1- js'kk% oxhZdj.k ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ (FIBERS: THE CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS) oL=ksa dk vk/kkfjd vax js'kk gS tks ,d oL= dh jpuk] ckg~; vkd`fr] :i] rFkk xq.k dks ÁHkkfor djrk gSA pw¡fd gekjs pkjksa vksj fofHké Ádkj ds js'ks fo|eku gSa vr% muls vusd Ádkj ds oL=ksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA bdkbZ ds ÁFke ikB esa js'kksa ds oxhZdj.k ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ ÁLrqr gSaA f}rh; ikB esa js'kksa ds xq.kksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu gSA bl bdkbZ ds r`rh; ,oa vafre ikB esa js'kksa dh igpku ls lacaf/kr ijh{k.kksa ds laca/k esa le>k;k tk,xkA
1-0
mís';
(Objectives)
bl ikB dk v/;;u djus ds i'pkr~ vki& • ,d js'ks dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldsaxsA • ,d LVsiy rFkk fQykesUV js'ks ds chp ds varj dks le> ldsaxsA • js'kksa dh mRifŸk ds vk/kkj ij mudk oxhZdj.k&ÁkÑfrd vkSj ekuo fufeZr js'kksa ds :Ik esa dj ldsaxsA • ;g tku ldsaxs fd dikl] Åu vkSj js'ke dSls fufeZr gksrs gSaA • o.kZu dj ldsaxs fd ekuo fufeZr js'kksa vkSj fQykesUV js'kksa dk fuekZ.k dSls fd;k tkrk gSA
1-1
çLrkouk
(Introduction)
Hkkstu] oL= ,oa edku ekuo dh rhu vk/kkfjd vko';drk,¡ gSaA bl ikB dh fo"k; oLrq] ^^js'kk** oL= dk vk/kkj gSA vr% muds ckjs esa dqN Hkh dguk vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxhA oL=ksi;ksxh js'kks ds lkeku gksrk gS] ftuesa mPpdksfV dk eghuiu] fof'k"V yphykiu] mfpr et+cwrh] ,d fuf'pr U;wure yEckbZ rFkk vkil esa lVus dk xq.k gksrk gSA ;g brus de yEcs gks ldrs gSa fd budh yEckbZ buds O;kl ;k eksVkbZ dk 500 xquk ¼lkekU;r% 1000 ls 3000 xquk vf/kd½ gksrh gSA ;g brus vf/kd yEcs gks ldrs gSa fd budh yEckbZ buds O;kl dh rqyuk esa yxHkx vuUr xquk vf/kd gks ldrh gSA NksVs js'kksa (Fibers) dks LVsiy (Staple) rFkk cgqr yEcs js'kksa dks fQykesaV (Filaments) js'ks dgrs gSaA bl Hksn dks /;ku u nsrs gq, NksVs js'kksa ,oa fQykesaV (Filament) js'kk nksuksa dks gh js'kk (Fiber) dgk tkrk gSA bl ikB esa loZÁFke js'kksa dk mRifŸk ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k fd;k tk,xkA rRi'pkr~ Ák—frd js'kksa dk mRiknu rFkk ekuo fufeZr js'kksa ds fuekZ.k ls lacaf/kr o.kZu fd;k tk,xkA js'kksa ds dqN fof'k"V xq.kksa ij Hkh la{ksi esa var esa fopkj fd;k tk,xkA
1
1-2 js'kksa dk oxhZdj.k
(Classification of Fibers)
