CFI_366038_Lin Luo

AIR ABPL30048 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIO SEMESTER 1, 2013 366038

Fig. 1 Parametric Design

Lin Luo I was born in China and came to Australia after I finished Year 11 in high school. I am now a 3rd year architecture student in University of Melbourne.

I used to want to be a illustrator because I like drawing and designing when I was young. But I changed my mind to be an architect when I found how amazing the ancient people built so many splendid architectures in the world. And I also found that architecture design was process of accumulation and innovation. All kinds of experiences can contribute to a special idea or a final outcome.

Architecture design brings me lots of enjoyment but also challenges. Since I was taking Virtual Enviornment, I am not good at using software to produce things and most of my projects were finished in hand drawings. However, proceeding is overcoming. After days of practise, I gradually get uesd with some software such as Rhino and Photoshop.

Hope in the coming semester, I can finish my task well and improve my skills.

CONTENTS 02 08 14 20 22 23

B. EOI II: EXPRESSION OF INTEREST B.1. Design Focus B.2. Case Study 1.0 B.3. Case Study 2.0 B.4. Technique: Development B.5. Technique: Prototypes B.6. Technique Proposal B.7. Algorithmic Sketches B.8. Learning Objectives and Outcomes

A. EOI I: CASE FOR INNOVATION A.1. Architecture as a discourse A.2. Computation Architecture A.3. Paramatric Modeling A.4. Algorithmic Explorations A.5. Conclusion A.6. Learning outcomes

26 28 34 40 48 64 66 68

72 78 86 104 106

C. PROJECT PROPOSAL C.1. Gateway Project: Design Concept C.2. Gateway Project: Tectonic Elements C.3. Gateway Project: Final Model C.4. Algorithmic Sketches C.5. Learning Objectives and Outcomes

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References

PART A. EOI I:

CASE

FOR INNOVATION

A.1.

Architecture As Discourse What is architecture? From a history scale, at the very beginning, architecture was to provide shelter for human living in. It was the partition of realm and the functional enclosure as well as pure residential purpose. In the ancient time, architecture performed as its physical usage such as arts and culture presenter. The buildings were used for religion, for memorial and they played as physical recorders of human civilization. As time passed by, people’s ideas were exploded freely and brought combinations as well as conflict. People began to rethink and to argue, they tried to put architecture on a moral and social stage. And for now, architecture is no longer a cool object holding stories for years, people become to concern its performance, social functions and its influences to people’s life as well.

So what is architecture for now? It could say architecture no longer performs individually but as discourse. Literally, discourse means analysis in different approaches1. According to Richard Williams, Architecture as visual culture now should be considered philosophically, socially, professionally as well as materially2. Architecture is an multidiscipline subject that should be thought in a set, which is not only for building itself but also for its culture, its social function, its occupants and other field that direct or indirect relate to the building. Based on this innovated thinking of architecture, more and more forms came to be discussed as architectural elements. Some works also became the spark of new architectural development.

Architecture at present is more a sum of ideas, however with many innovated forms, people always discuss them with their belonging to architecture or not. As an example, according to Patrik’s new framework for architecture, discourses such as the cooperation with most advanced construction technologies and new aesthetic value are all counts3. Things produced by new technologies such as new materials, parametric forms can be new possibilities and new idea for architecture. People may agree and disagree the positive architecture further with advanced techniques, but they will discuss around it and these cause the discourse of architecture. So for the further architecture’s development, discourse from it is unpreventable. The better way is to innovate rethink the truth of architecture with a systematical view and to think how architecture, users and surrounding can engage with each other.

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A.1. Architecture As Discourse

Rediscovery of 3D Modelling Software I did Virtural Environment in first year. 3D modelling software like Rhino for me were new and difficult. I am not good at computation and have no sense of 3D modelling at that time.

However, designning with 3D model making software is necessary. They would help us to build and examine on a virtual model instead of a physical one. In addition, these software seperate model into elements and each of them is possibly changable. The software make architectural design more flecxible and easier for us to test and change.

During 2 years practise, 3D modelling software brings many convienence to me, but it still has its limits. All the models should based on the reality so that they can produce into physical model. So I have to pay attention at every step, otherwise the outcome will be a mess. Moreover, the software was designed and programmed by human, they can not cover anything thing you want.

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Fig.2 Render of Guangzhou Opera House

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A.1. Architecture As Discourse

GUANGZHOU OPERA HOUSE

ZAHA HADID ARCHITECTS Guangzhou Opera House that locates near Guangzhou mainstream - the Pearl River is having a fundamental idea of smoothing pebbles by water erosion. The opera house is at the west of Guangzhou new city axial and performance as a new presenter of Guangzhou modernism culture.

In past age, opera house was built only for people’s entertainment. But in nowadays, opera house is no only a functional place for pastime but a complexity that includes urban development, cultural representation, sustainability and other developmental strategies. According from Arch Daily, the design of Zaha’s Opera House merges natural landscape and interplay between architecture and nature concepts together.

Consideration of erosion, geology and topography also inspired designing ideas4. The present designing process such as for the opera house drove architecture to a discourse that “dedicated to the explication and advancement of architecture’s design process rationality”5.

Unlike other normal geometric shape building, the opera house’s form is irregular and seems randomly shaped. Without knowing the background, it is a little difficult to see architects’ purpose. Because of the computation technology and development of parametric design, they help to put architecture on a new stage and more fluent structure can be designed out of software. This means a new way of aesthetic value was put out, people began to judge new arts produced by computers. This can be the discourse sort out by Patrik as “ discourse reflecting architecture’s aesthetic value”6.

The form of the opera house is innovated but there still some criticism on it. Some people not only query its aesthetics but also its functionality. They are criticizing whether the irregular space of the building can achieve its maximum function usage or a way to show its luxury or just show off. Whether like it or not, the building were built and brought discourse.

“The Opera House design is the latest realization of Zaha Hadid Architects’ unique exploration of contextual urban relationships, combining the cultural traditions that have shaped Guangzhou’s history, with the ambition and optimism that will create its future.”

----ArchDaily 01 Mar 2011

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Fig.3 Wind Direction

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A.1. Architecture As Discourse

PEARL RIVER TOWER

Fig.4 Velocity Vectors

SOM & AS+GG

The Pearl River Tower is another precedence from my home city. This building was no far away from Zaha’s opera house. The Pearl River Tower was designed in the aims of “sustainability”. It contains wind turbines, solar collectors, photovoltaic cells, raised floor ventilation and radiant heating and cooling ceilings. It has been recognized as one of the most environmental friendly buildings in the world7.

