v/;k; 1
vkWVekschy~ ls ifjp;
STRUCTURE
1-0
mís”;
1-1
ifjp;
1-2
vkWVekschy~ D;k gS\
1-3
vkWVekschy~ dk bfrgkl 1-3-1 vkWVekschy~ ds fodkl dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk,a 1-3-2 Hkkjr esa vkWVekschy~ dk fodkl
1-4
psfll ,oa ckWMh 1-4-1 psfll 1-4-2 ckWMh
1-5
psfll ds lc&flLVe 1-5-1 ikWoj ;wfuV 1-5-2 ikWoj Vªsu 1-5-3 jfuax flLVe 1-5-4 bySfDVªd flLVe
1-6
nÙk dk;Z 1-6-1 d{kk dk;Z 1-6-2 x`g dk;Z
1-7
lkjka”k
1-8
LoewY;kadu iz”uksa ds lEHkkfor mÙkj
1-9
vH;klkFkZ iz”u
1-10 lanHkZ ,oa foLr`r v/;;ukFkZ xzaFk lwph 1-11 “kCnkoyh
1- vkWVekschy~ ls ifjp; vkWVksehchy~ gekjs thou dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA vkWVksehchy~ yk[kksa yksxks dks dke ij, cPpksa dks Ldwy, lkeku dks nqdkuksa ij vkSj i=ksa dks muds LFkku rd ys tkrs gSaA bl ikB~;Øe ds igys v/;k; esa ge vkWVekschy~ ls ifjfpr gksxsa] blds bfrgkl dks tkusx a s rFkk irk yxk;saxs fd ;g fdu&fdu fofHkUu vaxksa ls cuh gSA ge le>saxs fd ;krk;kr ds dqN lk/kuksa dks D;ksa vkWVekschy~ dgk tkrk gS rFkk dqN dks bl oxZ esa ugha j[kk tkrkA bl v/;k; esa ge ns[ksx a s dh D;k lc feydj ,d vkWVekschy~ dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA vkWVekschy~ dks eq[;r% psfll o ckWMh esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA psfll og fgLlk gS tks ckWMh dks gVkus ds ckn “ks’k cp tkrk gSA ;g ikWoj ;wfuV] ikWoj Vªsu] jfuax flLVe o bySfDVªdy flLVe ls cuk gksrk gSA vkius lM+dksa ij vo”; gh psfll ns[kk gksxk ftlesa ifg;ksa ij lh<+huqek Ýse gksrk gS] ftlesa vkxs cSBdj Mªkboj bls vkxs ys tkrk gSA bUgsa gh vkxs pydj cl ;k Vªd esa :ikUrfjr dj nsrs gSaA psfll dk v/;;u ge foLr`r :i ls djsaxsA 1-0
mís”; bl v/;k; ds i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gks tk;sx a s fd% vkWVekschy~ dh ifjHkk’kk crk ldsaA vkWVekschy~ dk bfrgkl crk ldsaA flLVe tks vkWVekschy~ dks cukrs gSa ds ckjs esa tkusaA fofHkUu psfll lajpukvksas dks oxhZd`r dj ldsAa psfll esa dke djus okys vo;oksa ds uke rFkk muds dk;Z crk ldsaA nks fofHkUu ckWMh lajpuk esa varj o izR;sd ds ykHk crk ldsaA
1-1
ifjp;
;g ikB~;Øe eksVjdkj rFkk muds j[kj[kko ds ckjs esa gSA igys v/;k; esa ge vkWVekschy~ ls ifjfpr gksaxsA [kkl rkSjls ge ns[ksx a s vkWVekschy~ D;k gS A fQj blds bfrgkl ij ,d utj Mkysx a sA ge vkWVekschy~ m|ksx dk Hkkjr esa fodkl rFkk vkWVekschy~ ds flLVe rFkk lc&flLVe dks tkusx a sA ge dqN iqjkuh xkfM+;ksa ds ckjs esa tkusx a s rFkk ;g Hkh tkusx a s dh ok’i budh “kfDr dk eq[; L=ksr FkkA rc ge dqN batuksa dks ns[ksx a s tks dh vkt ds le; esa “kfDr ds lk/ku gSA ,d ds ckn ,d cnyko gksrs jgs rFkk vkt gekjs ikl rst pyus okyh] b±/ku dh de [kir djus okyh] ¶;wy bfQ+”kUV~ rFkk vkjkenk;d xkfM+;ka gSa tks fd gekjh ftanxh dk ,d fgLlk gSA 1-2
vkWVksehchy~ D;k gS?
jktekxZ ij ;k=k djrs le; vki dbZ rjg ds okgu ns[krs gSaA buesa ls dqN u;s vkSj dqN iqjkus fdLe ds gksrs gSaA gks ldrk gS vkidks ?kksM+k xkM+h, nqifg;k, frifg;k, dkj, lkbZfdy, oSu, thi, vkSj VªªSDVj VªªkWyh feysAa iz”u mBrk gS fd buesa ls dkSu dkSu ls vkWVksehchy~ gSa ? iz”u dk mRrj nsus ls igys ge vkWVksehchy~ dh ifjHkk’kk ij utj MkysxsAa
“An automobile is any self powered vehicle capable of being steered by the driver and which is used for transportation of goods and people on the road.”
vFkkZr] vkWVksehchy~ dksbZ Lopfyr okgu dks dg ldrs gSa tks pkyd ds }kjk fu;af=r dh tk lds vkSj tks lkeku ds <ksus ds fy, yksxksa dks ys tkus ds fy,, lM+d ij iz;ksx dh tkrh gksA gekjs izkjfEHkd iz”u dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, vkWVksehchy~ ds dqN mnkgj.k gSa% nksifg;k, frifg;k, dkj, oSu, thi, VªªSDVj vkSj Vªªd lc gh vkWVksehchy~ gSaA okguksa dks vkWVksehchy~ dh Js.kh esa ugh j[kk tkrkA gekjh vkWVksehchy~ dh ifjHkk’kk ds vuqlkj fp= 1.1: buesa ls dkSu lh vkWVksehchy~ ugha gS\ lkbZfdy, ?kksM+k xkM+h, fjD”kk vkSj iSny pyus okys yksx vkWVksehchy~ ugh gSa D;ksfa d ;s ekuo ;k tkuoj dh “kfDr ds }kjk pyrs gSaA ikuh dk tgkt+, jsyos Vªªsu vkSj ,;jØk¶V & ;s dqN Lopfyr okgu gSa tks vkWVksehchy~ ugha gSa D;ksfa d buesa ls dksbZ Hkh lM+d ij ugha pyrkA LoewY;kadu iz”u 1. 2. 3.
