The Java Predicament - Final Projects by RMIT Architecture

The Java Predicament Project Collective Led by John Doyle & Neville Mars

ABOUT

The Java Predicament is an urban studio, which focuses on the very large scale understanding of urban systems, processes of rapid urbanisation, urban form and the agency of design within this. The studio will be populated with students from the Master of Architecture and Master of Urban Design studios, however the scale of this studio will be far beyond what is ordinarily understood as architecture. The studio will challenge students of both disciplines to use the tools of spatial design and modelling to design within large scale urban and data frameworks, and to speculate as to the impact of these inflections on the operation and experience of towns, cities and landscapes. This semester we will be focusing our work on the island of Java, specifically in Central Java. As the name suggests, Central Java is located in the middle of the island of Java. It is a large province, with the third largest provincial population in Indonesia. Although much of the province is rural, or mountainous, it has an overall population density greater than any city in Australia. We will be focusing on a 130km2 square of land within this province stretching from Semarang in the north to Yogyakarta in the south. In particular we will be studying the development of an emerging transit corridor that connects the two cities either side of Mount Merbabu and beginning to explore possible future urbanisation trajectories for the region. Like much of Indonesia, Central Java is rapidly urbanising. The region has been earmarked as a corridor of industrialisation, and as a manufacturing centre for Java. Underpinning is the planned development of the trans-Java highway, running along the island from west to east, and a series of highways that branch out from this to connect Semarang and Yogyakarta. These circumstances, and the historical urbanisation that has preceded them is the setting for what are describing as the Java Predicament. The island plays host to a unique form of rural urbanisation (desakota) made of small villages & towns, small plot farming & manufacturing. However, this is at odds with the predominantly large-scale patterns of urbanisation being propagated through the injection of international investment and capital. The landscape of Java is slowly being filled by the building blocks of the generic city, however this is seen by many as a necessary evil to support the economic uplift and development of the nation. This studio will consider the inherent tension between these two forms of urbanisation.

CONTENTS

Justin Chong

7-31

Lihan Yang

32-53

Nidhish Govindarajula

54-65

Yaseen Mohiddin

66-93

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

94-139

Yee Shen Tan

140-161

Bohaung Lei & Dashun Li

162-179

Jyothi Pathipati

180-199

Jia Wei

200-213

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

214-229

Lin Su

230-249

Chupei & Jingwen

250-279

Yiqun

280-291

Shiqi & Mingxian

292-317

Qinglan Zhang

318-331

Danny Tan

332-357

PROJECTS

Let’s Celebrate Waste!

Catalyric City Lihan Yang

Nidhish Govindarajula

Green Spaces

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

Fragmented Negotiations

The Hybrid Space

Sustainable Eco City

Tourist Loop

The Big Market

Urban Agriculture

Coastal Diversity: Mangrove

Decentralized Sustainable Village

Justin Chong

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Yee Shen Tan

Jia Wei

Bohaung Lei & Dashun Li

Jyothi Pathipati

Lin Su

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat Ungaran a sub-center of Semarang City

Qinglan Zhang

Yaseen Mohiddin

The Java Predicament

Expansion of Residential Areas & The Disappearance of Green Areas

Chupei & Jingwen

Ungaran a sub-center of Semarang City

Qinglan Zhang

The Java Predicament

Ungaran region 2045 built-up area expansion & Land use hunch Danny Tan Kah Aik

reference case:The disappearance of farmland in urban areas，Semarang Shiqi Xiu & Mingxian Liu

ECO TRAVELING LOOPS

FACTORY VILLAGE

The Java Predicament

Danny Tan Kah Aik

FACTORY VILLAGE

The Java Predicament

Exsiting Settlements

Bus Terminal

Added residential areas Tade & Services）

level 2 level 3 location

1900

Agriculture Village

2000

2010

2020

Eco Travelling Loops

Yiqun

Shiqi & Mingxian

Ungaran 2021

Qinglan Zhang

level 2

Settlements

level 3

Industrial

level 4

University

level 5

2021

2045

As an area grows, the most obvious signs are the expansion of residential areas and the loss of open space and farmland near high-grade highways. Housing developments don't just happen out of thin air, they happen around level 2 and 3 roads. Open Spaces near residential areas and high-grade roads are high probability to be converted into trade and service areas.

level 7 level 8

Farmland

Residential/Trade (affected by industrial expansion) Residential/Trade & Services (affected by new uni)

Open spaces Other cities

The Factory Village

New residential areas

Trade & Services

2045

Danny Tan

To control the cost and maintain a good geographical location environment, some factories originally in Semrange may be moved to Ungaran. The existing factory areas are likely to be expanded into industrial parks, and corresponding residential and trade areas will appear around the industrial parks. The establish of higher education institutions will also help the construction and development of surrounding areas while expanding themselves. Then, the most obvious is that the farmland near the high grade road , especially ,national roads, will be replaced by new residential areas. Furthermore, the existing residential buildings will also be spread out according to the road system, and open space nearby the high grade roads and residential areas will be largely developed trade and service. All the factors will increase the economic development of Ungaran and attract people from surrounding cities to move in, thus,will prompt Ungaran region into a sub-center of Semarang City.

The Java Predicament

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Let’s Celebrate Waste !

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Project Overview

This project looks to interrogate the current solid waste management and treatment industry in Indonesia, identifying its issues and proposing that the future of urbanism in Central Java revolves around waste management as its focal point, where the end is also the beginning of a city. Waste management should be celebrated instead of being disregarded in the revitalisation of the desakotas, co-existing with urban infrastructure such as public transport lines, bike lanes and major roads to bring in additional exposure from other districts to facilitate urban growth within rural areas . I’ve also been fascinated in the changing of the primary paradigm of Central Java, questioning myself as to how development might happen if the driver of urban planning is through proper disposal of waste as I am not just speculating on the project from an economical standpoint but more very specific to waste management itself. This would mean that the future of Central Java is to be more community driven and have a stronger reliance on the residents themselves to deal with their own waste properly, with the incorporation of district waste management signifying patterns of growth for the future of these desakotas. This would ensure that the entire process is localised and incorporated into the circular economy of the district, establishing a continual use of resources and eliminating waste.

DO NOT DISREGARD

WASTE MANAGEMENT

IN URBAN PLANNING

This proposition is not just meant to revolutionise Central Java, but it could be instilled in the urban planning of other parts of South East Asia or even potentially the rest of the world, starting from the installation of a waste sorting center as a transition zone that would cause a ripple effect for the implementation of other urban amenities such as additional agriculture and farmlands, industrial and commercial districts emerging around these facilities as well, signifying an increase in efficiency for the district through close proximity and also leading to an increase in job opportunities through the consolidation of these economic hubs, creating a sustainable community that can flourish and become the future of neighbourhood planning.

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Site

THE SITE

The Java Predicament

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

The Site

7°22’49’’S 110°39’03’’E

Bridge Between The Urban & Rural

Population: Mount Telomoyo

Density (ppkm2): Employment: Site Area (km2):

20,000 - 50,000 350 10,000 100

Salatiga Mount Merbabu

Small Scale Residential District

Large Scale Residential District Woodlands Agriculture Sites 9

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Rural Desakota

7°22’49’’S 110°39’03’’E

Historical Progressions

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Rural Desakota

7°22’49’’S 110°39’03’’E

10.00 km

Existing Conditions 2021

Landfill Urbanised District Woodlands Industrial District Commercial District Agriculture Sites Farmlands

10.00 km

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

Rural Desakota

Existing Conditions 2021

Rural Desakotas Woodlands

0 1.

Small-scaled residential districts that are almost tribunal, with an overall average of 30-100 houses per district. Even though these districts are less than 1km apart, they are segregated from each other by woodlands and can only be connected through small roads and laneways.

The Java Predicament

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Issue

THE ISSUE

The Java Predicament

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Current Waste Management Heirachies Local Scale

Global Scale

Rural Desakota

All Waste Products All Waste Products Inorganic Waste

OPEN BURNING

Organic Waste

LO C A L C O M P O S T B I N S

Average Dimensions: 5m x 5m

Average Dimensions: 0.75m x 0.75m

Average amount: 1 per 2 households

Average amount: 6-10 per village

PUBLIC LANDFILL

Fertiliser

Agriculture Sites Fresh Produce Markets

Estimated waste disposed in Central Java per day:

47,000 TONS

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

What If? Questions

WHAT IF WE COULD CHANGE THAT?

The Java Predicament

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

What If? Questions

Environment & Climate

The Residents

ENT EM

WHAT IF waste management is prioritized in the revitalisation of the desakotas, to be incorporated into the circular economy of the district?

WASTE

M ANAG

Trends In The Land

K E Y FA CTO R S I N URBAN PLANNING

Areas In Need of Regeneration

Future Proofing

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

What If? Questions

Rural Desakota

Commercial District

All waste products

Organic Waste

Inorganic Waste Waste Sorting Centers

Local Compost Bins

Recycable Waste

WHAT IF instead of having 2 different waste management systems, they’re streamlined and integrated into one instead?

Consumptive Waste Energy Recovery Incenerators

Recycling Centers

Organic Waste

Compost Centers

Fertilliser Metal Products

Reusable Metal

Agriculture Sites

Metal Manufacturers

Fresh Produce Metal Parts

Industrial District

Markets

Burnt Ash

Landfill

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Solution

HOW DOES WASTE MANAGEMENT AFFECT URBAN GROWTH?

The Java Predicament

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Waste Sorting Centers As Catalysts of Development

0.5

1.5

2.5

Average Dimensions: 40m x 40m Average Amount: 1 within a 1km proximity

A center that is purposed to pre-process assorted waste into sorted waste to then be sent to their respective treatment facilities.

Expanding Desakota

Agriculture Site

Woodlands

Waste Sorting Center

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

Waste Sorting Centers As Catalysts of Development

P H A S E 01

P H A S E 02

A rural site with sufficient basic resources and population is scouted for the construction of the waste sorting center.

The waste sorting center is constructed, alongside the urban planning of major roads that will provide ease of accessibility into the site.

The Java Predicament

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Waste Sorting Centers As Catalysts of Development

P H A S E 03 Major urban infrastructure and public amenities such as railroads will be implemented to connect this newly established district with other districts and major cities for easier transportation of waste products of people.

P H A S E 04 The construction of these infrastructures facilitate urban growth through a ripple effect where the surrounding district populates and increases in density. 21

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

Accomodating Waste Facilities Circular Economy Essentials

RECYCLING CENTERS

COMPOST CENTERS

Average Dimensions: 30m x 30m

Average Dimensions: 15m x 25m

Average Amount: 1 within a 0.65 km proximity

0.5

1.5

2.5

Expanding Desakota

ENERGY R E C OV E RY FA C I L I T I E S Average Dimensions: 200m x 150m

The Java Predicament

Average Amount: 1 within a 2 km radius proximity

Agriculture Site

Waste Sorting Center

Recycling Center

Woodlands

Energy Recovery Facility

Compost Center

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Waste Sorting Centers As Catalysts of Development Urban Districts Woodlands Agricultural Sites Compost Centers Waste Sorting Centers Recycling Centers Energy Recovery Facilities Major Train Lines

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Outcome

WHAT COULD IT LOOK LIKE IN THE YEAR 2045?

The Java Predicament

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

WasteRevitalisation Rural Sorting Centers As Catalysts Formation of of Townships Development

5 2.

YEAR 2021

YEAR 2030

Existing rural site condition.

The implementation of these waste facilities will revolutionise rural districts and connect them together, forming their own townships and absorbing smaller districts.

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Rural Revitalisation Formation of Townships

5 2.

YEAR 2045 As waste management becomes the focal point of urban growth, this would result in an incentive to build more amenities that could link these newly industralised or major urban infrastructure to the main cities.

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Waste Management Facilities As Catalysts of Growth

10.00 km

YEAR 2021

Urban Districts

Woodlands

Landfill

YEAR 2045

Agricultural Sites

Waste Sorting Centers

Energy Recovery Facilities

Compost Centers

Recycling Centers

Major Train Lines

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Celebrating Waste

Waste Management Facilitating Urban Infrastructure 28

Justin Chong

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Celebrating Waste

Community-Driven Amenities

Justin Chong

Celebrating Waste

Accessibility Directly Related To Proximity

LET’S CELEBRATE WASTE !

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

CATALYTIC CITY Linhan Yang

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

Linhan Yang

CATALYTIC CITY

The Java Predicament

DEVELOPMENT - GREEN SPACES - SUSTAINBILITY Nidhish Govindarajula

Nidhish Govindarajula

Title

URBAN RESILIENCE

The Java Predicament

Nidhish Govindarajula

URBAN RESILIENCE

The Java Predicament

Title

Nidhish Govindarajula

URBAN RESILIENCE

The Java Predicament

Nidhish Govindarajula

URBAN RESILIENCE

The Java Predicament

Nidhish Govindarajula

URBAN RESILIENCE

The Java Predicament

Nidhish Govindarajula

URBAN RESILIENCE

The Java Predicament

Nidhish Govindarajula

URBAN RESILIENCE

The Java Predicament

Nidhish Govindarajula

URBAN RESILIENCE

The Java Predicament

Nidhish Govindarajula

URBAN RESILIENCE

The Java Predicament

Nidhish Govindarajula

URBAN RESILIENCE

The Java Predicament

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis Yaseen Mohiddin

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

Precedent Analysis

Use of Internet and ICT can be seen as a pattern of connecting these virtually. 68

The Java Predicament

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Central Java: A virtual community

The virtual infrastructure would enable the desakotas to be self sustained and not be dependent on the Urban core. The next 25 years the technology would facilitate the growth and drive urbanisation of these villages/Desakotas in place.