Fig.5 Solar Radiation

In past time, the office buildings were only built for pure official usage.

But at present, as the building is acting as an important part in city plan, it should achieve sustainability requirement from the government. Then the designers used high-tech software to design the solutions and test their results. And they chose advanced energy efficient material sand applied them on the building.

As a discourse, using high-tech software and advance materials is the discourse that “concerned with architecture’s ability to innovatively utilize the most advanced construction technologies”8. In addition, the building is no more a simple office but a sustainable achievement that match the discourse that “charting global societal developments to identify urgent societal tasks for architecture’s attention”9. The Pearl River Tower is operating with present advance technologies and providing maximum utility for people use.

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A.2.

Computation Architecture Architecture has a very deep relationship with human history development. In western historyďż˝ early

civilization made sand and stone became living shelter, Medieval age made stone buildings stand on Earth, iron truss building occur after Industrial Revolution and reinforce concrete is being used till now. But limits on material cannot prevent the proceeding of architectural development, as it entered Digital Age, more complex architectural form produced by digital technical like computation. In every period of time, new technologies and new materials will bring their representation as the symbol of the age.

What is computation? Computation is information gathering with calculation by technical machines such as computer. Computer can calculate much faster than human, it also can do complex calculation that human might not can. According from Kalay, computation is logical, it will not make any mistake and it can operate quickly. Indeed, computation is processed by program step by step, its precise calculation will not bring any error and it will not takes long time for providing precise calculations10. Computation can fit the fast-paced daily life and can shorten the time for design. In addition, apart from other modern architecture, buildings with computation design can have complex form and surfaces. Computation can allow special form occurring with accurate structural calculations. It will bring different view of architecture and can bring much fun in the designing process.

Computation also got its limitations.

Computing program is designing by human and is confine. It may provide similar output without more creation. However, time is going and programs are developed, more creative computation programs are publishing out and more different form will come out that still brings many criticism and appreciations. Using computation in architectural design nowadays is in irresistible tendency. It makes designing process precise and efficient. It will bring different aesthetic value to people and will make many impossible cases into possible.

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We put our eyes on fashion realm at first, small scale things such as shoes and dresses are no longer can be made by hand or sew machines, they can be made out of computation. Mojito shoes by Julian Hakes and 3D print dress for Dita by Michael Schnidt and Francis Bitonti can be frontline examples.

MOJITO SHOES JULIAN HAKES

3D PRINT DRESS FOR DITA MICHAEL SCHMIDT & FRANCIS BITONTI Fig.6 Mojito Shoes

ENTREE

A.2. Computation Architecture

Mojito shoes’s ideas are from a geomatric form warp up foot and ankle. Dislike normal shoes, Mojito shoes shapes are more fluent and only one piece. The designer consider his design with human body line and foot supporting spots together to produce his work by using computation. Thinking in another way, designer can think the basic shape of the shoes. But how can fashion, function and comfort conbine together? Computation will tell.

Another example is Dita’s 3D dress. Designers combine retro fashion style, beautiful woman body line and unusual material together. Unexpectfully, does not like a armour, designers made 17 pieces of prints together with 3,000 joints to make the dress movable. How amazing to see the contrast between stiffness and softness. This masterpiece was produced by computation.

Fig.7 3D Dita’s Dress

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Fig 8. Subdivided Columns

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A.2. Computation Architecture

CARDBOARD COLUMNS WITH 16 MILLIONS FACES MICHAEL HANSMEYER

Hansmeyer’s computational columns were considered as the most complex columns in the world, which computational design contributed a lot to achieve this big award11.

His columns are same heights with varies shape and texture. It is obvious that without computational design, no one can make out such complex work, at least not at present day.

As Hansmeyer said that the power of computation could do big scale process and complex calculations instead do them manually. He also said that the calculations could be infinity, a quickly adaption could easily put out when a small adjustment was made12. Because of these advantages that computation provides, Hansmeyer was dare to make such complex columns.

Hansmeyer’s designing process can be clearly observed. Firstly, he came out with his first idea that may achieve by computation. Then he made his design layer by layer. To produce these complex models, he might meet problems, data base computational technique would help him rethink and regenerate ideas and put out his work finally Hansmeyer’s columns were produced by cardboard layer by layer, but only accurate calculation can made these pieces fold together as a whole form of columns like a sculpture.

The splendid work indicates that computation can help people produce complex thing as hard as they thought, although should be in the range of computation limits. These also show that computation leads architectural design to a new page for complex design and give people new sense of aesthetic value.

“A computational approach to architecture enables the generation of the previously unseen. Forms that can longer be conceived of through traditional methods become possible. New realms open up,” ----Michael Hansmeyer

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A.2. Computation Architecture

Research Pavilion

2010 Fig 9.

2011 Fig 10

ICD & ITEK

The research of pavilion by ICD & ITEK could be seen as experiments for computational architecture design. From 2010 to 2012, they got 3 pavilions that in different shape with different materials and these pavilions are all the result of computational design.

The project in 2010 aims of designing these pavilions are to using computational design, simulation and production processes to demonstrate which way is better for latest architectural developments. In the research report of pavilion 2010,the designers applied two ways on pavilion design. One of them was to directly build the pavilion with plywood material behavior and the other was to use computational design model, which imitated the properties of plywood and to build the result base on the calculations. Compare those two ways, the way directly using material met a lot of problems and needed many modification to finish the project. However, the method of using computation gave out the data quickly and made it easier for designers to build the pavilion13. So for a further architectural development, computational design will brings accuracy and efficiency for a design process.

The project in 2011 was aiming to convert biological principles into pavilion design by using computation. In the design process, designers firstly analysis the biological system with morphology transfer to architectural design. Following the aim, biological cell structure and properties such as inconstant size of cell, on orientation of cell and hierarchy of the cell should all include in the consideration when designing. By using the computational system, biological cell structure and properties found their correspondence in the program. For example, the cell size can be easily optimized when changing data. After the computer’s calculation, the combination of biology and architecture was brought into reality14.

The project in 2012 was aiming to innovate robotic fabrication process. The pavilion was a composite of carbon and glass fiber. Similar with 2011, the design stared from research of biological model and transformation to biomimetic design principles later.

