v/;k; 3
odZ'kkWi midj.k rFkk lfoZflax
STRUCTURE
3-0
mís”;
3-1
ifjp;
3-2
fyf¶Vax midj.k 3-2-1 gkbMªkWfyd xSjkt tSd 3-2-2 lsQV~ h dkj LVS.M 3-2-3 gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V
3-3
U;weSfVd midj.k 3-3-1 ,;j dEizslj 3-3-2 ,;j xu
3-4
Dyhfuax rFkk Y;qfczds”ku midj.k 3-4-1 dkj ok”kj 3-4-2 xzhl xu 3-4-3 vkW;y flfjat
3-5
fo|qr midj.k 3-5-1 cSVªh pktZj 3-5-2 bySfDVªd fMªy
3-6
est+fjax ,UM VsfLVax midj.k 3-6-1 dEisz”ku xst 3-6-2 oSD;we xst 3-6-3 VWd M~osy oksYV ,uykbt+j 3-6-4 Vkbfeax ykbV 3-6-5 vkWVekschy~ LVsFkksLdksi
3-6-6 cSVªh gkbMªksehVj 3-6-7 dwyUsa V VSLVj 3-6-8 cSVªh dSisflVh VSLVj 3-7
lkekU; midj.k 3-7-1 “kkWd Mªkboj lSV 3-7-2 Vscy xzkbUMj 3-7-3 lfoZl Øhij 3-7-4 fc;fjax iqyj
3-8
xkM+h dh lfoZflax dh tkudkjh
3-9
xkM+h dks izkIr djukA
3-10 xkM+h dh lfoZflax 3-10-1 xkM+h dks lfoZflax ds fy, rS;kj djuk 3-10-2 lfoZflax 3-10-3 Vk;j jksV”s ku 3-11 dkj dh fMyhojh nsuk 3-12 fØ;k dyki 3-13 lkjka”k 3-14 LoewY;kadu iz”uksa ds lEHkkfor mÙkj 3-15 vH;klkFkZ iz”u 3-16 lanHkZ ,oa foLr`r v/;;ukFkZ xzaFk lwph 3-17 “kCnkoyh
3- odZ'kkWi midj.k rFkk lfoZflax fiNys v/;k; esa geus dqN lkekU; rFkk [kkl vkStkjkas ds ckjs esa i<+kA vc ;gk¡ dqN lfoZl midj.k dk v/;;u djasxsA bl lc tkudkjh ls edSfud tYnh ls dke dj ldsxk rFkk [kqn edSfud dk ;k dksbZ vkSj dk uqdlku u gksxkA xkM+h dh lfoZflax xkM+h ds lgh j[kj[kko ds fy, cgqr t:jh gSA bls ge fuf”pr vof/k ij djrs jgrs gSa] ftlls u dsoy xkM+h ij yxs dhpM+ lkQ djrs gSa cfYd vkSj dbZ dk;Z Hkh djrs gSaA blfy, gesa xkM+h dh lfoZflax le; ls djokuh pkfg,A gesa dqN iSls cpkus ds pDdj esa fuekZrk ds fn, x;s funZ”kksa dh vogsyuk ugha djuh pkfg, rFkk le; ls lfoZflax djkuh pkfg, ugha rks vf/kd uqdlku mBkuk iM+ ldrk gSA
3-0
mís”; 123456-
3-1
bl v/;k; dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gks tk;saxs fd% vkWVekschy~ fjis;j “kkWi esa iz;qDr lfoZl vkStkj o midj.k ds ckjs esa tkusAa fn, x;s dke ds fy, mi;qDr vkStkj dk pquko dj ldsaA lfoZflax rFkk mlds egRo dks le>k ldsaA dkj dks lfoZflax ds fy, ysrs le; lgh tkWc dkMZ cuk ldsaA dkj dh lfoZflax ds le; lko/kkfu;k¡ ys ldsAa Vk;j jksVs”ksu dk egRro tkus o mls dj ldssAa
ifjp;
lfoZl vkStkj ,oa midj.k dks ge mBkus okys midj.k ekiu o VsfLVax midj.k bySfDVªdy midj.k Y;wfczds”ku o Dyhfuax midj.k] U;esfVd midj.k rFkk lk/kkj.k midj.k esa ck¡V ldrs gSaA eq[;r% lfoZflax ds vkStkj o midj.k gj xSjkt esa ,d gh izdkj ds gksrs gSaA ijarq dqN [kkl midj.k ogk¡ vkus okyh xkfM+;ksa ds ekWMy ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA os [kkl rkSj ij fdlh ,d dke dks djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;s gksrs gSaA mBkus okys midj.k dks bLrseky djrs le; gesa fo”ks’k lko/kku jguk pkfg,A dkj dks ;k fdlh Hkkjh vlsEk~fCYk dks mBkus esa dh xbZ ykijokgh cM+h nq?kZVuk dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA bl v/;k; esa ge i<+x s sa fd xkM+h dh lfoZflax dSls djsAa lfoZflax esa ckgj ls xkM+h dks /kksdj lkQ djuk] yksxksa ds cSBus dh txg dks lkQ djuk] fofHkUu txgksa ij vkW;fyax o Y;wfczds”ku djuk] vkW;y dks VkWi&vi djuk] “khryd ;k ikuh ds ys oy dks psd djds VkWi&vi djuk] uV&cksYV dks pSd djuk o <hys uVksa dks dluk “kkfey gSA le;&le; ij lfoZflax djkdj ge xkM+h dh lgh ns[kHkky lqfuf”pr dj ldrs gSaA xkM+h dh lfoZflax 5000 fd-eh- ;k N% eghus ij tks Hkh igys vkrk gS] djkuh pkfg,] tcfd lQkbZ o /kqykbz t:jr ds vuqlkj tYnh Hkh djkbZ tk ldrh gSA lfoZflax esa Vk;j jksVs”ku Hkh “kkfey gSA gesa Vk;j dh ikWftf”ku le;&le; ij cnyrs jguk pkfg, ftlls dh lHkh Vk;jksa dk f?klko ,d leku gks rFkk iwjs lsV dks ,d lkFk cnyk tk ldsA