mRifŸk ds vk/kkj ij js'kksa dks nks oxksZa Ák—frd rFkk ekuo&fufeZr esa ls fdlh ,d oxZ esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA Ák—frd js'kksa dks mudh mRifŸk ds vk/kkj ij fuEukfyf[kr rhu oxksZa esa iqu% foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS % ouLifrd js'kk (Vegetable Fibers) - buesa vf/kdka'kr% dks'ke; (Cellulose) js'ks gksrs gSa ftuesa dikl] iVlu (Jute)] iVqvk (Flax)] fyuu] ukfj;y dh tVk (Coir)] lkbly (Sisal)] jSeh (Ramie)] vkSj gsEi~ (Hemp) vkrs gSaA oL=ksa esa mi;ksx ds vfrfjDr] dks'ke; rarqvksa dk Á;ksx dkxt+ rFkk vU; mi;ksxh mRiknksa tSls & jLlh] Mksjh] pVkbZ] vkS|ksfxd oL= vkfn ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA i) i'kqvksa ls ÁkIr js'kk (Animal Fibers) - ;s vf/kdka'kr% ÁksVhu js'ksa gSa ftuesa Åu o js'ke vkfn vkrs gSaA ii) [kfut js'kk (Mineral Fibers) - ,d ek= miyC/k [kfut js'kk ,sLcsLVkWl (Asbestos) gS ftldk mi;ksx vkS|ksfxd mRiknuksa ds fuekZ.k esa cgqrk;r ls fd;k tkrk Fkk ijUrq vc ;g /khjs&/khjs Ápyu ls ckgj gks jgk gS D;ksafd lansg fd;k tkrk gS fd blls dSUlj (Cancer) QSyrk gSA js'kksa ds nwljs oxZ esa ekuo }kjk fufeZr js'ks vkrs gSaA bUgsa dHkh dHkh —f=e js'kk (Synthetic Fiber) ;k fufeZr js'kk (Manufactured Fiber) Hkh dgrs gSaA Ák—frd js'kksa dh Hkk¡fr bUgsa Hkh fuEu rhu oxksZa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA i) Ák— Ák—frd dPps eky ls ÁkIr (Derived from natural feedstock) bl oxZ esa vkus okys vf/kdka'k js'kk dks'ke; (Cellulose) ls ÁkIr gksrs gSa tks ck¡l] ydM+h ;k dikl ds js'kksa ls ÁkIr gksrk gSA bl oxZ esa lcls egŸoiw.kZ js'kk js;kWu gSA ,d yEcs le; rd js;kWu dk fuekZ.k tfVy ÁfØ;k }kjk fd;k tkrk jgk ftlesa dks'ke; dks loZÁFke lsY;wykst tSUFksV (Cellulose Zanthate) esa cnyk tkrk Fkk vkSj rRi'pkr~ ?kksydj js'ksa dk fuekZ.k djds mlls iqu% 'kq) dks'ke; js'kk (Cellulose Fibre) mRié fd;k tkrk Fkk ftls foLdkst+ js;kWu (Viscose Rayon) dgrs FksA fdUrq vc uohu dky esa dks'ke; ds ækod [kkst fudkys x;s gSa vkSj vc dks'ke; js'kksa dk fuekZ.k lh/ks dks'ke; ds ?kksy ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;s yk;kslsy (Lyocel) vkSj VsUlsy (Tencel) ds O;kolkf;d uke ls miyC/k gSA FkksM+h ek=k esa jklk;fud jhfr ls lq/kkjk x;k dks'ke; js'kk Hkh cuk;k tkrk gS& ;s lsY;wykst MkbZ,lhVsV (Cellulose Diacetate) vkSj lsY;wykst VªkbZ,flVsV (Cellulose Triacetate) js'kk gSA jcj ds ikS/ks ls fudkyk x;k nw/k ^jcj ySVsDl* (Rubber Latex) ,d vU; Ák—frd dPpk eky gS ftlls oL=ksa ,oa vU; m|ksxksa }kjk Á;ksx esa yk, tkus gsrq jcj js'ks cuk, tkrs gSaA ii) fufeZr dPPks eky ls ÁkIr (Derived from manufactured feed stock) bl oxZ ds js'kksa dk Áeq[k lzksr isVªksjlk;u m|ksx gS tcfd dks;yk vkSj xSl dh Hkh bu js'kksa esa FkksM+h Hkkxhnkjh gSA buesa igys fuEu vk.kfod Hkkj (Atomic Number) okys jlk;uksa dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rc buds ikWfyejkbZts'ku (Polymerization) }kjk js'kk cgqyd (Polymer) esa cnyk tkrk gSA bl fof/k ls ikWfy,sekbM ¼uk;ykWu 66] uk;ykWu 6½] ikWfy,LVj (Polyester)] vfØfyd (Acrylic) rFkk ikWfyÁksfiyhu (Polypropylene) ÁkIr fd, tkrs gSaA LiS.MsDl (Spandex) rFkk ykbØk (Lycra) byklVksesfjd (Elastomeric) js'kk Hkh blh ÁfØ;k }kjk ÁkIr fd, tkrs gSaA iii) vU; js'ks (Miscellaneous fibers) flfydk (silica) ls ÁkIr dk¡p ds js'ks rFkk pk¡nh vkSj lksus ds js'ks ekuo fufeZr js'ks gSa