They also met much difficult integration such as the limitation of glass fibers. From the using of computation, integration was made into computer language, not only the form of pavilion could achieve but a highly efficient structure with minimal use of material method, which was discovered by the optimization of fiber and layer arrangement was found15.

Above all the result from pavilion research, computation will bring huge benefits at present and in the future architectural development.

2012 Fig 11.

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A.3.

Parametric Modeling Since computation contributes a lot on contemporary architectural design, parametric design was brought out accompany with advance 3D technological skills. This new way of design is different from traditional ways that should combine design, computation and calculation skill together. Both geometric cognizance and computation skills are required to achieve the design16.

Parametric modeling has advantage same as computation that it is speedy, accurate and can do large-scale calculation. However, using this efficient tool should get familiar with it and it is not easy. Besides the requirement of design, computation and calculation skill, when do the parametric modeling, we should think the whole design systematically and see them as nodes connecting with links17. These nodes have properties and links helps them acting with each other. They can form a big system with input and output. Optimized these nodes in the system can make many different outcome. On architectural design view, many form and modification are affected by the changing of these small points.

It seems the method of parametric modeling is simple, but it can be a complex as people can image. Before design, in order to put design issues into computer language, lots of preparation should be done. In design process, the parametric model may consist thousands of panels, if a panel need to change, all the other relative panels might also need changes. This will take a long time for reviewing. Moreover, the complicate system makes design into a individual work due to the difficulties to share with others. Because other people may not know how the system works and how they can make changes. Furthermore, it is hard to found pervious work before changes if want to make some comparisons18.

16.Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) pp. 8 17.Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) pp. 13 18.Daniel Davis, Architecture design studio air week 4 lecture

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A.3. Parametric Modeling

“As a style, parametricism is marked by its aims, ambitions, methodological principles, and evaluative criteria, as well as by its characteristic formal repertoire.�

---Patrik Schumacher, Parametricist Manifesto [15]

Fig. 12 Parametric work

Fig. 14 Basic shape

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A.3. Parametric Modeling

LOUISIANA STATE MUSEUM SPORTS HALL OF FAME TRAHAN ARCHITECTS

Trahan Architects’ Louisiana State Museum Sports Hall of Fame is a work using parametric modeling. The building is combination with cubic and floating surface circulation space.

Parametric modeling contributed a lot in this project. The shape of the building is quite complicate. It is difficult to build in traditional way. Parametric software such as rhino and grasshopper with accurate performance and easy controllability can help design out their expected shape.

During the design process, as Rosenfield said, there are over 1,000 panels in their 3D documents were used19. From their 3D print prototype photo, the optimization of panels can change form of the whole design. They used computational variability to test and to discover the better form they want. However, without saving any separate modified 3D files, it is hard to compare the variation on the software. The improving way is to use prototype to estimate the outcome.

Fig. 13 Model Prototype

Due to the difficulty of construction, the designers used parametric software to design detail structure of the building. Again from Rosenfield , programs like Grasshopper, Karamba and Geometry Gym are used to solve the complex geometric relationship and dynamic and flexible connection. For instance, they imitate materials properties into program and finally they got a fully detailed Level 400 model of every structure member and produced them out with corresponding materials20. The parametric modeling helps designers bring design complex geometric form that cannot finish with traditional way into reality. But knowledge of computation, mathematics and geometry should be required. These make architect a more professional career.

Fig. 15 Digital Details

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A.3. Parametric Modeling

PHARE TOWER

MORPHOSIS ARCHITECTS

Fig. 16 Shape Generation

Phare Tower is a commercial office tower with hybrid structure. The tower includes office spaces, restaurants, parking and other functional space. In 2009 April Arch Daily, it said this tower is combination wit the requirements of disparate programmatic, physical and infrastructural elements by using parametric modeling21.

Looking from the design process, geometry in the 3D modeling program was help to generate the ideas. With the advantage of flexibility for parametric modeling and the consideration of functional space, the software can help to calculate and modify for a better result. It should be paid attention that when using the software, the record is important for a further comparison.

In addition, the software’s clarity can help people easily sort out the out puts they want. As an example from Phare Tower, picture such as site connectivity, vertical circulation can show their purpose directly and clearly in a visual way.

Fig. 17 Digital Details

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A.4.

Algorithmic Explorations Two of the methods I chose for algorithmic exploration are Gridshell

and Patterning Lists that I think is quite fundamental and quite representative on architecture design apply into computation software.

Girdshell consists of points, lines and curves. With divided curve com-

mands, repeating arches along with curve can be made and a snake shape of gridshell is produced. Applying this on architecture design, linear structures such as bridges and towers can use this method. Points and lines represent structure connection and support members. Repeating arches represents the continuing structure and are the parts where can put shelters and skin on.

Patterning List includes grid with small geometries. Insert of picture

and changing properties can let the geometries forming following the color lump from the picture. The optimized shape of geometries can make different efforts. This method can apply on architecture pattern making.

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A.4. Algorithmic Explorations

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A.5. Conclusion

A.5.

Conclusion The methods I chose for algorithmic explorations are easily reflect to architectural design. Architectural elements can found their representations in computation language. The reason why those two methods are good because I can apply foundamental architecture elements properties and do further detail modification in digital model easily .

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A.6. Learning Outcomes

A.6.

Learning Outcomes Historically, architecture was playing a physical recorder that records culture and history in the past age. In the modern time, architecture is no more singleness but a composite with social strategy, cultural problem, environmental requirement and other achievements. With technological computational development and innovation, more and more hightech skills permeate into different field such as mechanical and medical development. Architecture, which was always impacted by age product also receive many influences from computation. Computation can do calculations efficiently, precisely in a large scale. It can finish many tasks that people cannot do in tradition methods. Computational techniques such as parametric modeling bring many benefits to architectural design. However, the efficient software may also have disadvantages. It is important being critically when using the program for design. A better way for next designing process is to think systematically and to act logically.

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PART B. EOI I:

Expression of Interest

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B.1.

Design Focus TESSELLATION What is tessellation?

Tessellation is a plane form by group of geometric shapes without any overlaps and gaps. Its appearance looks like continuity of 2D or 3D patterns. With any parametric changes like size or shape, the tessellation plane will get different form and different effects.

All members from our group were interested with tessellation because we thought tessellation is a combination of patterning, geometry and biomimicry.

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B.1. Design Foucus

Why is tessellation?