3-2
fyf¶Vax midj.k ¼mBkus okys midj.k½
3-2-1
gkbMªkWfyd xSjkt tSd ¼1-5 Vu½
fp= 3-1 esa vki ,d uhps jksyj cSM ds Åij p<+k gqvk gkbMªkWfyd tSd ns[k jgs gSa ftls ,d yEcs gSUMy }kjk pyk;k tkrk gS ftlls tSd dk fyf¶aVx vkeZ Åij uhps gksrk gSA gkbMªkWfyd çs'kj cukus o fjyhT+k djus ds fy, blesa ,d okWYo dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA tSd ds yEcs gSUMy dks Åij uhps djus ij tSd esa gkbMªkWfyd vkW;y çs”kj c<+rk gS rFkk ;g tSd dk fyf¶aVx vkeZ Åij dh rjQ mBkrk gSA fp= 3.1: gkbMªWkfyd xSjkt tSd okWYo dks vkijsV djus ij vFkkZr [kksyus ij vkW;y çs”kj fjyht+ gksrk gS rFkk fyf¶aVx vkeZ uhps dh vksj cSBuk “kq: dj nsrk gSA fyf¶aVx vkeZ dks tYnh ls uhps ykus ds fy, mldks gkFk@ik¡o ls nck;k tkrk gSA dkj dks Åij mBkus ds fy, mlds uhps tSd ys vkrs gSaA gSUMy pykus ij fyf¶aVx vkeZ /khjs&/khjs Åij dh rjQ pyrk gS vkSj dkj ds vxys Hkkx dks Åij mBkrk tkrk gSA ;g rc rd djrs gaS tc rd fd dkj ds ifg, Hkwfe ls Åij mBdj Lora= ugha gks tkrsA dke iwjk gksus ds ckn xkM+h dks uhps yk;k tk ldrk gSA 3-2-2
ls¶Vh dkj LVS.M
dkj dks yEcs le; ds fy, mBh gqbZ voLFkk esa j[kus ds fy, ls¶Vh dkj LVSaM dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g LVhy dk] rhu Vkaxks dk cuk gksrk gS tSlk fd fp= 3-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA blds chp esa ,MtLVscy lSUVj ikbi gksrh gS ftlds Åij xksykbZ esa ,d IysV yxh jgrh gS tks fd xkM+h dks laHkkyus ds fy, ç;ksx esa vkrh gSA lSUVj ,MtLVscy ikbi esa dbZ lqjk[k gksrs gSaA bl ikbi dks Åij uhps djus ij LVS.M dh Å¡pkbZ ,MtLV gksrh gS vkSj fdlh ,d lqjk[k esa ,d fiu Mky nsrs gSaS tks fd rhu Vk¡xksa ds LVS.M ds lqjk[k ds lkFk eSp djrh gSA ;s LVS.M lk/kkj.kr tksMs+ esa gh ç;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSA dkj LVS.M dks ç;ksx esa ykus ls igys dkj dks gkbMªkWfyd xSjkt tSd ls Åij mBkrs gS vkSj mlds ckn nks dkj LVS.M xkM+h ds uhps lSV djrs gSA dkj LVS.M dks Bhd rjg j[kus ds ckn] fp= 3.2: ls¶Vh dkj LVSaM mudh iksth+ 'ku lSV gks tkus ij] gkbMªkWfyd tSd dk vkW;y çs”kj okWYo [kksydj fjyht+ dj fn;k tkrk gS ftlls tSd dk fyf¶aVx vkeZ uhps vk tkrk gS vkSj dkj dk Hkkj vkjke ls rFkk lqjf{kr :i ls ls¶Vh dkj LVS.M ij vk tkrk gSA dke ds iwjk gks tkus ij dkj dks gkbMªkWfyd tSd ls nksckjk mBk;k tkrk gS vkSj LVS.M ls Hkkj tSd ij vk tkrk gS vkSj bl fLFkfr esa dkj LVS.M dks ckgj fudky ldrs gSa vkSj tSd dk vkW;y çs”kj fjyht djds dkj dks uhps tehu ij yk;k tk ldrk gSA
3-2-3
gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V
fp= 3-3 esa tks gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V fn[kkbZ xbZ gS mlesa ,d fiLVu vlsEk~fCYk gS vkSj gkbMªkWfyd vkW;y xzkm.M ysfoy ds uhps gSA fiLVu dk Åijh fljk ,d LVhy Ýse ds lkFk Bhd e/; esa tqM+k gqvk gS tSlk fd fn[kk;k x;k gSA Ýse ds Åij nks LykbM djus okys iksth+ 'kulZ gaS ftu ij fj;j ,Dly cSBrk gSA dkj ds ,Dly dks Ýse ij liksVZ djus ds fy, ,d ydM+h ds vxys CykWd dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dkj ds fupys Hkkx ij dke djus ds fy,] lfoZflax ds fy, ;k /kqykbZ ds fy, gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V fp= 3.3: gkbMªWkfyd fy¶V ç;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSA fy¶V] vkW;y çs”kj ls dke djrh gS tksfd dEçsLM ,;j 6.5 ls 7 kg/sq cm dh çs”kj ds lkFk curk gS tks fiLVu dks /khjs&/khjs vkSj fcuk >Vds ds Åij gS vkSj Ýse ds Åij dkj Åij dks mBuk “kq: dj nsrh gSA gok dks ckgj fudkyus ds fy, okWYo dks [kksyrs gS a rFkk gok ds nkc ds fjyht+ gks tkus ij fy¶V uhps dh vksj vkuk “kq: dj nsrh gSA LoewY;kadu iz”u 1. 2. 3.