tks bl oxZ esa j[ks tkrs gSaA vc leLr oL=ksi;ksxh js'kksa rFkk bu fofHké oxksaZ ls lacaf/kr js'kksa ,oa fQykesUV js'kksa dks js[kkfp= 1-1 ds :Ik esa ÁLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
2
lkj.kh 11- 1 js'kksa ,oa fQykesUV js'kksa dk oxhZdj.k
js'kk
(Textile Fibers)
Ák— Ák—frd
ekuo fufeZr
ouLifrd
[kfut
Ik'kqvksa ls ÁkIr Åu] js'ke
,sLcsLVkWl
dikl] dsikWd] twV] gsEi] jSeh] ¶ySDl] Nky] lkbly] vUukl] dsyk] iÙkh] ukfj;y dh tVk (coir)] Qy Qy Ák— Ák—frd dPpk eky ls ÁkIr foLdkst js;kWu] Y;kslsy] VsUlsy] ikWfyuksfld] D;wÁkeksfu;e js;kWu] jcj
xfrfof/k
fufeZr dPpk eky ls ÁkIr uk;ykWu 66] uk;ykWu 6] ikWfy,LVj]] fy,LVj]] vfØfyd] LiS.MsDl] ykbdjk] ykbdjk] ikWfyÁksfifyu
vU; /kkrq] dk¡p
(Activity)
1- vki dqN js'kksa ds uewus ,d= djsa rFkk ijh{k.k djds crk,¡ fd os fdl oxZ ls lacaf/kr gSaA
Lo;a Lo;a tk¡p Á'u Á'u
(Self check Questions)
1- fuEukafdr dFku esa lR;@vlR; crk,¡& i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)
dikl ,d ekuo fufeZr js'kk gSA foLdl js;kWu ekuo fufeZr js'kk gSA ukfj;y dh tVk ,d lsY;wyksfld ¼dks'ke;h½ js'kk gSA LVsiy js'kk ,d vuUr yEckbZ okyk js'kk gksrk gSA foLdkst+ js;kWu ,d ÁksVhu js'kk gSA js'ke ,d Ák—frd js'kk gSA
lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR;
2- fuEukafdr inksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa & i) LVsiy js'kk ii) fQykesUV js'kk
1-2
ÁkÑfrd js'kk
(Natural Fibers) 3
dikl] Åu vkSj js'ke Áeq[k Ák—frd js'ks gaS ftudk ;gk¡ la{ksi esa o.kZu fd;k tk,xkA mŸkj Hkkjr esa dikl e/; ebZ esa cksbZ tkrh gSA 5 ls 6 ekl ds i'pkr~ dikl dk MksMk ftlesa js'kk fudyrk gS mls] fcukSyk dgrs gaS] QV dj okrkoj.k esa ?kqy tkrk gS ¼fp= 1-1½A js'kksa ds lw[k tkus ds i'pkr~ bUgsa rksM+ dj bdV~Bk dj fy;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr laHkor% dikl mxkus okyk ns'k FkkA ,sls Áek.k gSa fd ;gk¡ 5000 o"kZ iwoZ Hkh dikl dh [ksrh gksrh FkhA dikl ds js'kksa ds xq.k esa foxr 50 o"kksZa ds nkSjku cgqr lq/kkj gqvk gSA iqjkus le; esa tgk¡ NksVs o eksVs js'ks okyh dikl miyC/k Fkh vkt cgqr eghu yEcs js'ks okyh dikl mxkbZ tkrh gSA ,slk foLr`r iks"k.k dk;ZØeksa rFkk ladj Átkfr;ksa ds mRiknu }kjk gh laHko gks ldk gSA lu~ 2000 bZ0 esa fo'o esa dqy 500 yk[k Vu js'kksa dk mRiknu gqvk Fkk ftlesa ls dikl dk mRiknu 200 yk[k Vu FkkA blh Ádkj Hkkjr esa 40 yk[k Vu js'kksa dk mRiknu fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa ls 20 yk[k Vu dikl gh FkhA
fp= 11-1 dikl dk MksMk