Tessellation is a common form assembling style. For a most somple and natural form, the honey cone, is a tessellation plane formed with hexahons. These hexagons connects to each other without any overlaps and gaps.

They are point-to-point, edge-to-edge connecting. For each hexagon module, there is a void where bees can put the honey in. This action inspires us that we can find possibility of different forms focuse on single geometrical panel.

NATURAL

Fig. 18 Tessllation in Honey Cell

Tessellation also occurs on ancient building in a way of arts expression. People made tessellation as a piece of art work through sculptures, tiles and some other arts and crafts materials. Variation of shapes, size, style on each panels will form into different and aesthetic plane. This idea inspires us to make difference on single module can get different outcomes.

There are many designs of tessellation using different materials like paper, plastic and wood. Different types of material will also cause difference of tessellation. It is a good idea to look for materials’ properties and find the possibilities for tessellation form.

ARCHITECTURAL

Fig. 19 Tessllation in Islamic Art

What to achieve?

- Self standing: Instead of building a tessellation surface, we tried to apply 3D shape as individual modules and trier to let their form shape self-standing -Moveable: According design brief and the purpose is for highway. Catchment of motion is noticed. So our group will tried to search some materials of detail joinnings that can make project move.

-Aesthdticity: Our project should be eye catching with its form or innovated ideas.

MATERIALS [27]

Fig. 20 Tessllation in Paper Art

B.2.

Case Study 1.0 Voussoir Cloud Designed by Iwamoto Scott with idea of Cloud.

The project is a form assembled by many side to side folding triangle petals with lightweight wood with thickness less than 1mm thick. These petals were folded with each other and give strength to each other. The distribution of these petals are random and many small opennings created on the form. When the sunlighe shine through, beautiful light effect occurs by those voids.The project’s aim is to give an innovated idea to an old vault through parametric modelling techniques.

The over all view of Voussoir Cloud is quire impressive. Many people amazed about its complex, dynamic and innovative. The form benefit form the curved and fluent shape that only digital modelling tools can achieve.

As an inspiration, for Case study 1.0 observation, we will focus on extruded surface, individual panel’s shape as well as keep attention on light effects.

Key points:

Random petals folding Extruded vault Lightness [28]

B.2. Case Study 1.0

Voussoir Cloud

by Iwamoto Scott Buro Happold

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Fig. 21 IwamotoScott - Voussair Cloud

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B.2. Case Study 1.0

Case Study Matrix 1.0

Reforming Voussior Cloud and other exploration

The example Voussior Cloud model from LMS shows a simple generate process. By following the grasshopper process, we can get furthe understanding of a tessellation form and how it works as well as how it formed.

Form example process analysis 1. A surfce created for force such as gravity applied on 2. Grasshopper plug-in - the Kangaroo can provide any force effect on the form 3. Applying of Kangaroo on surface point will bring extruded surface effect 4. Different location of point, different mesh shapd and different forces can various the outcome shape Future focus After different trying of matrix and analysis of different result, we found the possibilty to make out an interesting form is huge. For a future design, we should focus on surface, forces and manupulation of different outome.

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B.2. Case Study 1.0

Case Study Matrix 1.0

Reforming Voussior Cloud and other exploration

Inspired by the petals form Voussior Cloud another direction for the exploration is to find out how geometric Exploration Process 1. A ramdom lofted surface 2. Testing the possibility of applying an geometric on surface 3. Failed with uncleared commands in Grasshopper 4. Find answers from other resource 5. Solved with the commands of “surface frame” and “orientate” 6. Applied on a random geometrical surface, the 3D pattern can orientate around it.

Future focus After successful exploration, the changing of sample cone properties can make differences of cones direction. So for our next focus is to find a better out come for relationship with surface and simple geometric form.

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B.3.

Case Study 2.0 Fermid Designed by Behnaz Babazadeh The project is a form assembled by many plastic curved folding panels and applied on a light sense to create motion effects. These petals were folded like shells. They were pinned together into a petal grid like a leechee. The most interesting things from the project is its senser system. When the an object such as human hand approach to the senser, the petal grid moved and interesting breath effect could be created. It looks like a living creature moving inside.

Key points:

Patel Grids Motion Senser Expand and contract [34]

B.3. Case Study 2.0

Fermid

by Behnaz Babazadeh

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Fig. 22 Behnaz Babazadeh - Fermid

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B.3. Case Study 2.0

Case Study Matrix 2.0

Reforming Fermid and other exploration

With a shallow knowing of Voussior Cloud’s idea on tessellation, we find Fermid as our second precedence with our big interest on its movable petals. We hope the exploration of Fermid can get us a further understanding on tessellation and grasshopper as well.

Form exploration process analysis 1. Basic form, a sphere shape was chosed as testing 2. Apply Case Study 1.0 result in the model 3. We tried to draw petal using grasshopper but only rhino works 4. Ideal petals create and applied on basic sphere 5. Kind of successful that looks like Fermid but can not apply force on 6. Change focus to the grid (Our idea: Surface - mesh - kangaroo - grid - panels - form without test it) 7. Focus surface exploration Future focus The way of exploration is hard. Unfamilar with grasshopper drove us into questions and let us focus on other solution.

We may follow “Surface - mesh - kangaroo - grid - panels - form” in the following.

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B.3. Case Study 2.0

Case Study Matrix 2.0

Reforming Fermid and other exploration

Following our method : Surface - mesh - kangaroo - grid - panels - form It may be the solution of Fermid remodeling.

Form testing process analysis 1. Random surface put into mesh 2. Apply Kangaroo and gave it random formed by force 3. Let Grasshopper find grid on surface mesh 4. Create different geometric shape 5. Apply on grid point 6. Modifiy geometric shape make the variety A new problem came out, how can the shape move by itself?

Future focus Look for ways for the movable joints solution.

Case study inspira.on

Basic form

Surface / Geometry

Panels

Grids

Pa9erns

Points

Draw by Rhino

Change by grasshopper and Kangaroo

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Pa9erns or Panels applied on

B.4.

Technique Development Heart-pumping

Inflation P-wall Designed by Andrew Kudless The lumpiness surface showing a stronge idea of inner energy going to flow and inflat out of surface. Each panel is a capture or a forzen inflation movement. Series of these panels generate into a large inflation for that scare people with their inner power.

