ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
ROBIN ALERS
2
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
VISUALISATION OF ADVICE
2 4
ATTACHMENTS PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
4 5 6 6 7 7 9 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 15
CONCLUDING THE FINDINGS THE ISSUE – GENDER EQUALITY SEXUAL HARASSMENT GENDER NEUTRALITY ANALYSING THE ISSUE STAKEHOLDERS PLAYBOY PLAYBOY AND THE ISSUE CONCLUDING THE ANALYSIS ADVICE HOW? PARTNERSHIPS FRAMING LOBBYING DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES
ROBIN ALERS
3
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES Playboy started out as a magazine for men in 1953 by Hugh M. Hefner (Hefner, 1962). It’s first magazine, featuring nude photos of Marilyn Monroe, sold 54,000 copies and instantly became a hit (Sanburn, 2011). The company considers itself to be a forefront regarding sexual, political and economic freedom, and a tastemaker and “arbiter of style” (Playboy Enterprises, sd). Their headquarters resides in Beverly Hills, California and the company focuses on creating content for different media types, such as magazines, television, websites, mobile platforms and radio (Playboy Enterprises, sd). The organisation’s mission statement says, “Playboy Enterprises Inc. brings the iconic Playboy lifestyle to innovative products and experiences for global consumers.” (Playboy Enterprises, sd). The lifestyle Playboy refers to can be routed back to their philosophy, where it is said that, What is a Playboy?: "Is he simply a wastrel, a ne'er-do-well, a fashionable bum? Far from it: He can be a sharp-minded young business executive, a worker in the arts, a university professor, an architect or engineer. He can be many things, providing he possesses a certain point of view. He must see life not as a vale of tears but as a happy time; he must take joy in his work, without regarding it as the end and all of living; he must be an alert man, an aware man, a man of taste, a man sensitive to pleasure, a man who -- without acquiring the stigma of the voluptuary or dilettante -can live life to the hilt. This is the sort of man we mean when we use the word playboy." (Hefner, 1962, p. 4). On its own it does not yet clearly explain Playboy’s beliefs. It isn’t until we review Playboy’s Philosophy more closely, a clearer image is pictured about the company’s views and beliefs.
Though the philosophy was written 56 years ago, Cooper Hefner (Hugh Hefner’s son) has stated in 2017 that he will be bringing back the ‘Playboy Philosophy column’ in the magazine (GMA Network, 2017). The entire Playboy Philosophy was also published on the Playboy website differentiated in 18 parts, with each part representing a chapter of the original philosophy – in 2016 (Playboy Enterprises, 2016). This shows that Playboy still stands behind the words written by its founder all those years ago. The organisation has already mentioned to be a forefront in sexual, political and economic freedom (Playboy Enterprises, sd). For the sake of the issue we will focus on their belief in sexual freedom. This belief is clearly presented in their philosophy, stating that sex is normal and not scary nor profane (Hefner, 1962). Playboy does not consider their content to be ‘obscene’ and continues to say that, If the human body -- far and away the most remarkable, the most complicated, the most perfect and the most beautiful creation on this earth -- can become objectionable, obscene or abhorrent, when purposely posed and photographed to capture that remarkable perfection and beauty, then the world is a far more cockeyed place than we are willing to admit (Hefner, 1962, p. 6). This clearly shows that Playboy does not differentiate between man and woman regarding beauty, calling the human body in its totality “beautiful” and “perfect”. Further empowering the statement that the company beliefs in sexual freedom, and the beauty of our body, for all genders Hefner (1962) goes on by saying that no one from Playboy would ever lay a hand on a woman except out of self-defence or passion. Their quest for sexual freedom brings Playboy to a point where they claim the United States residents to be hypocrites. Saying that they lie to one another about sex and sexual behaviours, but they take it a step further saying that it is this hypocritical behaviour that leads to perversion, ROBIN ALERS
4
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES psychosis and even suicide (Hefner, 1962). A bold statement, supported with research and numbers, which clearly shows that their belief for sexual freedom is so important, that it can be considered a vital part of the company. The belief in sexual freedom furthermore extends to a belief of freedom in sexuality and gender. Cooper Hefner (2017) wrote in his column ‘The Playboy Philosophy: An Introduction’ that the attacks on the LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual, Questioning) community and women’s healthcare rights are an attack on everyone’s rights and that Playboy will defend those rights no matter the cost (Hefner C. , 2017). This statement was later supported in not only words, but also in actions when Playboy presented their first openly transgender ‘Playmate’, Ines Rau, in the November/December issue of 2017 (Petter, 2017). Their support towards sexual freedom is particularly strong considering that they have featured the model in a special edition of their magazine in 2014 (Petter, 2017). An even stronger support in action is showed when looking at the case of Caroline Cossey, the first transgender to ever be featured in Playboy Magazine. Caroline Cossey, a former Bond girl, was featured before rumours started to spread that she was born as a man. After this rumour she was featured in Playboy again and became the first transsexual in Playboy magazine (Singh, 2015). Cossey herself says, “I remember being invited to the Mansion to meet Hugh Hefner. He looked into my eyes and I immediately knew he felt my story. He felt my cause.” (Cossey, 2015).