Åu nwljk egŸoiw.kZ Ák—frd js'kk (Textile Fiber) gSA ;g HksM+] cdjh] [kjxks'k vkSj Å¡V vkfn Ik'kqvksa ij mxk gqvk cky gksrk gSA dqy mRiknu dk yxHkx 90% Åu rks HksM+ksa ls gh ÁkIr gksrk gSA ;g ÁksVhu js'kk gksrk gS tks dqN HksM+kas ij 1-25 lsaeh- Áfr ekl dh nj ls mxrk gSA tc ;g iwjh rjg ls mx tkrk gS rc Åu dh ;g eksVh irZ drj yh tkrh gS ¼fp= 1-2½A rRi'pkr~ bls lkQ fd;k tkrk gS ftlds ckn bls mi;ksx gsrq Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA 1996 bZ0 esa fo'o esa 12 djksM+ ls vf/kd HksM+s Fkha ftlesa ls 4-5 djksM+ Hkkjr esa FkhA vkadM+s n”kkZrs gSa fd fo'o ds Åu mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk HksM+ksa ds fgLls dh rqyuk esa dkQh de FkkA
fp= 11-2 HksM+ ls drjk x;k Åu
js'ke ,d vU; ÁksVhu js'kk gS ftls js'ke dk dhM+k (Silkworm) ,d ,slh ÁfØ;k }kjk cukrk gS tks ekuo fufeZr js'kksa ds mRiknu gsrq Á;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh ÁfØ;k ds vR;Ur fudV gSA js'ke dk dhM+k vius tcM+s ds uhps dgha fLFkr xzafFk;ksa }kjk ,d fpifpik æo lzkfor djk dj bl Ádkj ls vius Åij yisV ysrk gS fd mlls ,d ^dqdwu^ (Cocoon) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl 1 ls 2 fdyksehVj yEcs fQykesUV js'ks dks og yxHkx 50 lsaeh- Áfr ?kaVk dh nj ls mRikfnr djrk gSA bl dqdwu dks ok"Ik esa j[kk tkrk gS ftlls js'ke dk dhM+k dqdwu ds Hkhrj gh ej tkrk gS vkSj yEck fQykesUV js'kk ,df=r dj fy;k tkrk gSA
1-2 ikWfyefjd Ák—frd frd js'ks (Polymeric Nature of Fiber) ;|fi Ák—frd js'ks vkSj ekuo dk lkFk cgqr iqjkuk gSA mudh lajpuk ls lacaf/kr& fo'ks"krkvksa ds fo"k; esa crkuk rHkh laHko gks ldk tc muds v/;;u gsrq lqfo/kk,¡ (Facilities) miyC/k gqbZaA dikl ij foLr`r v/;;u djus ij oSKkfudksa dks fo'okl gks x;k fd js'kksa ds v.kq cgqr cM+s gksrs gSaA js'kksa dh ikWfyej Á—fr }kjk muds xq.kksa ds fo"k; esa le>k x;k] tSls& Hkkj Mkyus ij js'ks dh yEckbZ dk ,d lhek rd c<+uk rFkk Hkkj gVkus ij iqu% viuh iwoZ fLFkfr dks 4
ÁkIr dj ysukA ;g fo'ks"krk fp= 1-3 ls Li"V gS fd ;g blh dkj.k gh lEHko gks ldk D;ksafd yEcs v.kq lnSo iwjh rkSj ls lh/kh iafDr esa ugha jgrsA mi;qDr fn'kk esa vofLFkr u jg dj mlls gV tkuk gh js'kksa ds QSyko dk dkj.k gks ldrk gSA Hkkj ds gVkus ij os iqu% viuh iwoZfLFkfr dks igq¡p tkrs gSa tks mudh lkE; bD;qfycfj;e (Equilibrium) dh fLFkfr Fkh ¼fp= 13½A
fp= 11-3 Hkkj dk Á;ksx djus ij ,d v.kq ds QSyko dk O;oLFkk laca/kh Án'kZ Án'kZu
,d 'krkCnh ls vf/kd igys [kksts x, ÁFke ekuo fufeZr js'ks foLdkst+ js;kWu ds Ik'pkr~ cuk, x, leLr ekuo&fufeZr js'ks 1940 bZ0 ls iwoZ [kksts x, ikWfy;sekbM (Polyamides), rFkk 1940 bZ0 ds i'pkr~ [kksts x, ikWfy,LVj (Polyester), vfØfyd (Acrylic) vkSj ikWfyÁksfiyhu (Polypropylene) & ikWfyej ij gh vk/kkfjr gSaA Hkkjh ek=k esa mRikfnr nks ikWfy,sekbM js'ks ukW;ykWu 66 o ukbykWu 6 gSaA vkS|ksfxd js'kksa ds :Ik esa mudk vf/kd Á;ksx gksrk gSA vfØfyd js'kksa dk Á;ksx —f=e Åu ds :Ik esa cgqr gksrk gSA ikWfy,LVj fQykesUV o LVsiy js'ks dk Á;ksx ifj/kku ds :Ik esa cgqr gksrk gSA
