101-L-10-h

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10&ÁkjfEHkd ÁfØ;k ,oa jaxkbZ (PREPARATORY PROCESSES AND DYEING) diM+s dh jklk;fud ÁfØ;k esa jaxkbZ] NikbZ rFkk fQfuf'akx izfØ;k,a lfEefyr gSaA lcls igys diM+k mRikn dh lQkbZ dh tkrh gSa ftlls og jaxksa rFkk vU; jklk;fudksa dks xzg.k djus ds mi;qDr gks tk;sA blfy, ÁkjfEHkd izfØ;k,a] diM+s ij jklk;fud ÁfØ;k dk ,d vfHké Hkkx gSA bl bdkbZ ds ÁFke ikB esa loZÁFke ge ÁkjfEHkd ÁfØ;k ds fo"k; dk v/;;u djsxsa rFkk blds i'pkr~ jaxksa ds fo"k; ij fopkj djsxsaA ikB 11 esa diM+s dh NikbZ rFkk fQfuf'kax ds fo"k;ksa ls ifjfpr djk;saxsA vafre ikB esa ge iDds jaxksa ds VSLVksa ds fo"k; ij /;ku dsfUnzr djsxsaA

1010-0 mÌs”; bl ikB ds v/;;u ds Ik”pkr~~ vki ifjfpr gksaxsa% • ÁkjfEHkd ÁfØ;k dh vko';drk ,oa egRo lsA • fofHk™k VSDlVkby lkexzh ds fy, ÁkjfEHkd ÁfØ;kvksa lsA • diM+k jaxus ds fy, fHk™k&fHk™k miyC/k jaxksa lsA • fofHk™k VSDlVkby dh jaxkbZ ÁfØ;kvksa lsA

1010-1 ÁLrkouk oL= cukus dh izfØ;k js”kksa rFkk d`f=e js”kksa ls vkjEHk gksrh gS tks oL= fuekZ.k ds fy, ÁkjfEHkd lkexzh gSA bu ls igys /kkxk rFkk mlds i'pkr diM+k cuk;k tkrk gSA diM+k cukus ds ;s rhu oxZ vFkkZr js'kksa] /kkxksa rFkk diM+k cukus ds fo"k;ksa dk Øe'k% bdkbZ ,d] nks rFkk rhu esa v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA pkSFkh bdkbZ ftlesa diM+k cukus esa jklk;fud ÁfØ;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk;sxk] tks diM+k cukus ds ckn dh ÁfØ;kvksa ls lacaf/kr gS tSls jaxkbZ] NikbZ ,oa fQfuf'kax tks mRikn dh xq.koŸkk c<+krs gSaA blds vfrfjDr diM+k mRikn dks bu ÁfØ;kvksa dks djus ls igys gesa mRikn dks bl Ádkj lkQ djuk iMrk gS ftlls jaxksa] jaxjatd rFkk fQfuf'kax inkFkZ VSDlVkby lkexzh esa vo”kksf’kr gks ldsaA ;fn mRikn dks Hkyh Ádkj lkQ ugha fd;k tkrk rks jaxkbZ rFkk fQfuf'kax Bhd izdkj ls ugha gksrhA blfy, ge loZÁFke ÁkjfEHkd ÁfØ;kvksa dk v/;;u djsaxsaA mlds i”pkr jaxksa rFkk jaxkbZ dk o.kZu djsaxsaA

1010-2 v”kq)rk dk Lo:i bl fo"k; ds igys ikB esa oL= fuekZ.k dk oxhZdj.k muds lzksr ds vuqlkj fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk ;g cryk;k x;k Fkk fd Ákd`frd js'ks ekuo fufeZr js'kksa ls vf/kd vleku gksrs gSaA Ákd`frd js'ks tSls dikl] Åu dks mxus esa cgqr le; yxrk gS rFkk blds c<+us rFkk bdëk djus ds le; rd cgqr ls dfBu okrkoj.k rRoksa ds fy, [kqys gksrs gSa rFkk blesa v”kq)rk c<+ tkrh gSA blfy, mudks vf/kd 'kq) djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;s v”kqf);k¡ dPps js”ks dk Hkkx gks ldrh gSa] tSls dikl rFkk Åu] Ákd`frd olk rFkk ekse ;k drkbZ ds le; iz;qDr rsy vkfn gks ldrh gSaA bu lc dks vko”;d :i esa nwj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr dikl esa Ákd`frd jax lkexzh Hkh gksrh gS] ftldks vo'; nwj djuk iMrk gSA diM+s dh jaxkbZ NikbZ rFkk fQfuf'kax ds fy, cgqr lh voLFkk;sa lfEefyr gSA lHkh diM+ksa ds fy, lHkh voLFkk;as vko”;d ugha gSA loZÁFke ge lwrh diM+s rS;kj djus dh 1


fofHké voLFkkvksa dk o.kZu djsaxs rFkk mlds i'pkr ge ÁR;sd js”ks dh O;oLFkk dh vko';drkvksa dk o.kZu djsaxsA

1010-3 cqus lwrh diM+s ds fy, ÁkjfEHkd ÁfØ;k cqus gq, lwrh diM+ksa dks jaxus] NikbZ djus ;k fQfuf'kax ds fy, dk;Z dk Øe igys flaftax (Singeing), mlds i'pkr Mhlkbftax (Desizing), Ldkmfjax (Scouring), Cyhfpax (Bleaching)] eflZjkbts'ku (Mercerization) gksrk gSA flfUtax (singeing) % bl ÁfØ;k esa cqus gq, lwrh diM+ksa dh lrg ls js'ks@jks,sa dks gVkuk gS] cqus gq, diM+s dks cgqr vf/kd xfr ls xSl dh ykS ds Åij ls izokfgr fd;k tkrk gS ftlls mldh lrg ds jks,sa ty tkrs gSa ¼fp= 10-1½A ;g ÁfØ;k lwrh ;k vU; js'kksa dks gVkus ds fy, mi;qDr gSa D;ksafd blls jk[k cu tkrh gS ftldks ljyrk ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ÁfØ;k Åuh oL=ksa ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gS D;ksafd tyus ls vo'ks"k dM+k curk gSA blh Ádkj ;g fØ;k d`f=e js'kksa ls cus oL=ksa ds fy, Hkh mi;qDr ugha gksrh D;ksafd flfUtx ls budk jax [kjkc gks tkrk gS rFkk diM+k fldqM+ Hkh ldrk gSA