and have shown support in both word and actions throughout the years. Important to note is that ‘sexual freedom’, in the eyes of Playboy, does not limit itself to sexual acts for men, heterosexuals or even to the physical meaning of sex. It extends into the freedom of gender and sexual preference as well. Their words and actions throughout the years have supported this type of freedom ever since they started. It shows that their strategy and core values have remained the same and that they keep fighting for their vision i.e., freedom.
Concluding the findings All of these findings support a major value of Playboy, namely: sexual freedom. Texts written in 1962 still show support in today’s organisation
ROBIN ALERS
5
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
THE ISSUE – GENDER EQUALITY
Figure 1: #MeToo and Sexual harassment in Google trends
Now we have a clear image of our company’s beliefs, vision and values, we can dig deeper into the issue at hand, namely the issue of ‘gender equality’.
Sexual harassment The year of 2017 saw the birth of an important social riot/debate with the birth of #MeToo. Which started with, first Alyssa Milano (actress), numerous women accusing Harvey Weinstein (a Hollywood producer) of sexual misconduct/sexual harassment and even sexual assault (Khomami, 2017). After this the hashtag expanded to be used by more and more women, worldwide, from all backgrounds and industries, not just the film industry (Khomami, 2017). Michaela Ormrod, a woman who was sexually harassed, spoke to Unilad about why she used the hashtag. She says, “I think it’s really important because it helps make sexual harassment real.” (Ormrod, 2016). The hashtag was also supported and used by celebrities such as, Angelina Jolie and Gwyneth Paltrow (Murray, 2017). The hashtag became a movement of (mostly) women and men across the globe, standing up against sexual assault (Khomami, 2017). Since then the hashtag seems to have lost interest, but the debate about sexual harassment has continued beyond the hashtag. We see more debate and news popping up regarding sexual harassment and sexual assault. E.g., more athletes are opening up about abusive experiences with Dr. Larry Nassar, former doctor of the USA gymnastics team (Lutz, 2018). Allegations spread beyond the hashtag towards multiple celebrities such as Aziz Ansari (Thomas, 2018), James Franco (Teal, 2018) and even 95-year-old Stan Lee (Donovan, 2018). Though the allegations definitely do not stop there it is interesting to note that the allegations continue without the hashtag.
Figure 1. #MeToo and Sexual harassment in Google trends. From Google Trends, by Google, 2018. Data source: Google Trends (www.google.com/trends). Figure 1 shows the popularity (worldwide) of both #MeToo as well as ‘sexual harassment’ on Google (data source: Google Trends) over the last twelve months. The top graph is that of the hashtag, the lower one of the term ‘sexual harassment’. It is clear to see that, while sexual harassment was being discussed, the term has suffered a significant rise after the hashtag. Interestingly enough the hashtag quickly lowered in interest while the term itself actually started to increase .This would suggest that #MeToo is an outburst, a hype.
