Florida Roofing Magazine- March 2022 by Florida Roofing Magazine

Florida

March 2022

ROOFING A Publication of FRSA – Florida’s Association of Roofing Professionals

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Contents 10 | FRSA – 100 Years Strong 12 | Irony Abounds as Florida’s Building Codes, Legislation and Insurance Company Policies Converge 15 | The Most Common Equipment Malfunctions to Avoid

FRSA-Florida Roofing Magazine Contacts: For advertising inquiries, contact: Keisha Martinez at: advertise@floridaroof.com (800) 767-3772 ext. 127 All feedback and reprint permission requests (please include your full name, city and state) contact: Lisa Pate, Editor, at: lisapate@floridaroof.com (800) 767-3772 ext. 157 Florida Roofing Magazine, PO Box 4850 Winter Park, FL 32793-4850 View media kit at: www.floridaroof.com/ florida-roofing-magazine/

20 | Use The Right Fastener 27 | Ladder Safety

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March 2022

Any material submitted for publication in Florida Roofing becomes the property of the publication. Statements of fact and opinion are the responsibility of the author(s) alone and do not imply an opinion or endorsement on the part of the officers or the membership of FRSA. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without permission from the publisher. Florida Roofing (VOL. 7, NO. 3), March 2022, (ISSN 0191-4618) is published monthly by FRSA, 3855 N. Econlockhatchee Trl. Orlando, FL 32817. Periodicals Postage paid at Orlando, FL. POSTMASTER: Please send address corrections (form 3579) to Florida Roofing, PO Box 4850, Winter Park, FL 32793-4850.

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PRESIDENT’S COLUMN Joe Byrne

My thanks to the Board and Committee members who participated in the quarterly meetings held on our GoToWebinar platform. I wish we could have met in person. This persistent virus hit our staff, which relegated us to virtual meetings instead. Even so, a lot was accomplished and progress continues as a result of very successful meetings. Chris Dawson, FRSA Legislative Counsel, has been hard at work keeping track of the bills that are of great interest to our membership, especially the Chapter 558 Reform bill. Prior to the start of session, Chris, Ralph Davis, Phillip Lane and Wallace Fulton attended a political reception on our behalf and were able to distribute contributions to various candidates that support industry issues. They were also able to provide testimony at a hearing. The House may amend the bill and add the Statue of Repose relief as a flat rate of seven years for all types of construction. Chris will be able to provide more details as time progresses. FRSA Members were sent a detailed report from Chris on bills that are important to the industry. There is a lot of information in his report and it is very insightful for those of us that follow politics. The Executive Committee reviewed and approved the current financials and it looks like we’re on track for a positive year. All profit centers are doing better than budget. The Convention Committee is working on finalizing plans for FRSA’s 100th Anniversary Convention and Expo, which includes plans to have Governor DeSantis speak at the “Celebrating 100 Years” Luncheon. Speaking of our Governor, he has stated that he’s grateful to the Freedom Convoy for getting the message out about defending our God-given freedom. Keep an eye out as we launch plans for FRSA’s 100th Anniversary celebration. We’ve bought out two hotels for the Convention – the Hilton Daytona Beach and the Hard Rock Daytona Beach. The hotel room blocks will be opening soon, so please be sure to make your reservations as early as possible. Both venues are sure to sell out. FRSA Director of Convention and Expo, Cheryl Sulock, is leaving FRSA after almost nine years to work with another association. She has done a great job and we wish her well. Jessica Vega, who was originally hired as Cheryl’s assistant, will be taking over her position. Jessica comes from the show decorator side and has experience in event planning. She’s a great addition to FRSA and has hit the ground running. FRSA’s new website has been refreshed. Take a few minutes to look it over at www.floridaroof.com.

Please get involved in FRSA, your state trade association: join one of our committees or subcommittees and contribute. Remember, this is your Association and participation is welcome in all areas to assist our hard working staff, as well as supporting the industry that we love. As always, God Bless!

Joseph R. Byrne byrneroof@aol.com

Joe Byrne, FRSA President Owner, Byrne Roofing Inc.

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FRSA GENERAL COUNSEL Trent Cotney, CEO, Cotney Attorneys & Consultants

Legal Liability and The Importance of Documenting Existing Conditions The Champlain Towers collapse in Surfside, Florida was a national tragedy. Over 100 people died in one of the deadliest engineering failures in American history. The families of victims have been searching for answers for some time and the litigation will be both lengthy and costly – a process that will play out with plenty of finger-pointing and arguing over who is truly at fault. From a liability perspective, the Surfside tragedy serves as an grave reminder of the importance of documentation. Whether your project is big or small, simple or complex, ensuring you have a detailed account of the existing structural integrity (or lack thereof) is extremely important. Twenty years ago, a contractor could complete a construction project with a handshake and an invoice. Getting payment from customers has always been an issue, but the need for contracts and written documents was not as important as it is today. Owners have become litigation and insurance savvy and know how to take advantage of an unprepared contractor. If a problematic project results in litigation, 9 times out of 10 the party with the best “paper” will win the day. In other words, the party that has the most detailed and descriptive paper trail supporting its side will more than likely succeed in court. A contractor, subcontractor or supplier’s first line of defense to claims on a construction project is always the contract. The contract contains pertinent provisions that a party may use to pursue and defend potential claims. Although it is often difficult to negotiate the terms of a contract, a contractor, subcontractor or supplier should be aware, to the extent possible, of provisions that would help shield it from potential liability claims. These provisions may include limitations on the types of damages that can be awarded, such as a provision that waives the ability to obtain consequential damages (pain and suffering, lost profits, loss of business reputation, etc.). In addition, contract provisions that require owners to provide written notice to contractors within a certain time period (three business days) after the discovery of defective workmanship, may create a defense to an owner’s claims if the owner failed to provide sufficient notice. Anyone involved in the construction industry should also keep accurate written records of all communications involving defective workmanship, delays or other claims on a project. These written communications can include daily reports, email, memoranda, 6

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

phone messages and letters. Furthermore, if you notice defective work (that is not your own), make sure to take extensive photographs or video of the alleged problems. Visual depictions are especially useful in defending claims where contractors are hired to repair a building that is already suffering from defective conditions, water intrusion or pre-existing mold. For example, if you encounter bad decking, rotten trusses, water retention in lightweight concrete, etc., take photographs and video of the conditions and the site before you start work. You can then reference the photos and videos in the event there is an issue. A party should also use common sense when issuing or authoring written communications. Barring any contractual provisions to the contrary, a good rule of thumb is that if it is good for you, meaning that it can assist you with bringing or defending claims, put it in writing. If it’s bad for you, pick up the phone and avoid putting something in writing that can later turn out to be a smoking gun if you are in litigation or arbitration. Once the contractor has generated documents such as the contract, daily reports and follow-up correspondence, it is important that the contractor retain those documents in an organized file, especially if there is the possibility that the project could result in litigation. By generating and retaining documents that support the contractor’s position, a contractor will be better able to defend itself against litigious owners. FRM Disclaimer: The information contained in this article is for general educational information only. This information does not constitute legal advice, is not intended to constitute legal advice, nor should it be relied upon as legal advice for your specific factual pattern or situation. Trent Cotney is Board Certified in Construction Law by the Florida Bar, an advocate for the roofing industry and FRSA General Counsel. For more information, contact the author at 866-303-5868 or go to www.cotneycl.com.

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Industry Updates GAF Wins NRCA’s Charlie Raymond Award

During NRCA’s Industry Awards Ceremony and Cocktail Reception, NRCA presented its Charlie Raymond Award to GAF, Parsippany, N.J. The Charlie Raymond Award is the most prestigious membership recruitment award NRCA bestows. The award annually honors a member for extraordinary efforts to recruit new members to NRCA. The Charlie Raymond Award is named for former NRCA President and J.A. Piper Award winner Charlie Raymond, who first became Chairman of NRCA’s Membership Committee when the association had 328 members. Raymond recruited the 1,000th member in 1973.

NCCER Welcomes Research Department Director

NCCER announced the appointment of Tim Taylor, P.E, Ph.D., to Director of Research. The Research Department aims to bring more awareness and prestige to construction craft careers by establishing NCCER as the source for research on the industry workforce. Having previous experience working alongside NCCER, Taylor is an excellent choice to launch this new department. He had a leadership role in the industry-driven research team led by NCCER and the Construction Industry Institute that resulted in the publishing of “Restoring the Dignity of Work: Transforming the U.S. Workforce Development System into a World Leader.” In addition, he has presented the policies advocated in this document at various conferences. 8

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

“We are extremely excited to have a long-term friend on board to drive us in the research arena and to truly help NCCER continue its mission of improving the workforce development issues that face the construction industry,” said NCCER President and CEO Boyd Worsham. Most recently, Taylor served as the Chair of Construction Engineering and Project Management in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Kentucky. There, he led more than $2.8 million in research volume from funding agencies and won research awards such as the Best Paper award for “Young Talent Motivations to Pursue Craft Careers in Construction” from the American Society of Civil Engineers. In addition to academia, he has extensive industry experience. He started his career in the industry at R.B. Taylor & Sons, his family business. At Luminant, formerly TXU Mining Company, Taylor worked in several positions including Construction Engineer. This new role and NCCER department are essential to its mission to build a safe, productive and sustainable workforce of craft professionals as well as to expand its comprehensive workforce development system and curricula selection.