1-3
ekuo fufeZr js'ks
(Man-Made Fibers)
vc rd ge tku pqds gSa fd leLr ekuo fufeZr js'kksa dh Ád`fr ikWfyej gksrh gSA mudk fuekZ.k vusd ikWfyej (Polymer) bdkbZ ds jklk;fud ca/ku ÁfØ;k ds QyLo:Ik ,d lkFk tqM+dj vf/kd v.kqHkkj okyh yEch J`a[kyk cukus ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik gksrk gSA budk mRiknu lkekU;r% mPp nkc ,oa rki (High Pressure And Temperature) dh mifLFkfr esa fuEu v.kqHkkj (Atomic Weight) okys jklk;fud inkFkksZa ds v.kqvksa ds lkFk tqM+dj yEch J`a[kyk cukus ds QyLo:Ik gksrk gSA ,d ckj tc cgqyd (Polymer) dh mRifŸk gks tkrh gS rc bls rjy inkFkZ esa cny dj fQykesUV js'ks esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA rRi'pkr~ fi?kys ;k ?kqys ikWfyej dks eghu fNæksa esa ls vkj ikj ckgj fudky dj eghu fQykesUV dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl Ádkj mRikfnr fQykesUV js'kk lkekU;r% ,d Mªkbax e'khu (Drawing Machine) esa ls fudkyk tkrk gS ftlls fd js'ks ds v.kq yEckbZ dh fn'kk esa vuqLFkkfir (Orient) gks tk, ,oa js'ks etcwr cu tk,A tSlk fd igys crk;k x;k gS] js'kk fuekZ.k ds fy;s cgqyd (Polymer) dk fi?kyk ;k ?kksy dh voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA mlds ckn gh edM+h ;k js'ke ds dhM+s }kjk lfn;ksa ls Á;qDr Áfof/k dk Á;ksx js'kksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds vUrxZr rjy inkFkZ dks ncko ls vR;ar ladjs fNæksa okyh ,d /kkrq pfØdk (Metal Spinneret) ds ek/;e ls ikj djk dj Qqgkjs ds :Ik esa ckgj fudkyk tkrk gSA bl Ádkj ckgj fudys gq, js'kksa dks 'kh?kzrk ls [khapdj yEcs fQykesUV js'kksa ds :Ik esa dBksj dj fy;k tkrk gSA esYV drkbZ (Melt Spinning) mUgha cgqyd (Polymers) dh laHko gS tks fLFkj :Ik ls æohHkwr (Molten) gksrs gSa] tSls ukbykWu 66] ukbykWu 6] ikWfy,LVj] ikWfyÁksfiyhu bR;kfnA dks'ke; (Cellulose) u fi?kyus okys ikWfyej rFkk ikWfy,fØykWukbVªskby vFkok vfLFkj xfr ls æohHkwr gksus okys cgqyd (Polymers) dks esYV drkbZ }kjk js'kksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA 5
fp= 1-4 esa ,d vkn'kZHkwr (Typical) esYV drkbZ O;oLFkk Ánf'kZr gSA ikWfyej fpIl (Polymer Chips) ;k NksVs nkus fpixzkgh gkij (Chip Hopper) esa Mkys tkrs gSa rFkk ,DLVªÅMj (Extruder) esa fi?kyk, tkrs gSaA æohHkwr ikWfyej ,d iwoZ Nuuk (Pre-Filter) ls xqtjus ds Ik'pkr~ ,d nwljs Nuuk ls gksdj xqtjrk gS tks fLiujsV (spinneret) esa Áfo"V gksus ls igys drkbZ gSM (Spinning Head) ij yxk gksrk gSA fLiujsV ds ladjs fNæksa ls ckgj vkus ij bUgsa dks,sUp psEcj (Quench Chamber) esa B.Mk djds Bksl cuk fn;k tkrk gSA vc drkbZ dk Á;ksx djus ds Ik'pkr~ bUgsa bdkbZ ds e/; esa yxs okbZUMj (Winders) ij ,dkdh fQykesUV js'kk vFkok lkekU;r% eYVh fQykesUV (Multi Filament) js'kk /kkxksa ds :Ik esa yisV fy;k tkrk gSA rRi'pkr~ mUgsa vkxs ÁfØ;k (Further Processing) gsrq Hkst fn;k tkrk gS ftlds vUrxZr js'kksa dks rku dj iwjh yEckbZ rd c<+kus vFkkZr~ MªkbZax (Drawing) ,oa cVus rFkk rkudj O;ofLFkr j[kus vkfn dk dk;Z gks ldsA