ROBIN ALERS
6
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
Gender neutrality
Analysing the issue
Extending into the issue of gender equality, it is not only about sexual misconduct or assault, but there is also the topic of gender-neutrality. Gender-neutral is defined as, “noting or relating to a person of neutral gender, neither male nor female.” (Dictionary, sd). Gender-neutral toilets have been showing up and causing debate, such as the gender neutral toilets at ‘Channel 4’, where people would respond that the hygiene of men is disgusting and they do not wish to share toilets with them (Robinson, 2017). The gender-neutral approach has extended into public places and schools. An all-girls school in England has stated that they wish to use gender-neutral language and stop referring to their students as “girls”, but rather refer to them as “pupils” (BBC, 2018). While in The Netherlands the Dutch railroad company NS has stated they will start using gender-neutral language to address their customers (RTL Nieuws, 2017). Gender-neutrality also expanded into the political system and became a big issue in the USA when president Donald Trump banned transgenders from the military (McKay, 2017). As a result the topic about transgenders and equality for transgenders (gender equality) turned into a hot-topic. Figure 2 shows a big rise in interest around the time that this news came out (26th of July 2017).
Now that we have looked at the issue and different aspects of this issue we can start to analyse the issue in more detail. We will take a deeper look into responses on social media and into the increase in news regarding the topics. Figure 3: Facebook comments
Figure 2: transgender in Google trends
Figure 3 and figure 4 both show a few comments from people on gender equality related issues. Figure 3 had two different news issues, one regarding assault and one regarding allegations for sexual assault. Figure 4 was about a social media influencer posting about not identifying as a man nor a woman, but as a person (gender-neutral). The amount of comments, Figure 2. transgender in Google trends. From Google Trends, by Google, 2018. Data source: Google Trends (www.google.com/trends).
ROBIN ALERS
7
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES likes and replies show that the issue (though branched off into different sections) is a hot topic. Figure 4: Facebook comments 2
Looking deeper into the actual ‘popularity’ of gender equality we look at the data provided by Google Trends. This time however we set the scope to a longer period of time than previous Google Trends data, namely from 2008 to 2018. Figure 5, ‘Gender equality worldwide in Google Trends’, shows that ‘gender equality’ has been gaining popularity as a term online throughout the years and though it has high and low peaks, on average it is showing an increasing line. This strengthens all previous findings that gender equality is indeed becoming an issue more and more. The next step is to view where the issue is in its life cycle, in order to do this we place the issue (based on all accounted data) in Dalton’s ‘Issue lifecycle’ (2011). Figure 6: Dalton’s Issue lifecycle
Figure 5: Gender equality worldwide in Google Trends
Figure 5. Gender equality worldwide in Google Trends. From Google Trends, by Google, 2018. Data source: Google Trends (www.google.com/trends).
Figure 6. Dalton’s Issue lifecycle. Reprinted from Reputation and Strategic Issue Management (p.233), by J. Dalton, London, London School of public Relations. Copyright by J. Dalton. Reprinted with permission. ROBIN ALERS
8
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
The findings have shown that companies and even schools are adjusting to a more gender equality environment. With changes in language (genderneutral) and gender-neutral toilets it is clear that public policy is being affected by the debate and thus the issue. Beyond the regional policy and policy of public companies there is also some support to claim a more political policy. Next to Trump’s banning of transgenders in the military, D66 (a Dutch political party) wishes to investigate the difference in salary between men and women (inequality between genders) at the NPO (Tienhoven, 2017). Though the latter seems too focused and not yet spread into a national approach, it must be said that the occasional political medley in the issue does show that the issue is gaining more and more strength. The debate on social media and media coverage is strong, suggesting that the issue resides in one of the last three stages. Considering there is no decline in the debate (as shown in Figures 4 and 5) and political involvement is scarce, the fifth phase seems to be ruled out. This leaves the issue to be placed in either phase three, ‘Active’, or phase four ‘Intense’. It is possible that the issue resides in phase four, however there seems to be no crisis development yet. Plus figure 5 would suggest that the issue shows a less steep rise than phase four. This all points out that the issue is in phase 3, ‘Active’, of its lifecycle. However, it must be noted that the issue - with moments of political involvement and a rise in media attention – is most probably nearing the end of phase three and close to phase four.