fp= 1010-1 lkbfuax e” e”khu Mhlkbftax (Desizing) % vxyk pj.k Mhlkbftax (Desizing) gksrk gS vFkkZr rkus ds /kkxs esa yxk;s x;s fpidus okys inkFkZ tks diM+k cquus fd ÁfØ;k esa lgk;d gksrs gSa] mudks gVkukA fpidus okys inkFkZ ls /kkxs dks inzO;ij fpidus ds dkj.k cqukbZ ds le; iMus okyk ncko@f[kapko vkil essa ,d leku :i ls c¡V tkrk gSA lsY;wyksfld js'kksa rFkk lsY;wyksfld fefJr ekuo fufeZr js'kksa esa LVkpZ ij vk/kkfjr fpidus okys inkFkksaZ dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tcfd ekuofufeZr js'kksa ls cus oL=ksa esa ?kqyu'khy fpidus okys inkFkksZa tSls iksyhfouk;y vkYdksgy rFkk iksyh,Øfyd vEy ij dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Ák;% fpidus okys inkFkksZsa esa LVkpZ dk feJ.k gksrk gSA lkbftax rRo dks nwj djus ds fy, LVkpZ ds NksVs&NksVs d.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS ftudks ikuh }kjk gVk;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, diMs+ dks ruq xa/kd ds vEy ;k ued ds ,flM es ¼0-5 ls 0-1% xk<+kiu diM+s ds ot+u ds vuqlkj½ nks ;k rhu ?kaVs ds fy, fHkxks;k tkrk gSA LVkpZ dks fMxzsM djus ds i'pkr ;g vko';d gS fd rstk+ c ds ÁHkko dks 'kh?kzrk ls iwjh rjg nwj fd;k tk;s vU;Fkk ;g oL= dks ÁHkkfor djsxkA vkWDlhMkbftax rRo tSls gkbMªkstu ijvkWDlkbM dk Á;ksx Ák;% bu fpids gq, inkFkksaZ dks gVkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd blds Á;ksx ls diM+ksa dks dksbZ gkfu ugha gksrhA bl ÁfØ;k ds fy, oL= dks vkDlhMkbftax rRo ds xeZ ?kksy esa fHkxks;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd gkbMªkstu ijvkWDlkbM Cyhfpax ds fy, Hkh Á;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA blfy, ;s nksuksa fØ;k,a lkFk lkFk dh tk ldrh gSA LVkpZ gVkus ds fy, ,Utkbeksa ds Á;ksx ls ck;ksdSfedy fof/k lcls lqjf{kr gS D;ksafd ,Utkbe dsoy LVkpZ ij gh ÁfrfØ;k djrk gS o js”kksa dks [kjkc ugha djrk gSA 2


Ldkmfjax (Scouring) % diM+s dh lQkbZ djus dh ÁfØ;k esa Ldkmfjax dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA bl fØ;k }kjk js'kksa esa ik;s tkus okys Ákd`frd olk rFkk ekse dks nwj fd;k tkrk gSA bl fØ;k }kjk cht ds VqdMksa] ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy dksbZ Hkh v'kq)rk rFkk feV~Vh ;k ?kkl vkfn tks jaxksa esa mls bdëk djrs ;k ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tkrs gq, Qal tkrs gSa dks nwj fd;k tkrk gSA lwrh oLrqvksa dh ijaijkxr Ldkmfjax esa lksfM;e gkbZMªkWDlkbM ds ?kksy dks vf/kd mPp rkieku esa Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fujUrj Ldkmfjax ÁfØ;k fp= 10-2 esa fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA

fp=fp=-1010-2 Ldkmfjax ÁfØ;k

Cyhfpax (Bleaching) % ;fn diM+s dks lQsn fQfu'k ;k lqanj cukuk gS rks lHkh Ák—frd jaxksa dks Cyhfpax }kjk gVk;k tkrk gSA Cyhfpax ÁfØ;k lHkh Ádkj dh v'kqf);ksa dks nwj djus rFkk ;g lqfuf'pr djus ls fd lHkh Ádkj ds jax lekIr gks tk;as ;k og jax jfgr mRikn esa cny tk;as rFkk cht vkSj Hkwlh mlesa u jgus ls iwjh gksrh gSA Cyhfpax] dSfY'k;e gkbiksdyksjsV ;k lksfM+;e gkbiksdyksjsV ;k gkbMªkstu ijksDlkbM ds Á;ksx }kjk dh tk ldrh gSA Cyhfpax dks rhu oxksZa esa ckaVk x;k gSA Qqy Cyhp% Cyhp tc mPp dksfV dh lQsnh pkfg, rks Qqy Cyhfpax dh tkrh gSA fo'ks"k :i esa tc diM+s dk Á;ksx fcuk jaxs gksrk gS ;k diM+s dks lQsn i`’BHkwfe ds vk/kkj ij NikbZ djuk gksrk gSA ,slk djus ds fy, igys diM+s dks gYds gkbiksdyksjsV esa rFkk mlds i'pkr gkbMªkstu ijvkWDlkbM esa Cyhp fd;k tkrk gSA gkWQ Cyhp% ftl diMs+ dh jaxkbZ rFkk NikbZ dh tkrh gS mls vk/kk Cyhp fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, gkbiksDyksjkbM ;k gkbMªkstu ijkDlkbM dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA gkbMªkstu ijvkWDlkbM dk Á;ksx Ldkmfjax fØ;k ds lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA eflZ Zjkbts”+ ku (Mercerization) % ;g ÁfØ;k lsY;qyksfld js'kksa dh egRoiw.kZ ÁkjfEHkd fljkbts fØ;k gS rFkk lkekU;r% ;g 'kq)hdj.k fØ;k ugha gSa ;g fLFkjhdj.k ÁfØ;k gSA blls js'ks ds HkkSfrd jklk;fud xq.kksa esa cnyko vkrk gSA js'ks vf/kd pedhys] etcwr] vf/kd f[kapus okys rFkk dksey Li'kZ okys cu tkrs gSaA ;g jaxksa rFkk fQfuf'kax rRoksa dks lqxerk ls xzg.k djus ;ksX; cu tkrs gSA ;g ÁfØ;k baXySaM fuoklh tkWu esnzO;j us 1884 esa mér dh Fkh vktdy bl ÁfØ;k esa diMs+ dks BaMs dkfLVd lksMk 15 ls 20% ?kksy ls tkrk gSA bl Ádkj lwrh js'kkas dh lrg fpduh rFkk pedhyh gks tkrh gSA D;ksafd iksfy,LVj bl mipkj dks lgu dj ldrh gS blfy, lwrh rFkk iksfy,LVj fefJr js'kksa dk Hkh eflZjkbts+'ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA vc diM+k jaxkbZ&NikbZ rFkk fQfuf'kax ÁfØ;k ds fy, rS;kj gSA ;g tkuuk vko';d gS fd ejfljkbts'ku ls diM+s dk ewY; cgqr c<+ tkrk gS blfy, lHkh lwrh diM+ksa dks eflZjkbt+ ugha fd;k tkrkA 3