1-3
vkWVekschy~ D;k gS\ lkbZfdy vkSj ?kksM+kxkM+h vkWVekschy~ D;ksa ugha gS tcfd os Hkh tehu ij pyrs gSa\ gokbZtgkt o jsyxkM+h vkWVekschy~ D;ksa ugha gS tc fd og Hkh [kqn dh “kfDr ls pyrs gSa\
vkWVekschy~ dk bfrgkl
vc ge vkWVksehchy~ ds laf{kIr bfrgkl ij utj MkysxsAa izkjfEHkd vkWVksehchy~ yksgs ds ?kksMs dgykrs FksA D;k vki tkurs gSa D;ks\a ml le; ?kksM+s vkSj ?kksM+s }kjk pyk;h tkus okyh xkM+h ;krk;kr ds izeq[k lk/ku FksA vkSj blfy;s tc ;krk;kr dh ;g Lopfyr iz.kkyh vfLrRo esa vkbZ rc LokHkkfodr% bldk uke blds iwoZtksa ls tksM+ fn;k x;kA ;s izkjfEHkd vkWVksehchy~ cM+s, Hkkjh vkSj /kheh xfr ls pyus okys gksrs FksA izkjEHk esa bUgsa pykus ds fy;s Hkki ds }kjk Åt+kZ nh tkrh FkhA
fp=
1.2:
“kq: ds Lopfyr t+ehu ij pyus okys okgu (a) LVhe VªSDVj] 1770 (b) cksfZ Muks lokjh xkM+h , 1854.
lalkj dk lcls igyk Lopfyr okgu] LVhe VªªsDVj (steam tractor) Fkk tks fudksyl tsDxquksV (Nicholas J. Cugnot) ds }kjk 1770 esa cuk;k x;kA bls Ýkallh lsuk (French Army) ds rksiksa dks ys tkus ds fy;s bLrseky fd;k tkrk FkkA lalkj dk igyk ;kf=;ksa dks ys tkus okyk okgu fjpMZ VªªSfofFkd (Richard Trevithick) ds }kjk 1803 esa baXyS.M esa cuk;k x;kA ;g Hkh Hkki ls pyus okyk FkkA cksZfMuks (Bordino) ds }kjk 1854 esa Hkki pkfyr (steam powered) okgu rS;kj fd;k x;k tks ;kf=;ksa ds ifjogu ds fy;s FkkA
fp= 1.3: “kq: dh isVªksy ls pyus okyh vkWVksehchy~ (a) cSUt+ eksVjokxu, 1885. (b) pkj ifg;s okyh dkj, 1886
iSVªksy ls pyus okyh igyh dkj cSUt eksVj okxu (Benz Motorwagen) Fkh tks 1885 esa fodflr gqbZA okLro esa ;g frigfg;k lkbZfdy Fkh, ftlesa iSVªksy batu yxk FkkA og ewy fl)kUrksa ij cuk;h x;h Fkk, ftlus ?kksM+k xkM+h dks cgqr ihNs NksM fn;kA Mseyj (Daimler) vkSj escSd (Maybach) us nqfu;k dh igyh pkj ifg;ksa okyh isVªksy ls pyus okyh dkj 1886 esa cuk;h A rc rd tks Hkh dkjsa cuk;h xbZa og lc [kqyh gqbZ FkhaA iSugkMZ (Panhard) us igyh can dkj cukbZ ftlesa ;k=h /kwi, o’kkZ, vkSj gok ls lqjf{kr FksA le; ds lkFk vkWVksehchy~ esa lq/kkj gksrk x;kA fiNyh “krkCnh ds igys n”kd rd eksVj dkj T;knk dk;Zdq”ky, rst vkSj lqfo/kktud cu Xk;hA ;s dkjsa cgqr “kfDr”kkyh vkSj jktlh
(foykle;) Fkha ysfdu bu dkjksa dk ewY; ,d lk/kkj.k edku ds ewY; ls dbZ xquk Fkk vkSj budk ifjpkyu O;; Hkh cgqr T;knk FkkA 1909 esa jksYl&jks,l dh flYoj ?kksLV (Rolls-Royce, Silver Ghost) nqfu;k dh lcls foykle;h (luxurious) dkj ds :Ik esa tkuh tkus yxhA
vkWVksehchy~ ds bfrgkl esa ,d egku iFkiznZ”kd gsujh QksMZ (Henry Ford) Fks ftUgksus cgqek= mRiknu (mass production) vkSj ,lsEcYkh iz.kkyh (assembly line techniques) ,d= djds mRiknu le; dbZ fnuksa ls ?kVdj ?kVksa esa vkSj vUrr% feuVksa dk gks x;kA blls dkjsa lLrh gks x;haA vDVwcj 1908 esa QksMZ ekWMy Vh (Ford Model T) yk;h x;hA ;g igyh cgqek= mRikfnr dkj FkhA QksDLkoSxu chVy (Volkswagen Beetle), vkWVksehchy~ ds bfrgkl esa lcls izfl) dkj gSA ;g 1930 esa MkW- QfMZuUn iks'kZ (Dr. Ferdinand Porsche) }kjk cukbZ x;hA nks djksM+ ls T;knk chVy vc rd fcd pqdh gS vkSj ;g vHkh Hkh cu jgh gSa vkSj dbZ ns”kks esa csph tk jgh gSaA
fp=
1.4: “kq:
dh vkjkenk;d xkfM+;k¡
(a) jksYl jkW;l] flYoj ?kksLV, 1909. (b) oksDlokxu chVy, 1930.