Map of Internet providers in Central Java. 69

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Precedent Analysis - Proximities 20km

21.7km

23km

LEGEND 1. Nojorono Tobacco International Industries 2. Benteng Fort Willem-1. (tourism) Global 3. Green hill-2 Residential development 4. Taman Komunitas GKP 5. Kantor Pos Salatiga (Post Office) 6. Senior high school (local) SMAN 1 Candiroto 1. Nojorono Tobacco Industries 7. residential ClusterInternational – local 2. Benteng Willem-1. (tourism) Global Ketundan,Fort Pakis, Magelang 8. Tasikmadu Sugar Mill development 3. Green hill-2 Residential 9. Rumah Sakit JIH - GKP infrastructure 4. Taman Komunitas 10 . PMA Hotspot 5. Kantor Pos Salatiga (Post Office) 11. PT. BHANDA GHARA REKSA 6. Senior high school (local) 12. Wahana Prestasi Logistik - branch SMAN 1 Candiroto 13. Grand Wahid hotel Salatiga 7. residential Cluster – local 14. . PT Bank Mayapada International Ketundan, Pakis, Magelang 15. Sanata Dharma University- yogyakarta. 8. Tasikmadu Mill 16. Jogja Art:Sugar Taman Budaya (global) 9. Rumah Sakit JIH -Jawa infrastructure 17. Masjid Agung Tengah: 12,000m2 1018. . PMA Hotspot Havindo Pakan Industry. 11.19.Rural PT. BHANDA GHARA REKSAMagelang Residential Cluster-2 20.Primary School-Mi Marif 12. Wahana Prestasi LogistikPendem - branch(70students)

20km 12.4km

21.7km

LEGEND

33.5km 14.2km 18.4km

12.4km 15.4km 23km

23.7km

33.5km 14.2km 18.4km 15.4km 28km

26.4km

23.7km 24km

11km 37.3km

13km 24km

37.3km

13km

26.4km 28km

11km

13. Grand Wahid hotel Salatiga 14. .MAIN PT Bank MayapadaIN International PROVINCES CENTRAL JAVA 15. Sanata Dharma University- yogyakarta. Klaten 16. Jogja Art: Taman Budaya (global) 17. Masjid Agung Jawa Tengah: 12,000m2 Boyolali 18. Havindo Pakan Industry. Magelang 19.Rural Residential Cluster-2 Magelang Semarang 20.Primary School-Mi Marif Pendem (70students)

Salatiga MAINAmbarawa PROVINCES IN CENTRAL JAVA Kopeng Klaten Kendal Boyolali Purworejo Magelang Yogyakarta Solo Semarang Wonosobo Salatiga

Ambarawa Kopeng Kendal Purworejo Yogyakarta Solo Wonosobo

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Demographics: Population

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Internet Usage Statistics

Online Media Consumption Among Internet Users in Indoensia as of Q32019 by Activity as of Q32019 by Activity

Data Centre market in Indonesia, Overview 2020

100% 80%

33 22

Share of Internet users

5 Watch Videos d

Listen to Music Streaming Services

Watch Vlogs l

Listen to Online l Radio Stations

Listen to podcasts d

Tweets recorded in Indonesian language in a day.

D t C t Data Centres Service providers

Network fabrics

20% 0%

60% 40%

120%

Colocation Data Centres

Cloud Service Providers

Network Fabrics Service Providers

Tweets in indonesian and other languages in a day.

14 13

10 0

5 0 Jakarta

Regional

8 0

Surabaya

Makassar

Tweets recorded in indonesia in a month.

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Data Centres Mapping

Grand Wahid Hotel

Havindo Pakan Industry

GKP Community Garden

Level-4 Level-3

Level-3

Grand Wahid Hotel

SMAN 1 Candiroto-Secondary school

Ma-Marif primary school

Residential

Cluster-Magelang

Residential Cluster-Magelang

Global

Local Primary school

Secondary school

Market

Data centre

Small scale manufacturing / industry

Bus terminal

Small scale residential

Agriculture

National University

Small scale tourism

Sanatan Dharma University

Taman Budaya Cultural centre

Data Centres locations in relation to 20 selected precedents

Indonesia ranks #24 in the Data Centre Colocation Market. 73

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Analysis: Road Accessibility Diagrams Grand Mosque-Masjid Agung-

0.5 Km

PMA-Hot Spot office

Fort Willem-Ambarawa Residential

Cluster-Magelang

BGR-Logistics office

Bank Mayapada

GKP Community Garden

Residential Cluster-Magelang

Bank Mayapada

Fort Willem-Ambarawa

BGR-Logistics office

GKP Community Garden

Residential Cluster-Magelang

Ketundan Pakis Magelang

Havindo Pakan Industry

Bank Mayapada Semarang

BGR Logistics Semarang

Fort Ambarawa Ambarawa

Taman Communitas Semarang

BGR-Logistics office

Bank Mayapada

0.5 Km

Level-4 Level-3 l-3

Leve

Level-3

Green Hill-2 Residential Development

Havindo Pakan Industry Tasikmadu Sugar Factory Level-4

Rumah Sakit-Hospital

Level-3

Grand Mosque-Masjid Agung-

Havindo Pakan Industry

Green Hill-2 Residential Development

Rumah Sakit-Hospital

Tasikmadu Sugar Factory

Grand Mosque-Masjid Agung-

Sanatan Dharma University

Grand Mosque Semarang

GreenHill-2 Residential Kendal

Havindo Pakan Industry Semarang

Rumah Sakit Hospital Yogyakarta

Tasikmadu Sugar Surakarta

0.5 Km 0.5 Km

0.5 Km

Grand Wahid Hotel

Nojorono Tobacco International

Kantor Post Office

Nojorono Tobacco International

Kantor Post Office

Ma-Marif primary school PMA-Hot Spot office

Wahana prestasi logistic

PMA-Hot Spot office Ma-Marif primary school

Wahana prestasi logistic

GKP Community Garden

Kantor Post Salatiga

Nojorono Tobacco Surakarta

0.5 Km

PMA Hotspot Semarang

Mi Maarif-School Grabag

Wahana prestasi Logistic Semarang

0.5 Km

Rumah Sakit-Hospital

Sanatan Dharma University

Residential Residential

lang

Cluster-Mage

Cluster-Magelang

Sanatan Dharma University

Taman Budaya Cultural centre

SMAN 1 Candiroto-Secondary school

Bank Mayapada

SMAN 1 Candiroto-Secondary school

Sanatan Dharma University Taman Budaya Cultural centre

ntial Cluster-Magelang

Taman Budaya Cultural centre

Ketundan Pakis-residential Magelang

Sanats Dharma Uni Yogyakarta

SMAN-1 Senior School Temanggung

Rumah Sakit Hospital Yogyakarta

Taman Budaya Art Yogyakarta

Havindo Pakan Industry

BGR-Logistics office

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Scenario 1: Telemarketing Hub/ Call Centre

• The Telecommunication companies with growing demands will set-up call centres/ telemarketing hubs and the whole village could participate and benefit from developments fuelled by Information Economy. • Since Telemarketing requires the need of phone and Internet and can be done from home/remotely and there would not be a need for newer infrastructure. • The setting up costs are low as well as local labour costs less. • Education /communication/App using/Product information/training. • The people are connected as a community. • Schools will give more importance to language and IT education. • There may or may not be a need for a Tech hub and Data centre. • There would be a greater need for un interrupted supply of Electricity.which could see more Solar energy programs. • More food production with the use of technology. • the Economic status of the villagers increases. • Future will see more construction happening. • The houses develop into multi level residences to accommodate returning family members and growing family unit.&another space to work . Also improves living conditions. • The typology of front gardens for fruits trees and meeting community will continue. • The footprint will remain similar largely. However multilevel houses begin to be the new typology. • Telemarketing is the direct marketing of goods or services to potential customers over the telephone or the Internet.

The transformative impact of 5G, which is based on high bandwidth, IoT, and ultra-low latency capabilities, will fuel an engine of economic growth and innovation across all industries, fueled by the creation of new industries sub-industries, cost optimization, and product and service quality improvements. Telemarketing is the direct marketing of goods or services to potential customers over the telephone or the Internet. However, it will also pave the way for new challenges that are not only technical in nature, but also social and ethical in nature..

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Rural Village: Candi Wetan (Grabag) Village transforms into a Telemarketing Business Hub

7° 4’47.84”, 110°23’8.51” SHOP MOSQUE

Legend: Residential

73%

School

Health

SCHOOL

REPAIR SHOP

Open spaces 7% Religious

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

2% CAFE

Shops/retail 6% Roads

10%

SHOPS

RELIGIOUS PLACE

Existing Land use Map - Programs

PHYSICIAN

4.0km

LAND USE AS OF 2021 F.A.R : 0.71

2.0km Le ve l-

l-3 ve Le

Existing Land use Model

1.0km

2.0km

A small rural Village measuring roughly around 50,000 sq.m with 155 houses. Farming the basis of sustenance. Not many programs in the village can be seen. Very few grocery shops and repair/mechanic shops. This could be a prototype for a way of future in rural areas for Central java. 76

Accessibility Diagram

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Speculation

5.5%

7.6%

46280 Sq.m

49000 Sq.m

52760 Sq.m

Land use projection for 2045 Religious (2%) Open spaces

6% 7%

School (2%)

Shops/retail Roads (10%) Health (1%)

Residential

2021

59480 Sq.m

Existing Conditions 3% 10%

e-commerce-hub Religious (2%)

5% 15%

Shops/retail Roads (10%)

Open spaces 15%

Health (1%)

School (2%)

73%

12.7%

65%

2030

Residential

50%

The village has remained mostly similar in footprint though shows infill of houses within the open land pockets and a few developments along the main road.

2045

Land use - Program distribution 77

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Iteration 1 Land use Development Intervention

• • • • •

• • •

Rules There will be expansion on the peripheries. The extra facilities and programs will be accommodated here. the FAR will remain at 0.8 Lifestyle changes will see people re designing to accommodate more family members and consolidating blocks to make bigger and multi level houses. The Commmunity spaces are the key to new scenario. All houses will be fixed with solar panels or sophisticated equivalent. (sustainable -renewables- energy generation)

•

(Paradox: With growth estimated at 10% ...the future growth is not sustainable as Forests/Fields land use will be compromised. • Hence not an acceptable solution

Legend: Residential School Health Open spaces Commercial Accommodation Tech hub/Satellite office Community Spaces

980.00 School 490.00 Health 7350.00Open spaces 4900.00Roads 980.00Religious 7350.00Shops/retail 2450.00 new programs (e-commerce-hub /facilities/offices)

Religious Shops/retail High Rise bldgs F.A.R 2.5 - 6.0 High Rise bldgs F.A.R 1.8 - 2.5 High Rise bldgs F.A.R 0.7 - 1.0

Plan - Regional Scale

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Iteration 2 Land use Development Intervention • • • • • • • • •

Iteration-2 The newer programs will be accommodated by rebuild of existing. The Forest and fields will remain unchanged. (no expansion) The FAR will be 2.5. Most of the buildings will be re build to double the GFA. The growth will be vertical. Most buildings will become 3-4 stories /Some Apartment/Some Row houses. Newer programs will be built on existing vacant spaces. (Breaking point: in Future the buldings will again need to be built bigger to accommodate future growth and higher density of population.)

Legend: Residential School Health Open spaces Commercial Accommodation Tech hub/Satellite office Community Spaces Religious Shops/retail High Rise bldgs F.A.R 2.5 - 6.0 High Rise bldgs F.A.R 1.8 - 2.5 High Rise bldgs F.A.R 0.7 - 1.0

Plan - Regional Scale 79

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Iteration 3

• • • • • • • • •

Iteration-3 There will be a small % of expansion around the peripheries. There will be a hybrid of Tall and small buildings. approx 25% buildings with FAR as 5. 25% Buildings with FAR 2.5 and 50% of houses will remain at FAR as 1. This Hybrid allows for future Growth..and is the best scenario for future expansion. Any future growth will need upgrade to road and other infrastructure to be sustainable.

Legend: Residential School Health Open spaces Commercial Accommodation Tech hub/Satellite office Community Spaces Religious Shops/retail High Rise bldgs F.A.R 2.5 - 6.0

Land use Development Intervention

High Rise bldgs F.A.R 1.8 - 2.5

Land use Development Intervention

High Rise bldgs F.A.R 0.7 - 1.0

Plan - Regional Scale

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Scenario 2

E-Commerce : Tao-Bao Village model • Senior School Candiroto as the agency for E-commerce. • The Villages in the vicinity also to benefit. • The School will act as Agent-catalyst in the growth of the village and be as a prototype for other Desakotas to benefit as well. • The environmental studies school will see professionals taking up Tao-bao village model in developing nutrition information/advice and Sustainable food/grains & production strategies to protect the environment • The school will act as the centre where Nurses are trained to communicate health and nutrition advice through the use of ICT. • Villagers to be part of the business model in producing the nutrition food packets for online sales. • existing infrastrcture and enable and train the local women to participate in producing organic fruits/vegetables/grains for nutrition/diet food packages online sales. • Programs to have online classes to train other women around Central Java in Urban and eco farming . • The addtition of refrigerated warehouse to store and package goods close to major road will enable villagers to sell their goods. • A service centre / sales depot as the platform/ drop off point for villagers unable to sell directly online. • The regional areas will see improved wages/earnings. • E-commerce will see economic growth and return migration of skilled population.

INDONESIA E-COMMERCE MAPPING 2018

ECOMMERCE DEVICE ACCESS Smartphone is Indonesian favourable device to access e-commerce.

INDONESIA E-COMMERCE MAPPING 2018

92,79%

E-COMMERCE USER DEMOGRAPHICS Indonesia e-commerce market share dominated by millenials and mid class.

Lower 1

4,70% Lower 2

0,20%

Smartphone

7,57%

Generation Z

16-19yo

4,60

Generation X

38-50yo

Smartphone Penetrati

55,40%

Upper 1

65,40%

74,9

16,97% Upper 2 Male

Middle 2

52,97%

14,52%

Female

47,03%

Middle 1

36,40%

2015

27,20%

2016

87,83%

< USD 100

Lower 2

USD 101 - 200 USD 201 - 300 USD 301 - 500 USD 501 - 750 > USD 750

Lower 1 Middle 2 Middle 1 Upper 2 Upper 1

Generation Y

20-37yo

#7 INDONESIA E-COMMERCE MAPPING 2018

MOST POPULAR PRODUCT Highest percentage of products sold and purchased Buyer

24,48% 20,29%

Healthy habits-Nutrition packages.

12,55% 10,46% 32,22%

Seller

Gadgets, Computers & Accessories Women’s Fashion & Accessories

Men’s Fashion & Accessories

26,58%

Buyer Import

30,06%

21,07% 20,66%

Local

69,94%

Seller Import

Health and beauty

15,95%

Others

15,74%

27,41%

Local

72,59%

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Village: Kabupaten (Temanggung) Village transformation fuelled by E-commerce

7°12’47.4” 110°03’12.3”

SHOP MOSQUE

Religious

Legend: Residential

57.35%

School

Health

0.2%

Religious School SCHOOL

Open spaces 15% Religious

0.5%

Shops/retail

1.6%

Roads

16.5%

Shops Commercial

REPAIR SHOP

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

School

Govt-Office CAFE

Shops

SHOPS

Shops Hostel RELIGIOUS PLACE

Existing Land use Map - Programs

PHYSICIAN

4.0km

Reli (2 Open s

2.0km

Level -6

LAND USE AS OF 2021 F.A.R : 0.71

l -3

Level-3

Level -3

Level -4

Level-4

-6

This village is an example of Desa Kota with 316 houses and Approx 1.8 Sq.Km area. Observations: A mixed living conditions Village: Desakota. More urbanised. More retail opportunities. More use of motorised two wheelers. Higher education (Environmental School for Senior Students), Hostel Accommodations, Commercial Accommodations, Food joints, Laundry services, Bus depot, Car/2 Wheeler mechanics, bar, Religious institution. Bus depots (public transport) Easy access to major roads good.. hence a good prototype for E-commerce, Tao-Bao Village scenario.

lve e L

Level

Existing Land use Model

0.5km Level-6

Accessibility Diagram

Yaseen Mohiddin

Land use projection for 2045

School 5%School

(2%)

6% Shops/retail

10% Roads Roads Roads 16.5% (10%) (10%) 7% 15% Health 7% Health 0.2%Health (1%) (1%)

15% Religious Religious Religious (2%) (2%) 0.75% 7% Open spaces Open spaces 16.5% Open spaces 15% (2%)

57.3% 73%

65% Residential Residential

Existing Conditions

Commercial 4.0% E-commerce hub 3% e-commerce-hub e-commerce-hub 5% 3.0% 10%

School 5%School

73%

Land use projection for 2045

Existing Conditions

Village size-2010

Recreational 0.15.0% Shops/Retail 3% 1.6% Shops/retail

207364 Sq.m

1,88,000 Sq.m

181,300Sq.m

Other 1.2% Commercial 2.0% Religious 6% Religious 0.5% (2%)

The Java Predicament

10.3%

4.0%

igious 2%) Open spaces Open spaces spaces 7%

School (2%)

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

School (2%)

65% 40.65% 50% Residential Residential

Recreational 2.0% Other 1.2%

Map-2010

Map-2021

5% Shops/Retail Shops/retail 15% Shops/retail 5% Roads Roads 16.5%

Roads (10%)

Health Health 1.0%(1%)

Health (1%)

(10%) 15%

50% E-commerce scenario will see more new programs added .More spaces allocated to recreation and tech hubs/offices/commercial accommodation.