1010-4 vU; oL=ksa ds fy, ÁkjfEHkd ÁfØ;k Åuh oL=ksa dks jaxkbZ ls igys Ldkmfjax] mlds i'pkr fefyax] dkckZsukbts+'ku rFkk U;wVªkykbts+'ku vkfn ÁfØ;kvkssa dks djuk iM+rk gSA vkidks igys ;g cryk;k x;k gS fd Åuh js'kksa ds flafUtx }kjk vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk] D;ksafd ,lk djus ls og dM+k vo'ks"k NksMr+ s gSaA ;g fØ;k ØkWfiax e'khu }kjk dh tkrh gS ftlesa #,sa dks ;kaf=d fof/k ls yxkrkj gsfydy CysMksa }kjk gVk;k tkrk gSA Åuh rkus dh lkbftax ugha gksrh blfy, fMlkbftax dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA Åu dh [kqys LVkWd esa Ldkmfjax dh tkrh gS ftl ls mldh drkbZ laHko gks ldsA bl dks lkcqu rFkk lksMk ls Hkjs rax rFkk cM+s Vsadksa ls ukWu&vk;ksfud flaFksfVd lkcqu rFkk lksfM;e dkcksZusV ds 45 ls 55 fMxzh rkieku ds ?kksy ls izokfgr fd;k tkrk gSA Ldkmfjax /kkxkas ;k diM+ksa esa Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA Åu esa cgqr lh ouLifr v'kqf);k¡ gksrh gSa rFkk budks nwj djus ds fy, jklk;fud mipkj ftls dkcsZukbftax dgrs gSa] 5 ls 6 Áfr'kr ued ;k xa?kd dk vEy Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blds i'pkr Åuh oLrqvksa dks vEy ls ÁHkkoghu fd;k tkrk gSA Åu dh Cyhfpax cgqr dfBu gksrh gS] D;kasfd ;g nzO;k;uksa ds Áfr laosnu'khy gksrh gS rFkk Cyhfpax rHkh dh tkrh gS] tc ;g cgqr gh vko';d gksA Åu dh Cyhfpax gkbMªkstu ijvkWWDlkbM ;k vU; rRoksa }kjk dh tkrh gSA fefyax og ÁfØ;k gS ftlesa Åuh oLrqvksa dh QsfYVax dh tkrh gS] ftlls js'kksa dk my>k gqvk tky ÁkIr gksrk gSA js”ke ds js'ks dh fuEu Øe ls jklk;fud ÁfØ;k gksrh gSA Mhxfeax] Cyhfpax] oSSfVax] Mkbax] fÁafVax rFkk fQfuf'kaxA dPps js'ke ds js'ks dqdwu ls ÁkIr gkssrs gS] blesa 20 ls 30 Áfr'kr olk gksrh gS ftls flfjflu dgrs gSaA blls rFkk vU; v'kqf);ksa ls js'ke [kqjnqjk rFkk pedfoghu gks tkrk gSA flfjflu ;k xksan dks dPps js'ke ls gVkus dks Mhxfeax dgrs gSaA flfjflu xeZ ikuh esa fo'ks"k dj ftlesa lkcqu dk ?kksy ;k {kkj feyk gks] ?kqy tkrh gSA bldks ,Ut+kbet+ ls Hkh gVk;k tk ldrk gSA js'ke dh oSfVax ftu yo.kksa ds mipkj ls dh tkrh gS] bl fØ;k ls diM+s dk Hkkj c<+ tkrk gSA flaFksfVd js'kksa okys diM+s dh ÁkjfEHkd rS;kjh Msftax ls vkjEHk dh tkrh gSA D;ksafd blesa v'kqf);k¡ de gksrh gS blfy, gYdh Ldkmfjax dh tkrh gSA ghV lsfVax ls diM+k ckn dh ÁfØ;k esa fldqM+rk ughaA

xfrfof/k (Activity) 1- vk/kk eh0 lwrh diM+k ysa rFkk fuEu dk;Z dks djsa% • diM+s dks rksyasA • diM+s dh Ldkmfjax djus ds fy, 2 xzk0 Áfr yh0 lkcqu rFkk 2 xzk0 Áfr yh0 lksMk ,s'k ikuh esa feyk dj mlesa diM+s dks ,d ?kaaVs rd mckysaA • lq[kkus ds i'pkr diM+s dks rksysa rFkk ns[ksa fd diM+s ds Hkkj esa dksbZ vUrj gSA

Lo;a tk¡p Á” Á”u 12-

xzs lwrh diM+s esa gksus okyh v'kqf);ksa dh lwph cuk,aA flfUtx ÁfØ;k dks ifjHkkf’kr djsaA 4


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fMlkbftax ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS\ fefyax ÁfØ;k dh ifjHkk’kk nhft,A Cyhfpax D;k gksrh gS\ eflZjkbftax ÁfØ;k dh mUufr fdlus rFkk dc dh Fkh\