1-3-1 vkWVekschy~ ds fodkl dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk;sa bl laf{kIr bfrgkl dks lekIr djus ls igys ge vkWVksehchy~ fodkl ds bfrgkl dh dqN ?kVukvksa dh lwph rS;kj djrs gSaA 1860 esa igys lQy Vw&LVªªksd baVjuy dEcl”ku batu (Two stroke internal combustion engine), tks dks;ys dh xSl ls pyrk Fkk, csyft;e (Belgium) ds bZfVuh yhfU;ksj (Etienne Lenoir) }kjk isVsUV djk;k x;kA 17 lky ckn, 1877 esa igyk O;kogkfjd Qksj LVªªksd baVjuy dEcl”ku batu (four stroke internal combustion engine), xksVfyc Mseyj (Gottlieb Daimler) vkSj foyfgYe escSd (Wilhelm Maybach) }kjk fodflr fd;k x;kA 1898 esa :MksYQ Mht+y (Rudolf Diesel) us lcls igys teZuh (Germany) esa Mht+y batu (diesel engine) fp= 1.5: iznf'kZr fd;kA 1911 esa tujy eksVlZ ds lh-,Q- dSVfjax baVjuy dEcLPku batu (C.F.Kettering) }kjk bySfDVªªd LVkVZj (electric starter) vkSj izdk”k O;oLFkk (lighting) fodflr dh xbZA blls igys rsy ds ySEi izdk”k ds fy;s bLrseky gksrs Fks vkSj gSUMy dks gkFkksa ls ?kqekdj batu pkyw fd;k tkrk Fkk] fcYdqy oSls gh tSls ge iSjksa ls LdwVj vkSj eksVjlkbfdy pkyw djrs gSaA 1936 esa Mhty batu ls pyus okyh igyh dkj fcdus ds fy, teZuh esa izLrqr dh x;hA ;g elZMht+ csUt ekWMy 260 D (Mercedes Benz) FkhA
1-3-2
Hkkjr esa vkWVekschy~ dk fodkl
vkWVksehchy~ fodkl ds bfrgkl dh bl i`"BHkwfe ds lkFk ge viuk /;ku Hkkjr esa vkWVksehchy~ dh izxfr ij dsfUnzr djrs gSaA
fp=
1.6:
Hkkjr esa fufeZr ,d vk/kqfud dkj ek:fr 800
igyk vkWVksehchy~ 1898 esa lj tse”ksnth VkVk (Sir Jamsedji Tata) }kjk Hkkjr esa yk;k x;kA fgUnqLrku eksVlZ, dksydkrk esa 1943 eas, izhfe;j vkWVksehchy~, eqEcbZ esa 1944 esa vkSj VsYdks, te”ksniqj esa 1945 esa “kq: dh x;haA ;s dEifu;k¡ Hkkjr esa vkWVksehchy~ cukus okyh izkjafHkd dEifu;k¡ FkhaA 1984 esa ek:fr 800 (Maruti 800) ds izos”k ls Hkkjr esa vkWVksehchy~ mRiknu esa fo’ks”k Økafr vk;hA ;g dkj ek:fr bafM;k vkSj tkiku dh lqtdh (Suzuki of Japan) ds lg;ksx ls cukbZ x;hA ;g Hkkjr dh igyh de dher okyh turk ds fy, dkj FkhA Hkkjr esa ek:fr dEiuh dkjksa dks lk/kkj.k O;fDr dh igq¡p rd ys vk;hA vc gekjs ikl cgqr ls mRikndksa ds dbZ ekWMy gSa tks Hkkjrh; lM+dksa ij nkSM+ jgs gSaA LoewY;kadu iz”u 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1-4
igys ds vkWVekschy~ dks “kfDr dSls feyrh Fkh\ vkWVekschy~ ds bfrgkl esa igyh ekl izksMD”ku dkj rFkk lcls pfpZr dkj dkSu lh gS \ ek:fr 800 dks Hkkjr dh izFke vk/kqfud dkj D;ksa dgrs gSa\ Hkkjr esa vkWVekschy~ m|ksx dk D;k LVsV~l gS\ lcls igys nks&LVªksx] pkj&LVªksd rFkk Mht+y baftu dc fodflr gq;s rFkk fdlds }kjk gq;s\
psfll ¼“kSlh/pSlh½ o ckWMh
psfll xkM+h ls ckWMh dks gVkus ds ckn dk cpk fgLlk psfll dgykrk gSA psfll esa og lc dqN gksrk gS tks xkM+h dks Picus, eksM+us o jksdus ds fy, t:jh gksrk gS ( lkFk&lkFk vkjkenk;d Hkh cukrk gSA ,d gh psfll dks fofHkUu dk;ks± ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk ldrs gSaA tSls ,d VkVk&1210 psfll dk bLrseky] cl dh ckWMh yxkdj lokjh <ksus ds fy, ;k Vªd dh ckWMh yxkdj eky <ksus ds fy, dj ldrs gSaA fofHkUu vaxksa dks psfll ij vyx&vyx rjhkdsa ls yxk ldrs gSa] tSls Longitudinal ;k transvese batu] ÝaV ;k fj;j Oghy Mªkbo bR;kfnA ckWMh dks psfll ds Ýse ij yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ikWoj ;wfuV] ikWoj Vªsu] jfuax flLVe rFkk bySfDVªdy flLVe psfll ds eq[; ikVZl gSA ikWoj ;wfuV esa baftu gksrk gS tks b±/ku dh ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=d ÅtkZ esa cnydj xkM+h dks pykrk gSA baftu ls ikWoj ifg;ksa rd ikWoj Vªsu ds ek/;e ls igq¡prh gSA ;g Dyp] fx;j ckWDl] izksisyj “kk¶V]