rhu mBkus okys midj.kksa dk uke fy[ksAa dkj dks yEcs le; rd Åij mBkus ds fy, ------------------ dk bLrseky djuk pkfg,A gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V -------------------- ds }kjk pyrh gSA
3-3
U;weSfVd midj.k
3-3-1
,;j dEçslj
,;j dEçslj dk ç;ksx xSjkt esa dEçWLM gok nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blesa nks ;wfuV gksrs gSaA dEçslj rFkk LVksjst Vsad S ;k izS”kj oslyA dEçslj dks lh/ks çs”kj osly ds Åij yxk;k tkrk gSA dEçslj okrkoj.k ls gok ysdj] mls mPp nkc rd dEçsl djrk gS rFkk mls çs”kj osly esa ,df=r djrk gS tgk¡ ls gesa tc Hkh t:jr gks dEçsLM gok izkIr gksrh gSA dEizsLM gok dh vko';drk /kqys gq, Hkkxksa dks lkQ djus rFkk lq[kkus ds fy, gksrh gS rFkk Vk;j esa gok Hkjus ds fy, gksrh gSA 3-3-2
fp= 3. 4: ,vj dEizslj
,;j xu
,;j xu dk mi;ksx vo;oksa dks lkQ djus rFkk lq[kkus ds fy, gksrk gSA ;g ,d gkst }kjk dEçsLM ,;j ikbi ykbu ls tqM+h gksrh gS rFkk ;g 4.5 kg / cm2 nkc ij dke djrh gSA ,;j xu fiLrkSy ds vkdkj dh gksrh gS ftlesa ,d yEch eqM+h gqbZ ukSt+y gksrh gSA idM+us okys gSfUMy esa xu dks
fp=
3. 5: ,vj
xu
vkWijsV djus ds fy, ,d cVu fn;k gksrk gSA gok mPp nkc ds lkFk ckgj fudyrh gS vkSj fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks rFkk muds fNnzksa dks lkQ djrh gSA
3-4
Dyhfuax rFkk Y;wfczds'ku midj.k
3-4-1
dkj okW”kj
dkj okW”kj de vkj-ih-,e- dk jslhizksdsfVax iEi gksrk gS A bldk 10 yhVj@feuV ds ikuh ds cgko ds lkFk 22 fdxzk@oxZ lseh0 dk dk;Zdkjh nkc jgrk gS A bls ,d bySfDVªd eksVj }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSA dkj dh /kqykbZ ds fy, iEi ds fudkl ij ,d yach gkSt ¼ikbi½ ,d tsV ukWt+y ds lkFk tksM+h tkrh gS rFkk iEi dk lD”ku ikuh ds VSad ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSA dkj dks gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V ls mBkdj ge dkj dh /kqykbZ vkjEHk djrs gSA dkj okW”kj gkst tSV ukWt+y ls ikuh nkc ds lkFk ckgj vkrk gSA blds }kjk dkj ds mu LFkkuksa ij tgk¡ feÍh o dhpM+ yxs gksrs gSa] gVkdj lQkbZ djus esa enn feyrh gSA /kqykbZ [kRe gksus ij okVj iEi cUn djds dkj dks uhps mrkjk tkrk gSA
fp= 3. 6: (a) dkj ok”kj VSad vkSj iEi (b) gkSt vkSj tsV ukSty
3-4-2
xzhl xu
xzhl xu U;weSfVd çs”kj }kjk pyrh gSA xzhl xu dk ç;ksx s xzhl dks cyiwoZd fofHkUu Hkkxksa rd Y;wfczds”ku ds fy, igq¡pkus esa gksrk gS tSls dUos”a kuy ckWy ,UM lkWdsV TokbaV] LVh;fjax flLVe] çksisyj “kk¶V rFkk ;wfuolZy TokbaV ds ØkWl vkfn esAa xzhl dks ,d Mªe esa j[kk tkrk gS rFkk tc U;weSfVd izs”kj Mkyk tkrk gS rks xzhl xu ftl ij ,d ,WMkIVj fQj gksrk gS] ls xzhl ckgj vkrh gSA ,MkWIVj] xzhl fuIiy ij yxk;k tkrk gSA fuIiy vo;o ij dlk tkrk gSA xzhl dks nkc ds lkFk bu fuIiyksa esa ls Hkstk tkrk gSA xzhl fuIiy uku&fjVZu okWYo ds lkFk fn, tkrs gSaA
fp= 3.7: xzhl xu ¼v½ dUVsuj ¼c½ gkst+ ¼l½ vMSIVj
3-4-3
vkW;y flfjat
vkW;y flfjat dk mi;ksx vkW;y dks fx;j ckWDl rFkk fM¶jsfa ”k;y esa Mkyus ds fy, gksrk gS tc mls VkWi&vi fd;k tk jgk gksA
3-5
fo|qr midj.k ¼bySfDVªdy bfDoIesVa ½
3-5-1
cSVjh pktZj