1010-5 jax rFkk jaxkbZ jax tSfod feJ.k gS tks eq[;r;k diM+kas esa egRoiw.kZ jklk;fud ÁfØ;k }kjk jax nsus ds dke vkrs gSa vFkkZr~ jaxkbZ ,oa NikbZA bl ikB esa jaxksa rFkk jaxkbZ ds fofHk™k igyqvkas ij fopkj fd;k tk,xk ftlesa fo”ks’kr% lwrh diM+s dh jaxkbZ rFkk vU; oL=ksa dh jaxkbZ ij laf{kIr :i ls tkudkjh nh tk,xhA jax ds v.kq ml ij iM+us okys p;fur Ádk'k dks 'kksf"kr dj ysrs gSa rFkk ijkofrZr (Reflected) Ádk'k diM+s dk jax n'kkZrk gSA ,slk vlar`Ir tSfod rRoksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k gksrk gSA vla;qDr bysDVªkWUl tks vlar`Ir ck¡M~l esa gksrs gSa] iM+us okys Ádk'k ds fuf'pr Hkkx dks 'kksf"kr djds vU; Hkkx dks ijkofrZr (Reflect) dj nsrs gSa] ftlls jax fn[krs gSaA ;fn LoPNan rRo u gks rks v.kq jax foghu gks tk;saxsA jaxkbZ dk mís'; dsoy diM+s dks jax nsuk ugha gS vfirq jaxs x;s js'kksa ds bl jax dks cuk;s j[kuk gS] /kwi esa diM+s dk jax Qhdk ugha iM+uk pkfg,] /kksus rFkk jxM+us ls diM+s dk jax mrjuk ugha pkfg,A okLro esa fofHk™k ?kVdksa ds Áfr jax iDds gksus pkfg,A ;g vf/kdrj jaxksa rFkk js'kksa ds e/; vkd"kZ.k cy ij fuHkZj djrk gS rFkk js”ks dk LVªDpj rFkk jax dh js'kksa esa HkkSfrd fLFkfr vkfn ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA m™khloha 'krkCnh ds e/; rd diM+ksa esa Á;ksx gksus okys jaxks dks Ák—frd L=ksarksa ls ÁkIr fd;k tkrk FkkA D;ksafd ;s jax ikuh es lk/kkj.k :i ls ?kqyus okys rRo ugha gksrs] blfy, iôs jax cukus dh fof/k cgqr tfVy gksrh gS ijUrq egaxh gksrh gSA 1856 esa ,d fczfV”k nzO;k;u oSKkfud MCyw0 ,p0 ifØu (W.H.Perkin) }kjk ,d pedhyk gYdk cSaxuh (Mauve) jax rkjdksy ls rS;kj fd;k tks lcls igyk flaFkSfVd jax FkkA blls jaxksa ds jklk;fud foKku dh tkudkjh gqbZ rFkk cgqr ls flaFkSfVd jax m™kr gq, blds ifj.kkeLo:i m™khloha 'krkCnh ds vUr rd lHkh Ák—frd jaxksa dk LFkku flaFkSfVd jaxksa us ys fy,A ;g ,d jkspd rF; gS fd vktdy Ák—frd jaxksa dk Á;ksx diM+k jaxus ds fy, gksus yxk gS D;ksafd budk LokLF; rFkk okrkoj.k ij cqjk ÁHkko ugha iM+rkA jaxkbZ Ák;% oL= cukus okyh lkexzh dks ikuh esa ?kqys jax esa Mqcks dj dh tkrh gSA lk/kkj.kr; MkbZ fydj] ¼jax nzO;½ jax dk ikuh esa cuk ?kksy gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh jaxkbZ ds ÁHkko dks lq/kkjus ds fy, mls xeZ Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ikuh ds LFkku ij tSfod ?kksy dk Á;ksx fd;k tk;s ¼,slk cgqr de gksrk gS½ rks ,Dol~ Mkbax ds fo’k; dks Hkh la'kksf/kr djuk iM+rk gSA jax ds v.kq ds ?kksy dks NksM+dj iksfyeSfVªd js'kksa ls lacaf/kr gks tkrs gSa D;ksafd jax ds v.kqvksa rFkk ikuh esa Áfrd"kZ.k (Repulsive) cy mRi™k gks tkrk gS rFkk js'kksa ,oa jax ds v.kqvksa esa vkd"kZ.k cy gks tkrk gSA jax ds v.kq Anionic, Cationic ;k Disperse gks ldrs gSaA igys nks fo"k;ksa esa ikuh dk ?kksy cuk;k tkrk gS] Disperse jaxksa dks Aqueous Dispersion }kjk Á;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA v.kqvksa ds Anionic rFkk Cationic Hkkx igys nks fo’k;ksa esa mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSa rFkk Disperse jaxksa esa jax lHkh v.kqvkssa ds dkj.k curk gSA lksfM;e DyksjkbM ;k lksfM;e lYQsV dk ?kksy jax ds nzO; (Dye Liquor) esa blfy, feyk;k tkrk gS fd og vf/kd vk;fud gks tk;sA blls jax rFkk ?kksy ds v.kqvksa esa Áfr vkd"kZ.k (Repulsion) c<+ tkrk gS rFkk jax js'ks dh vksj c<+us yxrk gS ¼js'kksa ij p<+us yxrk gS½A jax ds ?kksy dks xeZ djus ls dsoy jaxkbZ dh xfr gh ughsa c<+rh vfirq js'ks QSy tkus ls jax dks p<+us esa lqfo/kk gksrh gSA jax dh cgqr lh lgk;d fØ;k;sa Á;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gS tSls dSfj;j ;k QSykus Carriers or Swelling okys rRo] Leveling Agents, Hkkx u cuus nsus rFkk Dispersing rRo] fMVstsZaV rFkk vknZzd (Wetting) rRoA 5


1010-6 jaxksa dk oxhZdj.k jaxksa dk ;k rks mudh jklk;fud lajpuk ;k muds mi;ksx ds <+ax ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ij ckn okyh fof/k dk o.kZu fd;k tk;sxkA tSlk fd ikB&1 esa geus tkuk fd diM+s cukus ds fy, cgqr vf/kd js'ks Á;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA D;ksafd fHk™k fHk™k js'kksa dh jklk;fud lajpuk vyx vyx gksrh gS blfy, mudks jaxus ds fy, jaxksa dh ,d cM+h Ja`[kyk ftudh fHk™k fHk™k jklk;fud lajpuk gks dh vko';drk gksrh gSA muds mi;ksx dh fof/k ds vuqlkj budk oxhZdj.k fuEu Ádkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gS%&

ikuh esa ?kqyu' u'khy jax% 123456-

Mk;jsDV Mkb (Direct Dye) ,sflM Mkb (Acid Dye) tfVy /kkrq Mkb (Metal Complex Dye) ewy ;k dSVk;fud Mkb (Basic Or Cationic Dye) fj,fDVo Mkb (Reactive Dye) lkWY;wcykbl~M Mkb (Solublised Dye)

ikuh esa u ?kqyus okys jax%

1- osV Mkb (Vat Dye) 2- xa/kd okys Mkb (Sulfer Dye) 3- QSyus okys Mkb (Disperse Dyes)

bu&Lkkbf bu&LkkbfV~ kkbfV~;w jax cukuk (In-stu colour formation): 1- ,tksbd jax (Azoic colour) 2- ,fuykbu CySd (Aniline Black) blds vfrfjDr fixeSaV jax Hkh Á;ksx gksrs gSA buesa fdlh Hkh js'ks ds Áfr vkd"kZ.k ugha gksrk blfy, fo'ks"k rduhd dk Á;ksx djuk iM+rk gS] tSls ckb.Mj ;k dksbZ fo'ks"k lgk;d fØ;kvksa dk Á;ksxA bu jaxksa dh fHk™k fHk™k Ádkj ds js'kksa ls mi;qDr rFkk og cy tks jaxksa dks js'ks esa cuk;s j[krk gS fuEu rkfydk esa n'kkZ;s x;s gSaA

js'ks dh Js.kh

jax dh Js.kh

Lksywyksfld % lwr¼dikl½] twV] Mk;jsDV] osV] ?kqyu'khy osV] lYQj iqu% fufeZZr Lywyksfld vkfn fj,fDVo ÁksVhu@iksyhekbM(Polymide)] Mk;jsDV] vEy] tfVy /kkrq] csl Åu] js'ke] ukbyksu ÁfrfØ;koknh iksfy;sLVj

fMLilZ (Disperse)