;wfuolZy tkWbUV fM¶jsfa ”k;y rFkk gkQ “kk¶V ls cuh ,d ikjaifjd lajpuk gSA vc vk/kqfud ÝaV Oghy Mªkbo dkjksa esa izksisyj “kk¶V rFkk ;wfuolZy tkWbUV ds cnys Mªkbo “kk¶V rFkk dkWUlVsVa oykWflVh tkWbUV mi;ksx fd;k tkrs gSaA jfuax flLVe esa vkjkenk;d ;k=k ds fy, lLis”a ku flLVe] xkM+h dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, LVh;fjax flLVe rFkk xkM+h dks jksdus ;k /khjs djus ds fy, czsfdax flLVe gksrs gSaA bySfDVªdy flLVe esa LVkfV±x flLVe] pkftZax flLVe rFkk ykbfVax flLVe gksrs gaS rFkk isVªksy baftu esa bXuh”ku~ flLVe Hkh gksrk gSA ge bu dks Hkh bl v/;k; esa i<ssx a sA LoewY;kadu iz”u 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
psfll ls rqe D;k le>rs gks\ D;k ,d gh psfll dk bLrseyk fofHkUu xkfM+;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa gks ldrk gS\ ;fn gk¡ rks dSls\ psfll fdl dke esa vle{k gS\ ikWoj ;wfuV ¼batu½ D;k djrk gS\ og dkSu ls ikVZl gS tks baftu dh ikWoj dks ifg;ksa rd igq¡pkrs gaS\
vkWVekschy~ dk eq[;r% nks fgLlksa esa ck¡V ldrs gSa & psfll o ckWMh (Chassis and the Body).
fp=
1-4-1
1.7: vkWVksehchy~
ds vo;o
psfll
psfll lekfo"V djrk gS ikWoj ;wfuV (Power Unit) tks batu gksrk gS, ikWoj Vªªsu (Power Train), jfuax flLVe (Running System) vkSj bySDfVªªdy flLVe (Electrical System)A bldk eryc gS fd psfll Ýse (Frame), batu] ÝaV (Front) vkSj jh;j ,sDlYl (Rear
fp= 1.8: VkVk 1210 dk “kSlh
Axles), lLis”a ku flLVe (Suspension System), LVh;fjax flLVe (Steering System), czsfdax flLVe (Braking System) vkSj var esa bySfDVªªdy flLVe (Electrical System) lekfo"V djrk gSA ckWMh (Body) ds vykok lc phts psfll dk Hkkx gSaA ;s lc ge vkxs ns[ksxsAa
psfll ds lc vo;o ,d Ýse (Frame) ij yxs gksrs gSa tks lh<+h tSlk yxrk gSA bu vo;oksa dks yxkus ds rjhds gksrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ & gekjs ikl batu vkxs ds Hkkx esa , okgu dh yEckbZ ds lekUrj gks ldrk gS vkSj jh;j Oghy (Rear Wheel) dks pky ns ldrs gSa tSls fd vEcsLMj dkj (Ambassador Car), VkVk lweks (Tata Sumo), Vks;Vk Dokfyl (Toyota Qualis), Vªªd (Truck) vkSj clksa (Buses) esa gksrk gSaA okgu dk batu mldh yEckbZ ds 900 ij vkxs dh vksj yxk gks ldrk gS rFkk vkxs ds ifg;ksa dks pykrk gSA ,slk <kWa¡pk Hkkjr esa cgqr lh NksVh vkSj e/;e vkdkj dh dkjksa esa mi;ksx gksrk gSA tSl&s Hyundai Santro, vkSj Maruti 800, Alto vkSj Esteem. okgu 4&Oghy Mªkbo Hkh gks ldrk gSA bl <k¡aps esa “kfDr ;k rks ihNs ds ifg;ksa esa ;k pkjksa ifg;ksa esa lapkfjr dh tk ldrh gSA tSls & Mahindra Scorpio, Tata Safari, ;k Maruti Gypsy esa pkjksa ifg;ksa dks pykus dk fodYi gksrk gSA ;g fodYi cgqr mi;ksxh rc lkfcr gksrk gS tc okgu dks dfBu jkLrksa ls tkuk iM+rk gS tSls fd jsr, cQZ ;k ioZrh; p<+kbZA
fp=
1.9:
fofHkUu çdkj dh ikWoj Vªsu Ldhe
(a) fj;j Oghy. (b) ÝaV Oghy- (c) Qksj Oghy Mªkbo-
1-4-2
ckWMh
(Body)
ijEijkxr psfll <k¡ps esa ckWMh (Body) dks Ýse (Frame) ij yxk;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa T;knkRkj dkjksa esa eksuksdkWd fuekZ.k “©yh (Monocoque Construction) iz;ksx dh tkrh gS ftlesa Ýse ugha gksrk vkSj lc fudk; (Systems) mnkgj.kkZFk & lLis”a ku] LVh;fjax] ckWMh (Body) esa lh/ks yxs gksrs gSaA bl rjhds dk fuekZ.k gYdk vkSj et+cwr gksrk gSA
fp=
1.10: eksuksdkWd
ckWM+h
vkWVksehchy~ dh ckWMh (Body) dks ;kf=;ksa ds ifjogu ds fy;s ;k leku dks <ksus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tc ge ;kf=;ksa dks ys tkus okyh ckWMh (Body) dks psfll (Chassis) ij yxkrs gSa, rc ;g ;kf=;ksa dks ys tkus okyk okgu cu tkrk gSA vxj ge Vªªd dh ckWMh dks mlh psfll (Chassis) ij yxk;sxsa rc ge lkeku ys tkus okyk okgu ;k Vªªd izkIr djsxsaA