cSVjh pktZj dk ç;ksx vkWVekschy~ cSVjh pktZ djus ds fy, gksrk gSA cSVjh pktZj dks 220 oksYV ,0lh0 lIykbZ nh tkrh gS] ftldks cSVjh pktZ djus ds fy, og Mh0lh0 esa cnyrk gSA pktZj ds lkFk 2 izkSaXl fn;s tkrs gS ftUgsa cSVjh ds /kukRed rFkk _.kkRed VfeZuy ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSA cSVjh pktZj ds fLop dks vkWu djds jksVjh fLop }kjk pkftZax jsV lsV fd;k tkrk gSA ,ehVj pkft±x djaV dks fn[kkrk gSA bl ckr fp= 3.8: cSVjh pktZj dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd pkftZax “kq: gksus ls igys lHkh lSy ds <Ddu gVk fn, tk,¡A blls cSVjh lSy dEikVZesUV esa nkc dks c<+us ls jksdk tk ldrk gS tks pkftZax dh izfØ;k esa bySDVªksykbV ds xeZ gksus ds dkj.k gksrk gS A 3-5-2
bySfDVªd fMªy
;g ,d iksVscZ y] fiLrkSy dh rjg dh fMªy e”khu gSA vki bldk mi;ksx bls gkFk esa idM+dj dj ldrs gSaA fMªy e”khu ds vxys Hkkx esa ,d fMªy pd rFkk fiNys Hkkx esa gSfUMy gksrk gSA gSfUMy ij gh bls pykus rFkk cUn djus dk cVu fn;k gksrk gS tks fd Å¡xyh }kjk vkWijsV gksrk gSA vki ;gk¡ ij fMªy fcV fp= 3.9: bySfDVªd fMªay rFkk pd dks dlus ds fy, pkch ns[k jgs gSaA pd esa fMªy fcV yxkdj tcM+ksa dks dlk tkrk gSA ,d ckj tc fMªy fQDl gks tkrk gS vkSj ikWoj duSDV gks tkrh gS rc fMªfyax tkWc dks csUp okbl esa idM+dj mlesa lqjk[k dj ldrs gSA
3-6
ekiu ,oa VSfLVax midj.k ¼est+fjax ,UM VsfLVax bfDoiesV½
3-6-1
dEçs”ku xst
dEçs”ku xst dk ç;ksx] fiLVu ds uhps ls Åij dh fn”kk esa pyus ls flfy.Mj ds vanj cus gq, dEçs”ku dks ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dEizs'ku dh jhfMax batu dh dk;Z {kerk ;k mldh daMh'ku dks n'kkZrh gSA dEizs”ku yhdst jksdus ds fy, ,d ukWty ij jcj cq”k fn;k gksrk gSA ,d Mk;y xst kg/cm2 ;k lbs/m2 esa nkc n”kkZus ds fy, fn;k gksrk gSA blesa ,d yhoj Hkh gksrk gS tks ,;j çs”kj fjyht+ djus ds fy, ukWu fjVuZ okWYo dks vkWijsV djrk gS vkSj lwbZ dks “kwU; ij jhlsV djrk gSA
fp= 3.10: dEizs”ku xst
bldks iz;ksx esa ykus ds fy, loZizFke yhoj dks nckdj xst dks jhlsV dhft,A LikdZ Iyx ds fy, flfy.Mj gSM esa fn;s Nsn ij mls nckb;sA batu dks ?kqekb;sA fiLVu dk Åij dh fn”kk esa pyuk gok dks nckrk gSA dEçsLM gok xst esa /kdsyh tkrh gS rFkk vf/kdre nkc ij xst dh lwbZ
#d tkrh gSA xst gVkb;s rFkk jhfMax uksV dhft;sA nwljs flfy.Mj esa jhfMax ds fy, xst dks jhlsV ¼iqu% lsV½ dhft,A 3-6-2
oSD;we xst
;g ,d vkSj ;a= gS ftlls batu dh dk;Z{kerk dk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSA fiLVu ds pyus ls tks oSD;we cukrk gS mls buysV eSuhQksYM ij tk¡prs gSA oSD;we xst dh jhfMax ls batu dh ij[k ckn esa le>saxAsa oSD;we xst esa ,d nwljk iSekuk Hkh gksrk gS ftldk iz;ksx ¶;wvy iEi ds nkc dks ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA 3-6-3
fp= 3.11: oSD;we xst
VSd&M~oSy&oksYV ,uykbt+j
VSd&M~osy&VSLVj pyrs gq, batu dh vkj-ih-,evkSj M~osy dks.k Kkr djus rFkk nks fcUnqvks ds chp oksYs Vst ekius ds dke vkrk gSA “kwU; =qfV lgh djus ds fy, blesa ,d isp a fn;k gksrk gSA bldks VSd ] M~oSy] ;k oksYV voLFkk esa ykus ds fy, ,d fLop fn;k tkrk gSA ,ukykbt+j dks yxkus ds fy, nks ØksdksMkby izkSaXl fn, tkrs gSA fp= 3.12: M~oSy ,afxy VeZ bXuh'ku flLVe esa iz;qDr gksrk VS d & M~ osy& oksYV ehVj gSA ge bldks ekiuk] bldh lSfVax vkSj bldk egRo ckn esa bXuh”ku flLVe ds varxZr lkFk i<+ax s sA fp= 3-10 esa fn[kk;s x;s ,ukykbt+j esa rhu iSekus gSaA gjk vkj-ih-,e- ukius ds fy,] yky M~oSy dks.k ekius ds fy, rFkk dkyk oksYVst ukius ds fy,A