Westlake Royal Building Products Debuts, Combining the Rich Legacy of Three North American Building Product Manufacturers

Two years of strategic geographic and category acquisitions throughout the North American building materials market culminates as the Westlake Royal Building Products brand is born. Bringing together the trusted Royal Building Products, Boral North America and DaVinci Roofscapes product lines under one unified brand signals a new era of growth and opportunity for the 50-year-old company. The newly launched Westlake Royal Building Products brand is built on strength and promise, featuring the dynamic portfolio additions of decorative stone, concrete and clay roof tiles, stone-coated steel roofing and windows to its product category lineup. The complete offering now includes industry-leading brands in siding and accessories, trim, moldings, roofing, stone, windows and outdoor living. “It’s a historic day for our team as we launch Westlake Royal Building Products, which represents our depth of experience and ongoing commitment to quality, innovation and customer relationships,” said Steve Booz, Vice President of Marketing at Westlake Royal Building Products. “Westlake Royal Building Products goes to market with a broader, more diverse range of products, services and solutions that meet the needs of architects, builders and homeowners throughout North America.”

Matt McDermott Named President of Garland’s US Commercial Roofing Division

Garland Industries announced the promotion of Matthew McDermott to President of The Garland Company. Its commercial roofing division for the U.S. Garland’s commercial roofing division is the company’s flagship roofing brand and the original core business of Garland Industries. The Garland Company U.S. Roofing Division is a manufacturer of high-performance roofing and building envelope solutions for commercial, industrial and institutional markets. McDermott earned a Bachelor’s degree from William Penn University in Iowa and completed his Business Graduate program from Northwestern University’s Kellogg School. After a decade working as a roofing contractor, McDermott joined Garland in 2011 as a Territory Manager in Southeast Florida and was named the company’s “Rookie of the Year.” Since then, he has served in a variety of sales and marketing leadership roles with increasing responsibility and has been based at Garland’s Cleveland headquarters since 2016. Said McDermott, “I’m honored to serve in this role alongside my fellow partners in Garland’s ESOP. My goal, shared by all of us at Garland, is to deliver unique value to our customers as a full-service manufacturer as we cultivate a one-of-a-kind corporate culture that puts the customer at the top of our organization chart.”

The Roofing Alliance Announced Winners at NRCA’s Awards Ceremony The Roofing Alliance announced winners for this year’s Most Valuable Player (MVP) Awards, Best of the Best Award, Gold Circle Awards and Student Competition who were recognized at NRCA’s Awards Ceremony held during the IRE Expo in New Orleans. Florida notables include: Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award Dennis Dudek, Superintendent, Tecta America Southeast LLC, Sanford For Outstanding On-the-job Performance and Workmanship and Other Noteworthy Contributions Outside the Workplace Best of the Best Award The MVP Program goes a step further with one of the MVP recipients being named the Best of the Best winner – an honor co-sponsored by OMG Roofing Products and Professional Roofing magazine. Dennis Dudek won this award as well and was described as “an individual who always steps up and meets every challenge. He’s enthusiastic, kind, patient and inspiring to his coworkers and team. He’s a natural leader who worked his way up the ranks.” FRM

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1922 First Annual Convention

FRSA – 100 Years Strong Lisa Pate, FRSA Executive Director Throughout 2022, this column will recap some of FRSA’s rich history, through accounts from minutes and a published book called FRSA The First Half Century. Elmer Blank, B & F Supply Co., Daytona Beach, chaired the first Convention and became the fourth FRSA President. He was joined on the Executive Board by John Caldwell Jr., whose father had been President the previous year. John Jr. served the Association as Secretary for several years. Blank was active in civic affairs in his hometown and served many years as a Volusia County Commissioner. His experience in that role, coupled with his energy and enthusiasm, injected vitality into our young organization. Members were urged to be active in community affairs. It was said that participation in local civic affairs would widen a contractor’s circle of friends and business associates. “It is a known fact,” one said, “that most people would rather do business with someone they know than a stranger.”

Around 1926, contractors in the Tampa Bay area became active in the Association. It was also the year George Churchill of St. Petersburg was elected President. A sheet metal contractor, Churchill often talked of “doing a good, honest job at a reasonable price.” This thought was later incorporated into the Association’s motto “Price It Right, Then Do It Right.” Bob Moorhead of Lake Wales was SecretaryTreasurer in 1926. He reported over $100 in the treasury during a meeting in the ballroom of the New Indian River Hotel in Rockledge. The group in attendance voted to pay the Secretary’s expenses, not to exceed $25, to attend the next Convention in West Palm Beach. The minutes for the Rockledge meeting are the only surviving official records from the Association’s first decade. Some members have said the Association didn’t meet for two or three years during The Depression; others say there were meetings during that period. A meeting in Bradenton is mentioned by some; a 1924 FRSA Convention

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

meeting in Sarasota, “possibly in 1934,” is recalled and a meeting around 1935 may have been held in Tampa. Fred Falkner, Faulkner Inc., Orlando, who was President in 1936, remembered Caldwell served more than one term as President and there was “a brief period of time” when the Association didn’t meet. Frank Ault said he didn’t believe “more than a couple of meetings” were missed during The Depression years. Other long-time members say Association activities were never discontinued at any time, although there may have been less activity in some years. Virtually everyone agrees the first decade came to a close under the guidance of Frank Ahrens. Like his father, George W. Ahrens Sr. and his son George Jr., Frank was credited with building a reputation in the Palm Beach area for his artistic metal and ornamental work. Much of the Ahrens family work still adorns the fabulous old mansions of the Gold Coast. The family brought to the Association a great appreciation of fine workmanship and what a contemporary called “a deserving pride in our trade.” The Florida real estate boom of 1925 burst in 1926 and a few of the smaller shop owners went back to work for those owners who were able to survive. Those who did survive, according to some of the original founders, often skipped meals because they didn’t have enough money to buy food. The stock market crash of 1929 brought economic activity to a virtual standstill. The Depression was in full swing and most shop owners were more concerned about feeding their families than about promoting professionalism. In later years, older members were proud to note that some shops remained in business only because other members of the Association extended credit for the duration. In 1930, Frank Tack, along with a partner, George Warren, formed Tack & Warren Inc., Clearwater, “apparently to share our miseries together,” noted Tack. “A month later our leading bank closed its doors and what money folks stashed away in cash went to groceries, not for roofing and sheet metal work. George and I drew

$15 out of the business, which the shop could hardly afford, but it did buy our groceries and that’s all.” As 1931 drew to a close, many shops had failed. There was talk of prosperity “right around the corner,” but to many shop owners, the realities of The Depression made that corner seem a long, long way off. FRM FRSA is looking for old industry photos and memorabilia. If you have any that you’d like to share, please contact Lisa Pate at 800-767-3772 ext. 157 or by email at lisapate@floridaroof.com.

www.floridaroof.com | FLORIDA ROOFING

Irony Abounds as Florida’s Building Codes, Legislation and Insurance Company Policies Converge Mike Silvers, CPRC, Owner of Silvers Systems Inc. and FRSA Technical Director You can’t read a newspaper or tune into any news source that covers Florida without the “property insurance crises” being significantly featured. “Free Roofs,” “Unscrupulous Roofers,” “Soaring Property Insurance Premiums,” and “Insurer Insolvencies” are just a few examples. All of these issues are coalescing. Groups from both inside and outside the state are attempting to address them. FRSA is involved at many different levels. Anyone who has been involved in construction over the last several decades is familiar with the ever-