,fØfyd

csfld

vkd"kZ.k cy gkbMªkstu cksaM] okWu Msj okWYl (Van Der Walls) cy dksfoyasV cksaM vk;fud ;k byDVªksLVsfVd cy vk;fud@dksfoysaV cksaM gkbMªkstu cksaM] oku Msj okWYl (Van Der Walls) cy vk;fud ;k byDVªksLVsfVd cy

mijksDr rkfydk ls gesa lkj feyrk gS fd dksfoySaV cksaM vU; cksaMt+ ls etcwr gksrk gS blfy, fj,fDVo jaxksa dk iôk gksus dk xq.k vU; jaxksa ls vf/kd gksuk pkfg, tks gkbMªkstu ;k oku Msj okWYl (Van Der Walls) cksaM ls curs gSaA ;g lkj lwrh js'kksa dh jaxkbZ ds fy, fj,fDVo rFkk Mk;jsDV jaxksa dh rqyuk esa gh lR; gS ;g osV jaxksa ds fy, lR; ugha gSA ;|fi osV jax lwrh js'kkas dks vf/kd etcwrh ls ugha idM+rk fQj Hkh bl i)fr ls dh xbZ jaxkbZ /kksus ij ugha NwVrhA bldks fuEu nks ?kVdksa esa O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA 6


• jax dk ikuh esa u ?kqyuk • jax ds v.kqvksa dk js'ks ds vUnj ladyu ¼lkcqu yxkrs le;½ blfy, ckWfMax ds Ádkj ds vfrfjDr nwljh fo”ks’krkvksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, D;ksafd /kqykbZ ds le; jax u NwVus esa mudh fo'ks"k Hkwfedk gksrh gSA fMlilZ jaxksa ls iksfy;sLVj js'kksa dh jaxkbZ esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr gS jax rFkk js'kksa esa detksj vkf.od cy gksus ij Hkh /kqyus ls muds jax iôs gks tkrs gSaA O;fDrxr jax i)fr dks ysus ls igys ;g KkuÁn gS fd jaxkbZ ÁfØ;k ds dqN egRoiw. kZ y{k.kksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tk;sA

1010-7 jaxkbZ ÁfØ;k ds dqN egRoiw.kZ igyw ;g ckr /;ku esa j[kus ;ksX; gS fd lwrh js'kksa dh jaxkbZ ds fy, cgqr vkjfEHkd izfØ;k;sa gS ftlds }kjk Ák—frd rFkk vU; v'kqf);kas dks nwj fd;k tkrk gSA Mhlkbfta+x] Ldkmfjax] Cyhfpax vkfn ÁfØ;k,sa Áfl) gSaA mudk bl ikB es foLrkj ls of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA vc dqN vkjfEHkd tkudkjh diM+s ds js'kksa dh jaxkbZ ds fo"k; esa nh tk;sxh tks fuEu ds fy, Hkfo"; esa vkids fy, lgk;d gksxhA jaxkbZ djus okyksa dks Á;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys jax ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh jaxkbZ ÁfØ;k esa ykHknk;d gksrh gSA ;|fi js'ks rFkk jax ds Ádkj jaxkbZ dh ifjfLFkfr;ka] jax dh xgjkbZ rFkk bl Ádkj ds ?kVd jax dh ek=k Kkr djus ds fy, vko';d gSa] fHk™k fHk™k “ksM ds fy, jaxkbZ dh vuqekfur ek=k nh tk ldrh gS tSls jaxh tkus okyh lkexzh ds Hkkj ds vuqlkj Á;ksx jax dh fuEu ek=k Á;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSA • gYds 'ksM ds fy, % 0-5 ls 1-0% jax • e/; 'ksM ds fy, % 1-0 ls 3-0% jax • xgjs jax ds fy, 3-0% vf/kd jax dh vko';drk gksrh gSA Ák;% jax dk ?kksy ikuh esa cuk;k tkrk gS ¼orZeku esa ikuh dk Á;ksx rFkk bldk Ánw"k.k jfgr voLFkk esa QSduk cgqr egaxk iM+rk gSA blfy, tSfod ?kksy dk Á;ksx djus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ ijUrq ;g Hkh egaxk iMrk gSA½ jaxkbZ dh lkexzh rFkk nzO; (liquor) dk vuqikr jaxs tkus okys js'kksa rFkk jax ds ?kksy ds vk;ru ds inzO;ij laca/k dks n'kkZrk gSA ;g lkekU;r% fe0 yh0 vuqikr esa tkuk tkrk gS mnkgj.k ds fy, 1%10 fe0 yh0 vuqikr dk vFkZ gS ,d fdyks js”ks ds fy, 10 yh0 vk;ru dk jax dh vko';drk gksxhA Ák;% ;g vuqikr 1%20 ls 1%30 rd j[kk tkrk gSA MkbZ ckFk esa jaxkbZ djrs le; ÁR;sd jax ds fy, 'krksZa dk o.kZu O;fDrxr jaxksa ds v/;;u ds le; cryk;k tk;sxkA fQj Hkh gesa Exhaustion Term ls ifjfpr gksuk pkfg, tks js'kksa }kjk jax 'kksf"kr djus rFkk MkbZ ckFk esa jax dh ek=k dks ekius dk ÁfØ;k gSA vr% ;g jax ds ?kksy ls] nh xbZ 'krksZa ds vuqlkj] jax dh ek=k de gksus dk lwpd gSA ;g js'kksa }kjk ml jax ds Áfr vkd"kZ.k dk ek=d gS ¼vkd"kZ.k (Affinity) jax dk og xq.k gS tks ?kksy dks js'kksa dh vksj vkdf’kZr djrk gS½A ;g “kCn eq[; :i ls cSp ds vuqlkj jaxkbZ ij fd;k tkrk ykxw gksrh gS ftldks Exhaust Dyeing dgk tkrk gSA

1010-8 fHk™k&fHk™k Ádkj ds jax 1010-8-1 oSV MkbZ MkbZ ¼?kqyu'khy u'khy oSV MkbZ½ Ák—frd jax ekuo fufeZr lsY;wykssfld js'ks osV MkbZ ls jaxs tkrs gSa rFkk lHkh lkekU; Á;ksx esa vkus okys jaxksa ls diM+s dh iôh jaxkbZ dh lcls vPNh lkexzh gSA 7