Key points: -Lumpiness surface (motivational surface) -Panels to Form -Fixed -Formed cast

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B.4. Technique Development

P-wall

by Andrew Kudless

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Fig. 23 Andrew Kudless: P-wall

grids number:

grids number:

5x7

17 x 23

grids number:

grids number:

9 x 12

23 x 29

grids number:

12 x 17

grids number:

29 x 37

Morph Randomly Distributed Objects on Grid

extrude: -9

extrude: -6

extrude: -9

extrude: -6

extrude: -3

extrude: -3 Morph Objects on Grids & Extrusion

extrude: 0

extrude: 0

extrude: 5

extrude: 5

extrude: 10

extrude: 10 Morph Objects on Grids & Extrusion

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B.4. Technique Development

Heart-pumping Inflation

Fig. 24 3D Motion Heart

Interested with the motion of heart-pumping, we trying to find expressional digital model by using Grasshopper and Kangaroo We generated two ideas of our model 1. Frozen motional panels generate on a fix surface grid (inflation) 2. Movable panels generate on a movable grid (motion) For our first method, kangaroo force was applied on each module, we tried different frozen motion shape (eg. lumpiness, floation and extrudate) on a fixed surface grid and come out with many variations. When we found our satisfiy module, we generate it into a self-standing form.

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B.4.

Technique Development Heart-Pumping

Motion Again inspired by Fermid’s movable tessellation design.

We sort out our second idea. Movable panels generate on a movable grid. The grid’s connection is non-fixed. After decided basic form, we were looking for the special module panel that might bring speical effects.

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B.4. Technique Development

Fermid Sener testing

by Behnaz Babazadeh

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Fig. 25 Behnaz Babazadeh - Fermid

Streching Grid

height: 30

height: 50

height: 40

height: 50

height: 40

height: 30

Rotating operable objects on grid

rotation: -100

rotation: 50

rotation: -50

rotation: 100

rotation: 0

rotation: 150 Movable panels & Extrution

offset dinstance: -15

offset dinstance: -25

offset dinstance: -35

offset dinstance: -45

offset dinstance: -55

offset dinstance: 35

offset dinstance: 45

offset dinstance: 55

offset dinstance: 0

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B.4. Technique Development

Heart-pumping Motion

Fig. 26 Motion Heart

We test our idea on different grid shape and tried to find some differences amont them.

From Strechiing Grid, we found that when moving the grid, the opening will change shape as well. This will provide a possibility of different light effects.It interested us and we applied them on a random movable grid. It also work!

For a further thinking, we make panels have similar properties with grid. The series of panels can not only move by themself but also can self-standing.

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B.5.

Technique Prototype Virtual to Real!

After we generated out many possiblities, its time too make it real.

We used many kinds of materials for testing.

We also tried to focus on the light effect and imaged out real building is an everlast lighting architecture.

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B.5. Technique Prototype

Prototype Light Testing

by Kinglam, William & Linn

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B.5. Technique Prototype

Inflation

Wax and its gravity motion

Gravity motion We were seaching for a natural formation driven by gravity.

Melting motion is the best way to look for.

We melted wax on metal frame and gave it light effects.

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B.5. Technique Prototype

Inflation

Extruted stocking and balloon

Tensional motion We used elastic material such as silk stocking and balloon rubber to look for a motion under tension.

We found that silk stocking was can change form easier than rubber, however rubber can be a better expression of tension.

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B.5. Technique Prototype

Inflation

Floating motion by stocking and cotton

Floating motion We wanted to remodel Kudless’s lumpiness wall, however his model was made out of formed material.

We used silk stocking and cotton to look for a similar form.

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B.5. Technique Prototype

Motion

Cardborad grid moved by balloon

Expansion We blowed the balloon to make the balloon expand and change its shape.

Q: The grip can be springed up by balloon, how can it springed down?

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B.5. Technique Prototype

Motion

Movable grid light test

Rotaion light test We rotate torch to create sunlight effect on prototype.

It was quite interesting to see the rotating shadow.

Also we put the lights in the middle and try to make shadow shading outside the grid. It was quite beautiful.

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B.5. Technique Prototype

Motion

Detail grid panel light test

Different type of shadow We used paper and made it in different shape for looking different openning shape and shade they will made by moving the gird.

We also test it on plastic can receive a transparent light effect.

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B.5. Technique Prototype

Motion

Self-standing vortex tessellation

Different type of shadow The advantage of this form is the panels can selgstanding while it still can change its form.

The light test is quie beautiful be the outcome was not so innovational.

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B.6.

Technique Proposal Scary Architecture

Combining digital models and physical models, we come out our idea to generate our prototye with extructed rubber idea from inflation and movable grid idea from motion. The whole project will built into an organic form with wood or plastic movable grid with non-fixed connection, metal opennings form and membrance covering. The project can be expanded by pumping and the membrance appearance as well as their light effects.

Relates to brief purpose, we want to let visitors experience the feeling of a strong beating heart and the warm welcome for the heart of Melbourne - Melbourne City.

We are aimming on attracting people when they were bored with “endless” highway and terrible traffic jam. An organic and moving object will bring more fun than a fixing one.

We also want it scary people that architecture can have “life”. They can move and can have “emotion”. We want make people to think: can this animated form be a new approach for future Architecure development.

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B.6. Technique Proposal

Fig. 27 London 2012 Olympic Arena

London 2012 Olympic Arena

by Wilkinson Eyre Conflicted Architecure in London It got steel frame rib covering with PVC-fabric surface.

Metal rib strech the exterior surface and creat different light effect under sunlight.

Architect Wilkinson Eyre put lighting in interor also can very the light effect ae well as the color Key points -Metal Rib -PVC - fabric building covering instead of traditional material like PVC board.

-Vary rib, vary form, vary light effects

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B.7.

Algorithmic Sketches The Case study and groups sharing did help me a lot on my digital modelling technique skills through using Rhino and Grasshopper.

These kinds of software provide me a new design process of keeping any brief, any purpose and any design away at first. Straight into the experience of digital model world. The logic process help me understand the computational technique better as well as knowing the process of forming a shape better.

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B.7. Algorithmic Sketches

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B.8.

Learning Objectives & Outcomes So far from part A to part B, Air studio taught me a new process of archietcural design. I was not so clear with the computational architecture purpose when I finsh part. A reading, by going through the process of part B, I became more clear with this new design format and really enjoyed about it.

Traditional design process is to start the thinking of a basic form and look for solution to achieve it. However, in computational design process, it is start with a small part or a small detail of the whole form and generate series of them into a final form.