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

increasing demand for resiliency in our buildings and, even more so, in our roof systems. FRSA has, of course, been a willing partner in improving the Florida Building Code. We have tried to steer the inevitable changes in a direction that improves a roof’s wind resistance while maintaining the primary purpose of resisting moisture intrusion. All of this, while striving to improve the longevity of these roof systems. Many of the code changes dealing with increased resiliency have been championed by the insurance industry. The intention was to reduce the cost of claims that are paid by all of us and to also maintain the ability to occupy the structures after windstorms. These are good goals at many levels but the improvements come with increased costs. The additional cost has seemed justifiable in order to achieve better performing roof coverings. Quality, resiliency and longevity have long been the hallmarks of our craft. With a willing owner and a quality contractor using premium products and following the code, we can produce incredibly durable and sensible roof systems. This is where the irony begins. The same insurers that pushed our industry to meet these high expectations are now undermining their own efforts. They are regularly demanding that their insureds replace these roof systems in as little as 10 to 12 years of age. Depending on the type of roof covering and the quality of the installation and material, they could easily have a remaining serviceable life of two or three times that long. What incentive is there to buy a better, more resilient roof when it will have to be replaced prematurely regardless of its condition? Property insurers are rightfully alarmed by Florida’s ever-increasing cost and the quantity of roof damage claims. Florida’s legally contested claims over the last several years have amounted to nearly 80 percent of all such claims in the country. “Free roof” claims are at the center of the problem. When some unscrupulous contractors team with similarly minded adjusters and attorneys, the cost of these claims can easily be four or five times the legitimate cost for a reroof. This is bad

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enough, but in many cases the roof that was replaced wasn’t damaged at all. One of the ironies is that approximately 70 percent of the payout amounts from those claims went to attorneys. The laws in other states do a much better job of heading off this sort of activity. It seems the solution is in the hands of the insurers, the lawyers and the legislature. Yet everyone seems to want to blame the roofers. There are clearly some bad actors in our industry but they are a minority. FRSA’s efforts to help solve this problem demonstrate this. Another bit of irony is that the previously discussed insurance industry practice of forcing premature roof replacement is influencing their insureds. If your roof is eight years old and you now have to replace it when it’s ten years old, you are certainly more likely to look favorably on the guy who knocks on your door offering you a “free roof.” The insurance industry is not claiming that roofs that are more than ten years old are more susceptible to damage. Their logic is simply that most of the “free roof” claims are for roofs older than that. Following that thinking, they seem to believe that if all roofs are less than ten years old, they won’t have any claims. As if the storm chasers couldn’t claim storm damage on newer roofs when the older ones have all been replaced. Talk about wishful thinking. Imaginary hale and high-wind events can affect any roof regardless of age, at least when an attorney gets involved.

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FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

The waste of natural resources, the increased debris generation and diversion of financial resources at so many levels is simply not sustainable. The legislature has been working on the issue during the last several sessions but a true solution has been elusive. One thing is clear: we can’t afford to just roof our way out of this and at the same time install high-quality storm-resistant roof systems. To end these claims, insurers and the Legislature must find a way to cut off the flow of cash that pays for undamaged roofs with many years of serviceable life remaining. Legitimate roofing contractors have taken great exception with the way the worst abusers have sullied our reputations. Part of the solution involves proper roof inspections by knowledgeable and qualified contractors willing to verify a roof’s condition and remaining serviceable life. This, along with a willingness to push back against fraudulent claims and prosecution of those perpetrating fraud, is the most effective way to accomplish positive change. Make no mistake, for the sake of our industry’s reputation we have to be part of the solution. FRM Mike Silvers, CPRC, is owner of Silvers Systems Inc. and is consulting with FRSA as Director of Technical Services. Mike is an FRSA Past President, Life Member and Campanella Award recipient and brings over 40 years of industry knowledge and experience to FRSA’s team.

The Most Common Equipment Malfunctions to Avoid Rose Morrison, Managing Editor, Renovated.com It goes without saying, but construction equipment failure can have significant consequences. These can include downtime, high repair costs or even injury. Some types of malfunctions are more common than others. This is due to the environmental conditions construction equipment is exposed to or the components that are put under the most strain on a typical worksite. Knowing these types of equipment malfunctions and their causes is a great way to improve equipment management practices and make a construction site safer and reduce costs.

Electrical Failure

An electrical failure can be a major risk on any jobsite with power-generated equipment or heavy machinery. It can lead to electrocution, fire and damage to machines. The causes for electrical failure can vary significantly. These are some of the most common causes seen in construction equipment: ■ Dust and corrosion ■ Loose power connections ■ Moisture and humidity ■ Deterioration of or improper insulation ■ Power overload Good equipment management practices can prevent electrical failure. Regular maintenance can help prevent issues like the buildup of dust and debris that may lead to fires and other problems. In addition, good electrical safety practices can go a long way in keeping workers safe onsite. The use of cord insulation and voltage regulators, thorough training and regular risk assessments can all help reduce safety risks to personnel.

On the construction site, the ingression of contaminants like dust, dirt and debris can happen when intake filters fail or when contaminated oil is used as lubrication. Internal components can also shed contaminants over time, producing additional contamination. This can damage weaker materials and introduce more particles that can cause problems. As with other types of equipment malfunction, regular inspections can help prevent the contamination of lubricants. Maintenance is also key. Keeping the hydraulic lubricant or oil fresh can help avoid issues with a machine’s hydraulic pumps and controls. Regular replacement of damaged and clogged filters is essential for keeping hydraulic fluid contaminant-free. Finally, a fluid inspection can tell if there’s external contamination from something like a loose seal or a damaged internal component.

Undercarriage Damage

A significant portion of lifetime maintenance costs go to the upkeep of undercarriage equipment, which is constantly exposed to stress and wear. This also means undercarriages are a common failure point. Undercarriage damage can cause problems quickly. A machine with broken components may perform less efficiently or face issues like water or oil leaks, misalignment that causes uneven strain on its roller Hydraulic Lubricant Contamination frame and excessive track wear. Even in small quantities, contaminants like dust, metal, Good maintenance practices can help prevent maldirt and water can wreak havoc on a machine’s hydrau- functions due to undercarriage damage. Prevention lic systems. and regular repairs are a good foundation for any Almost every common type of construction upkeep plan and help managers keep their equipment equipment relies on hydraulics in one way or another. running longer. Visual inspections can’t replace regular Understanding their hydraulic systems – and how they maintenance checks, but they are a good way to catch tend to fail – is essential for preventing malfunctions major problems that may crop up. and downtime. Operating conditions will also greatly impact how Contaminants can enter a hydraulic system in long a machine’s undercarriage lasts before needing several ways. Metal and dust particles can cause con- maintenance. Rocky soil and steep grading can speed tamination during the manufacturing process. If the system isn’t properly flushed out, those particles will linger and cause performance issues or failure. Continued on page 34 www.floridaroof.com | FLORIDA ROOFING

Fall Protection: Focus on Guardrail Systems Kevin Lindley, Safety Consultant, FRSA Self Insurers Fund Per OSHA regulations, section 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(1), there are only three types of conventional fall protection systems that are acceptable for use by any trade, in any leading-edge environment. Those three types of fall protection are 1. guardrail systems, 2. safety net systems or 3. personal fall arrest systems. For this article we are going to focus solely on the guardrail systems, the requirements for set-up, maintenance and use in the field. The need and use of guardrail systems are obvious because the guardrail system creates a safe work area in which the fall hazard is protected and provides the worker with the greatest amount of safe work zone area to operate. To fully understand the guardrail systems and how they should be set-up and function we need to break down where the system can be used, what the limitations are and what makes up the entire system.

1. Unprotected Sides and Edges

An unprotected side or edge is defined as “any side or edge (except at entrances to points of access) of a walking/working surface, e.g., floor, roof ramp or runway where there is no wall or guardrail system at least 39 inches (1.0m) high.” The width of the parapet is not taken into consideration – ever. To qualify, parapet walls must be 39inches tall or higher. This definition applies to all construction trades, not only for roofing work. Roofing work is defined as “hoisting, storage, application and removal of roofing materials and

equipment including related insulation, sheet metal and vapor barrier work, but not including the construction of the roof deck” [29 CFR 1926.500(b)]. Guardrail systems are permitted to be used on any surface, regardless of the slope of the walking/working surface. As referenced in 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(11), when roofing on steep-slope roofs, only the three systems noted previously are permitted systems to be used. A steepslope roof is defined as “a roof having a slope greater than 4-in-12 (vertical to horizontal).”