3-6-4
Vkbfeax ykbV
Vkbfeax ykbV iSVªksy batu esa bXuh”ku Vkbfeax lsV djus ds fy, bLrseky gksrh gSA ;g fiLrkSy ds vkdkj dh gksrh gSA ç;ksx djrss le; bls ¶ykbZ Oghy dh rjQ dsfa ær djrss gSaA yky cVu vkWu rFkk vkWQ djus ds fy, gksrk gSA yky çkSax dks cSVjh ds ikWftfVo ¼/ku½ fljs ls yxkrs gSa rFkk dkys çkSax dks fMLVªhC;wVj fljs ls yxkrs gSaA DySEi dks LikdZ Iyx ds gkbZVsU”ku rkj uEcj ,d ij yxkrs gSaA blds iz;ksx ds ckjs esa ge vxys lsesLVj esa i<+asxsA 3-6-5
fp= 3.13: Vkbfeax ykbV
vkWVekschy~ LVsFkksLdksi
,slk LVsFkksLdksi vkius MkWDVjksas ds xys esa ns[kk gksxk tks os lhus esa /ofu lquus ds fy, iz;ksx esa ykrs gSA vki ,d LVsFkksLdksi ,d yacs irys çksc ds lkFk ns[k jgs gSaA ;g ;gk¡ ij pyrs gq, batu dh /ofu vkSj ukWbl ysfoy dks lquus ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA ;g pyus okys Hkkxksa dh /ofu dks dbZ xquk cM+k nsrk gSA ftlls gesa mldh [kjkch
fp= 3.14: vkWVekschy~ LVsFkksLdksi
ds ckjs esa vPNh rjg ls irk py tkrk gSA 3-6-6
cSVjh gkbMªksehVj
cSVjh gkbMªksehVj fp= 3-15 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA bls cSVjh bySDVªksykbV dh LiSflfQd xzsfoVh ekius ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g gesa crkrk gS fd bysDVªksykbV ikuh dh rqyuk essa fdruk Hkkjh gS A ablesa ,d jcj V~;wc ,d Xykl V~;wc ds lkFk tqM+h gksrh gS rFkk lkFk esa ,d rSjus okyk Ldsy rFkk jcj dk cYc gSM gksrk gS tks fd nckus ij cSVjh ls bySDVªksykbV [khaprk gSA rSjrs gq, iSekus ds Lrj dks ns[kdj jhfMax yh tkrh gSA 3-6-7
fp= 3.15: cSVjh gkbMªksehVj
dwySaV VSLVj
dwySaV VSLVj ds }kjk batu dwySaV dh lkeF;Z Kkr dh tkrh gS ftlls ;s fuf”pr fd;k tk lds fd dc vkSj dwySaV Mkyuk gSA blesa IykfLVd ckWMh ds lkFk jcj V~;wc tksM+h tkrh gS A lkFk esa ekid iSekuk rFkk IokbaVj gksrk gSA fp= 3.16: dwysUV VSLVj blesa ,d jcj cYc Hkh gksrk gS tks fd dwySaV [khapus dk dke djrk gSA ;s jcj V~;wc jsfM,Vj esa Mkyh tkrh gS] dwySaV dks [khapk tkrk gS rFkk ekid iSekus ls jhfMax uksV dh tkrh gSA
3-6-8
cSVjh dSiflVh VSLVj
cSVjh dWisflVh VsLVj ds }kjk gesa yksM ij cSVjh dh ijQkWjesl a dk irk pyrk gSA bls 6V rFkk 12V] nksuksa dks VsLV djus ds fy, iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bl VSLVj ds }kjk 6V rFkk 12V cSVjh dh tk¡p dh tk ldrh gSA “kwU; =qfV gVkus ds fy, ,d LØw fn;k x;k gSA cSVjh çkSaXl ds nks tksM+s gksrs gSA fp= 3.17: cSVjh dSiflVh VSLVj nksuksa yky fDyi cSVjh ds /kukRed fljs rFkk dkys fDyi _.kkRed fljs ij yxk;s tkrs gSaA bl rjg ge nksuksa VfeZuy ds chp fcuk yksM dh fLFkfr esa oksYVst Kkr dj ldrs gSaA ;g yxHkx 12.5V ;k T;knk gksuk pkfg,A vc 12V cSVjh ds fy, 12V dk cVu nckrs gSaA ;s DySEIl ds chp esa gkbZ yksM Mkyrk gS vkSj cSVjh ls mPp /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gSA ftlds QyLo:i cSVjh ds fljksa ij oksYVst Mªki gks tkrk gSA;g Mªki 1.5V ls T;knk ugha gksuk pkfg,A LoewY;kadu iz”u 4. 5. 6.
cSVjh pktZj vkmViqV esa -------------nsrk gSA jhfMax dks i<+us ds fy, dEizs”ku xst dks dgk¡ yxk;k tkrk gS\ jhfMax dks i<+us ds fy, oSD;we xst dks dgk¡ yxk;k tkrk gS\
7. 8. 9.
