm City Museum of Rijeka 49. TORPEDO AIR CONTAINER G7a Manufactured in Germany Around 1940, 375 x ø 53,3 cm City Museum of Rijeka 50. TORPEDO AIR CONTAINER G7a Manufactured in Germany Around 1940, 375 x ø 53,3 cm City Museum of Rijeka 51. REMAINS OF TORPEDO Recovered from the sea near Beli, Cres, 2010 Manufactured in England or Italy, 1940s, 470 x ø 45 cm City Museum of Rijeka 52. ANCHOR OF PONTOON FOR TEST LAUNCHING OF TORPEDO City Museum of Rijeka

47. ABOVEWATER TORPEDO LAUNCHING TUBE Manufactured in the USSR 1960s, 868 x ø 53,3 cm City Museum of Rijeka

MUZEJ GRADA RIJEKE Muzejski trg 1/I Tel.: +385 51 336-711 e-mail: info≤muzej-rijeka.hr www.muzej-rijeka.hr TORPEDO OF RIJEKA – FIRST IN THE WORLD Authors of exhibition Dinko Zorovi} Goran Pernjek Ervin Dubrovi} Design of exhibition Klaudio Cetina Author of exhibition guide Sabrina @igo Assistant in preparation Jasna Milinkovi} Photographs @eljko Stojanovi} Public relations Sabrina @igo Proof-reading and language advising (Croatian) Gordana O`bolt Translation into English Jelena Dunato Croatian Association of Scientific and Technical Translators Technical arrangement Safet Ba{trakaj - Ri Bauen, Anto Kova~evi}, Nikola Milinkovi}, Albert Per~i}, Textum Dekor, Rijeka Co-funded by Grad Rijeka Ministarstvo kulture Republike Hrvatske Primorsko-goranska `upanija INA industrija nafte d.d., Zagreb Print Zambelli, Rijeka, May 2011 Exhibition at the City Museum of Rijeka from 26 November 2010 to 7 September 2011