2. Guardrail Systems – 29 CFR 1926.502(b) Provisions must be followed.

A. “The top edge height of top rails or equivalent guardrail system members, shall be 42 inches (1.1 m) plus or minus 3 inches (8 cm) above the walking/ working surface” [29 CFR 1926.502(b)(1)]. It should be noted that the height of the guardrail system is the first requirement OSHA notes about the system, not the materials it must be made of, nor the forces it must be able to resist. Despite the height being a very important factor of the guardrail system, it often varies dependent upon the circumstances of the work for which the guardrail is providing fall protection. For instance, if a worker needs to utilize a ladder or stilts within close proximity of the guardrail system, the guardrail top railing height must be adjusted to maintain the 42-inch height above the workers “working

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surface” ladder height or stilt height. Otherwise, the worker must utilize an additional type of fall protection while on the ladder or stilts, such as a personal fall arrest system. The height must also be taken into consideration when located within close proximity to working surface elevation changes. For example, if there is a roof deck that has a change in elevation along the edge of anything greater than 6 inches, the top rail height must be added (an additional top rail above the normal top rail) to within 6 inches on the lower working surface leading up to the step-up of the other working level. The standard rail would provide adequate fall protection for the lower deck, while the additional top rail would provide adequate fall protection for workers on the upper deck. B. “Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate structural vertical members or equivalent intermediate structural members shall be installed between the top edge of the guardrail system and the walking/working surface where there is no wall or parapet wall at least 21 inches (53 cm) high” [29 CFR 1926.502(b) (2)]. A top railing is not enough to suffice as fall protection alone, there must be a system in place beneath the top railing to provide additional fall protection. Screens, mesh or any component other than a midrail running horizontal to the walking working surface, shall not leave a gap or opening greater than 19 inches in width and is required to completely cover the opening from the top rail down to the walking/working surface.

1926.502(b)(11)]. It is important to note that warning line systems are not permitted to be used around a hole in the walking/working surface. There are additional provisions for holes in the walking/working surface used for access in 1926.502(b)(13) so that the guardrail can be equipped with a gate or offset that a person cannot walk directly into the hole. The hole must always be completely protected on all sides, regardless of the location of the work in progress.

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C. “A standard toeboard shall be 4 inches nominal in vertical height from its top edge to the level of the floor, platform, runway or ramp. It shall be securely fastened in place and with not more than 1/4-inch clearance above the floor level. It may be made of any substantial material either solid or with openings not over 1 inch in greatest dimension” [29 CFR 1910.23(E)(4)]. You may notice that the OSHA standard for toe board requirements is not listed in 1926 (construction standards), despite being required in the 1926.502(b)(11) for steep-slope roof surfaces. Toe boards are not considered an integral part of a guardrail for fall protection purposes on low slope leading edges UNLESS there is an essential need for protection of falling materials, equipment or debris beneath the area where a guardrail system is located. Best work practices are to install toe boards in conjunction with a guardrail system, including stair scaffolding landings, where workers below could be exposed to an overhead hazard. D. “All openings greater than 12 inches by 12 inches will have perimeter guarding or covering [29 CFR 1926 Subpart M Appendix E, Holes]. When guardrail systems are used at holes, they shall be erected on all unprotected sides or edges of the hole.” [29 CFR

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E. “Guardrail systems shall be capable of withstanding, without failure a force of at least 200 pounds (890 N) applied within 1 inch (5.1 cm) of the top edge, in any outward or downward direction, at any point along the top edge” [29 CFR 1926.502(b)(3)]. OSHA has provided specifications for most commonly used materials that will meet the requirements in Subpart M Appendix B. As previously noted, there are many types of guardrail systems available by many reputable manufacturers, all of whom have tested their systems to meet the OSHA requirements for fall protection.

shall use the Fall Monitor System. System manufacturer guidelines shall always be referenced and followed and by no means are contractors permitted to alter components of a guardrail system. As of January 15, 2022, OSHA violations carry a penalty of up to $14,502 per violation. A Willful or Repeated violation can result in up to $145,027 per violation. A fall protection violation often results in multiple citations and fall protection issues and can be enforced per employee exposed to the fall hazard individually, so the correct materials, set-up, maintenance and following the rules during operations is vital. The ability of roofing contractors to utilize F. “The ends of all top rails and midrails shall not this system not only relieves frustration in the field overhang the terminal posts, except where such from the use of personal fall arrest system ropes and overhang does not constitute a projection hazard” harnesses, it also increases productivity and allows a [29 CFR 1926.502(B)(7)]. Although it may be acceptgreater area of work to be performed or easier pasable to have rails overlap one another at exterior corsage in tight locations. However, this system has a ners, it is prohibited to have them overhang at interior high potential for workers to remove components, corners or where workers have access to the exterior leave individual parts not fully attached and push the side of the structure where the guardrails are set-up. system beyond its limits, resulting in severe injury or death. When this system is being used on a roof, G. “When guardrail systems are used at hoisting all workers in the area shall be trained on the proper areas, a chain, gate or removeable guardrail section set-up, use and restrictions of the system. A fall from shall be placed across the access opening between an elevation of 6 feet or greater is a serious incident guardrail sections when hoisting operations are not taking place” [29 CFR 1926.502(b)(10)]. It is important roofers should avoid at all costs. In 2018, $5.9 billion was paid in compensation cost for falls from elevato note that while the guardrail system is taken down for hoisting operations, employees in that area are no tions, however the actual cost must also consider the indirect cost and the costs of an OSHA penalty. Calculonger protected by a guardrail fall protection syslations made by the National Safety Council estimated tem, therefore they must utilize another form of fall that fatalities at work cost $1,120,000, not including protection such as personal fall arrest. It is also very the value of loss of life or a loved one which cannot be important that employees who remove sections of calculated. the guardrail for hoisting operations, fully replace the Workers exposed to a fall potential of 6 feet or guardrail system and secure them in place when the greater are required to use one of the following for fall hoisting activity has been completed. protection per OSHA standards: safety nets, guardH. “Top rails and midrails shall be at least 1/4-inch rail systems or personal fall arrest systems. When (.06 cm) nominal diameter or thickness to prevent considering the type of fall protection system to be cuts and lacerations. If wire rope is used for top used on your next project, consider not only the cost rails, it shall be flagged at not more than 6-foot (1.8 of the system, but the functionality of the system and m) intervals with high-visibility material” [29 CFR the protection benefits provided to the workers in the 1926.502(b)(9)]. Beyond the importance of the thickfield. Train all workers on the type(s) of fall protection ness of material to be used, it is also noted that when systems being used on the project so that they unwire rope is used, flagging must be present similar derstand how it should appear, how it works and what to that of a warning line system. The wire rope obtheir role in the system is. We need every worker we viously has a much higher tensile strength than the have, every day and want them to go home to their materials permitted for a warning line system and are families the way they left for work in the morning. also designed so that they are capable of withstandFRM ing outward forces with minimal deflection as noted The FRSA Self Insurers Fund (SIF) has professional previously. safety consultants throughout the state of Florida Now that you have an understanding of a guardrail who are willing to provide SIF members with fall system, you may be wondering how this system is protection training as required by OSHA at no addiinstalled in the first place. The guardrail system does tional cost. Not an SIF member? Call today to apply not magically appear on the site when workers get at 800-767-3772 ext. 206 or visit our website at there to work. The fall protection system must be the www.frsasif.com. first agenda item on the project and removal shall be the last agenda item. While the system is being established or taken down, the workers handling the task 18

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Use The Right Fastener Stephen Childs, Technical Services Manager, OMG Roofing Products Commercial, industrial and institutional buildings can be constructed with several different roof deck types, including steel, wood, concrete, gypsum and others. Each has a unique set of characteristics that require different mechanical fasteners to meet the various needs of the roof assembly. Regardless of the specific deck type, contractors should always ensure that the fasteners used to secure any roofing components are proven for the application and are code-compliant (e.g., Factory Mutual, Miami-Dade County). Since first used to attach insulation in the early 1980s, roofing fasteners have evolved a great deal. Prior to 1980, fasteners had not been specifically designed or engineered for commercial roofing applications. Fastener pullout, back-out and corrosion resistance requirements were unknown and, as a result, fastener performance was not always up to the task. As fastener manufacturers started working closely with roof system manufacturers, more sophisticated and task-specific roofing fasteners were developed. At first, wood and steel were the only roof decks suitable for mechanical fastening. Cementitious wood fiber (Tectum), gypsum, lightweight insulating concrete and even structural concrete decks possessed unique properties that did not allow insulation or membrane to be secured with traditional screws. Fastener manufacturers began to recognize the roofing world as a new opportunity and dedicated resources to design and engineer products to address market demands. New fastener companies solely dedicated to the roofing industry emerged, bringing with them new fastener designs and better performance. Below is a general description of the most common decks and fastener options.

new designs for specific applications. Today, there are a wide variety of roofing screws for steel deck applications. The specific screw used depends on the component being installed. Membrane and insulation fasteners have different performance characteristics and are not generally interchangeable. “Standard” screws, often referred to as #12, are typically used to secure insulation (Figure 1), while larger diameter screws (#14, #15 and #21) are typically used to secure membrane. These larger diameter screws also have buttress style thread designs (Figure 2) as well as point configurations that maximize pullout and backout resistance for improved wind-uplift resistance. Insulation attachment is less dynamic and insulation fracture is more likely to occur than fastener pullout, so insulation screws are less sophisticated in design.