Vkbfeax ykbV ------------------ ij yxkbZ tkrh gSA gkbMªksehVj dk bLrseky --------------------- dks ukius ds fy, gksrk gSA cSVjh dSfiflVh VsLVj dk bLrseky ------------------- ukius ds fy, gksrk gSA
3-7
lkekU; midj.k
3-7-1
“kkWd Mªkboj lSV
,d “kkWd Mªkboj lSV esa fofHkUu fMt+kbu ds fVi rFkk ,d gSfUMy gksrk gSA blds fVi dks gSfUMy esa Mkyk tkrk gS rFkk tc gFkkSMs+ ls gSfUMy ij okj djrs gSa] bldh fVi] tSlh gSfUMy esa lsafVx dh xbZ gS] mlh ds vuqlkj lh/kh ;k mYVh fn”kk esa ?kwerh gSA blls isapksa dks dlus ;k [kksyus esa enn feyrh gSA “kkWd Mªkboj eq[;r% mu isp a ks dks [kksyus esa ç;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa] tks fd LØw Mªkboj }kjk [kqyus eqf”dy gksrs gSaA 3-7-2
fp= 3.18: “kkWd Mªkboj lSV
Vscy xzkb.Mj
xzkb.Mj fdlh Hkh ofdZax Vscy ij yxk;k tkrk gSA blesa ,d eksVj ds lkFk ,d “kk¶V gksrh gS tks cgqr rsth ls ?kwerh gSA xzkbafMax Oghy] “kk¶V ds fljs ij fQDl gksrk gS rFkk ckgj dh rjQ fudyk gksrk gS vkSj tc e”khu fp= 3.19: Vscy xzkbaMj vkWu djrs gS rc Oghy cgqr vf/kd rsth ls ?kwerk gSA og Vwy ;k tkWc ftlesa ls eSVsfj;y gVkus ;k mls “ksi djus dh t:jr gks mls xzkbaMj ds Oghy ij cgqr gYds ls nckrs gaS ysfdu tkWc dks gkFkksa esa dl dj idMs+ jguk pkfg;s rkfd og gkFk ls NwV u tk;s D;ksfa d blls xzkbafMax Oghy VwV ldrk gS ;k blls vkWijsVj dks pksV yx ldrh gSA xzkb.Mj ij ,d gSM jsLV gksrk gS ftl ij vkWijsVj vius gkFk dks xzkbafMax djrs oDr j[k ldrk gS A xzkbaMj ij dke djrs le; vkWijsVj dks ls¶Vh xkWxYl t:j iguuk pkfg;s ftlls vk¡[kks dk cpko gksA ,d vU; lko/kkuh ;g cjruh pkfg, fd xzkbaMj ij <hys diM+s ;k <hyh ckgksa okys diM+s igudj dHkh dke ugha djuk pkfg, vU;Fkk nq?kZVuk gks ldrh gS A fp= 3-40 esa vki isp a dl dks Vscy xzkb.Mj ij xzkbafMax }kjk “kkiZ gksrk ns[k jgs gSA 3-7-3
lfoZl Øhij
lfoZl Øhij dk mi;ksx okgu ds uhps dke djrs le; gksrk gSA ;g ,d NksVs ls IysVQkeZ dh rjg gksrk gS ftlds uhps ifg;s yxs gksrs gSaA edSfud Øhij ij ysV dj okgu ds uhps vklkuh ls vkxs ihNs fp= 3.20: LfoZl Øhij
f[kld ldrk gSA blls mls okgu ds uhps dke djus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA 3-7-4
fc;fjax iqyj
fc;fjax iqyj “kk¶V ;k gkmft+x a esa ls fc;fjax fudkyus ds dke vkrk gSA ;g difyax rFkk cq”k ;k Lyho fudkyus ds dke Hkh vkrk gSA fp= esa nks izdkj rFkk lkbt ds fc;fjax iqyj fn[kk;s x;s gSaA iqyj esa nks Vk¡xs gksrh gSa rFkk buds fljs vUnj dh vksj eqM+s gq, gksrs gSaA cM+s okys iqyj dh Vk¡xs iyVh tk ldrh gS o ,d rjQ bldh Vk¡xs ckgj dh rjQ eqM+h gqbZ gSaA eqM+k gqvk Hkkx fc;fjax ij yxk;k tkrk gSA Vk¡xksa fp= 3.21: fc;fjax iqyj dh chp esa ,d uV gksrk gSA blesa ,d cksYV gksrk gS ftldk fljk uqdhyk gksrk gSA fc;fjax dks fudkyus ds fy, cksYV dks “kk¶V ds lsUVj esa j[kk tkrk gS rFkk iqyj dh Vk¡xksa ds eqM+s gq, fljs fc;fjax ds ihNs yxk;s tkrs gSA vc cksYV dks “kk¶V ij VkbV fd;k tkrk gS rFkk iqyj ihNs dh vksj f[kld dj fc;fjax dks ckgj fudky nsrk gSA LoewY;kadu iz”u 10.