2021

2030

Land use - Program distribution - Projection

2045

The village clusters upto 10-15 Km proximity will benefit and show growth with better living standards, new houses getting constructed and more high rise buildings to accommodate the work force and the change would be in more denser neighbourhoods with upto 2.5 FAR with growth being vertical. The newly built houses will have smaller footprints to also cater for sustainable food habits. built up areas than exisiting. 83

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Intervention based on Iteration 3 rule sets • • • • • • • •

Expansion onto new territory not possible. the village will see more high rises to manage the need...more Apartment style Multirise buildings. The growth will be vertical. The fine grain retail shops will transform . Shopping centres will evolve where online channels also look to expand their footprint through experience along with online sales. The retail/Commercial sector will dominate the Major Road adjacencies and residential will develop on level-3 roads. The Hostel/Commercial accommodation prominence – possibility of Apartment buildings. The School as a agency for Training will see more population growth of visitors/temporary accommodation. The Shop house culture will remain on level-3 roads.

Legend: Residential School Health Open spaces Commercial Accommodation Tech hub/Satellite office Community Spaces Religious Shops/retail High Rise bldgs F.A.R 2.5 - 6.0

Land use Development Intervention -2045

High Rise bldgs F.A.R 1.8 - 2.5 High Rise bldgs F.A.R 0.7 - 1.0

Plan - Regional Scale 84

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament 4/10/2021

Scenario 3

What is the mortality trend in the under-5 and under-1 age groups?

E-health : Tele health

Under-5 65

Indonesia - Central Java | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

healthdata.org

Indonesia - Central Java 2019 population

2019 fertility rate

33.5M

Deaths per 1,000 live births

Country Profile Cetral Java:Health Demography

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10

2019 educational attainment (years)

1.7

5 0 1990

8.1

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Year

How long do people live? Males

1990

2019

Under-5

64.1

17.9

Under-1

47.9

14.3

Child mortality, 1990-2019

82 80

See related publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30977-6 4/10/2021 Indonesia - Central Java | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

78 76

What factors most death and disability combined? Whatrisk causes thedrive most the death and disability combined?

74 Age

Under-1

4/10/2021

Females

Indonesia - Central Java | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

Metabolic risks Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases Environmental/occupational risks Non-communicable diseases

70 68

Behavioral Injuries risks

66 64

-50%

62 60 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2019

Females

69.1

Males

66.3

High blood -30% pressure -20% 1 Tobacco

2018

2019 -10%

Stroke 2

Ischemic heart disease

Year

1990

-40%

2009

Life expectancy, 1990-2019

% change, 2009-2019 High 0%blood pressure 10%

Air pollution

Malnutrition

5 pollution 5Low back pain 5 Air

High body-mass index

Occupational risks

Dietary risks

High fasting plasma glucose 4 Cirrhosis

6 Tuberculosis High body-mass index 7

Neonatal disorders

7 Kidney dysfunction COPD 8 8

Malnutrition 9 Road injuries

Chronic 9 kidney disease Kidney dysfunction 9 10 Occupational risks

What causes the most deaths?

High LDL

Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases

Top 10 causes of death and disability (DALYs) in 2019 and percent change 2009–2019, all ages combined

Non-communicable diseases

See related publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9

Injuries

2009

2019

40%

17.7% 50% 15.8%

Diabetes

30%

Dietary risks

High fasting plasma glucose

20%

1 Tobacco

15.4% 34.0% -14.2% 65.8% 11.5% -43.8% -2.9% 22.7%

% change, 2009-2019

Stroke

19.3%

Top 10 risks contributing to total number of DALYs in 2019 and percent change 2009–2019, all ages combined

Ischemic heart disease

21.0%

See related publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2

Tuberculosis

Diabetes

46.4%

Cirrhosis

-4.5%

COPD

2.8%

Diabetes

Tuberculosis

-34.8%

Diarrheal diseases

-11.4%

Chronic kidney disease

Hypertensive heart disease

17.1%

Hypertensive heart disease

Lung cancer

32.9%

Lower respiratory infect

Chronic kidney disease

-1.5%

Lung cancer

Lower respiratory infect

-7.8%

Top 10 causes of total number of deaths in 2019 and percent change 2009–2019, all ages combined See related publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9

www.healthdata.org/indonesia-central-java

60%

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Nutrition & health advice to combat Diabetes/ High BMI

The delivery of health care, health education, and health information services via remote technologies. Technology has aided a rise in remote telemedicine consultations, diagnoses and treatments, a positive trend for both clinicians and patients. The use of mobile and desktop technology for patient management.Telemedicine is emerging as a method to provide healthcare to remote and underserved populations. Senior School Candiroto as the agency for E-health services. The School will act as Agent-catalyst in the growth of the villages nearby by hosting the training for e-health services With online classes happening the campus. The E-commerce model added to E-health and Telemarketing to support the business will eveolve as a way of future in these areas and must be viewed as a Prototype for Central Java.

Nutrition & Health advice

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Intervention at Urban chunk scale

Legend: Residential School

Village-1

Village-2

Health Open spaces Commercial Accommodation Tech hub/Satellite office Community Spaces Religious Shops/retail High Rise bldgs F.A.R 2.5 - 6.0 High Rise bldgs F.A.R 1.8 - 2.5 High Rise bldgs F.A.R 0.7 - 1.0

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Yaseen Mohiddin

1 : 100

GF-Apt typology

Typological shift from Rural village to Urban Village Shift in programs with new House Typology

1 1 : 100

FF-Apt Typology

1 1 : 100

Site

Existing Street character.

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

House Program Shift- Intervention

Ground Floor

First Floor

383

Roof Floor

Multi Level residential blocks /Apartment Blocks.

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

Vision for Central Java Virtual Metropolis Multi-level Eco friendly/Sustainable houses and Apartments.

The Java Predicament

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Vision for Central Java Virtual Metropolis Multi-level Eco friendly/Sustainable houses and Apartments.

Yaseen Mohiddin

Desakotas to Virtual Metropolis

The Java Predicament

Fragmented Negotiations

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Vision for 2045 The project Fragmented Negotiations looks into the tenacities that exist within the present hybrid landscape and projects 2045 as exchange of these elements that formulates Central Java. These elements defined as - VALLEYS+FOREST, FARM, CLUSTER/ DESAKOTAS and the LINKAGES/NETWORK that binds them together have an important role to foster resilience and sustenance of the communities. Each element catalyses definitive action of protection from risks and disasters, generate economy, enable intangible boundaries which form one community and come together to celebrate. This has been evidenced through careful analysis of Central Java at primarily 3 scale. 1. Micro - Provides the understanding of the inter-relation of program and the exchange among communities 2. Macro - The negotiations that take part in the hybrid landscape 3. Mega - The importance and reason for existence of each element in the system and the risk it portrays This understanding is applied at Meso Scale to ensure that the system is not intervened, on the contrary it further enhances the outcome while strengthening sustenance and resilience.

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Intent

Farm:Cluster Land Area

1. 2. 3.

Forest:Farm:Cluster Land Area

The elements of Central Java Precedent providing Evidence 2045 having economy via fruit trees with 10 trees per family boosting the economy by 4 times

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Tree Cover - Valleys and Forest

The increase in tree cover prevents or obstructs the disaster from volcano, increases ground water table, reduces the effects of siltation and protects the land. The communities of Central Java have proven the increased tree cover can surge rice harvest to 3 cycles per year as compared to 1 harvest.

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Species of Tree

Fruit and Disaster Resilient

Jackfruit - Economy

Avocado- Economy

Hazelnuts - Economy

Parasponia Rigida- Volcanic Ash: Disaster

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/jackfruit-trees/growing-jackfruit-trees.htm

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/nut-trees/hazelnut/when-to-harvest-hazelnuts.htm

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/avocado/indoor-avocado-plant-care.htm

https://worldagroforestry.org/blog/2020/12/11/which-trees-can-manage-rather-extreme-conditionsactive-volcanoes 99

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Risk and Disaster

Mega Scale

The valleys forming system to evacuate lava from volcanic eruptions

100

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Risk and Disaster

Global - Factory, Logistics, Manufacturing It is observed that the Global Program evade risk zones

101

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Risk and Disaster

Local - Heritage, Tourism

102

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Risk and Disaster

Local - Resort, Manufacturing The local programs are robust and can exist where required with the help of the negotiations

103

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Connections and Growth Micro Scale

The local programs have an inter-relation with each other which consolidates the community and enable various clusters to exist within the vicinity of the required program. This enables desification. The desification utilises the connecteg program as opportunity to form community 104

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

105

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Agglomeration

Macro Scale

106

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Corridors of Growth The densified communities agglomerates by negotiating with the tree cover while maintaining the primary source of economy farms(white)

107

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Cluster

108

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Forest

109

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

MTS - 08/2006

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

MTS - Present

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

SMP - 06/2003 Even the cities have to negotiate with the system to sustain

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

SMP - Present

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

MtsN - 08/2013

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

MtsN - Present The network binds them together but the clusters/desakota are resilient even if a major toll road is introduced as they are negotiating within the system

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Sites

Meso Scale

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Sites Site 01 - Close to Volcano and utilises valley system primarily Site 02 - Close to Megalang town; Rural-Urban Fabric Site 03 - Narrowed and Dry Stream which needs to be converted to valley

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

Development Stages 1. The existing scenario of fragmented negotiations 2. Mega - 45% increase in tree cover to re-negotiate economy program 3. Macro - Corridors of Growth, desification of near-by communities 4. Micro - Consolidation of land area by increasing floor height and volume while accounting for the lost trees in corridors of growth.

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Development Stages

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Development Stages

Tree Cover - Valleys and Forest

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Development Stages

Fruit and Disaster Resilient

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Stage 01

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Stage 02

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Stage 03

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Stage 04

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Site 01 Present

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Site 01

7-8 Years - Afforestation

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Site 01

15-16 Years - Corridors of Growth

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Site 01

24-25 Years - Margin/Setback

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Site 02

Present

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Site 02

7-8 Years - Afforestation

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Site 02

15-16 Years - Corridors of Growth

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Site 02

24-25 Years - Margin/Setback

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Site 03

Present

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Site 03

7-8 Years - Afforestation

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

Site 03

15-16 Years - Corridors of Growth

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

Site 03

24-25 Years - Margin/Setback

Priyen Niranjan Gajjar

2045

FRAGMENTED NEGOTIATIONS

The Java Predicament

The Hybrid Space

Yee Shen, Tan

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Hybrid Space

Global Input

“Agents”

Overall Economy Traffic Congestion/Footprint

“Business As Usual” Strategic Placement/ Behaviour

Sprawl

Local network Informal Activities

142

Redistribution of Parking Spaces Stimulates

Cause

Private Vehicle Ownership

The hybrid space ties in the relationship between car park space and informal activities. It is identified throughout Central Java as an opportunity for development that caters towards the infrastructural network. The idea is based on acquiring car park spaces found in the global infrastructures and then redistributed into other spaces for the intent of negotiation between the use of parking space and the activation for informal activities should the parking become redundant in the future. This allows economic growth for the local economy while also to mitigate the congestion for the traffic network.

The Java Predicament

Ownership the difference of car ownership among provinces was in

to themoney travel speed survey conducted during the SITRAMP and JUTPI financial resources possessed by a movement, namelyAccording building, (financial), knowledge, Predicament projects hasand indicated that in some Second, road segments in Jakarta City area, such as The PasarJava Minggu collectively. mobilization th the region. average car ownership across provinces being 64 and expertise. Those resources are controllable individually region. ar ownership projections for provinces groupedrefers by region. These projections – Manggarai decrease from 16.1 km/hour to an inseparable process from its actors who attempt to segment utilizeshowed their to resources to achieve the(in 2000) to 6.1 km/hour (in cy is expected to widen, with an estimated range of 117– 2011). This situation has also been experienced within Cilandak - Monas segment with the organizational objectives. g provinces. In 2015, the difference of car ownership provinces was in Riau West among Java

provinces of Maluku and North The informal ‘culture’| Past and Present vely low rates of car ownership. wnership across provinces at 479 vehicles/1000 people. In icles/1000 with the car ownership across provinces being 64 KI Jakarta, most provinces to appear forpeople, the with Kalimantan andaverage Sumatra regions, and Papua regions. The provinces of Maluku Northwith an estimated range of 117– nand 2050, the discrepancy is expected to and widen, arting to approach saturation. rchipelago, show relatively low rates of car ownership. 2050 ititis 2050 isalso alsoexpected expectedthat thatapproximately approximately50% 50%ofofcars carswill willcontinue continuetotobe beconcentrated concentratedin inthe theJava Java Yee Shen, Tan THE HYBRID SPACE

Riau 5% 5%

DKI DKI Jakarta Jakarta 26% 26%

Others Others 44% 44%

West Java 11% 11%

Typologies | Analysis

Central Central Java Java 13% 13%

Others Others 53% 53%

West WestJava Java 8% 8%

travel speed decrease from 19.2 km/hour to 9.4 km/hour (see Figure 4-11).