Figure 1: #12 Standard Drill Point Fastener

Steel Deck

The most common commercial roof deck is steel and it is available in several different configurations, thicknesses (gauge) and tensile strengths. Thickness and tensile strength play a major role in fastener performance. It’s important to understand that when a screw pulls out of a steel deck, it’s the deck that fails not the screw but there are some fastener designs that perform better than others. The change in test protocols at Factory Mutual in 1992 – after Hurricane Andrew severely damaged South Florida – from a 5’ x 9’ to the current 12’ x 24’ test sample size for all mechanically-attached systems over 4-feet wide and for fully adhered, built-up and modified bitumen systems requiring wind uplift ratings over 90 psf, not only exposed the limitations of many of the screws used in steel roof decks at the time but also helped spark 20

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Figure 2: Buttress Style Tread Design

Regardless of the screw type, all steel deck fasteners are designed to be used with a stress plate that has also been designed for the specific application. Most roof cover manufacturers have fastener programs and generally require the use of their fasteners to comply with warranties. Approval listings, especially Factory Mutual approved systems, also have minimum deck requirements. The roof cover manufacturer should always be consulted for specific deck and fastener requirements.

Wood Deck

Dimensional lumber, plywood and oriented strand

board (OSB) can all be used in wood roof deck construction. Currently there are not any commercial roofing fasteners on the market specifically designed for use in wood decks. Instead, steel deck screws – especially the “standard” screws – are commonly used in wood substrates due to a coarser thread profile that provides the best pullout resistance for wood. In addition to the “standard” fasteners, #14 “heavy duty” or allpurpose fasteners (Figure 3) can also enhance pullout resistance in wood decks. The pullout resistance values in dimensional lumber are usually high due to the thickness and density of the wood. However, in plywood and OSB, especially in boards less than 3/4-inch thick, obtaining consistent and adequate pullout values can be very challenging due to limited thread engagement and voids in the laminations. This is of concern with mechanicallyattached single-ply, where the wind uplift forces are more dynamic. Having a qualified technician perform a fastener pull test is recommended for plywood and OSB construction or where there is question of the roof deck’s condition.

connection with the fastener fails. This is because movement of the insulation or roof cover moves the screw back and forth and the deck is not resilient enough to take this movement. The deck becomes damaged, greatly diminishing the pullout resistance. The fastener performance can become inadequate to support the roof assembly. The same auger-type fasteners that are used for cementiFigure 5: OlyLok tious wood fiber are used

Figure 3: #14 Heavy Duty Fastener

Cementitious Wood Fiber

Some roof decks, like cementitious wood fiber, are not capable of holding a “traditional” screw. The wood fiber and cement construction are simply not dense or stable enough to hold small-diameter, shallow-thread screws. Instead, large-diameter coarse thread auger-type fasteners made from glass-filled nylon (Figure 4) were developed to accommodate the varied density of these decks. Some can be installed without Figure 4: GypTec pre-drilling; however denser decks Fasteners typically require pre-drilling. There are other fasteners with this general design that are made from steel and look like monster screws. It is also common to attach base sheets to this kind of deck. Drive-type fasteners with barbs that extend into the deck (Figure 5) after the fastener is seated, provide an excellent attachment method. A fastener pull-test is a must with this type of deck.

Gypsum

As with cementitious wood fiber decks, gypsum roof decks do not effectively hold traditional roofing fasteners. While many have tried putting concrete screws into this type of deck and have even achieved relatively high pullout resistance, over time the deck FRSA third page.indd 1

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for gypsum with a properly sized pre-drilled hole. For base-sheet attachment, there are a few options – all drive style – installed with a weighted “pogo” driver. The extendable barb-style used in cementitious wood fiber or a base-sheet fastener may be used. Again, fastener pullout tests are required for this deck type.

Lightweight Insulating Concrete

When it comes to lightweight insulating concrete, density is all over the place. Depending on density, mix design and the condition of the existing deck, fastener pullout resistance can vary greatly. Curing of new pours also impacts pullout performance as well as the amount of force needed to install fasteners. The practice of using a screw that is normally used in steel decks has become common for these applications, especially in some high-wind zones. Fasteners in these applications are driven through the lightweight insulating concrete and into the steel form-deck, which helps to hold the lightweight insulating concrete in a “sandwich” between the steel deck and insulation. More commonly, a basesheet is attached to this type of deck (Figure 6). Fasteners that are formed from light-gauge steel have been used to attach base sheets for over 30 years and have proven their worth in high-wind areas such as South Florida where lightweight insulating concrete is common. Insulation or additional plies can then be mopped in or adhered with insulation adhesive and an adhered single-ply, Figure 6: Base Sheet Fastener built-up or modified-bitumen system installed on top. Mechanically-attached single ply over lightweight insulating concrete is seldom used unless there is a steel form-deck under the lightweight insulating concrete that is capable of providing adequate pullout resistance. The membrane can also be fastened to the purlins using special fasteners with fine threads and heavy drill points designed for heavy gauge steel thicker than 18 gauge. The auger-style fasteners are not acceptable for use with lightweight insulating concrete. This deck type also requires pullout tests.

popular fastener choices for structural concrete is a heavy-duty screw with a symmetrical thread design (Figure 7). Unlike a buttress thread, symmetrical threads have matched angles on the top and bottom of the thread and will cut a clean thread-pattern when properly heat-treated and installed into a properly sized, pre-drilled hole. What has become a popular style for structural concrete is a drive-type fastener that has a deformed or fluted shank (Figure 8) that, when driven into a properly sized, predrilled hole, creates an interference fit, providing very high pullout resistance.

Figure 7: Symmetrical Thread

Figure 8: CD-10 Fastener

Each fastener has its advantages. The drive fasteners are easier to install but cannot be easily removed. Threaded screws require a good-quality, high-torque screw gun and a little more time and finesse, but they can be backed out and removed. As drill bits wear, the drilled holes get tighter and the fasteners are harder to install, resulting in a short life span for drillbits. The hole also must be drilled sufficiently deep to accommodate any debris that falls back into the hole when the fastener is installed. Fastener pullout tests are always a good idea for these decks: to properly size the hole for optimum pullout performance and installation ease. Perhaps a better option for these more difficult deck types (e.g., cementitious wood fiber gypsum, lightweight insulating concrete and structural concrete) is a good quality roofing insulation adhesive. The material costs may be higher but the labor can be significantly reduced. Finally, it’s not only important to use proven code-compliant fasteners, but also fasteners that are resistant to corrosion. Today’s corrosion-resistant coatings have been refined by decades of real-world use and testing. The industry has transitioned from Structural Concrete “sacrificial” coating to “barrier” coating and in some When it comes to structural concrete decks, there cases, both are used to maximize corrosion protection. are many fastener options available. Both insulation Sacrificial coatings react with the corrosive and membrane can be secured to structural concrete elements and, as the name implies, sacrifice themdecks with very high pullout resistance in sound decks. selves to protect the base material. Eventually the Regardless of the fastener used, pre-drilling is resacrificial coating will be depleted exposing the base quired. As a result, installing fasteners into structural material and corrosion will quickly consume the steel. concrete is a labor-intensive process. One of the most Depending on the corrosiveness of the environment,

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

depletion of the sacrificial layer will occur at different rates. In contrast, barrier coatings form a protective layer between the potential corrosive elements and the steel. Since these coatings are not consumed, they typically provide longer corrosion resistance and longer fastener life. All corrosion needs a catalyst. For roofing that catalyst is water. Leaks, condensation and reroofing over wet insulation and decks can introduce and trap moisture and lead to the potential risk of accelerated corrosion. While the fasteners may be protected, the deck may be vulnerable. The potential for problems varies with deck type. Bottom line: existing materials that are wet must always be removed. High performance roofing fasteners are a critical component of nearly every roofing system on the market. Proper fastener selection is imperative if the system is to perform to its full potential. It is important to work closely with the roof cover manufacturer to make sure the right fastener and stress plate is being used for the assembly. It is also important to follow all the manufacturer’s specific fastening patterns and installation procedures. There are several constructions that have very high-wind ratings if installed in accordance with strict guidelines, including deck attachment and

preparation. Don’t be intimidated, work with the cover manufacturer to help with proper selection and field support. FRM As the Technical Services Manager for OMG Roofing Products, Stephen Childs leads the team that manages all technical services, including codes and approvals, pull tests, application reviews, warranty support and technical training. In addition, he serves as OMG’s technical representative to various industry associations and groups. Stephen is a member of the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA), the Single-Ply Roofing Industry (SPRI) and the International Institute of Building Enclosure Consultants (IIBEC) and holds a Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

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Hard Hat Safety: Head Protection Tips and OSHA Guidelines Jorge Castanon, Safety Consultant, FRSA Self Insurers Fund More than two million disabling work injuries occur every year, 25 percent of which involve the head. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), hard hat safety is required in work areas where objects might fall from above, where workers might bump their heads against fixed objects and if there is a possibility of accidental head contact with electrical hazards. Like all personal protective equipment (PPE), OSHA regulations require the use of American National Standards Institute (ANSI) compliant head protection (ANSI Z89.1-2014). OSHA rule (29 C.F.R. 1926.100) states that employers must provide head protection equipment that meets or exceeds the industry consensus standard ANSI Z89.1. Hard hat classification is referred to by their type and class. There are two types of hard hats: ■ ANSI Type I: Protects against blows to the top of the head and meets vertical impact and penetration requirements. These are used mainly in the United States. ■ NSI Type II: Protects against blows to the top and side of the head and meet both vertical and lateral impact and penetration requirements. These are more commonly used in Canada. The three classes of head protection include: ■ Class E (electrical) provides protection to withstand 20,000 volts ■ Class G (general) provides protection to withstand 2,200 volts ■ Class C (conductive) does not provide protection from electricity A Type 1, Class C hard hat would be the standard worn by a construction worker not exposed to electrical hazards. An electrician would more than likely wear a Type 1, Class E hard hat.