fp= 11-4 ,d æohHkwr drkbZ dh bdkbZ
?kksy drkbZ vFkok lksY;w'ku drkbZ (Solution Spinning) dks nks oxksZa & vkæZ drkbZ rFkk 'kq"d drkbZ esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA vkæZ drkbZ (Wet Spinning) esa js'kk fuekZ.k dh ÁfØ;k teus dh fØ;k ds QyLo:i gksrh gS tcfd “kq’d drkbZ esa jss'ks dh ÁkfIr ,d 'kks"kd Ádks"B (Drying Chamber) esa ækod dks mcky dj vyx djus ls gksrh gSA fp= 1-5 esa ,d vkæZ drkbZ O;oLFkkiu (Wet Spinning Set Up) Ánf'kZr gSA ikWfyej dks ækod esa ?kksy dj Nku fy;k tkrk gSA rRi'pkr~ ?kksy dh ,d ekih x;h ek=k dks ,d dks,sxwys'ku ckFk (Coagulation Bath) esa Mwcs fLiujsV~ (Spinneret) esa Mkyk tkrk gSA pw¡fd rjy fQykesUV js'kksa dks ncko ds vUrxZr Qqgkjs ds :Ik esa ckgj fudkyk tkrk gS vr% blls js'kk cukus dh fØ;k gksrh gSA rRi'pkr~ Bksl fQykesUV js'kksa dks /kksus] nksuksa pj.kksa (Stages) esa rkuus] lq[kkus rFkk yisVus dk dk;Z lEié fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ckr /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ;g ,d ,dhd`r ÁfØ;k (Integrated Process) gS ftlesa rkuus dk dk;Z cqukbZ ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gSA foLdkst+ js;kWu (Viscose Rayon) vkSj ikWfy,fØykWukbZVªkby (Polyacrylonitrile) js'kksa dk mRiknu vkæZ drkbZ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
6 fp= 11-5 ,d vkæZ drkbZ dh bdkbZ
fp= 1-6 esa ,d 'kq"d drkbZ O;oLFkk Ánf'kZr dh xbZ gSA blesa Nuk gqvk ikWfyej ?kksy iw.kZ ÁfØ;k ds f'k[kj ij fLFkr /kkjd esa Mkyk tkrk gSA vc ?kksy dh ,d ekih x;h ek=k ,d csyukdkj Nuuk ls gksdj fLiujsV esa tkrh gSA fQykesUV js'kksa dk xÎk (Bundle) ,d lq[kkus okys psEcj (Drying Chamber) esa fxjrk gS tgk¡ ækod dks ok"ihd`r djus ds Ik'pkr~ Bksl gq, fQykesUV js'kksa dks yisV fy;k tkrk gSA blesa rkuus dk dk;Z vyx ls fd;k tkrk gSA ikWfy,fØykWukbVªkby] lsY;wyksl ,flVsV] LiS.MsDl rFkk foLdkst+ js;kWu dk mRiknu bUgha nksuksa fof/k;ksa }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA fp= 11-6 ,d 'kq"d drkbZ dh bdkbZ
1-4
ÁkÑfrd js'kk o ekuo fufeZr js'kk (Natural Fibers and Man-Made Fibers)
;|fi Ák—frd vkSj ekuo fufeZr js'kksa dh jpuk esa cgqr vUrj gS fQj Hkh nksuksa esa yEcs v.kq (Atom) gksrs gSa vkSj mu v.kqvksa dh O;oLFkk ,oa vO;oLFkk nksuksa js'ks esa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS ¼fp= 1-7½A ftl fgLls esa v.kq O;ofLFkr gksrs gSa og —LVykbZu fgLls (Crystalline Regions) dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA js'ks dh fVdkÅiu (Durability)] etcwrh (Strength)] fLFkjrk (Stability)] iquZçkfIr (Recovery) vkfn Ánku djus esa bu fgLlksa dk egŸo gksrk gS tcfd vO;ofLFkr v.kq (Disordered Regions) tks ifjorZu dh fLFkfr esa gksrs gSa ,sekjQksl fgLls (Amorphous Region½ esa gks ldrs gSaA yphykiu (Flexibility)] jaxkbZ (Dye Ability), o ueh ds vo“kks’k.k (Absorbency) rFkk dBksjrk (Hardness), dks c<+kus esa ;g fgLlk lgk;d gksrk gSA