The new process is painful but joyful, we find what we interest, we learn from the pioneers, we observed and be questioned, we answered and received our satisfiying result.

For the outcomes of part B, our group should focus on extrusive elastic material on a bendable but durable grid with non-fixed connections. We also should focus on how impressively our project model’s motion can be. With a raising up skill of Grasshopper and other parametric modelling softwares as well as the further testing on materials, I am willing for our part C unpredictable final outcome!

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B.8. Learning Objectives & Outcomes

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PART C :

Project

proposal

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C.1.

Gateway Project: Design Concept Generated from the analysis of project brief, we found that our building is required to build near highways where two of them always take high volume of traffic in rush hours. It is a good idea to have something have environmental use while also can entertain people.

From part B, our project’s ideas focus on the heart pumping. Inspired from Kudliess’s P-wall and Babazaden’s Fermid, we captured the pumping heart movement and found the lumpiness surface and moving grid could achieve it. Also, we found Eyre’s London Olympic Basketball Arena’s building skin was similar to the result we want. While thinking the structure and form when reaching its environmental use, we decided to apply function of purifying the polluted air on our project.

Our design is in a sphere similar shape, it is assembled with grids and movable supports on every diamond grid units. More importantly, there is an elastic surface covering outside the grid and supports in order to get an ensemble appearance.

Our final project, it is a ridiculously big, eye-catching sphere that stands beside the freeway.

This installation has provided an opportunity for people to experience the excitement through the movement of the heart. It is also a representation of innovation since architectures seldom provide a function on outer skin of the building. Our project has integrated with the site via the air purification function. We believe that the method that we applied on this design could be applied to other buildings in the future, as architecture could have functions in every detail. It wouldn’t be hard for people to apply this on buildings as the parametric design could change all the parameters easily. Therefore, we have not only provides a sculpture for Wyndham city, but also a view for future environmental design.

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C.1. Gateway Project: Design Concept

Fig. 28 Andrew Kudless: P-wall

Fig. 29 Bahanz Babazadeh Fermid

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Fig. 30 London 2012 Olympic Arena

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C.1. Gateway Project: Design Concept

Resolved After Crit

Adjustment from mid and final sem crit

CREATE CURVE WITH CERTAIN RADIUS & CERTAIN HEIGHT

SLIDER DATA OF RADIUS & HEIGHT

CREAT SURFACE

EVALUATE POINTS IN CERTAIN LENGTH

CREATE GRIDS

EVALUATE ANCHOR POINTS & FORCE ADDING POINTS

After the mid sem. crit, we redid our digital model to combine our advised two ideas together. We vary the certain radius and certain height to show the pumping effects of whole structure, and then we applied our lumpiness effect on the surfaces, which produced by rhino plug-in grasshopper and kangaroo. The new order of definition was different from the old one that it was lumpiness patterns applied on grid but it is lumpiness effects on the whole structure.

During final sem. crit, the guests were questioning us about the reality possibility of our designs. They were questioning that our model’s prototype was a cylinder, was a movable form. However, our final digital form was a form similar to a sphere. The guests were hardly imaged how the cylinder form could change into a sphere until we show our technical details to them. However, those still were not so convincible. For a further improvement of design, we made more testing models and found what our design is workable. From this experience, we found that for a presentation, it is important to have fully consideration for every part of the design and show as much useful demonstration as we can think.

KANGAROO’S FORCE ADDING ON SURFACE WITH THE ANCHOR POINTS

DONE!

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DIGITAL MODEL

DIGITAL TO PHYSICAL

PRINTING & CUTTING

PHYSICAL MODEL PARTS

FINAL MODEL

FINAL INTERSECTION POINT

TRANSFORM THE MODEL INTO STRIP

5mm DIAMETER CRICLE CENTERED ON INTERSECTION POINT

OFFSET 2mm FOR THICKNESS

PHYSICAL MODEL CONNECTING POINTS

OFFSET 2mm FOR CUTTING

PHYSICAL MODEL GRIDS

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C.1. Gateway Project: Design Concept

Digital to Physical Ways to fabrication

Our fabrication way seems not so difficult to fabricate and assemble. We looked back our digital model and thought how we could transform digital to physical one. We found that our physical model making will be a little bit different from digital one. It will be more detailed and more complex.

Instead of using unfold and other fabrication definition, we use new document to fabricate our physical detail model and our final digital model will use 3D print in the case of the complexity of details. For the detail model, we transformed our digital model in to strip and found intersection points to calculate our detail model dimension. Then we used these data for the new document and we chose paper cutting as its printing method.

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C.2.

Gateway Project: Tectonic Elements One of our design concepts is a solution of air purification. So we gave our design with a function of air filters. By having this air filter, it could filter the air like a pumping heart. It is designed to suck the polluted air into itself and pumped out the fresh air. The reality structure is supported with many hydraulic linear actuators in order to achieve the movement. Our parametric design will be a surface sculpture install over the air filtering layers. For the design, the grid is made out of good tensile ability metal. Every metal strip is bolted together with the metal movable supports. And on the exterior, there is a layer of membrane what will make lumpiness effects while its support is moving. The membrane will be a kind of waterproofing materials, which could allows air to come through. The air filter pads could filter the air and breath out the air out of the membrane. Being a multifunctional sculpture is unique in this century. We wanted to use some advance technological application on it. The design itself will also become an indicator of the polluted degree by changing the skin colour.

According to the pollution detector, the skin colour would change coordinately.

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C.2. Gateway Project: Techtonic Element

Fan clockwise Operatable lid begins to close Linear actuator pull down the grid Polluted air get in

Fan clockwise Operatable lid still tends to close Linear actuator pull down the grid Polluted air get in

Fan anti-clockwise Operatable lid begins to open Linear actuator pull up the grid Polluted air go through air filtering

Fan anti-clockwise Operatable lid begins to poen Linear actuator pull down the grid Polluted air got purified and pumped out

Structure Working Process

A brief process story

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C.2. Gateway Project: Techtonic Element

Reality Structure Ideal detail

Waterproof membrane Operable solar panel lid Hydraulic linear actuator Metal grids Metal supports Air filtering layers Electrical fan Main structure supports

Waterproof membrane Bolts Metal supports Metal joints Metal grids

Main structure posts will hold the linear actuators, which the actuators will push the metal grids up and down. In this way, the whole shape will change shape when the grids stretching. There was a fan located at the bottom that will suck in and push out the air. A solar panel lid will control the air in and out the air filters. There are some air filter pads installed between the main structure posts and exterior sculpture structure to purify the air.