uhy lcls iqjkuk Ák—frd osV MkbZ gSA —f=e osV Mkb m™khloha 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk esa cuus 'kq: gq, gSa rFkk og uhy ,oa Anthraquinone ij vk/kkfjr gSaA osV MkbZt ds v.kq dk vkdkj lkekU; jaxksa ds v.kqvksa ds vkdkj ls cM+k gksrk gS rFkk ;g jaxksa ds iôs gksus ds xq.kksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA nwljk egRoiw.kZ ?kVd bldk ikuh esa u ?kqyuk gSA Anthraquinone v.kq uhy ds v.kqvksa ls cM+s gksus ds dkj.k ;g jaxksa ds iôk gksus ds xq.kksa dks c<+krk gSA lwrh js'kksa dh osV MkbZ }kjk jaxkbZ] osV MkbZ dks ikuh esa v?kqyu'khyrk dks {kkjh; deh ls ?kqyu'khy Leuco Compound esa cnyus ds fu;e ij vk/kkfjr gS tks lwrh js'kksa ds Áfr vkd"kZ.k j[krk gSA jaxkbZ ds i'pkr ;g Y;wdks dEikmaM js'kksa esa igqap dj fQj ikuh esa v?kqyu'khy cu tkrk gSA bl ÁfØ;k esa fuEu pj.k lfEefyr gSa% loZÁFke ikuh esa u ?kqyus okys osV MkbZ dks ikuh esa ?kksyukA nwljs pj.k esa osV MkbZ dks bldh Y;wdks #i esa cnyuk tks ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy gSA bldks ÁkIr djus ds fy, lksfM;e&gkbMªks&lYQkbV] lksfM;e gkbMªksvkWDlkbZM rFkk ikuh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lkssfM;e gkbMªkslYQkbV] jklk;fud fØ;k }kjk osV MkbZ dks {kkjh; fLFkfr esa cny nsrk gSA ,slk og lksfM;e gkbMªksvkWDlkbZM dh mifLFkfr esa djrk gSA bldks osfVax dgk tkrk gS rFkk bl voLFkk esa okLrfod jax vLFkkbZ :i ls cny tkrk gSA /kqyh gqbZ osV MkbZt+ lsY;wykst v.kqvksa ds Áfr vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa] fQj Hkh MkbZ ckFk dk Exhaustion] MkbZ nzO; (Liquor) esa vfrfjDr Electrolyte feyk;k tkrk gSA Ák— frd ued tSls lksfM;e lYQsV ;k lk/kkj.k ued Y;wdks MkbZt+ ds js'kksa ds Áfr vkd"kZ.k dks c<+krk gS vr% bldks Electrolyte ds :i esa Á;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA MkbZ ckFk dk rkieku ?kqyu'khy jax ij fuHkZj djrk gS tks 20 fM0 c ls 60 fM0 c rd gks ldrk gSA jaxkbZ ds le; oL= lkexzh esa jax ds nzO; (Liquor) esa iwjh rjg Mqcks;s j[kuk vko';d gS] ftlls Y;wdks dkEikmaM dk le; ls iwoZ vkWDlhMs'ku u gksA ikyheSfVªd js'kksa esa Y;wdks #i LFkkfir djus ds i'pkr bldks vkWDlhMkbZt+ djuk iM+rk gS rFkk jax dks bldh iqjkuh voLFkk vFkkZr v?kqyu'khy cukuk iM+rk gSA Y;wdks dkEikmaM dk vkWDlhMs'ku oL= lkexzh dks ok;qeaMy dh vkWDlhtu esa QSyk dj fd;k tkrk gSA ;|fi ;g ,d /kheh xfr ls gksrk gSA lksfM;e dkjcksjsV ;k gkbMªkstu ijvkWDlbM ds mipkj }kjk ;g ÁfØ;k rhoz xfr ls gksrh gS vr% bldk mi;ksx vf/kdrj fd;k tkrk gSA bl fØ;k ds le; dqN v?kqyu'khy osV MkbZ oL= lkexzh dh lrg ij te ldrk gSA bldks lkcqu@lQZ ds Aqueous Solution esa mcky dj nwj fd;k tkrk gSA vr% bl fØ;k dks lksfiax (Soaping) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA miyC/k Vat Dyes ds fuEu pkj lewg gksrs gSA (i) 1K (ii) 1 W (iii) 1N and (iv) 1N special 1K lewg ds jax de egRo ds gksrs gS rFkk lsY;wykst ds izfr mudk vkd"kZ.k de gksrk gS budks dejs ds rkieku ¼20˚ ls 30˚c½ ij FkksM+s ls dkfLVd lksMk dks feyk dj jaxk tkrk gSA jax dh iw.kZ exhaustion ds fy, vfrfjDr ued dh vko';drk gksrh gSA 1W lewg ds jaxksa dk LksY;wykst ds izfr vkd"kZd vf/kd gksrk gS rFkk 45˚c ls 50˚c ds rki ij dqN vf/kd dkfLVd lksMk rFkk de ued Mkydj jaxkbZ dh tkrh gSA iqu% cuk;s x;s lsY;wykst rFkk eflZMkbtM lwr dks ued ds fcuk jaxk tkrk gSA 1N lewg ds jaxksa dks blls Hkh vf/kd dkfLVd lksMk dh vko”;drk gksrh gS rFkk 60˚c ij jaxk tkrk gSA blesa vfrfjDr ued dh vko';drk ugha gksrh D;ksfd MkbZ ckFk dks xgjs jax esa Hkh Ik;kZIr :Ik ls exhaust fd;k tkrk gSA dqN fjVkjfMax rFkk ysofyax rRoksa dh vko';drk gks ldrh gS] ftlls jaxkbZ dh xfr ean ;k fu;faU=r gksus ls jaxkbZ ,d leku gksA 8


1N Lis”ky lewg eas dsoy ubZ jaxkbZ lekxzh gksrh gS muls 60˚ ls 80˚ c ¼80˚ c dkys jax ds fy,½ ij jaxkbZ dh tkrh gSA blesa dkfLVd lksMk 1N lewg ls vf/kd iz;qDr gksrk gS mudh mPp vkd"kZd “kfDr ds dkj.k ued dh vko”;drk ugha gksrhA lHkh jaax fuekZrk jax lkexzh ds fo"k; esa lwpuk jax “ksM dkMkasZ ij mudh vatting rFkk MkbZax dh jklk;fud vko”;Drkvksa dks n”kkZrs gSaA mu ij ykxw gksus okyh fof/k;ksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k Hkh fn;k tkrk gS] vr% mu funsZ'kksa Hkfy&Hkkf¡r v/;;u djuk pkfg,A

1010-8-2 fj,fDVo jax ¼Reactive dyes½½ fj,fDVo jax 1956 esa I.C.I. UK }kjk loZizFke mUur fd;s x;sA tSlk fd blds uke ls fofnr gksrk gS fd] js'ks esa jax] jklk;fud fØ;k }kjk cuk;s j[kk tkrk gS fj,fDVo jax ls vf/kdrj jaxs tkus okys js”ks gS] izkd`frd] ekuo fufeZr LksY;wyksfld js'ks] izkd`frd izksVhu js'ks rFkk iksfyekbM ¼ukbyksu 66] ukbyksu 6 ½ js'ksA

lsY;wyksfld jsj”s kksa fd jaxkbZ ÁfØ;k ÁfØ;k esa rhu pj.k gksrs gS%a

• Aqueous bath ls izkd`frd fLFkfr esa lk/kkj.k ued dks fudkyukA • js'kksa }kjk “kksf"kr jax ds chp jklk;fud fØ;k dks c<+kus ds fy, vf/kd {kkj feykukA • bysDVªksykbV {kkj rFkk ckdh jax dks gVkus ds fy, jaxh xbZ lkexzh dks fudkyuk rFkk soaping djukA dqN fj,fDVo jaxksa }kjk jaxkbZ dejs ds rkieku ij dh tk ldrh gSA vf/kdrj fj,fDVo jaxksa ls jaxkbZ esa MkbZ ckFk dk rkieku c<k;k tkrk gS ¼dqN cases esas mcyus rd xeZ fd;k tkrk gS½ ftlls jax rFkk js'kksa esa fØ;k izHkkoh gks tkrh gSA fj,fDVo jaxksa dks izksVhu jas'kksa ij p<+kus ds fy, mldks vEyh; fLFkfr esa j[kk tkrk gSA ukbyksu js'kksa dh jaxkbZ esa Hkh budks vEyh; fLFkfr ess aj[kk tkrk gS nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa rkieku c<+kus ls jax fu%”ks"k.k ¼ exhaustion½ esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