3-8
“kkWd Mªkboj dk bLrseky mu LØw dks [kksfyus ds fy, gksrk gS tks isp a dl ls ugha [kqy ldrsA lgh@xyrA
xkM+h dh lfoZflax dh tkudkjh lfoZflax djrs le; gesa bu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, ftlls dh dksbZ {kfr u gks rFkk batu dh Performance lgh jgsA tc gesa batu dks fdlh dke ls Åij mBkuk gks rks tSd dks vkW;y iSu ds uhps ughaa j[kuk pkfg,A vkW;y iSu rFkk vkW;y iai LVªsuj ds chp de nwjh gksus ls bls tSd ij mBkus ls vkW;y iSu fipd ldrk gS o rsy mBkus esa fnDdr vk ldrh gSA gesa ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd batu ij dke djrs le; 12 oksYV ds bySfDVªdy flLVe ls “kkWVZ lfdZV gks ldrk gSA gesa dksbZ Hkh dke djrs oDr tgk¡ bysfDVªdy dsfcy ds xzkmUM gksus dk Mj gks cSVjh ls xzkmUM dsfcy ¼fuxsfVo½ gVk nsuk pkfg,A ,;j Dyhuj] ,;j bUVsd gkWlZ] dkjcqjsVj@FkzksVy ckWMh ;k bUVsd eSuhQksYM dks [kksyus ds ckn bUgsa <d nsuk pkfg,A blls dksbZ Hkh ckgjh /kwy&d.k vanj ugha tk ik;saxs tks vxj batu ds vanj ?kql tk;s ra ks batu dks LVkVZ djus ls Hkkjh uqdlku djsaxsA diyj dks gVkrs le; gesa ok;j gkjusl dks ugha [khapuk pkfg, cfYd gesa diyj dks gh idM+uk pkfg,A ykWd Vkbi diyj dks [kksyus ls igys blds ykWd dks gVkuk pkfg,A fcuk ykWd dks gVk, diyj dks [kksyus ls diyj dks {kfr igq¡psxhA ykWd Vkbi diyj dks yxkrs le; tc rd fDyd dh vkokt u vk;s bls ?kqlkuk pkfg, rFkk iwjh rjg yxkuk nsuk pkfg,A
3-9
xkM+h dks izkIr djukA
xkM+h dh fu;fer lfoZflax u flQZ bls Bhd fLFkfr esas j[krh gS cfYd ;g xkM+h ds psd&vi rFkk lgh j[kj[kko dk ,d ekSdk gSA tc dksbZ xzkgd viuh dkj lfoZl djkus ykrk gS rks og mldh pkfc;k¡ lqijokbtj dks lkSai nsrk gS vkSj dkj mldh ns[k js[k esa NksM+ nsrk gSA lqijokbtj mlls iwNsxk fd xkM+h esa dksbZ vkSj ijs”kkuh rks ugha gS rFkk og xzkgd dh ckr /;ku ls lqusxk D;ksfa d ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ lwpuk gksrh gS tks edSfud ds dk;Z dks ljy cukrh gS vkSj blls xzkgd dks Hkjkslk vkSj larks’k gksrk gS fd dk;Z ij /;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA vr% xzkgd ls e/kqj lEcU/k Hkh curs gSaA dkj ys ysus ds i”pkr lqijokbtj ,d tkWcdkMZ [kksyrk gSA mlesa og dLVej dk uke] irk] VsyhQksu ua0 vkSj xkM+h dk jft0 ua0] batu ua0] pSfll ua0] fdyksehVj jhfMax vkSj dk;Z dk fooj.k vkSj xkM+h ykSVkus dk le; bR;kfn fy[krk gS rFkk xzkgd ds gLrk{kj djk ysrk gS vkSj lqijokbtj [kqn Hkh gLrk{kj djrk gS tks dk;Z vatke nsus esa nksuksa dh lgefr iznf”kZr djrk gSA bl rjg dk;Z dk fjdkWMZ Hkh odZ”kkWi esa cuk jgrk gSA vyx&vyx odZ”kWkiksa esa tkWcdkMZ [kksyus dk rjhdk fHkUu gks ldrk gSA rc dke ds iw.kZ gksus dk le; fu/kkZfjr djds lqijokbtj xzkgd dks crk nsrk gSA ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd dke fdruk yEck gS rFkk ml odZ”kkWi ij dke dk fdruk yksM gSA lqijokbt+j edSfud dks cqykdj dke le>k;sxk vkSj xkM+h dh pkfc;k¡ mls ns nsxkA vc xkM+h dh lqj{kk edSfud ds gkFk esa gksrh gSA edSfud dks /;kuiwoZd rFkk vPNk dk;Z djuk pkfg, D;ksfa d odZ”kki dh [;kfr mlds dq”kydk;Z ds }kjk gh gksrh gSA /;ku jgs fd dke fu;r le; ls igys vo”; [kRe gks tkuk pkfg,A LoewY;kadu iz”u 11. 12.
lfoZaflx fdrus le; ds varjky ij djuh pkfg,\ cSVjh ds ------------------- dsfcy dks cSVjh ls vyx dj nsuk pkfg,A
3-10 xkM+h dh lfoZflax 3-10-1 xkM+h dks lfoZflax ds fy, rS;kj djuk dkj pykdj gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V ij ys tk;sA Xykso ckWDl ls lkeku (xkM+h ds dkxt bR;kfn) fdlh lqjf{kr LFkku ij j[k nsa ;k lqijokbt+j ds ikl tek dj naAs fMDdh [kksydj eSfVax] cksMZ] LVsiuh] tSd] gSafMy vkSj Oghy LiSuj fudky yaAs dkj dh lHkh QqVeSV fudky ysaA lHkh Vk;jksa ij fpUg vafdr dj ysa tSls vxyk nkfguk ¼,Q- vkj-½ fiNyk nkfguk ¼vkjvkj-½ vxyk ck;k¡ ¼,Q- ,y-½ fiNyk ck;k¡ ¼vkj- ,y-½ vkSj vfrfjDr (Lis;j)A bldh vko”;drk gesa Vk;j jksVs”ku ds le; iM+x s hA Oghy uV <hys dj ysAa