fp= 11-7 ,d js'kk esa v.kqvksa ds forj.k forj.k Á.kkyh dks Ánf'kZ Ánf'kZr djus okyk js[kkfp=
vc ;fn ge nksuksa oxksZa ds js'kksa esa varj dks le>us dk Á;Ru djsa rks Ák—frd js'kksa esa ekuo fufeZr js'kksas dh vis{kk cgqr vf/kd vlekurk (Unevenness) gksrh gSA Ák—frd vusd Hksn Hkh gksrs gSaA vr% Ák—frd js'kksa ds ijh{k.k ds fy, vkSlr fudkyus ls igys cgqr cM+h la[;k esa uewuksa dk ijh{k.k djus dh vko”;drk iM+rh gSA ,d vU; egŸoiw.kZ vUrj Ák—frd js'kksa dh vk—fr dk tfVy gksuk gS tcfd blds foijhr ekuo&fufeZr js'kksa dh vk—fr (Morphology) vis{kk—r ljy gksrh gSA ,d rhljk egŸoiw.kZ vUrj ;g gS fd Ák—frd js'ks —f=e js'kksa dh vis{kk ueh dh vf/kd ek=k lks[krs gSa D;ksafd buesa ;g ty 'kks"kd lewgksa (Water Attracting Group) dh la[;k —f=e js'kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA fu'p; gh foldkst+ js;kWu ,d ekuo 7
fufeZr js'kk gksrs gq;s Hkh viuh dks'ke;h jpuk ds dkj.k vkæZrk dk dkQh ek=k esa 'kks"k.k djrk gSA blh dkj.k Ák—frd js'kksa rFkk foLdkst+ js;kWu ds cus iguus ds ifj/kku] fo'ks"k :Ik ls m’.k dfVcU/kh; ¼fo"kqor js[kk ls 230 & 270 mŸkjh ,oa nf{k.kh v{kka'kksa vFkkZr~ ddZ ,oa edj js[kk (Tropical) ds chp ds {ks= ls lacaf/kr½ rFkk xeZ tyok;q (Hot Climates) esa vf/kd vkjkenk;d gksrs gSaA
Lo;a tk¡p Á' Á'u
(Self check Questions)
3- Ák—frd (Natural) rFkk —f=e (Synthetic) js'kksa esa Áeq[k varj crk,¡ \ 4- fuEu dFkuksa esa lR; vFkok vlR; crk,¡& i) ii) iii) iv)
xfrfof/k
Ñf=e js'ks cgqr vkjkenk;d gksrs gSaA Ñf=e js'kksa esa Ák—frd js'kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd ,d:irk gksrh gSA cgqyd mPp v.kqHkkj okys gksrs gSaA js'kksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s ,d ek= mi;qDr inkFkZ ikWfyej gksrs gSaA
lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR;
(Activity)
1- ÁkÑfrd js'kksa ds oxhZdj.k n'kkZus gsrq ,d js[kkfp= cuk,¡A tgk¡ laHko gks lds ogk¡ mu js'kksa ds lzksrksa dk fp= ÁkIr djus dk Á;kl djsaA
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nÙk dk;Z
1-7-1 d{kk dk;Z
(Assignments) (Class assignments)
i) ÁR;sd Áeq[k js'ks ds de ls de 5 uewus viuh dk;Z iqfLrdk ij fpidk,¡ vkSj igpku
djds muds uke fy[ksaA
1-7-2 x`g dk;Z
(Home assignments)
i) Ák—frd rFkk —f=e js'kksa ds dqN uewus ,d= djsa rFkk mUgsa ,d iqfLrdk (File) esa
fpidk,¡A
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Lkkjka Lkkjka'k
(Summing Up)