1-5
psfll ds lc flLVe
1-5-1
ikWoj ;wfuV (Power Unit)
batu] bZa/ku dh mtkZ dks ;kaf=d mtkZ esa cnyrk gS tks vkWVksehchy~ dks pykrh gSA D;k vki ÅtkZ :ikUrj.k dk dksbZ mnkgj.k ns ldrs gks tks vkius dHkh ns[kk gksA jlksbZ esa ge [kkuk idkus ds fy;s bZa/ku tykrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa bZa/ku ls fudyus okyh ÅtkZ, m"eh; ÅtkZ (Heat Energy) esa cnyrh gSA blh izdkj batu esa ge bZa/ku dks Å"eh; ÅtkZ izkIr djus ds fy;s tykrs gSa tks xSlksa dks foLrkfjr djrh gS vkSj ftlls batu ds flysaMj esa j[ks fiLVu (Piston) ij cy yxrk gSA foLrfjr xSl fiLVu (Piston) ij uhps dh vksj ncko Mkyrh gSA fiLVu dh ;g js[kh; xfr ckn esa ØSad 'kk¶V ij ?kw.khZ; xfr (Rotary Motion) esa cny tkrh gSA baVjuy dEcLk”ku batu (Internal Combustion Engine) esa Å"eh; ÅtkZ dk iz;ksx flysaMj esa gok rFkk b±/ku (Air-Fuel) ds feJ.k ds foLrkj ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bZa/ku tyk;k tkrk g,S Å"ek mRiUu djus ds fy;s vkSj gok ls vkWDlhtu feyrh gS tks bZa/ku dks tykus ds fy;s vko”;d gSA ikWoj ;wfuV (Power Unit) ;k batu vko”;d mtkZ mRiUu djrk gS ftlls okgu pyrk gSA ewy :Ik ls ikWoj ;wfuV ,d baVjuy dEcLk”ku batu (Internal Combustion Engine) gS ftlesa b±/ku batu ds flysaMj esa tyrk gSA batu iSVªksy ;k M+hty ds }kjk pyrk gSA bu fnuksa Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) vkSj Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Hkh vkWVksehchy~ b±/ku ds :Ik esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA blesa ,d bZa/ku fudk; (Fuel System), “khryu fudk; (Cooling System), ywfczdsfVax fudk; (Lubricating System), fudkl fudk; (Exhaust System) gksrk gSA bZa/ku fudk; (Fuel System) batu dks lgh izdkj vkSj ek=k eas b±/ku dh iwfrZ djrk gSA “khryu fudk; (Cooling System) batu ls vf/kd xehZ dks ckgj fudky nsrk gS ftlls fd vf/kd xehZ ls batu esa gksus okys uqdlku ls cpk tk ldsA ywfczds”ku fudk; (Lubricating System) batu ds f?klus okys Hkkxksa esa ?k’kZ.k (Friction) dks de djrk gS ftlls batu dh mez c<+rh gSA fudkl fudk; (Exhaust System) batu ls tyh gqbZ xSlksa dks ckgj fudky nsrk gSA buesa ls izR;sd dks ge vxys lsesLVj esa foLrkj ls i<+x s sAa
fp=
1.11: ikWoj
;wfuV
1-5-2
ikWoj Vªªsu (Power Train)
vkWVksehchy~ psfll dk vxyk Hkkx gS ikWoj Vªªsu! blesa Dyp (Clutch), fx;j ckWDl (Gearbox), izksisyj “kkW¶V (Propeller Shaft) ftlds nksuks fljksa ij ;wfuolZy TokbaV gksrs gSa, fMÝsfU”k;y (Differential) vkSj gkWQ “kS¶V (Half Shaft) gksrs gSaA uhps fn;s x;s fp= esa budh O;oLFkk n”kkZ;h x;h gSA Dyp (Clutch) dk bLrseky batu “kfDr (Engine Power) dks Transmission System ls tksM+us vkSj vyx djus ds fy;s gksrk gSA ;g fx;j (Gear) cnyus ds fy;s t:jh gSA Dyp gkmflax mldks /kwy ls cpkrh gSA fx;jckWDl (Gearbox) vko”;d cy&vk?kw.kZ ¼VkWdZ½ izkIr djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA cy&vk?kw.kZ fupys fx;lZ (Gears) esa vf/kd vkSj Å¡ps fx;lZ esa de gksrk gSA vf/kdka”k pkj ifg;k okgu esa ikap vkxs vkSj ,d foijhr xfr (Reverse) dk fx;j ckDl (Gearbox) gksrk gSA fx;jckWDl ls ÅtkZ ihNs ds ifg;ksa esa lapkfjr dh tkrh gSA izksisyj “kkW¶V (Propeller Shaft) tks fd ,d [kks[kyh flysaMj uqek ikbi ds vkdkj dk Hkkx gS ftlds fljksa ij ;qfuolZy TokabV gksrs gSa] ls gksdj ;g ÅtkZ tkrh gS A fx;jckWDl Dyp
izksisyj “kk¶V
;wfuolZy TokWbaV
fp=
1.12: ck;s%a
fMÝsfU”k;y
ihNs ds ifg;s
ikWoj Vªsu Ldhe- nk;ss% ikWoj Vªsu dk ekWMy]