According to the travel speed survey conducted during the SITRAMP and JUTPI

Figure 4-11: The morning peak travel time and speed in Pasar Minggu-Manggarai

Street vendors who sell from bikes usually can be foun around traffic junctions during peak hours. The products are based on to-go concept: drinks and cigarettes for example. Sometimes they also carry around illegal wares to sell. The bike is very mobile.

projects has indicated that in some road segments in Jakarta City area, such as Pasar Minggu

segment and Cilandak-Monas – Manggarai segment showed to decrease from 16.1 km/hour (in 2000) to 6.1 km/hour (in

le average car ownership across provinces at 479 vehicles/1000 people. In tionand Growth Central Central East EastJava Javaof 25 ership saturation is DKI Jakarta, with most provinces s 2019, 12, 3168 16 Java Java 13% 13% Java Java Bali Bali Banten Sumatra regions, and repancy is expected toEastEast appear for the Kalimantan Banten and 6% 6% ew more that are saturation. 11% 11%to approach 5% 5% 5% just starting 5% rojection Results The Hunch | Transportation Growth a Tenggara, Maluku, and Papua The provinces of Maluku and North Growth of vehicle will reach saturation state in regions. 2045. (a) (b) (a) (b) Figure 1. DKI Jakarta Projection of Car Ownership ostly situated on an archipelago, show relatively low rates of car ownership. 15km-1hour 5minutes in peakIssue hour.and Right to Seek Livelihood Figure 11. Comparison of the Top 5 provinces by numberofofcars cars(a) (a)inin2015 2015(b) (b) 2050. inin2050. Marginalization 700Figure 11. Comparison of the Top 5 provinces by number DKI Jakarta (Pasar Minggu Manggarai) 15km-1hour 5minutesto in peak hour. Figure 10 shows600 carcar ownership projections for provinces by region. These projections Source: https://www.republika.co.id/ West Java grouped ownership saturation isJavaDKI Jakarta, with most provinces hexperience (Pasar Minggu to Manggarai) 3.2.2. Impact of Policy Scenario 3.2.2. Impact of Policy Scenario West atera disparities among 500 provinces. In 2015, the difference of car ownership among provinces was in Sumatera tedofcondition andpeople, aisused few that are just starting to approach saturation. 15km-45minutes in peak hour. The BAUscenario scenario usedas asamore areference reference forthe the other scenarios interms terms energy demand and BAU is for other scenarios in ofofenergy demand and Central 15km-45minutes in peak hour. Central nge 3–344The vehicles/1000 with the average car ownership across provinces being 64 400

segment

2011). This situation has also been experienced within Cilandak - Monas segment with the travel speed decrease from 19.2 km/hour to 9.4 km/hour (see Figure 4-11).

Figure 4-11: The morning peak travel time and speed in Pasar Minggu-Manggarai

Vehicles/1000 people

segment and Cilandak-Monas segment

This pushcart is mainly used to transport goods that weigh more, for example soda glass bottles or drinks. is also often usedsurvey to pick conducted during According to This thecarttravel speed up garbage. These carts are mainly found that strolling along road the roads, projects has indicated in some segments in Jakarta City among the traffic.

– Manggarai segment showed to decrease from 16.1 km/hour (

2011). This situation has also beentype experienced within Cilandak The ‘pikulan’ is a mobile of street vending. However, these street ven-

dors from will have regular stops onto the9.4 km/hour (see Figu travel speed decrease 19.2 km/hour route or even at the strategic place for a certain period of time. These vendors usually sell food and carried by the vendor when move.

Figure 4-11: The morning peak travel time and speed in segment and Cilandak-Monas segment The ‘gerobok’ consist of 2 types: Pushcarts with an umbrella shade, and the other without. Although this pushcart is mobile, in mose cases the street vendors tend to set up the cart in a particular place for longer period of time, which makes them semi-static.

(CBD to Fawkner memorial park) CO emissions reduction. Thedifferences differences between the BAU scenario andGrowth otherscenarios scenarios are inthe the memorial CO 2 2emissions reduction. The between the BAU scenario and other are in The Hunch |Java Transportation (CBD to Fawkner les/1000 people. In 2050, the discrepancy is expected to widen, estimated range of 117– Java Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik Vol. 32,with Issue 1, 2019,an page 1-15 D.I.Y 300 i

Figure 1. park) Example of Peak Travel Time from 1985Source: SITRAMP-travel speed survey (2000), JUTPI –travel speed survey (2011). 2011 in Jakarta. intensityand andactivity activityofofcars; cars;therefore, therefore,fuel fuel economyand andVKT VKTwill willalso alsodiffer differamong amongscenarios. scenarios.Fuel Fuel Marginalization Issue and Right to Seek Example of Peak Travel Time from 1985intensity economy Livelihood D.I.Y Source: SITRAMP-travel speed survey (2000), JUTPI –travel speed survey (2011). ehicles/1000 people and average ownership provinces 479 vehicles/1000 people. In well car as members’ rights and obligationsacross and mobilization of the members. Theseat leaders have the Currently, there are approximately 771 locations of road traffic congestion which are 2011 in Jakarta. 200 h East Java By the year 2045, city economyininthe theBAU BAUscenario scenario shows animprovement, improvement, asdepicted depicted Figure12. 12. economy shows an ininvarious Figure rights to determine and collect membership fees, as well as toas protect the members from Source: https://www.republika.co.id/ spread across the JABODETABEK region. According to the inventory survey conducted by atera issues, particularlyto to ensure their safety in for conducting business. If the members consider their safety Sumatra regions, and the smallest discrepancy is expected appear the Kalimantan and 100 kulu is threatened, they usually elect another leader who is perceived to be more capable of providing National Development (BAPPENAS), showed there are 20 factors 771 locations of road traffic congestion Banten Aceh like Semarang will have a Planning Agency Currently, there arethatapproximately 700 it. On the contrary, if the leaders can ensure theJava members’ safety, he/she will be able to control the East DKI Jakarta rgest for the Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and Papua regions. The provinces of Maluku and North

The ‘gelaran’ is a mat or cloth, used for displaying goods. These street vendors can often be found on street markets and are semi-permenant.

According to the travel speed survey conducted during the SITRAMP and JUTPI

10.00 10.00 management/organization within undetermined period.

which are

flood, ramp toll booth, the trajectory of 48.51% increase ofintersections/junctions, street traffic lights/signs/ markers, Bali 600vendorsrelatively Through these foundations/organizations, street attempt toBAU manage their resources Scenario BAU Scenario ku, whichEnergies are 2019, mostly situated on9.00 an archipelago,the show low rates of car ownership. LocationsNorth 9.00 (Pasar to causes Manggarai) to conduct their common activities. These attempts include supporter mobilization17 and 12, ofofresource 25 the railway, and the damage of roads infrastructure. TheMinggu dominant factor the Energies2019, 12,3168 3168 17 25 ka West Java Sumatera National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), showed that there are 20 factors PH&EV Scenario mobilization, which to some extentBanten influences the emergence of elite and public sympathy toward PH&EV Scenario ung Islands congestion is tointersection/junctions. irst province to experience car ownership saturation is DKI Jakarta, with most provinces The place where you haveYear the mostIt chance to find street vendors is on the vendors, an estimate of 500 West Sumatera the organizations’ cause. is also known as resource mobilization (Opp 2009). This concept attempts 8.00 8.00 2050 approximately 50% cars continue toto be concentrated Java 2050ititisisalso alsoexpected expectedthat that approximately 50% of carswill will continue be concentrated inthe the Java to uncover to how theof organizations could maximize their resources in order ignite social changes sidewalks. According Dimas (2009) the Indonesian word for street vendors is to in cause of the congestion, among others i.e.: bottle neck, narrow roads, markets spilled, 15km-45minutes in peak hour. Central achieve their objectivesmore (Edwards & McCarthy in Snow 2004). aching the saturated condition and a few that are just starting to approach saturation. even derived from this fact: Pedagang Kaki Lima, or PKL, refers to the prescribed region. region. 6.62183% increase in and car ownership yearly tal 485,002.98 street ven7.00 400 projects has indicated that inneck, some road segments in Jakarta City area, such as Pasar Minggu cause of the congestion, among others i.e.: bottle narrow roads, markets spilled,

15km-1hour 5minutesregion. in peak hour. to the inventory survey conducted by spread across the JABODETABEK According

– Manggarai segment showed to decrease from 16.1 km/hour (in 2000) to 6.1 km/hour (in

Riau

2011). This situation has also been experienced within Cilandak - Monas segment with the travel speed decrease from 19.2 km/hour to 9.4 km/hour (see Figure 4-11).

Bali

width of limaResources kaki7.00 (fivemobilization feet) for the framework sidewalk along theabout streets in aspects. front of the shops, explains two First, physical, non-physical, The Hunch | Transportation Growth and to ensure a safe and resources comfortable space by for apedestrians. financial possessed movement,4 namely building, money (financial), knowledge, Masyarakat, Kebudayaan danDKI Politik Vol. 32, Issue 1, 2019, page 1-15 Riau West Java Riau West Java DKI 6.00 17 25 and expertise. and collectively. 6.00 Those resources are controllable individually 17of of 25 Second, mobilization 5% 11% 5% 11% resources to achieve the Jakarta Jakarta refers to nowadays an inseparable fromare its still actors to utilize Figure X shows that theprocess sidewalks thewho mostattempt common placetheir to Others and mobilization of the26% 26% Central well as members’ rights and Others obligations members. These leaders have the Central organizational objectives. 700 5.00Aceh find street vendors. Most of the street 5.00 0 DKI Jakarta 44% rights to determine and collect44% membership fees, as well as to protect the members from vendors various prefer the sidewalks and streets as Java Java Others 700 Others these locations a high frequency potential customers. In Jakarta you will 15km-1hour 5minutes in peak hour. issues, particularly to ensure their safety in conducting business. If thehave members consider their of safety 13% 13% 600 North 0 North 53% 53% is threatened, they usually elect another leader who is perceived more capableon of the providing also find a lot to of be street vendors roadways, since the slow-driving traffic in the (Pasar Minggu to Manggarai) 4.00 West Java 4.00 Sumatera West Java West Java it. On the contrary, if the600 leaders can ensure the members’ safety, he/she will be able to control the everlasting traffic jams create a similar situation as on the 500sidewalks: slow-paced Sulawesi West Sumatera 0 8% 8% management/organization within undetermined period. traffic. The lack of proper sidewalks also leads to roads where cars have to shareCentral 15km-45minutes in peak hour. Central Central Central Riau East EastJava Java 500 0 Through these foundations/organizations, the street attempt manage and theirpedestrians resources – which 400 the vendors space with streettovendors leads again to traffic jams.Sulawesi (CBD to Fawkner memorial park) Java Year Java Java 13% Year Banten EastJava Java Bali Bali These attempts East Banten 13% to conduct their common activities. include supporter mobilization and resource D.I.Y 300 South 0an 6% 6% Jambi 400extent mobilization, which to some emergence and public sympathy toward 11% 11%of elite 5% 5% 5% influences the Many 5% street vendors operate in and around shopping Riau West Java West Javaor market areas. The first Sulawesi DKI DKIthe organizations’ cause. It is also known as resource mobilization (OppRiau 2009). This concept attempts 0 20012, Comparison of the Top 5 provinces by number of cars (left) in (right) inEnergies 2050. by2019, obvious reason is 2015 these arechanges frequented shopping visitors. East Java 3168 17 Energies 2019, 12, 3168Another Southeast 17ofof25 25 to uncover how the organizations could maximize and their most resources in5% order toSouth ignite social 11% 300 5% 11% akarta Jakarta (a) (b) (a) (b) Sumatera reason that the employees working in these malls and smaller shops also need and achieve their objectives (Edwards & McCarthy in Snowis2004). 0an 100 Bengkulu Sulawesi 26% food chart facilities, shows while they often cannot affordof to eat in Central their own work environment Banten 26%Resources mobilization Central This study in the growth vehicle from 2015 200 framework explains aboutpie two aspects. First, physical, non-physical, and Figure 11.both Comparison the Top provinces bynumber number cars (a)ownership 2015(b) (b)inin2050. 2050. Figure 11. Comparison ofofthe Top 5 5provinces by ofofcars (a) ininexpected 2015 Gorontalo it approximately 0 it isalso expected that approximately50% 50%ofofcars carswill willcontinue continuetotobe beconcentrated concentratedin inthe theJava Java because of the money prices, (financial), orLampung they might wish2050 a2050 variety ofisfood not offered inside that 0also financial resourcesto possessed by Central a movement,Java namely building, knowledge, Figure 1. Java 2050. will be consistently reaching it’s concentrated state in Java Bali (Appendix). same accounts business districts. office buildings have Those resources are controllable individually and The collectively. Second, for mobilization Marginalization IssueNot andall Right to Seek Livelihood 100 region. Others an and expertise. Others region. Energies 2019, 12, 3168 17 3.2.2. Impact ofPolicy Policy Scenario Energies 2019, 12, 3168 the larger 17ofof25 25 3.2.2. Impact Scenario Bangka 2045 inof transportation, even after Jakarta reached in saturation. Itspart growth will refers to an inseparable process from its actors whotheir attempt tocanteen utilize their to achieve the 13% own andresources as in Jakarta office workers tend to spend of 13% Source: https://www.republika.co.id/ Belitung Islands organizational objectives. 53% Year 53% their 24 to hours’ day Jakarta at the office and commuting to and froincrease their suburbanof homes, Year 0 raise challenges similar how face it’s gradual travel time 2050 expected that approximately 50% ofofcars TheBAU BAUscenario scenarioisisused usedasasaareference referencefor forthe theother otherscenarios scenarios interms terms energy demand and The in ofof energy demand and 2050ititisisalso also expected that approximately 50% carswill willcontinue continuetotobe beconcentrated concentratedin inthe theJava Java mantanWest WestJava Javaduring easy access to food is important. The street vendors are mostly situated in the back Riau West peak hours The in the future. between Riau WestJava Java region. region. DKIyearly 6.62183% increase in car ownership CO emissions reduction. The differences between theBAU BAU scenario andother otherscenarios scenarios are inthe theDKI CO 2 2emissions reduction. differences the scenario and are in alleys, where traffic is less intense and more potential customers walk. 8%

(b)

Jambi

Java

D.I.Y dors in Semarang alone increase along with a 6.62% East Java

300

2034 2016 2018 2036 2020 2022 2038 2024 2040 2026 Vehicles/1000 2028 2042 2030 2044 2032 2034 2046 2036 2048 2038 2040 2050 2042 2044 2046 2048 2050

Lampung

ear

Banten

Figure12. 12.Projected ProjectedNational NationalFuel FuelEconomy, Economy,2016–2050. 2016–2050. Figure Bangka Belitung Islands

in car ownership yearly.

Year

segment and Cilandak-Monas segment

intersections/junctions, traffic lights/signs/ (CBD to Fawkner memorial markers, park) flood, ramp toll booth, the trajectory of

Example of Peak Travel Time from 1985-

Source: SITRAMP-travel speed survey (2000), JUTPI –travel speed survey the railway, and the damage of roads infrastructure. The dominant 2011 factor in Jakarta.causes the 15km Radius comparison The kiosk is made by using boards to congestion is intersection/junctions. a booth. This structure is as locations of road tr Currently, thereresemble are approximately 771 Typical traveling time : 25 min to 50 mins permanent as street vendors can be, as it takes time to dissasemble. spread across the JABODETABEK region. According to the inv Typical traveling projection : 1 hour 5 mins 

National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), showe

Example of Peak Travel Time from 1985Right to Seek Livelihood Movement Figure 2. SITRAMP-travel Source: speed survey (2000), JUTPI –travel speed survey (2011). 2011 in Jakarta.