For exterior sculpture structure details, there is a layer of waterproof membrane covering outside. It is bolted on the supports and the grids. The joints are also used on the support parts to make them movable. The supports are bolted on every diamond grid unit’s diagonal line. When the grids move, the shape of diamond is changed and the support will expand out.

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C.2. Gateway Project: Techtonic Element

Air Filtering Process Sketch & Draft

The car spull out waste gas and pollute the air. Our designed air filters will absorb the polluted air in and after the inner operation of the filtering, purified air will be pushed out.

The inner operation of the filtering is the fan absorb in the polluted air and push out air through the filtering layer to get the clean air.

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C.2. Gateway Project: Techtonic Element

Physical Detail Model Assembling Process

In order to prove our imagination is workable, we started to do some testing model and detail model. We chose screen board paper to make the model because it is relatively easy folded and still got its strength. We used small metal ring as the presenter of bolts.

For the diagonal line supports, we cut two small paper strips and connected them up with metal rings. We made some small shallow cutline on the strip to make it foldable and movable. The diamond shape grids were also connected with the metal ring at their peak point. It was important to make sure that the point is non-fixed. The metal ring achieved this. For an elastic surface, we chose lycra fabric to represent the membrane. The lycra sheet should be placed before the assembling of the supports and grids.

Look from the testing model, our design works and we began to applied this method on a larger 1: 20 final detail making.

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C.3.

Gateway Project: Final Model After decided the final form of the parametric model, several adjustments have to be made when putting the design on site, for example, the size of the model. Depends on the space that we had, varies sizes of the design could become as it is very easy to change the parameters into the perfect one. The distance or radius that the design could move is also significant as it must not crossing into the freeway where trucks will go through all the time. The parametric modeling tools help us to find a quick way to achieve the optimal outcome.

For our final model, it is a 20 meters high exterior structure for air filtering machine to the high way. Depends on the moving grid, our final model can change its height and radius. We tested the model with light effects and randering them to gain a imitate experience of our final model. We found our final project is more a combination environmental building design and parametric design, a manifesto than a sculpture.

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C.3. Gateway Project: Final Model

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C.3. Gateway Project: Final Model

Actual Scale

Comparing with existing building and human in scale Ridiculous effect

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C.3. Gateway Project: Final Model

Final Detail Model Fabrication [91]

Assembling Process

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C.3. Gateway Project: Final Model

1:20 Detail Model

Up- Membrane Detail Show How Our Design Moving Like Pumping Heart Show The Surface Play of Shadow Dowm-Grid Detail Show How Our Design’s Structure Assembling [93]

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C.3. Gateway Project: Final Model

1:200 3D Printed Model

Daylight Effect on Site Model

1:20 Detail Model

Night Light Effect

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C.3. Gateway Project: Final Model

1:200 3D Printed Model

Colour Changing Effect The material color is grey when cold and turns white when tempurature is high A representation for the colour changing pollution detector [97]

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C.3. Gateway Project: Final Model

Rendering (Day)

A real scale model show the imitate on site experience of final model from a view point of a driver in daytime Sunlight makes some shadows on its lumpy skin [99]

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C.3. Gateway Project: Final Model

Rendering (Night)

A real scale model show the imitate on site experience of final model from a view point of a driver in night time Some lights are installed behind the grid structure Illuminate the highway as well as entertain the people around [101]

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C.3. Gateway Project: Final Model

Future Envision

Our project as a future envirnmental building manifesto A positive way of parametric design A ridiculous preview for putting our project in a city site

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P-­‐WA

C.4.

Algorithmic Sketches

STE PAR P IN DES AMET IGN RIC

USI NG C FOU OMPU PR READ TA EC ING N DESDAME TION EDEN S & IGN NTA TO H CES

& P L ID A ARA EAS VE MO METR OF DEL IC I N G EXP ERI GA ENC INI E FO NG S R M OME LAB OD VID EL EO

Looking back from whole project, the process of computation is obvious. The process of computation is a form last design process. It is a process doing the digital model at first with the analysis of software definitions and testing of materials and prototypes. The chosen form will be put out at the end rather than at the beginning in a traditional designning process. From AIR study this year, we tried parametric modeling software in the begining and tried to find some interesting defination for a further development. We also test the materials not only for knowing their properties but also looking for more possiblities that a material can provide. With times after times generation of digital model while many ideas adding in and throwing out, a last digital model was produced. However is not a final outcome, we made model and some imiate picture in order to find the workability of our project. With tutors, classmates and crit. guests’s advises, further adjustment of out project still have to be done.

HEAR PUMP

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C.4. Algorithmic Sketches

FINAL DETAIL 1:20 MODEL

LONDON OLYMPIC BASKETBALL ARENA

FERMID MODEL MAKING

FINAL DIDITAL MODEL

FINAL 3D PRINT 1:200 MODEL FUTURE MANIFESTAL

FINAL RANDERING

C.5.

Learning Objectives & Outcomes Looking back from this semester, I learnt a lot. I was introduced a new way of design - the computation design with a “Form Last” method. Although the parametric design was not new for me, but the introduction of Grasshopper and other rhino plug-in like Kangaroo were quite new and funny for me. I studied Virtual Environment in first semester and it was the first time I studied with 3D parametric modeling software. For the Virtural Environment design project, it was in a traditional way with a “Form First” method. In that project, we started form a basic inspration from nature and generate the ideas into ideal form, it was like an essay with a topic. However, in this semester, a different way was used and the concept was coming out at last. It was like a freeform essay. The new design process is quite interesting and quite innovated.

For the parametric modelling software learning, it was fun but hard for me. It was hard to chose the ideal definition without know their function when seeing lots of shortcut on the screen. However, when understanding the logic of those definition, it will be much more easier. The parametric modelling software is a quite powerful software that can produce innovated architecture form than traditional architectral software like CAD. It is really appreciate to have a chance learning advanced modelling software and it is sure that the computational design has a big potentia and a clear future in architecture development.

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C.5. Learning Objectives & Outcomes

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN PROCESS

FORM

DETAIL

DETAIL

MATERIAL

MATERIAL

FORM

TRADITIONAL DESIGN PROCESS

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Fig. 31 Group 6 Final Presenataion

Thank you, Chris & Rosie Thank you, Group 6 Thank you William & Kinglam Well don, guys!