Universal Joints “kfDr dks dks.k ij lapkfjr djus ds fy;s t:jh gSaA ;g vko”;d gksrs gSa D;ksfa d fx;jckWDl fMÝsfU”k;y (Differential) ls T;knk Å¡ps Lrj ij gksrk gSA izksisyj “kkW¶V (Propeller Shaft) lM+d dh rjQ >qdk gqvk gksrk gS vkSj ;g lM+d ds lekUrj ugh gksrkA fMÝsfU”k;y dk bLrseky eksM+ ij vUnj vkSj ckgj ds ifg;ksa dh xfr vYkx djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS ftlls fiNys ifg;s fcuk fQlys lM+d ij ?kweasA blls Vk;jksa dh mez c<+rh gSA jh;j gkQ “kkW¶V (Rear Half Shaft) tks fd ,d vkoj.k ls <ds gksrs gSa fMÝsfU”k;y ls fiNys nksuks ifg;ksa esa mtkZ lapkfjr djrs gSaA ikWoj Vªªsu (Power Train) ds bu vo;oksa dh lgk;rk ls batu ls mtkZ fiNys ifg;ksa rd igq¡prh gSA 1.5.3 jfuax flLVe (ifjpkyu fudk;)
vc ge psfll ds ifjpkyu fudk; dk v/;;u djax s sA ifjpkyu fudk; esa ,d Ýse (Frame) gksrk gS ftlij psfll ds lHkh Hkkx yxs gksrs gSaA
llis'a ku fudk; (Suspension System): llis”a ku fudk; lqfo/kktud lokjh iznku djus esa lgk;d gksrk gS tSls fd lkbfdy dh xn~nh ds uhps dh fLiax z (Spring) pykus okys dks lM+d ds >Vdksa ls cpkrh gSA llisa”ku fudk; dk dke Hkh dkQh dqN ,slk gh gksrk gSA blesa fLizax (Spring) rFkk shock absorber gksrs gSa tks fd lM+d ds >Vdksa ls cpkrs gSa vksj mUgsa body esa
lapkfjr gksus ls jksdrs gSaA nks izdkj ds fLizax gksrs gSa & yhQ fLizax (Leaf Spring) vkSj dkW;y fLizax (coil spring) LVh;fjax fudk; (Steering System) : LVh;fjax fudk; dk iz;ksx pyrs gq;s okgu dh fn”kk cnyus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA pkj ifg;k xkM+h esa bl dke dks djus ds fy;s LVh;fjax oghy (Steering Wheel) gksrk gSA czsfdax fudk; (Braking System): lkekUr;% gesa okgu dks /khek djus vkSj jksdus dh t:jr gksrh gS vkSj czsfdax fudk; ;g dke djrk gSA ifg;s ,d Mªe ij yxs gksrs gSa tks fd “kwt (Shoes) ij ?kwers gSaA tc ge czsd yxkrs gSa, csszd “kwt QSyrs gSa vkSj Mªe ij yx tkrs gaS, ftlls Mªe :d tkrk gS vkSj ifg;s Hkh :d tkrs gSaA
fp=
1.13:
lLiSU'ku] LVh;fjax] csfz dax rFkk Oghy flLVe
ifg;s% ifg;s vkSj Vk;j okgu dks mBk dj j[krs gSa ;k lgkjk nsrs gSa vkSj okgu dks xfr'khyrk (traction) iznku djrs gSaA okgu ds Vk;lZ gh tehu ds laidZ esa gksrs gSaA 1-5-4
bySfDVªdy flLVe (Electrical System)
vkWVksehchy~ dk bysfDVªdy fudk; Mk;jsDV DjsUV fudk; (Direct Current System) gksrk gSA pkj ifg;k xkM+h esa 12 oksYV fudk; gksrk gSA bysfDVªdy fudk; dbZ mi fudk; ls cuk gksrk gS tSls cSVjh, pkft±x fudk; (Charging System), nkg iz.kkyh (Ignition system), izdk'k iz.kkyh (Lighting System) vkSj gkWuZ (Horn). cSVjh%&bysfDVªdy fudk; esa cSVjh gksrh gS tks bysfDVªdy mtkZ dks lap; djds j[krh gSA ;g bysfDVªdy mtkZ LVkjVj eksVj (Starter Motor) dks pykus ds fy;s vko”;d gksrh gS] ftlls batu pyuk “kq: djrk gSA pkft±x flLVe%&cSVjh dks pktZ (Charge) djus ds fy;s ,d pkft±x flLVe gksrk gS ftlesa Mk;ueks (Dynamo)@vkyVjusVj (Alternator) gksrk gSA ;g csYV (Belt) dh lgk;rk ls batu ls pyk;k tkrk gS vkSj rc ;kaf=d mtkZ dks bysfDVªdy mtkZ esa cnyrk gS tks cSVjh dks pktZ djrh gSA nkg iz.kkyh (Ignition System):&nkg iz.kkyh flQZ iSVªksy batu esa bLrseky dh tkrh gS ftlls mPp oksYV dh fpaxkjh mRiUu dh tkrh gS vkSj lEihfMr gok vkSj iSVªksy ds feJ.k dks flysaMj esa ngu djds batu ls ÅtkZ izkIr dh tkrh gSA nkg iz.kkyh vkSj fpaxkjh Mh+ty batu esa t:jh ugh gksrhA