;g ikB oL= fuekZ.k esa mi;ksx vkus okys fofHké js'kksa ds fo"k; esa laf{kIr o.kZu djrk gSA js'kksa dh mRifŸk ds vuqlkj bu js'kksa dk oxhZdj.k ikB esa ÁLrqr gSA ikB esa Ák—frd js'kksa dk mRiknu rFkk ekuo fufeZr js'kksa ds mRiknu dk la{ksi esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA js'kksa ds vfr egŸoiw.kZ fof'k"V xq.k dh ppkZ blesa dh xbZ gSA
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Lo;a tkap Á'uks Á'uksa ds laHkkfor mÙkj (Possible Answers to Self check Questions) 1. crk,¡ fd dFku lR; vFkok vlR; gS& i) ii) iii) iv) v)
vlR; lR; lR; vlR; vlR; 8
vi) lR; 2. 5 lsaeh- rd ds ;k cgqr NksVs js'kksa dks LVsiy dgrs gSaA yEckbZ esa vf/kd vFkkZr~ 5 lsaseh-
ls vf/kd yEcs js'ks fQykesUV js'ks dgykrs gSaA 3. Ák—frd vkSj —f=e (Synthetic) js'kksa esa cgqr vUrj gSA ÁkÑfrd js'kksa esa ekuo fufeZr js'kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd vlekurk gksrh gS D;ksafd Ák—frd js'ks lkekU;r% ekuo fufeZr js'kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd vkjkenk;d gksrs gSaA Ák—frd js'ks esa —f=e js'ks dh rqyuk esa ty 'kks"kd lewgksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
4. Ckrk,¡ fd dFku lR; vFkok vlR; gS i) ii) iii) iv)
1-8
vlR; lR; lR; lR;
vH;klkFkZ Á'u
(Terminal Questions)
1. —f=e cgqyd (synthetic polymers) }kjk fQykesUV js'kksa dk mRiknu dSls fd;k tkrk
gS \ 2. ^dikl js'kk^ ij ,d fVIi.kh fy[ksaA 3. ,d lQy js'ks esa D;k fof'k"V xq.k okafNr gSa \ la{ksi esa o.kZu djsa rFkk crk,¡ fd og
D;ksa vko';d gksrs gSa \
1-9
lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u iqLrdsa (References and Suggested Further Reading) 1. ctkt] ih+ ,oa xqIr oh-ch- 2004-] :bZ ls ukbykWu rd] ,u lh bZ vkj Vh] u;h fnYyhA 2. Collier,B.J.and Tortora, P.G.2001. Understanding Textiles, 6th Ed.Prentice Hall Inc., New York. 3. Gohl, E.P.G. and Vilensky, L.D., 2005, Textile Science, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. 4. Sreenivasa Murthy, H.V.1987. Introduction to Textile Fibers.The Textile Association (India), Mumbai.
1-10 'kCnkoyh
(Glossary)
1. jSeh (Ramie)
,d eghu] js'ke ds tSlk fpduk rFkk etcwr Ák—frd okuLifrd js'kkA
2. ,sLcsLVkWl (Asbestos)
Á—fr esa ÁkIr ,d ek= [kfut js'kkA 9
3. dSUlj (Cancer)
;g ,d chekjh gSA
4. ÁsflfiVs'ku (Precipitation)
teus dh fØ;k (Coagulation).
5. lsY;wyksl tSUFksV (Cellulose Xanthate)
dks'kh; (Cellulose) dks dkWfLVd lksMk rFkk dkcZu&MkbZ&lYQkbM ls fØ;k djus ls ;g ÁkIr gksrk gSA
6. bySLVksefjd /kkxk (Elastomeric Yarn)
,d jcj ls cuk /kkxk ftls jcj dh Hkk¡fr rku dj c<+k;k (Stretched) tk ldrk gS rFkk ftleasa iwoZfLFkfr dks ÁkIr djus dh mŸke {kerk gksrh gSA
7. m".k dfVcU/kh; (Tropical)
ddZ ,oa edj ds chp fLFkr {ks=A
8. pfØdk (Spinneret)
,d IysV ftlesa vusd cgqr lw{e fNæ gksrs gSaA
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