Bali Marginalization Issue and Right to Seek Livelihood Jakarta (Projection Kuala Lumpur to Melbourne to FawSource: http://medan.tribunnews.com Equivalent) Bukit Jalil kner Memorial

2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 2046 2048 2050

people

Year 200 South imately 50% totobe ximately 50%ofofcars carswill willcontinue continue beconcentrated concentratedin inthe theJava Java Sumatera 100 car ownership yearlyBengkulu

(b)

The warung usually consists of one or several wagons or strollers in a row accompanied by some chains and tables. Plastic covers or tarps are used to offer protection against the weather. It is a semi-permanent structure.

Figure 4-11: The morning peak travel time and speed in Pasar Minggu-Manggarai

2016 2016 2018 2018 2020 2020 2022 2022 2024 2024 2026 Vehicles/10002026 people Vehicles/1000 2028 2028 2030 2030 2032 2032 2034 2034 2016 2036 2036 2018 2038 2038 2020 2040 2040 2042 2042 2022 2044 2044 2024 2046 2046 2026 2048 2048 2050 2028 2050

2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 L/100 Km L/100 Km 2046 2048 2050

2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 people 2044 2046 2048 2050

ung

Currently, there are approximately 771 locations of road traffic congestion which are

spread across the JABODETABEK region. According to the inventory survey conducted by National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), showed that there are 20 factors

cause of the congestion, among others i.e.: bottle neck, narr

intersections/junctions, traffic lights/signs/ markers, flood, ramp

the railway, and the damage of roads infrastructure. The d

Bangkok to Lat Yao

congestion is intersection/junctions.

(a)

2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 2046 2048 2050

cause of the congestion, among others i.e.: bottle neck, narrow roads, markets spilled, Fueleconomy economyimprovement improvementininthe theprojected projectedBAU BAUscenario scenariooccurs occursbecause becausecar carmanufacturers manufacturers Fuel intersections/junctions, traffic lights/signs/ markers, flood, ramp toll booth, the trajectory of 6.62183% in car ownership yearly the railway, and the damage of roads infrastructure. The dominant factor causes the areexpected expectedtotoimprove improvetheir theirfuel fueleconomy economyregardless regardlessofofincrease theenactment enactment ofspecific specific policies. However, are the of policies. However, North congestion is intersection/junctions. thisimprovement improvementininfuel fueleconomy economyisisnot notasassignificant significantasasininthe thecar cartechnology technologyscenario. scenario.The The car car this Figure 2.  Sulawesi 8% 5% 11% 5% 11% technology scenario leads significant improvement fuelscenarios. economy. Accordingtotoaaprevious previousstudy study Jakarta Jakarta technology scenario leads totofuel significant improvement inin fuel economy. According intensityand andactivity activity cars; therefore, fuel economyand and VKTwill willCentral alsodiffer differ among scenarios. Fuel intensity ofofcars; therefore, economy VKT also among Fuel (a) (b) Marginalization Issue and Right to Seek Livelihood Riau West Riau WestJava Java DKI DKI Others 26% Others 26% Year Central Central Transport stations, such as bus can and train have ainhigh visitor flow and areJakarta 11% Central 5% 11% Central [46], economy theBAU BAUscenario scenario shows animprovement, improvement, depicted Figure 12. East Java economy inin the shows an asasstations, depicted in Figure 12. East Jakarta developments 5% [46], fuel economy improvements occur even ifJava technological for increasing vehicle 9 fuel economy improvements can occur even if technological developments for increasing vehicle 44% 44% Others 26% Others 26% Java Central therefore interesting for street vendors as well. Java http://medan.tribunnews.com Central Sulawesi Source: Java Java 44% 13% 13% Others 44% 700 Others Java Java a00 Banten Banten 13% 13% efficiency are only 10.00 directed improving fueleconomy, economy, and theperformance performance thevehicle vehicle remains Others 700 Others 10.00 13% atatimproving fuel ofofthe 13% remains Comparison of the travelling during peak hour in Jakarta (Left) and Melbourne (Right) North 53% 53% North 53% 53% South and theWest 6% 6% efficiency are only directed 5% 5% WestJava Java BAUScenario Scenario BAU 00 West Java (d) 600 West Java  Sulawesi 9.00 constant. This study has analyzed possibilities in fuel economy improvement through modifications 9.00 600 Sulawesi 8% 8% constant. This study has analyzed possibilities in fuel economy improvement through modifications PH&EVScenario Scenario Central PH&EV Sulawesi 8% 8% Central Central East 00of cars (left) in 2015 (right) in 2050. 8.00 EastJava Java 500 West 8.00 er Central Sulawesi suchasasdecreasing decreasingthe the weight andsize sizeofofthe thecar, car, theabsence absence oftechnological technological developments that Java of 13% East EastJava Java Java Bali Banten Bali Banten 13% such weight and ininthe developments that Kalimantan Central Central East EastJava Java 500 West Southeast South 6% 6% 00 400 11% 11% 5% 5% 5% 5% (b) (b) 7.00 Sulawesi 7.00 Java Java 13% 13% Sulawesi increase the acceleration and horsepower performance [46]. These kinds of modifications are used in Figure 2. East Java East Java Bali Banten Bali Banten Figure 1. Central increase the acceleration and horsepower performance [46]. These kinds 6% of modifications are used in Kalimantan 00 300 Southeast Sulawesi South 6.00 6% (a) (b) (b) 6.00 and Right to Seek(a) Livelihood Marginalization Issue and Right to Seek Livelihood Kalimantan Marginalization Issue400 11% 11% 5% 5% 5% 5% Sulawesi rt the growth ofofcar vehicle ownership from 2015 the assumptions car fuel economy improvements for the car technology scenario. Source: http://medan.tribunnews.com Source: https://www.republika.co.id/ theshows Top5 5provinces provinces bynumber number of cars (a) in 2015 (b) in 2050. he Top by of cars (a) in 2015 (b) in 2050. 00 This study in both pie chart shows the growth of vehicle ownership from 2015 the assumptions of fuel economy improvements for the car technology scenario. 200 Sulawesi Figure11. 11.Comparison Comparisonofofthe theTop Top5 5provinces provincesby bynumber numberofofcars cars(a) (a)inin2015 2015(b) (b)inin2050. 2050. Figure 5.00 9 5.00 Gorontalo Gorontalo Comparison of the Top 5 provinces by number ofreaching cars (left) it’s in 2015 (right) in 2050. South Centralslightly to 2050. Central Java will to be consistently concentrated state inin fuel 300 TheVKTs VKTs decrease in the BAU scenario due fuel price increases. Changes 00 Maluku Southeast 100 be consistently reaching it’s concentrated state in Kalimantan 4.00 (a) (b) (a) (b) The decrease slightly in the BAU scenario due to fuel price increases. Changes in fuel 4.00 3.2.2. Impact ofPolicy PolicyScenario Scenarioeven after Jakarta reached in saturation. Its growth will 3.2.2. Impact 2045 inoftransportation, Kalimantan Sulawesi 0 0 increases, raise challenges similar toaareference how face it’s gradual of travel timeand pricesare aremore more likelyto tooccur occur crudeoil oilprice price according to crude oil price projections 9the The BAU scenario isused used as reference forto the other scenarios terms of energy demand and The BAU scenario is as for the other scenarios ininincrease terms of energy demand East Kalimantan en afterprices Jakarta reached in saturation. Its growth will likely asas crude increases, according the crude oil price projections This study in both pieJakarta chart shows the growth of vehicle from 2015 200 Year Figure 11. Comparison the Top 5provinces provinces by number ofthe cars(a) (a)ownership 2015(b) (b)inin2050. 2050. Figure 11. Comparison ofof the Top 5scenario by number of cars inin2015 peak hours inThe the future. Year COduring emissions reduction. differences betweenthe theBAU BAUscenario andother otherscenarios scenariosare arein inthe Gorontalo CO emissions reduction. The differences between and North Maluku South reported by the US Energy Information Administration [34]. Table 9 shows the VKM at BAU to 2050. Central Java will be consistently reaching it’s concentrated state in intensity and activity of cars; therefore, fuel economy and VKT will also differ among scenarios. Fuel intensity and activity of cars; therefore, fuel economy and VKT will also differ among scenarios. Fuel reported by the US Energy Information Administration [34]. Table 9 shows the VKM at BAU how Jakarta face it’s gradual of travel time Figure12. 12.Projected Projected NationalFuel FuelEconomy, Economy, 2016–2050. Figure National 2016–2050. Year 100 Year areference reference forthe the other scenarios terms energy demand and economy inthe theBAU BAUscenario scenario showsan animprovement, improvement, depictedininFigure Figure12. 12. for other scenarios ininincrease terms ofof energy demand and economy in shows asasdepicted Kalimantan 3.2.2. Impact of Policy Scenario 3.2.2. Impact of Policy Scenario conditions for each province. 2045 in transportation, even after Jakarta reached in saturation. Its growth will conditions for each province. West Papua uture. Fueleconomy economy improvement the projected BAU scenario occurs because car manufacturers erencesbetween between theBAU BAU scenario and other scenarios are inthe the rences the scenario and other scenarios in Fuel improvement ininthe projected BAU scenario occurs because car manufacturers 0are raise challenges to how Jakarta face it’s gradual of travel time TheBAU BAU scenario isused used reference forthe the other scenarios termsof ofenergy energy demand and hour traveling within 15km radius between Jakarta(projection equivaThe scenario issimilar asas aareference for other scenarios ininincrease terms demand and East Kalimantan Comparison on peak (c) (d) areexpected expectedtotoimprove improvetheir their fueleconomy economyregardless regardlessofofthe theenactment enactment specific policies. However, are fuel ofofspecific policies. However, fore, fuel economy and VKT will also differ among scenarios. Fuel during peak hours in the future. ore, fuel economy and VKT will also differ among scenarios. Fuel Papua CO 2 emissions reduction. The differences between the BAU scenario and other scenarios are in theand Melbourne. this improvement in fuel economy is not as significant as in the car technology scenario. The car CO 2 emissions reduction. The differences between the BAU scenario and other scenarios are in the lent), Asia countries this improvement in fuel economy is not as significant as in the car technology scenario. The car

(b)

Fig. 11: Types of hawker concentrations (source: McGee, 2002)

2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 2046 2048

Photo x.a and .b: top - Street vendors occupy the sidewalk and create hazardous situations (top)

Photo x: top - Street vendors cause serious traffic congestion around Tanah Abang station

below - Street vendors cause indirect congestion as their customers pull over along the road

(source: author’s photograph)

below - Satpol PP clears out the kiosk around the station (source: The Jakarta Post, 2013)

Photo x: top - Street vendors cause serious traffic congestion around Tanah Abang station below - Satpol PP clears out the kiosk around the station

2036

2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 2046 2048

2 2

10.00 10.00 9.00 9.00

Comparison of the travelling during peak hour in Jakarta (Left) and Melbourne (Right)

BAUScenario Scenario BAU

2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 2046 2048

2024 2026 2026 2028 2028 2030 2030 2032 2032 2034 2034 2036 2036 2038 2038 2040 2040 2042 2042 2044 2044 2046 2046 2048 2048 2050 2016 2050

2020 2022

2022 20502024

2018

2018 20482020

20462016 2016

2044

2042

2040

2038

2036

2034

2032

2030

2028

2026

2024

PH&EVScenario Scenario PH&EV

Growth informal spaces (1.47%) vs city popuYear technologyscenario scenario leads significant improvement fuel economy. According previous study technology leads totosignificant improvement ininfuel economy. According totoof aaof previous study intensity and activity cars;therefore, therefore, fueleconomy economyand andVKT VKTwill willalso alsodiffer differamong amongscenarios. scenarios.Fuel Fuel ws animprovement, improvement, depicted Figure 12. intensity and activity cars; fuel s an asasdepicted ininFigure 12. L/100 Km L/100 Km

8.00 8.00 7.00 7.00

lation (1.36%) Figure 2. trading activities 700 Fig. 10: The location of street vendor’s Fig. 11: Types of hawker concentrations 6.00 [46],fuel fuel economy improvements can occureven evenififtechnological technological developments for6.00 increasingvehicle Year [46], economy improvements can occur developments for increasing Marginalization Issue and Right to Seek Livelihood (source: Dimas, 2008) (source: McGee, 2002) economy theBAU BAU scenariovehicle showsan animprovement, improvement, depictedininFigure Figure12. 12. economy ininthe scenario shows asasdepicted 600 5.00 Source: http://medan.tribunnews.com efficiency are only directed at improving fuel economy, and the performance of the vehicleremains remains efficiency are only directed at improving fuel economy, and the performance of the5.00vehicle

2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 2046 e 2048 2050

Year



Comparison of the Top 5 provinces by number of cars (left) in 2015 (right) in 2050.

2026 2028 2038 2030 2040 2032 2042 2034 2044 2036 2046 2038 2048 2040 2050 2042 2044 2046 2048

2022

L/100 Km L/100 Km

(source: The Jakarta Post, 2013)

Vehicles/1000 people Vehicles/1000 people

143

Yee Shen, Tan

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Modules Pasar Bulu

State Junior High 30

Pemancingan Sendang Indah

Semarang

Sam Poo Kong

Semarang

Distance to nearest Major Road

10m

600m

6.1km(13min)

600m

Distance to nearest Supplies

5.7km(13min)

Distance to Port

5.6km (13min)

Area of Houses around Site

212,953.30 m²

Distance to next market

6.6km (17min)

6.1km (12min)

Distance to Seafood Res.