shows the different views and debate about Playboy’s support towards the LGBTQ community. Figure 7: Playboy readers about LGBTQ
Stakeholders Playboy Playboy’s easy to spot stakeholders are their readers and their models. Both can have a significant impact on Playboy when it comes to the issue. Their readers are mainly men and seem to react positive to some extent as well as negative. Figure 7, Playboy readers about LGBTQ, for example ROBIN ALERS
9
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES It has to be said that readers as a stakeholder can be any gender. Meaning that, though Playboy started as a men’s magazine, their stakeholders are women, men, transgenders and people identifying as gender-neutral. Next to this Playboy deals with a wide range of models and also celebrity models. One of which is particularly interesting, namely the singer ‘Halsey’. Halsey has revealed to be bisexual in 2017 (Jackman, 2017). She also shows a big commitment and dedication to the gay community. Earlier on in this report we saw that Playboy has featured multiple transgenders in their magazine as well, which shows that their (celebrity) models are very different from one another. Figure 8: Playboy stakeholder mapping Low
Power
MINIMAL EFFORT Photographers Shop owners
KEEP INFORMED Readers Viewers Users Writers
KEEP SATISFIED Classic media App stores Social news media
KEY PLAYERS Models Social Influencers Pro equality groups (NGO) Political system
High Level of interest Low High Figure 8. Playboy stakeholder mapping. Reprinted from AC SCM – slides course 3 2017 – 2018 – STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT (p.9), by Fontys ACI, Tilburg, Fontys ACI CO-IEMES. Copyright by Fontys ACI. Reprinted with permission.
Other stakeholders are gender equality groups e.g., UN Women, European Institute for Gender Equality, Equality Now. Who stand firmly for equality between genders and fight for equal rights for the group they represent. And other consumers, such as viewers of video content or users of Playboy’s mobile content. Social news media (such as Unilad, LadBible). Classic media (TV, newspapers, radio). Social influencers (e.g., celebrities, bloggers) also are stakeholders. Next to these Playboy magazine does deal with shops (to sell magazines) and app stores (for mobile content) as well as photographers to create content. Figure 8, Playboy stakeholder mapping, shows which stakeholder falls under which category. Shop owners and photographers will not necessarily care about the content that Playboy delivers and do not have that much power, thus minimal effort would suffice. Readers, viewers and users (consumers) as well as writers do not have a lot of power. Their strength is in their numbers, but as individuals their power is very limited, but they are all very interested and engaged with Playboy’s content, meaning that they have to be kept informed. The classic media, social news media and app stores have power, as they can either reach a lot of people or prevent Playboy’s content from reaching people, but their interest in the matter is low. In the end they will care to a certain extent about what Playboy does and offers, but the issue is not a priority for them, thus they have to be kept satisfied. Playboy’s models, the political system (politicians, parties), social influencers (focused on the issue at hand) and pro equality groups are extremely interested in the subject and in Playboy’s business. They probably already have formed an opinion regarding the company and the issue and they also have an enormous reach making them powerful. This makes them key players. The political system is one of them, even though the issue is not yet in the latter two phases, because they will eventually start to engage in the issue a lot more and more thorough. ROBIN ALERS
10
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
Playboy and the issue Playboy’s core values and vision for freedom are clear and now that the issue is analysed we can determine the risk in which Playboy finds itself regarding the issue. Firstly Playboy has already encountered this issue in 2017. After his death, Hugh Hefner has been accused of sexual misconduct and harassment toward numerous people (Ingram, 2017). His death also impacted other news stating that Playboy’s true legacy is “mainstreaming the sexual objectification of women.” (Trueman, 2017). Claims and stories that seem to completely go in against Playboy as an organisation, but it shows that the company is already dealing with the issue at hand, no matter how infrequently. It also shows that Playboy’s views and beliefs are either not shared or not known amongst the public. This gives us extra insight into what risk Playboy is in. To get a good view of the exact risk we use Dalton’s ‘Risk threat assessment matrix’ (Figure 9) (2011).
So we know Playboy’s stance on all forms of sexual freedom, but we also see that their views are not well known amongst all of the public and thus stakeholders. They have also already been in (short) contact with the issue. Playboy’s business (nude photos, nude magazines etc.) and their previous encounter with the issue shows a high likelihood in being dragged into the issue. The magnitude is hard to judge, but dealing with stakeholders that expand from readers to models, and from social influencers to pro equality groups, they could see themselves excluded from media work/boycotted. A similar experience as what happened to Kevin Spacey, being fired from ‘House of Cards’ (Collins, 2017). Playboy, being a business-to-consumer company, relies on the public in its business. A boycott could lead to a disastrous drop in brand image and in revenue, as the key stakeholders have a big social impact. This would make the magnitude high, which would place Playboy in the top right corner of the ‘Risk threat assessment matrix’.