1010-8-3 Mk;jsDV jax ¼Direct dyes½ Mk;jsDV jax }kjk 'kh?kzrk ls jaxs tkus okys js'ksa og gksrs gS tks anionic izd`fr ds gks tSls lwrh rFkk foLdkl js;ku js'ksA Aqueous dye bath ftlesa bysDVªksykbV feyk gks ¼lk/kkj.k ued½ ds ek/;e ls jax p<k;k tkrk gSA ;|fi ;s jax p<+kuk ljy gS] ijUrq ckn ds mipkj ds Ik'pkr~ Hkh os iDds ugha gksrs RkFkk lsY;wykst oL=ksa ds fy, fQfuf"kax lkexzh ds fy, okafNr vko';drkvksa dks iwjk ugha djrhA dqN azo jaxksa ij teZu izfrca/k ¼1996 ls ykxw½ ds dkj.k Hkh cgqr ls azo lajpuk ij vk/kkfjr Mk;jsDV jax izfrcaf/kr gSaA bu nks dkj.kksa ls Mk;jsDV jaxksa dks cgqr lhek rd fj,fDVo jaxksa ls cnyk x;k gSA jax nzO; dk rkieku Hkh dejs ds rkieku ls mcyus okys rkieku rd gks ldrk gSA ;s jax izk;% mu diM+k mRiknksa ds fy, mi;qDr gksrs gS ftudks tYnh tYnh /kksus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA

1010-8-4 csfld jax ¼Basic dyes½ csfld jax ftudks dSVvk;fud jax Hkh dgk tkrk gS] mudks jaxkssa dh vU; Jsf.k;ksa ls mudh ped }kjk igpkuk tkrk gSA budk vf/kdrj iz;ksx ,Øfyd ,oa eksMk,Øfyd js'kksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd bu jaxksa dk ,Øfyd ,oa eksMk,Øfyd js'kksa ds izfr vf/kd vkd"kZ.k gksrk gS RkFkk jax fu%”ks"k.k ¼exhaustion½ Hkh lhfer rkieku ij gks tkrk gSA ,Øfyd js'ks tc igyh ckj ckt+kj esa vk;s rks mudks jaxuk cgqr gh dfBu gksrk Fkk D;ksafd fof'k"V jax js'kksa esa iwjh rjg ugha p<rk Fkk] rFkk v.kqvksa esa etcwr Mkbiksyj cksafMx ds dkj.k js'kksa es ajx p<+rk FkkA ;|fi bu leL;kvksa dks copolymerization }kjk vk;fud comonomers ds iz;ksx ls nwj fd;k x;kA 9


,fØfyd js'kksa dh jaxkbZ ds fy, lkekU; izfrfØ;k,sa gS] stock package, skein rFkk piece dyeing A stock jaxkbZ esa NksVs NksVs js'kkas esa gh drkbZ ls igys gh jaxk tkrk gSA bl fof/k ls js”kksa esa jax vPNh rjg xgjkbZ esa jax p<+ tkrk gS rFkk jax esa vf/kd lekurk gksrh gS ;g ,d [kphZyh izfØ;k gS rFkk bldk iz;ksx mRre xq.k rFkk eg¡xs js'kksa dh jaxkbZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA iSdst jaxkbZ esas /kkxs dks ,d f='kadq ¼cone½ ij yisV dj jax ds ?kksy esa Mqck;k tkrk gS jax dks Hkyh izdkj rFkk ,d leku p<+kus ds fy, f='kadq dks vPNh rjg jax esa Mqck;k tkrk gSA vf/kdrj jaxkbZ /kkxksa ds yPNs ¼skein½ cukdj Lora= :Ik ls jaxkbZ ds nkSjku yVdk;s tkrs gSA jaxkbZ dk lcls lLrk RkFkk lcls lkekU; <ax piece dyeing ;k oL= dh jaxkbZ gS fuekZrk diM+ksa dh jaxkbZ ekax ds vuqlkj dj ldrk gSA ewy jax ¼basic dyes½dk iz;ksx js'ke rFkk ÅWuh oL=ksa ds fy, lhfer :Ik esa fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd buds js'kksas esa vk;fud lewg dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k ;s dSV vk;u dks 'kksf"kr dj ysrs gaSA ikfYkLVj js‘kksa dks pedhyk jax nsus ds fy, dSVvk;fud js'kksa dk mRiknu mfpr commoners dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlls mudks csfld jaxksa ls jaxk tk ldssaA ewy jaxks dk lwrh rFkk js;ku ds izfr vkd"kZd de gksrk gS ijUrq twV ¼jute½ dks os pednkj jax ns ldrs gSA bl fLFkfr esa izdk'k iM+us ij ;g jax iDds ugha jgrs] Qhds iM+ tkrs gSaA

1010-8-5 ,flM jax ¼Acid dyes½ ,flM jax izk;% vEyh; fLFkfr esa iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSA os izkd`frd izksVhu js'kksa ¼js'ke] ÅWu½ RkFkk blls de ukbyksu] ,Øfyd] lsY;wykst ,flVsV js'kksa ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA nwljs jaxksa dss eqdkcys esa lLrs rFkk izdk”k esa jgus ij buds jax Qhds ugha iM+rsA vf/kd ckj /kqykbZ ls budk iDdk gksus dk xq.k izHkkfor gksrk gSA

1010-8-6 vtksbd jax ¼Azoic dyes½ vtksbd jaxks dk eq[; ykHk] xgjk uhyk] dkyk] larjh rFkk yky jaxksa dks lLrs esa miyC/k djkuk gSA bu ls jaxkbZ mPpre iqUkZZmRiknu ¼reproducible½ dh gksrh gS rFkk blds lkekU; iDdk gksus ds xq.k vPNs gSA ;g jax dksYM& MkbaZx ds fy, cgqr mi;qDr gS tSls ckfVd RkFkk Vkb ,oa MkbZA vtksbd jax lwr ij nks pj.kksa esa yxk;s tkrs gS igyk uSiFkkWy }kjk mipkj RkFkk nwljk uSiFkkWy dh x;h lkexzh dk mipkj tks Mkbt+ksVkbt+M~ ij vk/kkfjr gSA lkexzh ij jax ,d leku mUur gksrk gS tks uSiFkkWy ,oa Mk;t+ksa rRokssa dsa e/; izfrfØ;k ds tqM+us ls gksrk gSA larks"ktud iDdk jax djus ds fy, ckn dk mipkj vko';d gSA