Distance to nearest School

1km (4min)

1.2km

5.3km

3.6km (9min)

Distance to nearest Hospital

2.2km(8min)

Distance to Train Stop

Distance to next Hospital

Distance to next manufacture zone

6.3km (18min)

3.7km (7min)

1.3km(3min)

5.5km (17min)

Distance to Train Station

Distance to next mall

Distance to Med School

Distance to nearest Uni

Distance to City center

Distance to Bus Stop

50mm(2min)

5.3km (11min)

212,953.30 m²

2.9km Distance to nearest Hotel

5.1km(12min)

Area of Houses around Site

Distance to Train Stop

Distance to Airport

50m(2min)

Distance to Med Supplies

9.4km (5min)

9.8km(30min)

Distance to nearest Bus Stop

8km(19min)

Distance to nearest Train Stop

1.1km(3min)

11.4km(27min)

Distance to Bus Stop

2.3km(5km)

Distance to nearest Hotel

1.6km(6min)

2.6km (5min)

5.6km (13min)

3km

Distance to Supplies Distance to nearest Train Stop

Distance to Port

185.36m

Distance to Airport

8.5km(19min)

Distance to Bus Stop

Distance to nearest Major Road

20m

Distance to Airport

10.1km(20min)

Semarang

Distance to nearest Major Road

31m

Distance to Airport

Distance to nearest Bus Stop

3.4km(9min)

Kawasan Industri Candi

Semarang

Distance to nearest Major Road

3.3km(11min)

8.1km(18min)

Distance to Bus Stop

Java Mall

Semarang

Distance to nearest Major Road

Distance to Airport

12.4km(26min)

5.2km(11min)

50m

20m

Distance to Airport Distance to Airport

Distance to Bus Stop

Semarang

Distance to nearest Major Road

50m

Distance to nearest Major Road

Distance to Airport

RSUD Tugurejo Prov. Jawa Tegah

UNNES

Semarang

9.9km(20min)

Distance to nearest Res

49m

Distance to Train Stop

Distance to nearest res

9.8km (27min)

4.1km(13min)

Locations

Traffic and Spatial Analysis

Typical Vehicle Origin • •

Front Entrance, through major road Back entrance, mostly resupplies and unofficial store owners.

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Sunday 6:00am - 10:00pm, Other days 7:55am-9:00pm

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Weekdays, Saturday 7:50am - 4:45pm

Use of Space

Use of Space • •

East of Site (Main entrance) West of Site (mostly school vans/buses)

•

On street parking located infront of site causes congestion during peak hours as vehicles double park. Spaces on the east of site are parked for convenience, as coming out from car park basement faces major road congestion.

The school fully utilised South of site for parking smaller vehicles. School vans/buses are located at the back of school, near the parking space of school. Street Vendors occurs at the main entrances during peak hours, causing congestion, possible reason for school vans and buses to relocated at the back of school. Congestions affected both sides of the street.

• •

Typical Vehicle Origin

Time of Interest

•

South Entrance.

•

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Sun 6:00am-10:00pm Mon-Sat 9:00am-9:25pm

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Not Affected

Use of Space

Use of Space •

•

North of Site (Main entrance)

•

The area for parking space is large enough to minimise other use of public space. Most of the activities occur just outside of parking spaces are semi-permenant structures for food and short stops. Another parking space located west of site’s manage to disperse any congestion and public gatherings.

•

Formal parking spaces are located near the entrance as well as on the end of the site. During events, the parking spots (total of 92) does not provide enough space for a potential number of 2000+ participants in the site. Thus, streets near the site are used for parking as well. The entrance leading to the major road often cause congestion due to the cross road, causing bottle neck.

Typical Vehicle Origin

Time of Interest

Use of Space

• •

West of Site Through Resident Clusters Situated near the site.

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Weekdays 11:00am-4:00pm

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Weekdays 8:30am-3:45pm •

•

Informal parking spaces are cater towards formal parking spaces. Congestion occur possibly due to the location of parking spaces, located in the middle of the site.

•

North of Site Through major road.

Informal spaces used does not cater towards site, instead towards bus stop located infront of site. Informal parking located in site occurs due to wide space available and does not obstruct the road circulation.

• •

West of Site Through major road.

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Everyday 12:00pm - 8:50pm •

On street parking located infront of site causes congestion during peak hours as vehicles double park. On street parking creates and oppoturnity for parking informal spaces as it links. Smaller vehicles like motorbikes are park at the corner and side of site in order to avoid paying parking tickets, as well as convenience in leaving.

• •

North of Site Through Resident Clusters Situated near the site.

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Weekdays 8:55am - 4:30pm •

Informal spaces are heavily utilised infront of manufacture entrances.

The use of informal space(offstreet parking) occurs when : • Formal Parking Spaces are fully parked/ Convenience/ Smaller vehicles.

Vendor Analysis

The Flow Of Visitors • • •

From home to market From home to workplace. Bus stop to shopping mall.

Visitor’s Activities • •

People who are heading towards the market. People who are going home from the city center.

Visitor’s Reason to come to the vendor •

Side purpose

•

Located at the back of the market, along the small road mainly used for resupplies and exiting the settlement area.

Location

144

The Flow Of Visitors • • •

From home to school. From home to workplace. From home exiting to major road.

• •

Mostly students entering the school during day. Settlers around the school coming out from home to stroll around. Students waiting to be pick up by their parents/guardian during school dimissal. School guards managing after school traffic.

Visitor’s Activities

• •

Visitor’s Reason to come to the vendor • •

Main purpose Side purpose

Location •

Located inbetween the small roads and school entrance, the stall is set up to cater towards settlements around the area and mainly during school dismissal.

The Flow Of Visitors

Visitor’s Activities

• • • • •

From home to fish farm. From home to workplace. From home towards the major road. People who are meeting up for fishing activities. People who are walking around the settlement.

Visitor’s Reason to come to the vendor •

Side purpose

•

Located infront of the fish farm, along the small road mainly used by settlements that travel around by bike.

Location

• • •

From home to tourist attraction spot. From tourist attraction spot. From home to workplace.

• • •

People who are attending events in the temple. People who are travellers, visiting the temple. People who stroll around their settlements.

Visitor’s Reason to come to the vendor • •

Main purpose. Side purpose

Location •

Located at the entrance of the temple , infront of the settlements.

• • •

From home to school. From home to workplace. From home exiting to major road.

•

Mostly students entering the university during day (By bike). Settlers coming out from home to the major road to travel to work. Uni students taking a break by gathering outside the uni.

• •

Main purpose Side purpose

•

Visitor’s Reason to come to the vendor Location •

Located inbetween the small roads and school entrance, the stall is set up to cater towards settlements around the area and towards uni students.

• • •

From home to workplace. From home to bus stop. From home to visit patient.

• • • •

People visiting their family/friend in hospital. Quick buy from the people who arrive to the bus stop. People who are waiting at the bus stop. People who might want to take a break by walking out of the hospital.

Visitor’s Reason to come to the vendor •

Side purpose.

Location •

Located infront of the main road, as well as at the side of bus stop.

The Flow Of Visitors • • • •

From home to shopping mall. From tourist attraction spot. From home to workplace. Bus stop to shopping mall.

• • •

People who are entering the mall. People who are parking at the side of the mall. People who walking towards the mall from bus stop.

Visitor’s Activities

The Flow Of Visitors • • •

From home to workplace. From home to bus stop. From workplace to bus stop

Visitor’s Activities • • •

People entering the zone for work. People who are having a break from work. People who stroll around their settlements.

Visitor’s Reason to come to the vendor

Location

• •

Main purpose. Side purpose

•

Located infront of the main road, along with the parking space for bikers.

• • •

Main purpose. Side purpose

Located at the entrance of the zone , as well as the side of small roads in the zone.

Yee Shen, Tan

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Analysis

Upon obeservation on the 20 modules, similar conditions can be found between how the sites (economic activation) attracts informal activities. However, the spatial orientation of these activities location is determined based on the accesibility from the road network into the sites as well as the formal patterns of parking spaces. The occurance acts as another layer added to the increasing trend of traffic congestion for Central Java.

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Analysis Kawasan Industri Candi Semarang Typical Vehicle Origin • •

North of Site Through Resident Clusters Situated near the site.

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Weekdays 8:55am - 4:30pm

Use of Space •

Informal spaces are heavily utilised infront of manufacture entrances.

The use of informal space(offstreet parking) occurs when : • Formal Parking Spaces are fully parked/ Convenience/ Smaller vehicles.

Walisongo State Islamic University Semarang

Typical Vehicle Origin • •

Front Entrance, through major road Back entrance, mostly staffs and students

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Weekdays, Saturday 7:50am - 4:45pm

Use of Space • • •

Informal spaces cater towards formal parking space,located at the back of site. The spaces used at the back includes illegal parking/ gathering (meet up point). Gathering outside draws the attention for street vendors for selling food.

Pasar Bulu

Semarang Typical Vehicle Origin • •

Front Entrance, through major road Back entrance, mostly resupplies and unofficial store owners.

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Weekdays, Saturday 7:50am - 4:45pm

Use of Space • •

146

State Junior High 30 Semarang

Typical Vehicle Origin • •

East of Site (Main entrance) West of Site (mostly school vans/buses)

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Sunday 6:00am - 10:00pm, Other days 7:55am-9:00pm

Use of Space • • •

Pemancingan Sendang Indah Semarang

Typical Vehicle Origin •

South Entrance.

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Not Affected

Use of Space •

•

Sam Poo Kong

Semarang Typical Vehicle Origin •

North of Site (Main entrance)

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Sun 6:00am-10:00pm Mon-Sat 9:00am-9:25pm

Use of Space • •

•

Yee Shen, Tan

THE HYBRID SPACE

Analysis UNNES

Semarang Typical Vehicle Origin • •

West of Site Through Resident Clusters Situated near the site.

Time of Interest

The Java Predicament

Lost World Castle Yogyakarta

Typical Vehicle Origin •

West of Site

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Thurs 7:30am-8:00am

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Weekdays 8:30am-3:45pm

Use of Space

•

• •

Informal parking spaces are cater towards formal parking spaces. Congestion occur possibly due to the location of parking spaces, located in the middle of the site.

RSUD Tugurejo Prov. Jawa Tegah Semarang

Typical Vehicle Origin • •

North of Site Through major road.

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Weekdays 11:00am-4:00pm

Use of Space •

Java Mall

Semarang Typical Vehicle Origin • •

West of Site Through major road.

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Everyday 12:00pm - 8:50pm

Use of Space • • •

•

Parking space are large enough for customer who utilise the site. Congestion occur possibly due to the the size and poor condition of the road. Public space are used for service that are vehicle related, due to the rough conditions to travel to arrive on site.

Kopi Merapi Volcano Yogyakarta

Typical Vehicle Origin •

West of Site

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Not Affected

Use of Space • •

Informal spaces are not active due to the location of site (poor road condition, distance from site to commercial areas, only settlers) Parking space are cater towards settlements owner instead of upcoming customers due to the constructed space.

BHUMI NARARY FARM Yogyakarta

Typical Vehicle Origin •

West of Site

Time of Interest

Typical Traffic congestion Time: Not Affected

Use of Space • •

147

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THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Speculation | Spatial Sprawl

148

Diagram shows the spatial qualities of sprawl of informal activities based on the analysis on the activation behaviour. The duality of the global and local inputs is a double edged sword, it simultaneously stimulates economic growth for both sectors while the informal activities also gradually shift towards the inevitable restrain to the traffic network.

Yee Shen, Tan

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

149

Yee Shen, Tan

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Proposal

The findings identifies these moments and poses a question, “What if the parking spaces itself are the informal spaces?”.The amount of area that is acquired through identifying spaces that have an opportunity for development because of densification in 25 years time, they are a speculation of how these parking spaces can be distributed and later be re-used as an informal activity if parking spaces are no longer needed, hitting peak, saturated state.

150

Yee Shen, Tan

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Hunch

151

Yee Shen, Tan

Hunch

152

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

153

Yee Shen, Tan

Proposal

154

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Yee Shen, Tan

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Method

The process of subdivision are to occur in order to fully utilise the space and planned for parking first, to enable a minimum standard for a transitional car flow as the idea begins to take place. The parking spaces are then used as a benchmark for the transition of informal spaces as years goes by, ensuring the transition to take place while retaining the circulation of space for the vehicles within the site. Little gestures then can come into play as the elements like planned vegetation for the parking space are used as a safety barrier and assigning road pavements for footpaths to enable the space for the local community as well as engaging with its surrounding context (i.e. agents, settlements).

Local network-Informal Activities

155

Yee Shen, Tan

Subdivision Process

The typologies of the street vendors cannot be control and constructed in a certain way for the informal activities to begin with. However we can subtly structure the space in a way for the local communities to orientate themselves.

156

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Yee Shen, Tan

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Subdivision Process

This is an attempt to ensure central java’s network, being able to provide an opportunity for the less fortunate to hold their ground, maintaining the economic activation in these agents and a pathway for the locals to acquire the income without any obstruction to the overall network.

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THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Section

min. 1000mm

2400mm

min. 7500mm

2400mm

4000mm

2400mm

min. 7500mm

2400mm

min.1000mm

Footpath

Vendor

Vehicle

Vendor

Footpath

Vendor

Vehicle

Vendor

Footpath

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THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

Section

159

Yee Shen, Shen, Tan Tan Yee

160

THE HYBRID HYBRID SPACE SPACE THE

The Java Java Predicament Predicament The

Yee Shen, Tan

THE HYBRID SPACE

The Java Predicament

161

Sustainable Eco City

Bohuang Lei & Dashun Li

Sustainable Eco City

Project Intoduction In the next 25 years, the population of Central Java will grow further, which directly leads to changes in the demographic structure: There will be more and more young laborers in the future. This means that Central java needs more public facilities in the next 25 years to meet people’s growing needs. This also makes the land resources and energy consumption of central java increasingly serious in the future, which will inevitably lead to the increase of central java’s carbon emissions year by year, causing more serious environmental problems. Therefore, the future of Central Java needs to develop a sustainable ecological strategy to protect the high-quality ecological environment of central Java and develop abundant renewable energy, which has ensured the quality of life of the residents of Central Java and a good ecological environment in the future. Our next goal is to reduce local carbon emissions. We have found that there are two ways to control carbon emissions. The first is to strengthen the carbon absorption capacity of the region, which is related to green space, and the other is to reduce carbon emissions, which is mainly reflected in changes in the energy structure. Therefore, we focus on researching different systems to solve the reduction of green space and energy problems respectively. We will build systems of different scales to adapt to different villages and cities. Finally, this method is used to control the carbon emissions of central Java. We hope that through the green space system and energy renewal strategy, the relationship between the people of central java and the green ecological space in the future can be improved, as well as the structure of the central java energy industry. so that Central java is able to become a sustainable ecological area in 2045.

164

The Java Predicament

Sustainable Eco City

Bohuang Lei & Dashun Li

The Java Predicament

Outline Through the research, we found that the population of Central Java increased, while the forest area decreased, and the energy consumption increased, which eventually led to the increase of carbon emissions. And carbon emissions have caused a series of other problems, such as soil erosion, air pollution and so on. So the goal of our project is to reduce carbon emissions. We found that there are two ways to control carbon emissions: first, to strengthen regional carbon absorption capacity, which is related to green space; second, to reduce carbon emissions, which is mainly reflected in the change of energy structure. Therefore, we focus on different systems to solve the problems of green space area reduction and energy respectively. We will build systems of different scales to adapt to different villages and cities. Finally, this method is used to control the carbon emission of Central Java.