Hard Hat Dos and Don’ts ■ Do clean your hard hat as needed, using a mild soap and water solution or other solution recommended by the manufacturer ■ Do store your hard hat as recommended by the manufacturer, which means keeping it out of the direct sun (like on the back dash of your car) and out of areas with high heat (like in the car trunk) while you are off the job

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

■ Do inspect your hard hat shell and suspension for damage and deterioration every day before use, as well as after any event that may affect its integrity (such as being struck by a falling object or being crushed) ■ Do replace your hard hat shell or suspension when it shows any signs of damage or deterioration ■ Do not paint your hard hat; hard hat manufacturers typically forbid using paints because they can degrade the strength of the hard hat shell, making it easier to break ■ Do not use solvents to clean your hard hat; just like with paints, solvents can also degrade the strength of the hard hat shell ■ Do not alter or modify your hard hat, drilling holes and/or inserting screws in your hard hat (so you can add attachments or for any other reason) can weaken the shell of your hard hat and can also allow electrical current to pass through ■ Do not wear your hard hat backwards unless specifically approved by the hard hat manufacturer and your employer ■ Do not wear a ball cap or toboggan beneath your hard hat because doing so could interfere with the suspension and shell, which work together to reduce the force of an impact. Cold weather liners approved by the hard hat manufacturer are available. Protecting workers from potential head injuries is an essential component of any workplace safety program, especially in the construction industry, where a head injury can be life-threatening. Hard hats, if worn properly and consistently, can protect crew members from falling or flying objects, electrical shock hazards and unintentional hard hits against fixed objects. For additional information, visit www.osha.gov or contact your local FRSA-SIF Safety Consultant. FRM

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Ladder Safety Jim Brauner, Owner, Brauner Safety Services The most important piece of roofing contractors’ equipment is the ladder. Used every day to get from the ground to the roof safely, to tear-off and install a new roof system and to make repairs or perform maintenance. The ladder is often the most abused piece of equipment. It is frequently taken for granted. I have even heard people say, “It’s just a ladder, it’s made for the abuse.” Ladders get thrown up on vehicle ladder racks and pulled off when we get to the job. They get dropped on the way to or from the truck or while setting up at the jobsite. Let’s look at types of construction ladders and the safety and maintenance requirements when using them. Consider the scope of work that your company performs every day to help you make the right decisions on which type of ladders to purchase. We will look at the choice between aluminum and fiberglass ladders. Which of these two is better for a particular use?

Aluminum Ladders

Aluminum ladders are lighter and easier to maneuver, and are durable over years of use. They won’t rust, making them suitable for use on outdoor construction sites. They are an excellent choice as long as there are no electrical sources in your work area. If there are electrical sources, a metal ladder should not be used. While aluminum does not attract lightning, it does conduct electricity extremely well and could result in a nasty – or even fatal – electrical shock. Some jobsites won’t allow aluminum ladders due to the possibility of electrical shock or electrocution.

Fiberglass Ladders

Fiberglass ladders seem to be even more durable and longer lasting than aluminum ladders due to superior wear resistance. Fiberglass ladders cost more than aluminum but they are worth it. They are the safest ladder to use in roofing and all other applications. Fiberglass ladders need to be used at all times when working around electricity to reduce the possibility of electric shock. They do not conduct electricity, making them a safer choice when working around electricity and electrical lines.

General Ladder Safety

Ladders are tools. Many of the basic safety rules that apply to most tools also apply to the safe use of a ladder: 1.

A ladder needs to extend three feet above the roof deck, surface or walking/working surface and the ladder must be secured at all times

2. Never climb on the rungs of the ladder above the 26

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

surface of the roof or grab ahold of the ladder rungs above the roof while climbing off of or onto the roof. This will cause the base of the ladder to kick out from the building 3. If you feel tired or dizzy, or are prone to losing your balance, stay off the ladder to prevent hurting yourself or others 4. Do not use ladders in high winds or storms 5. Wear clean, slip-resistant shoes. Shoes with leather soles are not appropriate for ladder use since they are not sufficiently slip-resistant 6. Before using a ladder, inspect it to confirm that it is in good working condition (see Table 1) 7. Ladders with loose or missing parts must be rejected. Rickety ladders that sway or lean to the side must be rejected. Ladders with missing ropes and pulleys must also be rejected to prevent injuries or near misses (see Table 4)

Table 1: Ladder Height

Ladder Height (ft)

Building Height (ft)

9-13

13-17

21-25

25-28

28-31

32-40

60 (3 section)

41-47

8. The ladder you select must be the right size for the job that you are doing. The duty rating of the ladder must be greater than the total weight of the climber, clothes, tool belt and backpack (see Table 4) 9. Never hand-carry anything up a ladder. 10. The length of the ladder must be sufficient so that the climber does not have to stand on the top rung or step 11. When the ladder is set up for use, it must be placed on firm, level ground without any type of slippery conditions present at either the base or the top support points 12. Place ladder on hard surface; it will sink into a soft surface 13. Place ladder on non-moveable base 14. Lean ladder against a secure surface, not boxes or barrels or anything that may move 15. Be sure step ladders are fully open and locked before climbing 16. Ladder rails must extend three feet above the top landing (see Figure 1). Always measure, don’t say three rungs above 17. Mount the ladder from the center not the sides 18. When mounting ladder from the roof, watch placement of your foot on the rung

have a lot of employees on one job and not enough ladders. This seems to be a particular problem when employees are climbing down for lunch and also at the end of the day. They want to get off the roof quicker and that’s when I’ll see two or even three people on a ladder at one time. Providing additional ladders reduces the occurence of this violation.

The Three Points of Contact Climb

Factors contributing to falls from ladders include haste, sudden movement, lack of attention, the condition of the ladder (worn or damaged), the users age or physical condition and the use of inappropriate footwear. Although the users weight or size typically does not increase the likelihood of a fall, improper climbing posture creates user clumsiness and may cause falls. Reduce your chances of falling during the climb: 1.

Use a tool belt so that the climbers hands are free when climbing

2. Climb slowly and deliberately, avoiding sudden movements 3. Never attempt to move a ladder while standing on it 4. Keep the center of your belt buckle (stomach) between the ladder side rails while climbing Figure 1: Three-Point Contact

19. Face ladder when ascending and descending; work facing your ladder 20. Don’t climb higher than the third rung from the top on a step ladder 21. Only one person at a time is permitted on a ladder. The next person can start climbing when the one above steps safely onto the roof surface 22. Ladders must not be placed in front of closed doors or doorways. The door must be blocked open, locked or guarded for extra protection 23. Always read the product safety information labels on the ladders. The on-product safety information is specific to the particular type of ladder on which it appears. All safety stickers must be legible to read and not smudged or worn. Always call the manufacturer of the ladder for replacement decals. A climber is not considered qualified or adequately trained to use the ladder until familiar with the safety information 24. Prevent horseplay when climbing ladders 25. Some newer employees sometimes take longer to climb the ladder. Let them climb at their own pace. Rushing someone can create a near miss. Near misses are almost as bad as the accident itself. I have noticed higher ladder violations when you www.floridaroof.com | FLORIDA ROOFING