izdk'k iz.kkyh%&izdk”k iz.kkyh esa ikfdZax ykbV (Parking Lights) gksrh gSa, tks nwljksa dks lM+d ij gekjh mifLFkfr crkrh gSA gSM ykbV gesa jkr dks okgu pykrs le; lM+d fn[kkrh gSA VuZ bafMdsVj ykbV (Turn Indicator Light) okgu ds fdukjksa ij vkxs] ihNs rFkk lkbM esa yxh gksrh gSaA ;g nwljksa dks crkrh gaS fd ge viuh xkM+h eksM+us okys gSaA ihNs dh ykbV] gels ihNs vkus okys okguksa dks lpsr dj nsrh gSA czsd ykbV okgu ds ihNs yxh gksrh gS ftlls czsd yxkus ij ;g ty tkrh gS vkSj ihNs vkus okys okguksa dks lo/kku dj nsrh gS fd ge okgu dh xrh /kheh dj jgs gSa ;k okgu jksd jgs gSa] ftlls os mfpr dne mBk ldsaA fjoflZax ykbV (Reversing Light) Lor% ty tkrh gS tc ge okgu dks fjolZ fx;j (Reverse Gear) esa Mkyrs gSaA blls okgu ds ihNs [kMs O;fDr dks tkudkjh gks tkrh gS fd okgu ihNs dh vksj pyk;s tkus okyk gSA psrkouh ds fy, lkjh vkxs dh] ihNs dh vksj fdukjksa ds bafMdsVj (Indicator) tyus&cq>us yxrs gSa ftlls lM+d ij pyus okyksa dks Kkr gks tkrk gS fd okgu ds ekfyd dks lgk;rk dh vko”;drk gSA ihNs dh vksj uaEcj IysV ij ykbV yxh gksrh gS ftlls jkr dks uaEcj IysV lkQ&lkQ fn[k ldsA iSuy ykbV esa gSMykbV gkbZ che bafMdsVj ykbV] ck;ha vkSj nk;ha bafMdsVj ykbV (Side Indicator Light) psrkouh okyh ykbV (Hazard Warning Light), batu ds rsy ds de nkc ls lpsr djus okyh cRrh] bXuh'ku vkWu cRrh rFkk cSVªjh fMLpkftZax lpsr djus okyh cRrh gskrh gSA ikfdZax czsd] gesa okgu dks pykus ls igys ikfdZax czsd gVkus dh ;kn fnykrh gSA Mkse ykbV (Dome Light) jkr dks dkj ds vUnj jks'kuh djrh gSA blds fLop dh rhu fLFkfr;kWa gksrh gSa & Off, Door activated rFkk On. tc fLop chp esa gksrk gS] Mkse ykbV (Dome Light) Lor% njoktk [kqyus ij ty tkrh gSaA gkWuZ (Horn)%&vUr% gekjs okgu esa gkWuZ Hkh gksrk gS tks lM+d ij pyus okyksa dks eksVj ds vkus ds ckjs esa voxr djkrk gSA LoewY;kadu iz”u 14. 15. 16. 17.
ckWMh lajpuk ds nks eq[; izdkj dkSu ls gS\ ek:fr 800 esa dkSu lk psfll ys vkmV bLrseky djrs gSa\ dkj esa fo|qrh; ÅtkZ ds nks L=ksr dkSu ls gSa\ gtkMZ okfuZx ykbV~ D;k gS\
1-6
nÙk dk;Z
1-6-1
d{kk dk;Z
12341-6-2 1.
LVhe yksdseksfVo dh rqyuk “kq: ds cus dkjksa ls djsAa crk;s]a dSls ek:fr us Hkkjr ds vkWVekschy~ O;olk; dks cny Mkyk\ ÝaV Oghy ;k fj;j Oghy dks ikWoj nsus ds ykHk vkSj gkfu;k¡ crk;saA crk;sa fd dSls fofHkUu lkbt ds fx;j VkWdZ rFkk LihM dks cnyrs gSaA xUus dk jl fudkyus okyh e”khu dk mnkgj.k nsdj le>k;sA x`g dk;Z Hkkjr esa eq[; vkWVekschy~ cukus okyh dEifu;kas dh lwph cuk;sa rFkk muds }kjk cukbZ tkus okyh xkfM+;ksa dks crk;sAa
2. 3.
1-7
iSlsatj dkj ds fofHkUu ekWMy ¼ÝaV o fj;j Oghy Mªkbo½ rFkk eky <ksus okyh xkM+h dks ns[ksa rFkk buds psfll ys vkmV dks le>sA dkj esa fofHkUu izdkj dh ykbVksa dks ns[ksAa
lkjka”k
bl v/;k; esa geus le>k fd vkWVekschy D;k gSA fQj geus blds laf{kIr bfrgkl dks ns[kk rFkk ;g Hkh ns[kk fd dSls bldk fodkl ,d ?kksM+k&jfgr xkM+h ls ysdj vkt ds ;krk;kr ds ,d rst lk/ku rd gqvkA ;gk¡ ,d xkSj djus okyh ckr ;g gS fd bldk vfo’dkj fdlh ,d O;fDr us ugha fd;k cfYd ;g igys ls ysdj vkt rd fodkl (Evolution) dk mÙke mnkgj.k gSA Hkkjrh; vkWVekschy~ m|ksx 1980 esa ßek:fr m|ksx fyfeVsMÞ ds tUe ds lkFk mTtoy gks x;kA ek:fr m|ksx fyfeVsM Hkkjr dh eq[; dkj cukus okyh dEiuh gS rFkk ;g fo”o ds dqN fodflr ns”kksa esa Hkh dkj dk fu;kZr djrh gSA bl v/;k; esa geus vkWVekschy~ ds eq[; flLVe rFkk lc flLVe ij ,d utj Mkyh ftudks ge vkxs ds pj.kksa esa i<+sxsA geus dkj dh leqfpr j[kj[kko rFkk fjis;fjax dks Hkh ns[kax s sA ,d cf<+;k j[kj[kko okyh dkj dks pykuk vkuUnnk;d gksrk gS ogha [kjkc j[kj[kko okyh dkjksas dks pykuk ,d nqLoiu gSA lM+dksa ij c<+rs okguksa ds dkj.k gekjs “kgj iznqf’kr gks jgs gSaA ge vius dkj dks leqfpr ns[kHkky ls bl iznw’k.k dks fu;af=r dj ldrs gSaA blds fy, gesa v/;k; esa fn;s x;s ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A xkM+h ds edSfud dk dke NksVk ugha gksrk] gesa fnu ij fnu ubZ&ubZ fnDdrksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ysfdu tSl& s tSls ge vuqHko izkIr djsx a s oSls&oSls ;g dke gekjs fy, vklku gksrk tk;sxkA