Figure 9: Dalton’s Risk threat assessment matrix
Concluding the analysis The analysis shows a few key things. Starting with the phase the issue is in in the lifecycle, it is safe to say that the issue has not yet reached its peak. When combined with the risk Playboy is in it almost feels as though the analysis conclusion could be called “the worst is yet to come”. Their strong key stakeholders could have a direct impact on the issue as well as the brand. However, they also present an interesting opportunity for Playboy to improve their business, rather than demoting it. Because of their direct link to the public it provides an opening to turn the public opinion in their favour.
Figure 9. Dalton’s Risk threat assessment matrix. Reprinted from Reputation and Strategic Issue Management (p.234), by J. Dalton, London, London School of public Relations. Copyright by J. Dalton. Reprinted with permission.
ROBIN ALERS
11
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
ADVICE All analyses have been conducted and conclusions have been drawn based on the findings. That means that we can now conduct an advice based on all gathered information. The short term objective would be to generate support amongst stakeholders and the public, but in the long run this would ensure a stronger brand image for Playboy. That is the true objective, the long term goal, create a stronger brand image. As I personally believe that Playboy can use the momentum of this issue to expand brand awareness and improve its image, when showing responsibility. And the simple reason why Playboy can do it is because they have shown, throughout the years, that they have supported gender equality. Not only do they have their vision on their side, but also their history in actions (e.g., featuring and supporting transgenders).
How? Playboy shows a clear vision and values which support the suppressed groups in the issue at hand. Sexual freedom, in every single way, is extremely important and thus intrinsic to Playboy. Sexual freedom and gender equality go hand in hand, without sexual freedom there can be no gender equality and vice versa. Playboy considers itself a forefront for freedom and thus it needs become an issue owner. As a forefront for freedom the company should take action and turn itself into a leader for freedom, a leader for gender equality. In order to achieve this Playboy must implement three strategic choices: partnerships, framing and lobbying. These three elements focus on key stakeholders and, when combined, will ensure that Playboy becomes an issue owner and shows corporate social responsibility.
Partnerships The organisation should start to build partnerships with pro equality groups, models and social influencers. All three are key stakeholders, thus already interested in the issue. When Playboy partners with these three to fight for freedom, fight for gender equality, they do not only have powerful partners on their side, but they also expand their reach drastically. These three stakeholders often have a wide network which also would open up new doors to more (possible) partners. These are not the only reasons though, these three groups also have strong views and beliefs and often openly fight and debate their cause. Transgender or gender-neutral models often openly discuss their beliefs and views and are proud of who they are. Pro equality groups openly fight for their cause and wish to improve the situation for the group of people they represent. Social influencers keep the debate going, they have strong opinions and share these with thousands, if not millions. Partnering with them will empower Playboy and build trust among the public, ensuring that when the issue hits the crisis phase Playboy is not on the receiving end, but actually pushing the issue.
Framing Playboy needs to frame the issue in their own words and within their values. They need to constantly express that they are pro freedom. Sexual preferences, gender, all of this is up to the individual to decide. They need to emphasize that this is not an issue about genders or equality, but an issue about freedom. And as long as there isn’t freedom for some, there isn’t freedom for anyone. They also need to keep pointing at what they have done regarding freedom in the past. Showing that they have supported transgenders in their magazine and that they have supported everyone fighting for freedom, e.g., Martin Luther King Jr. (Haley, 2014). Framing the issue to be about freedom will also guide the issue the direction Playboy wants it to be. Their vision and values all focus on ROBIN ALERS
12
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES freedom, this will make the ongoing discussion controllable and within the borders of where Playboy feels most comfortable. These previous actions will vouch and support Playboy’s claim to be a forefront for freedom and - much like the strategic choice of partnerships – will ensure that the brand strengthens and builds trust amongst the public.
accomplished Playboy will have significantly strengthened their brand. As they will be seen as the organisation that has fought for freedom and won. Much like historical fighters for freedom, it will generate an enormous boost in likeability, brand awareness, brand image and as a result probably even in revenue.