To prevent near misses Table 3: 4-to-1 Rule – or worse – from hap6. Maintain three points of contact at all times, minpening, conduct training Building Ladder Base imizing the chances of slipping and falling (see sessions on how to Height Distance from Figure 1). properly carry ladders (ft) Building (ft) At all times during the ascent, descent and while to prevent accident or 12 3 working, the climber must face the ladder and have injury. We don’t make any two hands and one foot or two feet and one hand in 16 4 money until that ladder contact with the ladder steps, rungs or side rails. In this is safely moved from the 20 5 way, the climber is less likely to become unstable in truck, set up properly the event that one limb slips while on the ladder. 24 6 and tied off at the top on It is important to note that a climber must not carry both sides to prevent the 28 7 any objects in either hand that can interfere with a firm ladder from shifting under grip on the ladder. Otherwise the three points of con32 8 weight while people are tact at all times with the ladder cannot be adequately climbing up and down. 36 9 maintained and the chance of falling is increased in the Proper ladder climbing event a hand or foot slip occurs. 40 10 toolbox talks are another great resource, however, Large Ladder Handling they are unfortunately underutilized. You can usually Ever see only one person carrying or setting up a tell how safe an individual will be on the roof by how 28-foot ladder? A worker can easily trip or lose his he climbs the ladder. Even though ladders don’t seem balance while carrying the ladder. He ends up dropping to be heavy, it’s the sudden angle changes that causes and damaging the ladder or causing himself a back back injuries. injury. It is a good safety practice to use the buddy sysPlease remember to be careful when walking tem: two team members should work together to set around trucks with ladders on top of ladder racks, up a large ladder. Doing so will help prevent personal taller people don’t pay attention and end up walking injury, damage to the ladder or damage to the building right into the ladder with their head, face or eyes. This or other property onsite. can cause cuts, loss of vision, stitches and a trip to the Once, I had just arrived on a jobsite and, while park- emergency room. ing my truck, I saw an individual carrying a large ladder. At least once a week I see ladders on the highway He slipped and lost control of it and the ladder hit a or street, mangled because it was not secured prior to power line. We were all thankful that he let go of the transportation. It is imperative that ladders are seladder and ran away just before the ladder struck the cured to the ladder rack in the front and the back at all power line, so he wasn’t electrocuted. Still, it knocked times. the power out within a two-block radius and the power According to the US Department of Transportation company was called out to remove the ladder from (USDOT), we must use an orange or red safety flag the power source. The cause of this near miss was the for anything, including ladders, so other can see that individual carrying a large ladder by himself; he should something is protruding out farther than three feet in have had another person helping him. front of our vehicle or four feet in the back. Ladders should only be used for the purposes for Table 2: Ladder Weight which they were designed. 5. Do not overreach while on a ladder

Height (feet)

Aluminum Weight (lbs)

Fiberglass Weight (lbs)

110

119

142

180

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

Select the right ladder for the job.

2. Inspect the ladder before each use. 3. Set up the ladder with care using the 4-to-1 rule. For every four feet of building height, the base of the ladder needs to be one foot away from building. Always use a tape measure to find the distance to the building. Never step it off with your feet to measure, it won’t be accurate.

Powerline Safety

Per OSHA, maintain a minimum distance of 10 feet away from power lines with a ladder; however, 20 feet away is better. Remember, treat every power line as if it has a live current in it. Only the power company can tell you if the wires are live. The safest way to work

Table 4: Ladder Duty Ratings

Type

Description and Capacity

Type IAA

Extra heavy duty – 375 pounds

Type IA

Extra heavy duty – 300 pounds

Type I

Heavy duty – 250 pounds

Type II

Medium duty – 225 pounds homeowner ladder

Type III

Light duty – 200 pounds homeowner ladder

around electricity is to have the power turned off or diverted by the power company. Important: do not try to pull away an individual that is being electrocuted with your bare hands. Use a dry piece of wood, dry rope or dry piece of rubber. Never use anything wet. Always call 911.

Ladder Inspections

Common items that have defects include: 1.

On a step ladder, all four feet don’t touch the ground evenly. If this happens, it is unsafe to use the ladder. Mark “Out of Service” and cut up

2. Safety shoes or feet on the bottom of the ladder are worn; replace worn items or remove the ladder from service 3. Side rails mushroom out; mark “Out of Service” 4. Ladder rungs cracked or split. Bend and break the ladder, take out of service and throw it away 5. Rung locks with safety latches, all safety latches must work and be free of defects and must safely lock onto rungs.

Daily Ladder Safety Checklist

Use your inspection safety check list daily (see below). Ladders can be damaged at any time. Check and clean ladder to prevent slip hazards. To prevent falls from ladders: 1.

Climbing Ladders: Using the Rungs or the Side Rails?

Although OSHA doesn’t specify between the two in it’s regulation, the National Safety Council states users should face the ladder and always grip the rungs and not the rails. The American Ladder Institute states that the climber can use the three points of contact rule via the ladder steps, rungs and/or siderails. When I first got into the roofing industry over 40 years ago, we always climbed ladders by cupping the side rails with our hands. I always wondered what would happen if I would misjudge a rail or slip while I was climbing: would I be able to stop? About 30 years ago, I started using the rungs after I realized that, if I slip, my grip would not be strong enough to hold me from falling. FRM I would really like feedback on any experiences that you have had climbing ladders using hand and rung or hand and side rails. I can be reached at jim@braunersafety.com.

Statistics on Ladder Fall Deaths and Injuries Falls remain a leading cause of unintentional injury mortality nationwide and 43 percent of fatal falls in the last decade have involved a ladder. Among workers, approximately 20 percent of fall injuries involve ladders. Among construction workers, an estimated 81 percent of fall injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments involve a ladder. Rates for nonfatal and work-related, were higher (2.6 per 10,000 FTE) than those for such injuries reported by employers (1.2 per 10,000 FTE). Ladder falls represent a substantial public health burden of preventable injuries for workers because falls are the leading cause of work-related injuries and deaths in construction.

Require employees to complete a daily ladder inspection

2. Use only ladders that are in good condition and free of defects 3. Use a ladder that is free of oils, grease, coatings, adhesives, paints, asphalt, coal tar pitch or mud. Any of these will make the ladder rungs or side rails slippery and create a slip hazard 4. Ensure all team members are properly trained on how to climb and carry ladders 5. Make proper ladder use a performance requirement for the job 6. Document all ladder inspections and safety trainings www.floridaroof.com | FLORIDA ROOFING

COTNEY CONSULTING GROUP John Kenney, CEO, Cotney Consulting Group

Recruiting Millennials Will Require Changes in The Roofing Industry With more than 40 percent of the current roofing workforce set to retire by 2031, recruiting millennials to fill those spots is critical. But there are some difficulties in that realm. While three of every four U.S. workers will be millennials by 2024, the construction and roofing industries has issues attracting them to work in the trades. Priorities for this rising workforce have shifted. Millennials are more interested in perks and benefits than getting a raise. Studies show that more than 80 percent of them would switch jobs for better benefits and 90 percent would pass up a raise for more perks and benefits. It is not impossible to recruit millennials; it requires a different approach.

Steps Contractors Can Take to Recruit Millennials

Millennials tend to have a strong concern about social issues. They want to know where companies stand on numerous social issues. Consider this: how do your hiring practices reflect your company values? Does your mission statement exist for looks or does it have a real purpose? How do your working practices and expectations reflect your company’s values? Diversity and inclusion are critical to millennials. Unfortunately, these are terms not used much in the construction industry until more recently. Right now, just a little more than nine percent of the workforce in construction is female. You can improve diversity and inclusion, it just takes some work. Consider the language you use in job advertisements to ensure it is inclusive. Exude excitement for inclusion and diversity through the Equal Employment Opportunity/Fair Hiring Statement. Be specific and mention workplace diversity and which EEO employment practices you use in that statement. Then, link your EEO policy to the job advertisement and state that you make your hiring decisions based on merit. Before advertising, measure inclusion at your company using employee surveys to see how you are doing. There are benefits to committing to inclusion and diversity. Adding females to your workforce brings different and fresh ideas to the table and adding females to your executive management team can increase your profitability. Focus more on benefits and perks. Millennials often tell others the perks they get on the job. If you 30

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

can be the contractor who gives millennials better perks and benefits, they will likely brag about it to their friends. Work-life balance is crucial to millennial construction workers, primarily due to the long hours and the risks involved. Millennials seek flexibility. They look for it in a company. Many millennials are now becoming parents and it is more difficult for them to figure out a schedule that works for their families. Determine where you can add flexibility to work schedules. Consider offering a paid leave program giving workers paid time off when they have a child or adopt one or need to care for a sick family member. In addition, consider offering more career development opportunities, better health insurance and a technology-driven workspace.

Change the Perception of the Roofing Industry

The roofing industry is perceived as one that does not pay well and is deeply affected by economic downturns. That is not entirely true. What is true is that contractors often leaned on lower salaries, especially for the entry-level jobs, then made up for them in bonuses. The lay-offs that came amid the Great Recession in the mid-2000s added to the negative narrative. That type of operation does not align with millennials seeking economic stability. However, low pay is not in the picture for Construction Management graduates, which offers competitive pay. Construction requires skill, which means trained workers who need to be paid accordingly. The days of paying construction workers $13 an hour to start are gone.