1010-8-7 fMLilZ jax ¼Desperse dyes½ lsY;wykst Mkb,sflVsV js”ks izk;% fMLilZ jaxksa ls jaxs tkrs gSA ,Øfyd RkFkk ukbyksu js”ks Hkh dqN de ek=k esa bUgha jaxksa ls jaxs tkrs gSA ikfyLVj js”ks gkbMªksQksfcd ,oa lseh& fØLVkykbZu gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa mPp rkieku] mPp nkc rFkk dSfj;jt+ dh lgk;rk dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlls vko';d larks"ktud :Ik ls jax iDdk gks tk;sA

10


1010-8-8 lYQj jax ¼Sulpher dyes½ bu jaxksa esas xa/kd gksrh gS rFkk ;s lsY;wyksfld js'kksa izkd`frd ,oa ekuo fufeZr dks jaxus ds dke esa yk;s tkrs gSA

Lo;¡ tk¡p ç” ç”u& 7- fuEufyf[kr fuEufyf[kr dks dks feyk,sa % (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

?kqyu”khy vat jax Ckkn dk mipkj fjVkjfMax rRo csfld jax fj,fDVo jax Mk;jsDV jax

¼a½ /kqykbZ esa jax dPpk ¼b½ dksosySV ckasfMax ¼c½ pedhys jax ¼d½ lwrh js'ks ¼e½ lgk;d ¼auxilary½ ¼f½ jax p<kuk

¼8½ fuEu dFku lR; gS ;k vlR; (i) fMlilZ jax ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy gksrs gS A (ii) fj,fDVo jax js'kksa ds lkFk dksosysaV ck¡M cukrs gSA (iii) csfld jaxksa dks vuk;fud jaax dgk tkrk gSaA (iv) jax dk v.kq ftruk cM+k gksxk jaax mruk gh iDdk gksxkA (v) Mk;jsDV jax esa iDdk gksus dh fo'ks"krk vPNh gSA

lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR; lR;@vlR;

1010-9 nÙk dk;Z 1010-9-1 d{kk dk;Z (i) xzs lwrh diM+s dks Cyhp djsaA (ii) fHkUu fHkUu jaxksa dk iz;ksx djds diM+s dks jaxus dk vH;kl djasA xzs rFkk Cyhp fd;s x, nksuksa izdkj ds diM+s dk iz;ksx djsaA

1010-9-2 x`g dk;Z (i) fj,fDVo rFkk Mk;jsDV jaaxks }kjk jaxs x;s lwr oL=ksa dks xeZ ikuh esa ?kksyksa rFkk ml ij fVIi.kh djsaA

1010-10 lkjka”k ;g ikB nks Hkkxksas esa gSA igys Hkkx esa jaxkbZ ls igys fd izfrfØ;kvksa tSls lkbftax] Ldkmfjax] Cyhfpax rFkk eflZjkbfta+x dks fy;k x;k gSA nwljs Hkkx esa js'kksa dks jaxus ds fy, jaxks ds iz;ksx rFkk jaxkbZ dh izfØ;k ij fopkj fd;k x;kA fHkUu fHkUu izdkj ds js”kksa ds fy, fHkUu fHkUu izdkj ds jaxksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd jax js'kksa esa lek tk;s rFkk mudks ljyrk ls ugha NksM+sA 11


1010-11 Lo;a Lo;a tk¡p iz”uksa ds laHkkfor kkfor mÙkj 1- izkd`frd v” v”kqf);ka%& rsy] olk] ekse] izksVhu rFkk izkd`frd jax lkexzh vU; v” v”kqf);k%& dksfuax vkW;y] fpidkus okyk inkFkZ rFkk fpdukgVA blds vfrfjDr muesa /kwy] Hkwlk] feVVh] chtksa ds VqdM+s rFkk vU; lkexzh tks muds mUur rFkk ,d= djus esa fey tkrh gSaA 2- cqus x;s lwrh diM+s dks xSl dh ykS ds chp ls cgqr vf/kd xfr ls izokfgr fd;k tkrk gS ftlls mldh lrg ls js'ks@jks;sa gVk;s tkrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dks flafUtx ¼singeing½ dgrs gSaA 3- MhlkbZftax og izfØ;k gS ftlls rkus esas yxk;s fpidus okys inkFkZ diM+s ls gVk;k tkrk gSA 4- fefyax Åuh oLrqvksa dh QsfYVax djuk gSA js'kksa dk my>k gqvk tky ¼entangled web½ izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA 5- Cyhfpax og izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk js'kksa esa ik;s tkus okys izkd`frd jaxks dks gVk dj diM+s dks lQsnh iznku dh tkrh gSA 6- John mereer, ,d vxzast us 1984 esaA 7- (i) d (ii) f (iii) e (iv) c (v) b (vi) a 8- (i) vlR; (ii) lR; (iii) vlR; (iv) lR; (v) vlR;

1010-12 vH;klkFkZ Á” Á”u& 1- diM+s cukus dh lkexzh dks jaxuk D;ksa vko';d gS \ 2- vki lHkh izdkj ds diM+k cukus dh lkexzh dks ,d gh jax ls D;ksa ugha jax ldrs \ 3- viuh ialn dh js'kk& jaxkbZ i)fr ds fy, jaxkbZ dh eq[; dkSu dkSu lh izfØ;k,sa gksxh o.kZu djks \ 4- fofHkUu izdkj ds Cyhfpax rRoksa rFkk muds egRo dk o.kZu djksA 5- ejfljkbt+s'ku dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu djksA 6- mPp rki ij jaxkbZ iDdh ¼Fast½ gksrh gS] D;ksa \ 7- ikWfy,LVj js'kksa dks jaxuk dfBu gS] D;ksa \

1010-13 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa& 1.

Chavan, R.B. (Ed.) 1999. Chemical Processing of Handloom Yarns and Fabrics. Textile Dept., I.I.T., New Delhi.

2.

Gohl, E.P. and Vilensky, L.D. 2005. Textile Science. CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.

3.

Wynne, A. 1997. Textiles. Macmillan Education Ltd., London

4.

Shenai, V. A. 1983. Textile Chemical Processing: Vol.2. Sevak Publishers, Mumbai.

5.

Trotman, E.R. 1984. Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres. B.I. Publications, New York. 12


6.

Trotman, E.R. 1993. Textile Scouring and Bleaching. B.I. Publications, New York.

1010-14 “kCnkoyh 1- Affinity 2- Exhaustion 3- Material liquor Ratio

vkd"kZ.k iz;ksx fd;k x;k lkexzh ds Hkkj rFkk yhdj dk vk;ru

13


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