Lobbying
A major benefit of issue ownership and implementing these three strategic choices is the fact that it is low in costs. Playboy already has the tools (magazine, app, social media) to reach a lot of people and to spread their message in their fight for freedom. Next to this they also already have a broad network and a well-known brand name, making it relatively easy to approach (like-minded) stakeholders for possible partnerships. Another benefit is that Playboy has a rich history in fighting for freedom, meaning that the company has a lot of resources to strengthen their claims. It also means that framing is easier to do, as it is a value that returns throughout the organisation’s history. On the other hand it must be said that this is a relatively aggressive strategy. Playboy would instantly present itself out in the open and in the foreground. The initial response might be very indifferent and could lead to people trying to undermine Playboy’s integrity and position (backlash). However, I do wish to state that the risk Playboy is in is very high, meaning that even if the company does not wish to implement this advice it wouldn’t necessarily prevent this backlash from happening. By implementing this advice however, Playboy can act instead of react. Which is a much more powerful position to be in as it means more control over the situation, more control means less risk.
Whereas the other two strategic choices were mainly focused on the foreground this one focuses on what happens behind the scenes. Playboy should lobby amongst the political system to resolve the issue. Even though, when carried out correctly, Playboy will benefit from a lot of exposure regarding the issue, there are numerous reasons why this is important. First of all, the longer the issue stays in its peak the bigger the risk of backlash. So it’s in the company’s own interest to also try and resolve the issue relatively quickly. There will be people trying to dig into Playboy’s history and uncover things that counter their beliefs for freedom. The longer the issue remains unresolved, the bigger the risk of these claims and stories reaching the public. Even when they are simply just claims, founded on nothing, exposure to these claims can significantly damage the trust and brand image that has been built up to that point. Secondly, lobbying is something that will again build trust amongst the public and thus strengthen the brand. The public will not know what happens precisely behind the scenes, but it is very important that Playboy does state that they are pressuring politicians to resolve the issue. Lobbying and sharing that information throughout their channels (e.g., social media, magazine) will ensure that every single stakeholder and the public, will see Playboy’s fight for freedom. The best possible outcome is for the lobbying to be successful and the issue to be resolved in favour of Playboy’s beliefs. When this is
Discussion and conclusion
So of course, there it is an aggressive stance on the matter, the spotlight will be on Playboy, but the risk is manageable and, if performed correctly, Playboy can strengthen their brand by owning the issue. It will create a ROBIN ALERS
13
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES stronger brand image amongst the public and shows corporate social responsibility. While the latter is not the goal in itself, it is something that will benefit the brand and thus the goal.
ROBIN ALERS
14
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
REFERENCES BBC. (2018, January 10). uk england manchester. Retrieved from bbc: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-42618629
Hefner, C. (2017, February 13). the Playboy philosophy 2017. Retrieved from Playboy: http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-playboyphilosophy-2017
Collins, P. (2017, November 4). netflix fires kevin spacey from house of cards. Retrieved from the guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/nov/04/netflix-fireskevin-spacey-from-house-of-cards
Hefner, H. M. (1962, December). The Playboy Philosophy. Playboy Publishing.
Cossey, C. (2015, June 22). Bond Girl Tula was the First Transgender Woman To Bare It All in Playboy Magazine. (S. M. Singh, Interviewer)
Hefner, H. M. (1962). The Playboy Philosophy. In H. M. Hefner, The Playboy Philosophy (p. 6). Playboy Publishing.
Dictionary. (n.d.). gender neutral. Retrieved from dictionary: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gender-neutral
Ingram, L. (2017, September 29). don't mourn for hugh hefner. Retrieved from vice: https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/bjvyvw/dontmourn-for-hugh-hefner
Donovan, F. (2018, January 10). stan lee responds to accusations of sexual harassment. Retrieved from unilad: https://www.unilad.co.uk/film/stan-lee-responds-to-accusationsof-sexual-harassment/ GMA Network. (2017, February 14). playboy magazine brings back nudes a year after ditching them. Retrieved from gmanetwork: http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/599464/pl ayboy-magazine-brings-back-nudes-a-year-after-ditchingthem/story/ Google. (n.d.). Google trends. #MeToo worldwide and sexual harassment worldwide google trends. Google, Arnhem. Haley, A. (2014, January 19). alex haleys 1965 playboy interview with rev martin luther king jr. Retrieved from the dailybeast: https://www.thedailybeast.com/alex-haleys-1965-playboyinterview-with-rev-martin-luther-king-jr
Hefner, H. M. (1962). The Playboy Philosophy. In H. M. Hefner, The Playboy Philosophy (p. 4). Playboy Publishing.