1-8
LoewY;kadu iz”ukssa ds lEHkkfor mÙkj 12345678-
910111213-
vkWVekschy~ dh ifjHkk’kk ns[ksaA D;ksfa d mugsa vkneh ;k tkuoj ls “kfDr feyrh gSA os tehu ij ugha pyrs gSaA mUgsa ok’i ls “kfDr feyrh FkhA QksMZ ekWMy Vh rFkk chVy Øe”k% D;ksfa d ek:fr 800 dh rduhd ml le; Hkkjr esa cuh izhfe;j in~feuh rFkk ,EcslMj ls T;knk vPNh FkhA vkt izR;sd cM+h dEifu;ka Hkkjr esa ?kjsyw rFkk fu;kZr ds fy, dkj cukrh gSA cfYd vkWekschy~ dh lg&dEiuh Hkh dkQh fodflr gS rFkk fu;kZr ds fy, ikVZl cukrh gSA 1960 esa igyk lQy 2 LVªksd baVjuy dEc”ku batu cuk tks fd dksy xSl ls pyrk Fkk] csfYt;e ds ,Vuh fyukW;j us Patent djok;k FkkA 17 lky ds ckn lu~ 1877 esa igyk 4 LVªksd b.Vjuy dEc”ku batu dk fodkl Gotileb Daimler rFkk withelm maybach us fd;kA lu 1898 esa :MksYQ Mhty us igys Mhty batu dk izn”kZu teZuh esa fd;kA psfll vkWVekschy~ esa ckWMh ds gVkus ds ckn dk cpk fgLlk gSA gk¡] lwVscy ckWMh cukus ls tSls VkVk ds ,d gh psfll dks cl ;k Vªd ds :i esa cuk;k tk ldrk gSA leku <ksus ds fy, txg ;k lokjh <ksus dh txg dk vHkkoA b±/ku dh ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=d ÅtkZ esa cnydj dkj dks vkxs c<+krk gSA Dyp] xh;j ckWDl] izksisyj “kk¶V ;wfuolZy tkWbUV fMQsjsfa l;y] fj;j gkQ “kk¶V vk/kqfud ÝaV Oghy Mªkbo dkjksa esa ;wfuolZy tkWbUV ds lkFk izksisyj “kk¶V ds cnys Mªkbo “kk¶V] dkUlVSaV oykWflVh tkWbUV ds lkFk bLrseky fd;s tkrs gSaA
14- ckWMh Ýse ls cksYVsM ;k osYMsM rFkk eksuksdkWd lajpukA 15- ÝaV VªkUlolZ batu] ÝaV Oghy dks pykrs gSaA 16- cSVjh rFkk vYVjusVj igys Mh-lh- tujsVj ¼Mk;useks½ vYVjusVj ds cnys bLrseky fd;k tkrk FkkA 17- lHkh ÝaV ikfd±x ykbV] Vsy ykbV rFkk lkbM bUMhdsVj ykbV txexkrs gqbZ ftlesa pkyd dks lko/kku fd;k tk;sA
1-9
vH;klkFkZ iz”u vkWVekschy~ ds eq[; ykHk crk;sAa vkWVekschy~ dh mnkgj.klfgr ifjHkk’kk nsAa igys ds vkWVekschy~ dks “kfDRk dSls feyrh Fkh\ lM+d ij pyus okyk igyk okgu D;k Fkk\ “kq: dh iSlastj fo+ghdy~ dk laf{kir bfrgkl crk;sAa laf{kIr o.kZu djsa fd vki psfll ls D;k le>rs gSa\ ikWoj ;wfuV ¼batu½ dh laf{kIr O;k[;k djsAa ikWoj Vªsu ds eq[; Hkkx dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\ izR;sd ds dk;Z dks fy[ksAa batu yxkus rFkk ifg;ksa ij “kfDr nsus ds fofHkUu ys vkmV D;k gSa\ vk/kqfud dkjksa esa fdudk bLrseky gksrk gS\ 9. ckWMh lajpuk ds nks izeq[k izdkj D;k gS\ izR;sd ds ykHk rFkk gkfu dks crk;saA 10. jfuax flLVe ds fofHkUu lc&flLVe dkSu&dkSu ls gaS rFkk izR;sd ds D;k dk;Z gSa\ 11. vkWVekschy~ dh bySDVªdy flLVe dh O;k[;k djsA a 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1-10 lanHkZ ,oa foLr`r v/;;ukFkZ xzaFk lwph , , cqd vkWQ n dkj] Mªkbo ifCyds”Ku fyfeVsM] yanuA http//www.howstuffworks.com
1-11 “kCnkoyh psfll
xkM+h ls ckWMh gVkus ds ckn dk cpk fgLlkA
dksy xSl
dks;ys ds vàZ&ngu ls izkIr xSlasA
bySfDVªd LVkVZj
dkj ds cSVjh }kjk pfyr bySfDVªd eksVj ls xkM+h dks LVkVZ djus dh fof/kA
LVªksd batu
batu ftlesa fiLVu ds pkj LVªksd ls ,d lkbZfdy iwj h gksrh gSA
b.Vjuy de~cl~pu~ batu
batu ftlesa b±/ku dk ngu batu flfyaMj ds vanj gksrk gSA
eksuksdkWd
ckWMh lajpuk ftlesa Ýse ugha gksrk gS] lHkh flLVe rFkk lc flLVe ckWMh “ksy ds Åij yxk gksrs gSaA
VkVk 1210
VkVk psfll dk dksM ftldh {kerk 12 Vu ¼ldy otu½ rFkk batu 100 gklZikWoj yxHkx dk gksrk gSA
Vsydks
VkVk batfu;fjax ,UM yksdkseksfVo dEiuh fyfeVsM ftls vc VkVk eksVlZ dgrs gSa
2&LVªksd batu
batu ftlesa ,d lkbZdy fiLVu ds nks LVªksd esa iwjh gksrh gSaA