Population

Transportation

Resistance Commerce

Community

Industry Ofﬁce

Farmland

Factory

1. Population 45

Supporting facilities

40 35

Road

Medical resources

Land demand

Energy demand

Power station Water treatment

33.77

32.44

35.96

36.75

35.96

36.75

2025

2030

37.64

38.86

39.77

38.86

39.77

2040

2045

25 20 15 45 10 40 5 35 0 30

Trafﬁc station

31.22

34.55

31.22

2000

33.77

32.44

2010

2015

34.55

2020

37.64

2035

Energy consumption

Greenspace

Renewable resource Grass

Wetland

Forest

Unrenewable resource

The population of Central Java will continue to increase, reaching 39.59 million by 2045

20 14M 15 12M 10 10M 5 8M 0 6M

2. Net Carbon emission 2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

Aboveground (tCO2-eq)

2M 14M 0 12M

10M

Carbon absorption

Carbon emission

2000

2002

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Mineral soil (tCO2-eq)

6M 4M

Peat fire (tCO2-eq)eq)

2M 0

2000

Net Carbon emission

Deadwood (tCO2-eq)

2002

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Peat Biological Oxidation (tCO2-eq)

Central Java's net carbon emissions have been steadily increasing in recent years.

165

Sustainable Eco City

Bohuang Lei & Dashun Li

The Java Predicament

Urban evolution

1984

Semarang

Rapid expansion of urban area

Yogyakarta

Rapid expansion of urban area

Magelang

Reduction of forest area

Temanggung

Reduction of forest area

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Urban area New urban area River area Forest area

166

Sustainable Eco City

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The Java Predicament

Analysis — Semarang Residential unit 2

Residential unit 1

12.6 %greenland

Site: 6°58'42"S 110°23'54"E People: 5 GFA: 91 m2

Site: 7°85'31"S 110°45'85"E People: 8 GFA: 156 m2

Electricity (5%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Electricity (7%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Carbon emission (10%OF100Tons)

Carbon emission (17%OF100Tons)

Java mall Semanrang Site: 7°00'22"S 110°25'55"E Staff: 72 GFA: 7765 m2

Site: 6°33'89"S 110°77'15"E People: 5 GFA: 91 m2

Electricity (78%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Electricity (5%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Carbon emission (167%OF100Tons)

Lawang Sewu

14 5 15

112

18 5 9

Carbon emission (10%OF100Tons)

Power plant Site: 6°59'01"S 110°24'36"E People: 36 GFA: 2536 m2

Site: 6°23'45"S 108°56'98"E People: 30 GFA: 368 m2

Electricity (39%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Electricity (32%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Carbon emission (84%OF100Tons)

Carbon emission (65%OF100Tons)

27.6

21.5

2.1 2.4 5.1 5.4

12.7

3 M

Electricity 1.0*10^6/kw

Electricity

Electricity (17% OF Central Java）

Carbon emission (16% OF Central Java）

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Sustainable Eco City

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The Java Predicament

Analysis — Temanggung Residential unit 1

54.2 % 20.1 %

FarmLand Forest

Residential unit 2 Site: 6°89'21"S 109°77'87"E People: 7 GFA: 256m2

Site: 6°57'45"S 109°34'45"E People: 5 GFA: 154m2

Electricity (7%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Electricity (5%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Carbon emission (15%OF100Tons)

Residential unit 4

Residential unit 3 Site: 6°16'73"S 110°56'90"E People: 4 GFA: 102 m2

Site: 6°61'54"S 110°78'35"E People: 5 GFA: 132m2

Electricity (4%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Electricity (5%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Carbon emission (8%OF100Tons)

YAMAHA Shop

Green space Forest

Carbon emission (10%OF100Tons)

Market Site: 6°43'45"S 110°50'88"E People: 5 GFA: 98m2

Site: 6°43'64"S 110°52'16"E People: 10 GFA: 56m2

Electricity (5%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Electricity (11%OF 1,00,000KWH)

Carbon emission (10%OF100Tons)

Carbon emission (21%OF100Tons)

Deforesting Deforested

Electricity

Farmland Cotton Rice Other

City development Urban Desakota Building

168

Electricity 1.0*10^6/kw

Fruit Electricity (2% OF Central Java）

Carbon emission (2% OF Central Java）

Sustainable Eco City

Bohuang Lei & Dashun Li

The Java Predicament

Result Decrease of water storage

1984

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Semarang

Yogyakarta

Flooding issue

Flooding event in Central Java Decrease of forests and green areas exacerbates flood problems in Central Java. Especially in coastal areas, the problem of soil erosion is very serious due to rising sea levels and sinking land.

250 200

Landslide (21%) Spout (26%) Others (15%)

Unwell (29%) Unhealthy (17%) Healthy (54%)

15000

200 200

7500

0 2009

150 150 2010

Rural

100 100 50 50

Water quality

22500

150

Flooding (38%)

30000

250 250

100

Natural disaster types

Building-up area expansion

0 0

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

1999

2007

2009

2014

* Distance to Band Potentially urban

Coastal areas are eroded by sea water and groundwater is polluted

2009 2009

Urban

5km

The over development of cities leads to ground level subsidence

2010 2010

2011 2011

2012 2012

10km

15km

20km

The expansion of the city occupied the forest area.

2013 2013

2014 2014

2015 2015

2016 2016

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The Java Predicament

Energy structure

Power consume in Central Java

Power System 21% Industry

Power System

42.2%Transportation 19.1% Household

Small powe trasport route

Main power transport route

11% Electricity

170

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Solar potential

The Java Predicament

Bioenergy potential

2045 If all electricity is powered by solar power Central Java need ...

Castor oil 4% Coconut Rice 62% 15%

cotton 1% 1% Trash 8% Sugger 10%

Central Java 32548km2

Central Java Province has a potential for biofuels of 2,048.6 tons of cotton, castor oil of 1.6 tons, Coconut for 173,960.1 tons and 10,495.7 tons of sugar cane.

515km2 1.58% of Central Java

504gw/1year 50.4% of 1000GW

20w tons/1year 20% of 100w tons

Chicken manrure cow manure 19% 31% goat manure 51%

Solar system

Semarang has the greatest potential for cow manure (691,509.60 tons), Wonogiri District for goat manure (1,018,350.00 tons) and Brebes for chicken manrure (311,984.46 tons).

Bioenergy system

Heat / Electricity

Industry

Industry Provide clean energy

solar energy generation

Provide clean energy solar energy generation

Reduce carbon emissions

Electric car transportation Reduce carbon emissions Resident use

Power Generation Electric car transportation Economics

Resident use

Power Generation Economics

Animal Husbandrie

Biogas Production

Animal Waste

Reduce carbon emissions

Biogas Production Animal Waste

Fertilizer

Electricity

Electricity Reduce carbon emissions

Economics

171

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The Java Predicament

Plant species Bush

Oval

Kaempferia galanga

Heigh: 0.05 m Harvest age: 6-12 month Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop

R/E/D

Robusta Coffee

R/E/D

Zingiber zerumbet

Heigh: 1 m Harvest age: 10 month Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop

R/E/D

R Heigh: 1 m Harvest age: 10-12 month Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop

R/E/D

Heigh: 0.3 m Harvest age: 3 - 4 month Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop.

Heigh: 1 m Harvest age: 11-12 month Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop.

R/E/D

Heigh: 20 m Harvest age: 4 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop

Durian

Heigh: 35 m Harvest age: 8 - 15 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop

172

Heigh: 2 m Harvest age: 9-10 months Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop

Heigh: 15 m Harvest age: 4 - 10 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop

Rounded

Acacia auriculiformis

Banana

Heigh: 17 m Harvest age: 5 years Soil Conser vation: High ground cover crop

Heigh: 30 m Harvest age: 20-50 years Soil Conser vation: High ground cover crop, Nitrogen fixing

Falcata

Heigh: 35 m Harvest age: 7 years Soil Conser vation: High ground cover crop, Nitrogen fixing

Heigh: 2 m Harvest age: 1 year Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop, Soil moisture balancer

Papaya

Rosewood

Layer Class Position: Layer A = 0–1 m (Ground Base); Layer B = 1–5 m (First Layer); Layer C = 5–15 m (Second Layer); Layer D = 15–25 m (Third Layer); Layer E = 25–35 m (Fourth Layer). Slope Zones: R = Residual Zone; E = Erosional Zone; D = Depositional Zone.

Swietenia mahagoni

Heigh: 25 m Harvest age: 3 - 4 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop

Coconut

Heigh: 30 m Harvest age: 5 - 10 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop

R/D Heigh: 20 m Harvest age: 10 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop

Sugar Palm

Cassava (Manihot utilissima)

Heigh: 20 m Harvest age: 3 - 6 years Soil Conservation:Holding soil, protecting riverbanks, preventing landslides, controlling erosion, Soil moisture balancer

Jengkol

Dendrocalamus asper

Heigh: 14 m Harvest age: 6 - 7 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop

Heigh: 2 m Harvest age: 12 months Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop, Soil moisture balancer

Parkia speciosa

Rambutan

R Heigh: 20 m Harvest age: 20 - 80 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop

Heigh: 20 m Harvest age: 5 - 10 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop

Heigh: 10 m Harvest age: 3 - 4 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop

Jackfruit

Mango (Mangifera indica)

Teak

Turmeric

Heigh: 20 m Harvest age: 5 - 7 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop

E Heigh: 1 m Harvest age: 25 -30 days Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop.

Grass

Heigh: 15 m Harvest age: 8 - 12 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop

Heigh: 15 m Harvest age: 5 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop

E Heigh: 10 m Harvest age: 5 - 10 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop

Corn (Zea mays)

Mangosteen

Avocado

Gnetum gnemon

Sweet Potatoes

Heigh: 6 m Harvest age: 3 - 4 month Soil Conservation: Wind breaker, Medium ground cover crop

Langsat

Arachis hypogaea

Heigh: 10 m Harvest age: 3 - 4 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop

E Heigh: 0.25 m Harvest age: 3 month Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop, nitrogen fixing

Syzygium aqueum

Gliricidia sepium

Alpinia galanga

Heigh: 5 m Harvest age: 3 month Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop

Palm

Shrub

Dome

Heigh: 5 m Harvest age: 8-9 months Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop

Cash crop Wet plant Dry plant Shade-resistant Reducing runoff velocity Deciduous during dry season Soil water extraction

Sustainable Eco City

Bohuang Lei & Dashun Li

The Java Predicament

In 2045

Reforestation systerm

36.51 74.28 （2020）

39.89

million

86.54 million t

population carbon emission

31%

40%

1 square meter 0.09 kg of CO2/day 0.06 kg of O2/day

Reduction in emission

6471.33 （2015）

7360.73 Km^2

（2045）

The space provides daily recreation, leisure, sports or friendship places for residents in the neighborhood, or rest places for the elderly, housewives or children in the daytime.

The space is designed to provide community residents with daily recreation, such as recreation, sports and friendship after work, after school or on weekdays. The area is about 20000 to 40000 square meters.

The space provides sports, recreation and sightseeing for the residents of the whole town on weekdays and holidays

Space provides environmental protection for special areas (rivers, industrial areas, ecological protection areas) and surrounding areas, as well as sports and leisure needs for surrounding residents.

X10 R = 50 - 300 M

R = 800 M

R = 1600 M

Urban area

Rural area

173

Sustainable Eco City

Bohuang Lei & Dashun Li

The Java Predicament

In 2045

Renewable Energy System

1089 37,450

8,712

130,761 GW

House roof renovation. This is the simplest method, which saves land area and is self-sufficient.

174

Kw/h per people

50% Replacement of fossil energy

Street system. Installed on public facilities on the street, such as street lights, trash cans, etc. Provide electricity for the lighting of the entire block.

1 square kilometers 10w tons/1year 252 gw/1year

Small solar power station. Provide electricity for small villages or small areas of electricity consumption.

257.5

Km^2

Large-scale solar power stations can be built near the power transmission station to provide power for large cities and entire regions.

Sustainable Eco City

Bohuang Lei & Dashun Li

The Java Predicament

Eco City Develoment in 25 Years

Waterfront Park Embankment

Pocket garden

Urban Ecological Park Community park

2021Stage 1

2030 Stage 2

175

Sustainable Eco City

Bohuang Lei & Dashun Li

The Java Predicament

Eco City Develoment in 25 Years

Urban green circle Protection forest

Urban green circle

Solar Power Station Protection forest

Geothermal Energy Urban green circle

Solar Power Station

2037 Stage 3

176

2045 Stage 4

CARBON EMISSIONS

Bohuang Lei & Dashun Li

2045 Forecast

The Java Predicament

Urban green circle Waterfront space

Urban garden Protection forest Solar station Hydropower

177

Bohuang Lei & Dashun Li

1. The green Corridor

2. The green garden

3. Waterfront space

4. Shelterbelt

178

CARBON EMISSIONS

The Java Predicament

179

Tourist loop Jyothi Pathipati

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Central Java ‘genius loci’ Java is an island of extremes: a rich history and culture a rich agricultural practice a rapidly urbanizing population a climate and topography borne from volcanic activity

There are three major economic sectors that contribute to the economy in Central Java province: manufacturing agriculture tourism

Tourism is a form of direct economic exploitation and neo-colonial domination and brings outsiders to smaller communities. In addition, tourism brings socio-cultural and economic changes and encourages modernization. The relationship between tourism and development can be seen as a sign of progress. On the one hand, tourists require a destination to provide a highly developed tourism infrastructure including modern, efficient ground transportation, international-class hotels, and other supporting social infrastructure facilities such as electricity, telecommunications/internet and trained human resources. This will generate linkages with the local economy, causing both to grow. However, on the other hand, this issue of tourism and development remains a challenge for developing countries. This is due to several factors, including a key one- standards for international tourism are determined by the tourism-generating countries. As a result, the receiving country’s local tourism industry may not match the demands for quality by tourists, thus maintaining leakages and minimizing links with the local economy, and may also destroy the indigenous culture and environment. 182

Tourits attractions in Central Java

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

‘hunch’ for Central Java’s urbanisation

tourism as a factor to boost rural economy

a tourist loop

usual tourist loop

Borobudur

Prambanan

central java’s case

proposed tourist loop tourist attraction tourist amenities tourist trip

popular tourist attractions in Central Java

tourist attraction major city

183

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Key challenge

Borobudur

Prambanan

Key challenge: 90% of the tourist amenities are located in major cities. These cities serve as support cities for the tourist attractions located in the peri-urban and rural areas. Tourists spend more than 60mins to reach their tourist destination from the supporting city. length of stay: international tourists- 1.8 days domestic tourits- 1.4 days

184

Since several tourist attractions are located in closer proximity to each other, tourist clusters can be identified, and a tourist loop is proposed providing tourists amenities like accommodation, leisure activities, cafes and restaurants, souvenir shops etc., in this loop. It will save tourists’ travel time and encourage them to have more trips covering more destinations and amenities within this loop in the rural area, which will ultimately boost the rural economy. 15 mins radius

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Tourism and economy

tourism value chain

the inter- sectoral and multi-sectoral nature of tourism industry indicate wide range of economic relationships.

total contribution of tourism to GDP and employment, 2019

according to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), the direct contribution of travel and tourism to Indonesia’s GDP was 1.9% and supported around 3.7% of total employment.