Jackman, J. (2017, December 19). halsey has gone viral by revealing the truth about being bisexual and fans couldnt agree more. Retrieved from pinknews: http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2017/12/19/halsey-has-gone-viralby-revealing-the-truth-about-being-bisexual-and-fans-couldntagree-more/ Khomami, N. (2017, October 20). Retrieved from the guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/20/womenworldwide-use-hashtag-metoo-against-sexual-harassment Lutz, T. (2018, January 15). simone biles larry nassar sexual abuse allegations usa gymnastics. Retrieved from theguardian: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jan/15/simone-bileslarry-nassar-sexual-abuse-allegations-usa-gymnastics
ROBIN ALERS
15
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES McKay, G. (2017, July 26). donald trump bans transgender people from serving in us military. Retrieved from unilad: https://www.unilad.co.uk/lgbt/donald-trump-bans-transgenderpeople-from-serving-in-us-military/ Murray, E. (2017, October 16). thousands share sexual harassment stories with metoo hashtag. Retrieved from Unilad: https://www.unilad.co.uk/featured/thousands-share-sexualharassment-stories-with-metoo-hashtag/ Ormrod, M. (2016, October 16). Thousands Share Sexual Harassment Stories With #MeToo Hashtag. (E. Murray, Interviewer) Petter, O. (2017, October 19). playboy transgender playmate first ever magazine ines rau. Retrieved from independent: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/playboy-transgenderplaymate-first-ever-magazine-ines-rau-a8008281.html Playboy Enterprises. (2016, December 31). hugh hefner on the playboy philosophy part 1. Retrieved from playboy: http://www.playboy.com/articles/hugh-hefner-on-the-playboyphilosophy-part-1 Playboy Enterprises. (n.d.). our story. Retrieved from playboy: http://www.playboyenterprises.com/about/our-story/ Robinson, B. (2017, September 23). channel 4 telivision toilets backlash over gender neutral toilets headquarters london. Retrieved from express: https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/857779/Channel-4television-toilets-backlash-over-gender-neutral-toiletsheadquarters-London RTL Nieuws. (2017, July 28). ook ns stopt nu met dames en heren. Retrieved from rtlnieuws:
https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nederland/ook-ns-stopt-nu-metdames-en-heren Sanburn, J. (2011, January 24). 0,9171,2042352,00. Retrieved from Time: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2042352, 00.html Singh, S. M. (2015, June 22). tula first transgender in playboy 1991. Retrieved from playboy: http://www.playboy.com/articles/tulafirst-transgender-in-playboy-1991 (n.d.).Stakeholdermappingtool. Fontys ACI, Tilburg. Teal, J. (2018, January 11). james franco accused of sexual misconduct by five women. Retrieved from unilad: https://www.unilad.co.uk/news/james-franco-accused-of-sexualmisconduct-by-five-women/ Thomas, M. (2018, January 16). aziz ansari responds. Retrieved from cnn: http://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/15/entertainment/aziz-ansariresponds/index.html Tienhoven, G. (2017, August 1). d66 wil onderzoek naar verschil in salaris tussen man en vrouw bij npo. Retrieved from ad: https://www.ad.nl/show/d66-wil-onderzoek-naar-verschil-insalaris-tussen-man-en-vrouw-bij-npo~a79da674/ Trueman, P. (2017, September 28). hugh hefners true legacy mainstreaming the sexual objectification of women. Retrieved from washington examiner: http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/hugh-hefners-true-legacymainstreaming-the-sexual-objectification-ofwomen/article/2635959
ROBIN ALERS
16
ISSUE MANAGEMENT ADVICE FOR PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES
ROBIN ALERS
17