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Reference Text: 1. Discourse meaning: Sami H. Khoury, Discourse & Misunderstanding, http://discourse-analysis.webs.com/whatisdiscourse.htm 2. Richard Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed.

by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 103.

3. Schumacher, Patrik (2011).TheAutopoiesis of Architecture: ANew Framework for Architecture(Chichester: Wiley), p. 18 4. “Guangzhou Opera House / Zaha Hadid Architects” 01 Mar 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed 04 Apr 2013. <http://www. archdaily.com/115949> 5. Schumacher, Patrik. TheAutopoiesis of Architecture: ANew Framework for Architecture, p. 18 6. Schumacher, Patrik. TheAutopoiesis of Architecture: ANew Framework for Architecture, p. 18 7.Sarah Rich, Guangdong Green Skyscraper,20 April 2006.

Inhabitat. Accessed 04 April 2013, http://inhabitat.com/ guangdong-green-skyscraper/ 8. Schumacher, Patrik. TheAutopoiesis of Architecture: ANew Framework for Architecture, p. 18 9. Schumacher, Patrik.TheAutopoiesis of Architecture: ANew Framework for Architecture, p. 18 10. Yehuda E. Kalay, Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 2 11. John Pavlus, The World’s Most Complex Architecture: Cardboard Columns With 16 Million Facets, Fast Company, Accessed 04 April, 2013 12. Cilento , Karen. “Subdivision / Michael Hansmeyer” 26 May 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed 04 Apr 2013. <http://www. archdaily.com/138323> 13.Universitat Stuuttgart, ICD/ITEK Research Pavilion 2010, http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=4458

14.Universitat Stuuttgart, ICD/ITEK Research Pavilion 2011, http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553 15.Universitat Stuuttgart, ICD/ITEK Research Pavilion 2012, http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=8807 16.Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) pp. 8 17.Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) pp. 13 18.Daniel Davis, Architecture design studio air week 4 lecture 19. Rosenfield , Karissa. “In Progress: Louisiana State Museum and Sports Hall of Fame / Trahan Architects” 26 Jan 2012. ArchDaily. Accessed 04 Apr 2013. <http://www. archdaily.com/202678> 20. Rosenfield , Karissa. “In Progress: Louisiana State Museum and Sports Hall of Fame / Trahan Architects” 26 Jan 2012. ArchDaily. Accessed 04 Apr 2013. http://www. archdaily.com/202678 21. Baraona Pohl , Ethel. “Phare Tower / Morphosis Achitects” 28 Apr 2009. ArchDaily. Accessed 05 Apr 2013. <http://www.archdaily.com/20692> Figure Fig.1: Parametric design Parametric design by am:Pm http://www.flickr.com/photos/36528907@N05/3626054988/ Fig.2: Render of Guangzhou Opera House Render of Guangzhou Opera House in Zaha Hadid Arhcitect http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/guangzhou-operahouse/ Fig.3: Wind direction Wind Direction:

By SOM & AS + GG http://www.bryanchristiedesign.com/portfolio.php?illustratio n=401&category=17&open= Fig.4: Velocity Vectors

By SOM & AS + GG https://www.som.com/project/pearlriver-tower

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Fig.5:Solar Radiation

By SOM & AS + GG https://www.som.com/project/pearlriver-tower Fig.6 Mojito Shoes:

By Julian Hakes http://www.livingdesign. info/2010/10/16/mojito-shoes-by-julian-hakes/ Fig.7 3D Ditaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Dress

By Michael Schmidt & Francis Biyonti: http://design-milk. com/ditas-gown-a-3d-printed-dress/ Fig.8 Subdivided Columns

By Michael Hansmeyer http://www.michael-hansmeyer. com/projects/columns.html?screenSize=1&color=1#1 Fig.9 Research Pavilion 2010

By ICD & ITEK http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=4458 Fig.10 Research Pavilion 2011

By ICD & ITEK http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553 Fig .11 Research Pavilion 2012

By ICD & ITEK http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=8807 Fig. 12 Parametric Work

BY Ibrahim Rajah http://archinect.com/ibrahimrajah/status Fig. 13 Model Prototype

By Trahan Architects http://www.archiscene.net/museum/ louisiana-state-museum-sports-hall-fame-trahan-architects/ Fig. 14 Basic Shape

By Trahan Architects http://www.archiscene.net/museum/ louisiana-state-museum-sports-hall-fame-trahan-architects/ Fig. 15 3D Digital Details

By Trahan Architects http://www.archiscene.net/museum/ louisiana-state-museum-sports-hall-fame-trahan-architects/ Fig.16 Shape Generation

By Morghosis Aechitects http://morphopedia.com/projects/phare-tower Fig.17 Digital Details

By Morghosis Aechitects http://morphopedia.com/proj-

ects/phare-tower Fig.18 Tessllation in Honey Cell Bees working on honey cell by Peteri http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-75597667/stock-photo-bees-working-onhoney-cells-close-up-macro.html Fig.19 Tessllation in Islamic Art

By Ava Lee, Demand Media http://people.opposingviews. com/tessellations-islamic-art-2800.html Fig. 20 Tessllation in Paper Art

By Garibi IIan http://www.flickr.com/photos/62572859@ N08/7060186593/ Fig.21 IwamotoScott - Voussair Cloud

By Iwamoto Scott & Buro Happold, Triangulation http://www. triangulationblog.com/2011/06/voussoir-cloud.html Fig.22, 25, 29 Bahanz Babazadeh Fermid

By Bahanz Babazadeh, Design Playgroung http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/fermid-by-behnaz-babazadeh/ Fig.23, 28 Andrew Kudless: P-wall Matsysdesign http://matsysdesign.com/2009/08/11/p_ wall2009/ Fig.24 3D Motion Heart Saw, http://www.beyondhollywood.com/uploads/2010/08/saw-3d-motion-heart.jpg Fig. 26 Motion Heart Love to love, http://mydamnchannel.wordpress. com/2008/02/14/love-not-love/ Fig. 27,30 London 2012 Olympic Arena Bloomberg http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2012-07-09/london-olympics-conflicted-architecturegorgeous-gardens-scary-orbit-.html#slide13 Fig.31 Group 6 Final Presenataion David Lister, https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1 0152917185600503&set=oa.554108697961541&type =1&theater

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