How Do You Make Roofing Work More Flexible?

Pay is only one aspect of the changes needed in roofing to draw in millennials. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many companies switched

operations, adding more flexibility, including fully remote or hybrid work. Yes, roofing is typically an in-person job, which will continue to hinder contractors seeking millennial employees. But there are ways of curbing in-person jobs. Think drones, 3-D imaging, Zoom meetings, smartphones and flexible schedules. Flexibility is something the roofing and construction industry is still figuring out. One way to implement it may be to put less emphasis on things like retirement benefits and profit sharing and more on benefits, perks and flexibility.

Appeal to Younger People

Consider the need to appeal to potential workers earlier in their lives. That means starting well before they graduate high school. Build the talent early on. Show kids what it is like to be a roofer, a sheet metal installer, a service technician or an estimator. Encourage them to look beyond their smartphones and do something “real.” Millennials have grown up during periods of debt crises and many realize college does not guarantee prosperity. That could also grow interest in roofing trades. There needs to be a sustained effort by the roofing industry to reach out to prospects early on. Visit schools, host training, show up where kids assemble and set up interactive displays. Use technology in recruiting. There has been a massive influx of investment in construction technologies and artificial intelligence systems that allow training

and problem troubleshooting to work virtually. Use virtual reality to show prospective candidates what their jobs would entail. Play up tangibility. Roofing workers can see the fruits of their labor: what they helped create. To some, that is important in a job. Recruiting millennials into the roofing workforce is no walk in the park, but due diligence can go a long way to hiring new talent. FRM John Kenney has over 45 years of experience in the roofing industry. He started his career by working as a roofing apprentice at a family business in the Northeast and worked his way up to operating multiple Top 100 Roofing Contractors. As CEO, John is intimately familiar with all aspects of roofing production, estimating and operations. During his tenure in the industry, John ran business units associated with delivering excellent workmanship and unparalleled customer service while ensuring his company’s strong net profits before joining Cotney Consulting Group. If you would like any further information on this or another subject, you can contact John at jkenney@cotneyconsulting.com.

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Ten Attributes of Successful Supervisors World of Asphalt When asked about the toughest part of a job, there is one answer that stands above the rest: dealing with people. Employees often get frustrated or annoyed with their job because of the people around them. These interpersonal problems can lead to the downfall of the hierarchal system within a company. To better explain how to build work relationships and supervise employees at all levels, Larry Kokklenberg of Leath Group LLC and a World of Asphalt education speaker, provided ten simple guidelines for effective supervision.

1. Build Trust

There are very few relationships, work, personal or anything in between, that can survive without trust. Kokklenberg says that trust is the foundation for all positive and sustained relationships and that these relationships are vitally important if a team wants to perform at a high level. When looking at behavior that helps build trust, Kokklenberg said that communication, consistency and leading by example are all important behaviors. On the contrary, poor communication, lack of integrity and lack of reliability were listed as behaviors that hurt trust within a company.

2. Manage by Influence, Not Power

An important distinction to make between power and influence, Kokklenberg said, is that power is the authority or right to give orders and make decisions, while influence is the ability to positively affect ideas and actions. Furthermore, an autocratic top-down model of employment can hurt a business if not handled correctly. Rather than increasing your power, grow your influence by being knowledgeable, respectful, caring and flexible.

3. Create a Culture of Appreciation

As simple as it sounds, “thank you” goes a long way. Saying thank you costs nothing and gives more than you expect in return. 76 percent of employees say that being recognized by their superiors motivates them in their job. Kokklenberg says that after being more personable with your staff, acknowledging all extra efforts and thanking people for their work every day, the culture of the company will become more positive in 30 days.

4. Be Fair and Just

No employee should be treated differently, better or worse, than another. Being impartial, unprejudiced and simply fair will show everyone that they are all equally important and will help build trust and morale within the company. 32

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

5. Be Respectful

This is an easy one. Would you rather have a boss that is considerate, caring and patient or one that is harsh, abrupt and difficult? When people fear or dislike their superiors, they are constantly stressed or tense about their work situation, which also negatively affects their work.

6. Be a Role Model

Whether you like it or not, being a boss also makes you a role model by default and being a role model comes with responsibilities. Manage yourself in a positive manner and live by your own values and the values of the company. In return, your employees will respect you and trust that the company is in good hands.

7. Be Helpful

Understand that people will come to you for help and advice; boss is synonymous to teacher in this respect. One of the responsibilities of being a boss is to help make everyone else’s jobs easier. Give instructions, feedback and advice to help develop people and their skills.

8. Be Positive

Everything you do will reflect back on your staff – your attitude is highly contagious. Positive supervisors will breed positive employees and positive employees tend to do great work for their company.

9. Build the Team

Every company or business is one large team. Work gets done by the entire team, never by just one person. Build a collaborative mindset by encouraging cooperation, helpfulness and always reiterating the teamwork aspect of the workplace. In return, you’ll get employees that not only work well together, but enjoy doing so.

10. Link Work to a Higher Purpose

Kokklenberg encourages everyone to not give people jobs but to give them a purpose. Be sure to always link your work to your mission statement. This will encourage employees to work for the good of the company instead of working for a paycheck. FRM Held every year except during CONEXPO-CON/AGG years, World of Asphalt is the leading trade show and conference focused on the asphalt and paving industries, whose most recent edition was recognized by Trade Show Executive as one of the “Fastest 50” growing trade shows. The show features the best education and latest equipment, products, services and technologies for the asphalt and paving industries.

Equipment Malfunctions, continued from page 15

up the wearing down of construction equipment. Avoiding these conditions or factoring them into a preventive maintenance schedule can help extend the life of undercarriage equipment.

Thermal Damage

Extreme temperatures can be a serious problem for construction equipment. Summer heat can sometimes lead to equipment damage or breakdowns when coolant systems fail or when machines are exposed to direct sunlight for too long. Regular maintenance of coolant systems can help keep machines running even in extreme heat conditions. Coolant should be flushed and replaced at least annually and the presence of contaminants like rust should prompt an investigation of the system. Winter can also pose problems for construction equipment. Cold damage can be a major threat to the batteries, which is why it’s a good practice to store them indoors when they are not in active use. Frigid temperatures can quickly kill a battery, potentially rendering a machine unusable until a replacement can be found. Good winterization practices, like using wintergrade fuel and balancing a machine’s antifreeze-andwater mixture, can also help ensure good performance during cold temperatures.

Material Corrosion and Fatigue

Corrosion costs construction firms millions of dollars every year, if not more. It’s one of the most common causes of equipment malfunctions and failure. This is especially true for firms that regularly use their equipment in humid environments or around standing water, which can accelerate the development of rust. Organic acids, like those produced by lubricant oxidation, can also cause corrosion in metals like iron and zinc. Over time, this can break down seals, stress metal components and cause other issues that lead to equipment malfunction.

Regular maintenance is the best way to prevent failure due to corrosion or fatigue. Scheduled checks can also help catch any significant issues with corrosion or metal strain and give managers time to replace these components before they lead to more problems. Preventing contact between metal and all corrosive substances will also help reduce the risk of corrosion-related machine failure. Rust and corrosion inhibitors are one popular way to avoid malfunctions of this kind.

Avoid These Common Equipment Malfunctions

Equipment malfunctions pose challenges for construction companies, including downtime, injury and excessive repair costs. All of this directly affects profits. Fortunately, a good maintenance plan and a solid knowledge of common failure types can help construction firms reduce malfunctions. Planning for issues like extreme weather, rough terrain and the threat of corrosion can help managers keep their equipment and sites running longer and more productively. FRM Rose Morrison is a freelance writer who has been covering the construction and home improvement industries for over five years. She is also the Managing Editor of www.renovated.com, a home living site that covers everything from construction to the real estate market. For more from Rose, follow her on Twitter @renovatedmag.

Celebrating Company Milestones

Anniversary Milestone: 20 Years Established by: Heidi Ellsworth and Vickie Sharples Established in: 2002 Number of Employees: 20 Original Location: Yorba Linda, Calif. Reason for Starting Company: To create a place for the roofing industry to meet and come together as a community, every day. 34

FLORIDA ROOFING | March 2022

Key Reasons for Success: We have created an inclusive online community where everyone in roofing is welcome. More importantly, we provide the tools, education and information that continue to create success for roofing companies, contractors and professionals. Most of all, it’s just fun. We find each other. It is “Where the Industry Meets!” Lessons Learned: Do not take yourself too seriously but always take great care with your business and the well-being of your customers. Give back, be true and honor the amazing industry we are a part of. Roofing respect.

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