185

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Tourism and GDP

leisure spending- 75% business spending- 25%

domestic tourists

international tourists

international tourist spending- 41% business travel

total contribution of tourism to GDP this primarily reflects the economic activity generated by industries such as hotels, restaurants, travel agents, tourist transportation services and leisure industries directly supported by tourists.

leisure travel

domestic tourist spending- 59%

direct- 33% induced- 22% indirect- 45% indirect is the sum of: a. supply chain- 21% b. investment- 12% c. government collective- 12%

different components of tourism economy

186

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Tourism attractions

distance map

distance and travel- time from international airports major tourist attraction minor tourist attraction supporting cities

187

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Site

Borobudur temple complex

Prambanan temple complex

Visitors data:

selected tourist attractions 188

The Borobudur temple and Prambanan temple are recognized as World Heritage sites by UNESCO. These sites attract a vast number of international and domestic tourists every year, and it increases annually. In addition, there are several other attractions located close to these temples.

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Sites in a wider context

sites in context with cities and international airports

accessibility by road toll road national road arterial road

189

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Development around tourism sites

190

Borobudur

Prambanan

2006

2021

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Land use matrix

Borobudur

Prambanan

agricultural land natural green/ plantation settlement built

191

Jyothi Pathpati

192

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Borobudur

Prambanan

road network

built vs unbuilt

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Borobudur

Prambanan

section 1

section 2

section 3

1 3 section 4

4 2

2 section 4

193

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Fragmented development and fragmented agricultural land

Borobudur

194

Prambanan

agricultural land

settlement

agricultural land

settlement

villages

peri- urban spine

villages

urban spine

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Fragmented agricultural land as pockets for development of tourist loop (a loop consists of tourist attractions along with tourism related amenities)

Borobudur region

Prambanan region

The development of a tourist loop will be a storefront for the regional economy. It will provide space for the village government and communities to develop rural economic potential. It will act as a form of support to boost domestic and international tourism. Through these tourists loops, villages will be prepared to welcome and provide maximum service for tourists who visit nearby tourist attractions. The increase in the number of tourist visits and activities will positively impact the surrounding community’s economic improvement rather than present fragmented agricultural income. 195

Jyothi Pathpati

196

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Borobudur region

Prambanan region

pixalated map of existing development

pixalated map of future development

Jyothi Pathpati

Central Java- 2020

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

Central Java- 2045 197

Jyothi Pathpati

TOURIST LOOP

The Java Predicament

2020

2045

Many cities have implemented aggressive policies to compete for tourism as a remedy for the local economic crisis. Cities become hostile environments for visitors, with dilapidated and deserted business districts. All sorts of cities compete for tourism, including those that have remained economically healthy and vibrant at the core. In such contexts, the infrastructure of tourism should be merged into the local spatial and cultural fabric rather than clustered into well-defined urban space. A measure of prosperity for a sub-district (Borobudur) region is the number of settlements classified as ‘rural’ or ‘urban’. The pressure to preserve the rural character is contrary to the desire to produce greater economic wealth. As tourism grows, there will be a gradual conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural use. This key characteristic can be considered to develop tourism-related infrastructure, and as tourism advances, additional opportunities will be created for employment, investment, development, and infrastructure spending, which ultimately heightens rural development. 198

199

THE BIG MARKET Jia-Wei Du

Jia-Wei Du

THE BIG MARKET

The Java Predicament

Issue

202

Jia-Wei Du

Building density zoning in Semarang

THE BIG MARKET

The Java Predicament

Semarang City covers an area of 373.67 square kilometers and has a population of approximately 1.5 million. It is the fifth largest city in Indonesia. The urban sprawl caused by population growth in the city center. However, this spread does not radiate from the city center, but occurs in various regions.

203

Jia-Wei Du

THE BIG MARKET

Built-up area growth

From 2005 to 2021 shows the growth of built-up areas, we can see the expansion of Semarang is to the areas of industry, hospitals and education. These areas have good infrastructure and employment opportunities. Therefore, it attracts a large number of people to move outside.

204

The Java Predicament

Jia-Wei Du

THE BIG MARKET

The Java Predicament

Urban Fringe development

Urban sprawl does not come from the central city, it occurs on the borders of different districts.

205

Jia-Wei Du

THE BIG MARKET

The Java Predicament

Analysis

206

THE BIG MARKET

Jia-Wei Du

The Java Predicament

Building density zoning in Semarang

The large trucks in the market are delivered directly to the sellers. There are agricultural land and livestock land in the site.

207

Jia-Wei Du

THE BIG MARKET

The Java Predicament

Built-up area growth

Analyze the distance between each site of Semarang and the market and port. Traditional small markets are a very popular function in the neighbourhoods of Semarang.

208

Jia-Wei Du

The Java Predicament

THE BIG MARKET

Proposal

209

Jia-Wei Du

THE BIG MARKET

Semarang Traditional Market Categories

A relatively large-scale traditional market in the city center. Most of them are around 200 stalls. If we look at the colorful diagram. Those are food processing plans and rice processing plants. All raw materials will be sent to the processing plant or trader first after import, and then distributed to each market by the main road in the city, but the distance between the market and each processing plant is scattered.

210

The Java Predicament

Jia-Wei Du

THE BIG MARKET

The Java Predicament

Marketing system

Considering that the freight raw materials must first arrive at each processing plant and then be distributed to the small and medium-sized market by the processing plant. What if the raw materials are sent to the large market first and then distributed? Or the big market becomes a new node in the area?

211

Jia-Wei Du

The Java Predicament

THE BIG MARKET

Filling of Urban Fringe

Configuration changes

The site began to have closer activities with surrounding communities as merchants moved in. The market’s operating model can provide the community and the power of collaboration, which can ease the movement of residents out of the suburbs.

The distance from the port to the market is about 4KM, which makes the transportation cost of import and export raw materials lower. Merchants and farmers can get the most profit from the transaction here. When the market begins to expand, more complete equipment and labor are needed to provide employment opportunities in the surrounding communities.

Site development

212

Jia-Wei Du

THE BIG MARKET

The Java Predicament

2045 PREDICAMENT

By 2045, with the expansion of the market, desakata’s urban fringe will start high-density activities, not only providing goods and raw materials for the traditional market in the metropolitan area. On the other hand, the market will become another central hub of the city and then affect the surrounding communities. However, the high elastic density between districts may become the buffer zone of the edge of Semarang city and slow down the urban sprawl.

213

URBAN AGRICULTURE Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

Project Introduction Urban agriculture can be re-imagined in 2045 in Java, where it is inspired by the co existence of desekota and urbanization that is currently happening in java With rapid urbanization the language of desakota are decreasing and the food supply chains are becoming longer causing unsustainable urban planning. However, with the implications sustainable farmland in potential urbanize area this helps stimulate self-sufficiency for farmers and maintain the language of desakota through java.

216

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Urbanization > Agriculture Urbanization > Agriculture and farmers Indonesia - Employment in agriculture, services and industry (% of total employment)

Imported goods

Farmers struggle Not earning enough - farmers earned on average per day Rp 55,503 ($5 AUD) The middle man trap Middle man

Farmer

Local collector

Local trader Price

Imported goods

Regional trader

Regional retails

Urban customer

Price

The rise of processed foods - cheaper and more convenient processed foods are rising in popularity Lack of investment - lack of investment in innovative agriculture tools

217

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Agriculture typology comparison Comparison (agricultural production) Local scale

-7.056176, 110.495973

Semarang

450m to Bus 6km to Main Rd 24km to airport

Agricultural

21km to port Limited options to agricultural crops (rice, banana)

Local

small scale produce for local consumption only not for export

Channel 1 (Local scale)

Agriculture local traditional market

80m

Farmer

Local household or Local market

Long distance for accessibility to transportations and logistics accessible to nearby urban area

Overall approximately 80m

Regional scale

Urban farming

Accessiblity; local scale

Accessiblity; local & Global (Market & Retails)

Fresher products

Limited options

High quality products Multiple options

large scale of land but only cater to one

7.528223, 110.641640

Boyolali

Regional, Global

type of crop

4.3km to Bus 200m to Main Rd 18km to airport

Limited access to logistics Less sustainable

Proximity to road and Logistics Higher controled environment

84km to port High quality controled products (high in price) Mass production for export purpose and to regional retails

Green house and innovative agriculture Main rd to Surakarta and semarang

218

Channel 3 + Channel 4 (Regional scale) + Export

close proximity to main road that allows for access to logistics Less access to fresh products for residentails area

Accessiblity; Global scale & regional High quality products (Export & retails purpose) Mass production & multiple options Access to Logistics

Innovative & traditional

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Strategies for urban agriculture

Hybrid conditions

Urban agriculture Self sustain

Higher effiency

Diversify

Production

High quality products

Self sufficient Urbanize

Diversify

Multiple options

Logistics Logistics

Proximity to road and logistics

Food hubs

Community Processing Income

Accessibility Local & Global (market & retials)

Hybrid supply chain

Market, Trade

Increase farmers income Sustainable

Hybrid supply chians = Urban agriculture

Farmer

Export

Import

Regional trader

Regional retails

Local collector

Local household or Local market

Urban customers

219

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Key factors to determine site

Land price + accessibility ̃5,714,587 ̃1,666,666 ̃1,201,111 ̃800,000

̃576,545

Soil type Latosol 24.75% Aluvial 35.9%

Mediteran 27.92% Regosol 6.72% Grumusol 4.62%

Allocation of budgetting for clean water

220

Selected area: Mijen (district) Ngadirgo 18km to Semarang city 1100/km2 population density population 4992

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Site: District Mijen, Ngadirgo Site pixel diagram

2009

2013

2016

2019

Existing local agriculture N

Rice

Residential

Road

Water

Rubber tree

Banana

Cassava

Area for potential growth and Urban argiculture implementations

221

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Stretegy 1: Production

2-Acre (8090m2) farm land configuration Sel sufficiency

Area for self sufficient agriculture development Key to determine self sufficient farm allocation:

~1000m2 agriculture land yield 2666kg of food

-Accessibility(road, logistics) -Proximity to irrigation (water) -Growth area

Site pixel diagram

Housing unit (4-5 member)

Poultry

Mango tree or other fruits

Rice and fruits 7122m2 ~9500 calories /day

Corn 245m2 Corn

Poultry 61m2

Coconut Cassava + coconut

Residential

Road

Water 50 m to Main Rd 50 m to Irigation

222

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Stretegy 2: Food hubs Food hubs

Local farm producers

Food hubs + comunity centre

Retails and market Regional & Local

Area for food hub allocation Key to determine food hubs allocation: -Accessibility(road, logistics) -Proximity to farmland and community area

Raw good processing hub + community access

Site pixel diagram

50 m to Main Rd

Raw good loading bay , storage

Hybrid supply chians = Urban agriculture

Residential

Road

Sel sufficient farm

Water

Food hubs Farmer

Export

Import

Regional trader

Regional retails

Local collector

Local household or Local market

200 m to farmland 270 m to Market

Urban customers

Food hubs

223

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Stretegy 3: Market & trade

Area for market Key to determine food hubs allocation: -Accessibility(road, logistics) -Urban area (accessible to local)

Site pixel diagram

50 m to Main Rd 550 m to farmland

Residential

Road

Sel sufficient farm

224

Water Market

Food hubs

270 m to Food hub

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Self-sustain system

Farm

200m

Food hub

270m

Market

225

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Year 2045

Market

Market Food hubs Self sufficient farm

Food hubs

Desakota

Self sufficient farm

The allocation of self-sustaining farm lands will help to act as a buffer to protect the existing farmland from urbanization. This prioritizes the existing farmland to be the production area for the community, making food more accessible and affordable within the area. The allocation of food hubs also increse farmers income and strengthen the surrounding community.

226

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

Food hubs + community

227

Kanthamet Akarawatcharakiat

Self sustain agriculture

228

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The Java Predicament

229

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

Project Introduction

The destruction of mangrove forests in the central Java coastal area of Indonesia has led to the gradual erosion of the coast. The loss of livelihoods and homes of local residents is a problem in the socio-economic development of the coastal areas of Java. This research aims to determine the coastal characteristics, coastline changes and adaptation strategies of the coastal area of Samarang City through satellite research and geographic information system. And use the BWN project implemented by the local government to prevent the coastline from continuing to erode inland. Based on mangroves, combined with the existing functional zoning on the edge of the local sea area as a carrier, a diversified and multifunctional coastline is created. Committed to improving the green economic assets of the central Java coastal area in Indonesia in the future 2045, while bringing economic benefits of culture, fisheries, and tourism. 232

The Java Predicament

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Background

233

Lin Su

Mangrove ecosystem

234

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Mangrove ecosystem

235

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

BWN(Building with NatureBuilding)Project

Building with Nature (BwN) as an innovative approach to restoring erodind mangrove-mud coasts.This approach combines ecosystem-basedl engineering and sustainable land use solutions to create a productive and stable coastline for local communities.

Construction of permeable dams by local contractor under supervision of the BwN team.

BWN approach offers a sustainable, costeffective and climate adaptive solutionthat may transform the way in which the engineering community addresses erosion problems along mud coasts across the tropics Building with Nature is an innovative approach that combines natural processes with innovative engineering methods to realise sustainable projects. Permeable dams are being utilised as part of a Building with Nature solution to help restore the eroding mangrove-mud coast of the Demak district in central Java, Indonesia

236

The sediment.

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Mangrove vegetated area and potential area to be planted by mangrove

They built temporary semi-permeable barriers from poles and brushwood to dampen the waves and capture sediment, creating sheltered areas near the coast for accretion. Once the near shore bed level rises enough, mangroves will regenerate naturally, developing a natural defence that will protect the hinterland from further erosion. Where the coastline has not yet been eroded, they encouraging the conversion of ponds into mangrove forests in close collaboration with local communities.

237

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

5 Mangrove Forests in Java

A famous mangrove ecotourism area Mangrove Forest of Kadilangu Sand, Kulon Progo Wana Tirta Mangrove Forests, Kulon Progo Wonorejo Mangrove, Semarang Edupark Mangrove, Semarang Mangrove of Maerokoco, Semarang 238

The Java Predicament

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Mangrove and tourist sites

239

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

Map comparison of different periods

In 1990

In 2000

In 2015

In 2020 I

The disappearance of mangroves due to the construction of agriculture and fish farms has aggravated the erosion of the shoreline. The changes of the shoreline can be seen that the mangroves are disappearing. 240

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Land Use Analysis

241

Lin Su

Land Use Analysis

242

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Coastline analysis 1990-2020

243

Lin Su

Coastline analysis 1990-2021

244

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Master plan Development in 2045

245

Lin Su

Master plan Development in 2045

246

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Master plan Development in 2045

247

Lin Su

Master plan Development in 2045

248

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Lin Su

Coastal diversity based on mangroves

The Java Predicament

Reference diagram

249

Decentralized Sustainable Villages

Chupei Zhang & Jingwen Luo

252