dkj gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V ij Åij mBk nsAa ifg;ksa dks fudky nsAa 3-10-2 lfoZflax igys dkj dks uhps ls /kksdj ogk¡ dh dhpM+ o xUnxh lkQ djsAa dkj okW”kj dh enn ls dkj ds uhps ls dhpM+ NqM+k;saA jcj eSV~l dks /kks;saA blh izdkj ifg;ksa d¨ /kks ysaA uhps ls /kqy tkus ds ckn lHkh uV&cksYV pSd dj ysa vkSj vxj dksbZ <hyk gks rks mls dl nsAa ek:fr dkj esa xkM+h ds uhps dksbZ Hkh xzhflax fuiy ugha gksrk gSA dqN xkfM+;ksa esa xzhflax fuiy gks ldrs gSaA xzhflax] izs”kj ds }kjk] xzhl fuiy ls dh tkrh gSA ifg;ksa dks muds gc ij yxk nsAa ifg, ds uV dl nsAa dkj dks uhps mrkjsa dkj dk cksuV [kksydj batu dEikVZesUV dks /kks nsa A dkj dh ckWMh dks ckgj ls /kks;as A dkj dh ckWMh dks iksaN nsAa oSD;we Dyhuj ls vanj ls dkj dks lkQ dj ysAa dkj vPNh rjg lkQ dj ysus ds ckn vkW;y ,oa dwySaV ysfoy pSd djsa vkSj ;fn vko”;drk gks rks VkWi&vi djsAa blds ckn gkbMªksehVj dh lgk;rk ls cSVjh ds lSyksa esa bysDVªksykbV dk ysfoy] LisfLfQd xzsfoVh pSd djsAa ,vj Dyhuj ,yhesUV dks fudkysa vkSj lkQ djsAa lHkh Vk;jksa esa gok 1-8 fdxzk@lseh2 nkc rd HkjsAa batu ekm¡fUVax cksYV pSd djsAa oh&cSYV dh VSU”ku pSd djsAa cksuV ykWd] njoktksa ds dCtksa] njoktksa ds ykWd vkSj fMDdh ykWd dks yqczhdsV djsAa cSVjh VfeZuy ij isVªksfy;e tSyh vFkok xzhl yxk;sAa dkj ls fudkyk x;k lkeku j[k nsAa dkj LVkVZ djds mls mfpr LFkku ij [kM+k dj nsAa lko/kku! T;knkrj okf”kax xuksa esa nks lsfVax gksrh gSaA ,d gkbizs”kj tsV tks feÍh dhpM+ dks uhps ls gVkrk gS rFkk nwljk yks izs”kj Lisz tks dkj ds ckWMh dh /kksrk gS ftlls dh mldk jax [kjkc u gksA dHkh Hkh rst fMVZtsVa dk bLrseky xkM+h dks /kksus ds fy, ugha djuk pkfg,A blls xkM+h dk jax [kjkc gksrk gS rFkk ped Hkh Qhdh iM+ tkrh gSA
3.10.3
Vk;j jksVs”ku
bl ckr dk /;ku jgs fd tks ifg;k ftl gc ls [kksyk x;k Fkk og ogka ugha yxsxkA ifg, vkil esa cnys tk;saxsA ;gh fØ;k Vk;j jksVs”ku dgykrh gSA blls lHkh Vk;j leku :i ls f?klrs gSa vkSj lHkh ,d lkFk u;s cnys tk ldrs gSaA Vk;j jksVs”ku dk rjhdk fp= esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA Vk;jksa esa vleku f?klkoV] lgh lSfVax u djus ;k dksbZ iqtkZ ;k Oghy fc;fjax f?klk gksus ls gksrh gSaA
fp= 3-22% Vk;j jksVs'ku
tSlk fd fp= esa fn[kk;k x;k gSS Lis;j Oghy] fiNys nk;sa Oghy dh txg vkSj fiNyk nk;k¡ vxys nk;sa dh txg yxk;k tkrk gSA vxyk nk;k¡ fiNys ck;sa dh txg vkSj fiNyk ck;k¡ vxys ck;sa dh txg vkSj vxyk ck;k¡ Lis;j Oghy dh txg yxk nsrs gsSaA bl izdkj Vk;j izR;sd lfoZl ij fu;fer :i esa jksVsV fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj ,d&leku f?klrs gSa vkSj f?klus ij lHkh Vk;j ,d lSV ds :i esa cnys tk ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ;g vf/kdre ekbyst nsxsa vkSj dkj Hkh vPNh pysxhA LoewY;kadu iz”u 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
dkj dh lfoZflax mls --------------- ij mBk dj djrs gSaA ifg;ksa ds uV dkj ds Åij mBkus ds ckn <hyk djrs gSaA lgh@xyr ,;j Dyhuj ,yhesVa dks dSls lkQ djrs gSa\ dkj dks /kksu ds fy, fdlh “kfDr”kkyh fMVZtsVa dk bLrseky dj gSa\ lgh@xyr Vk;j jksVs”ku esa lHkh ifg;s viuh txg cnyrs gSaA lgh@xyr
3-11 dkj dh fMyhojh nsuk dk;Z iwjk djus ds nkSjku dksbZ vU; deh ik;h x;h gks rks lqijokbtj dks lwfpr djsa o ;g crk nsa fd dk;Z gks pqdk gSA lqijokbtj iSlksa dk fglkc djds xzkgd dks dkj o mldk leku] tks fudkyk Fkk] ns nsxk vkSj mldks vxyh lfoZl ds fy, dc vkuk gS crk nsxkA ;kn jgs fd vPNh lsok;sa vkidh [;kfr rks c<+k;saxh gh] lkFk gh vki dh odZ”kki ds uke esa pkj pkan yxk nsx a hA bl rjg u flQZ ;g xzkgd ckj&ckj vk;sxk] cfYd nwljksa dks Hkh ;gk¡ vkus ds fy, izsfjr djsxkA
3-12 fØ;k dyki odZ”kki esa tkdj gkbMªkWfyd tSd rFkk fy¶V ds dke djus ds rjhds ns[ks asA gkbMªkWehVj ls cSVjh dh Lisf”kfQd xSfoVh dks ukisAa ,;j dEizslj esa gok ds izs”kj dks ns[ksAa odZ”kki esa tkdj ns[ksa dh dkj dh lfoZflax dSls gksrh gSA ,d tkWc dkMZ dk uewuk ysdj bls [kqn ls Hkjus dh dksf”k”k djsAa xkfM+;ksa dks Vk;j jksVs”ku pkVZ cuk;sa ftuesa 2&ifg;k Hkh “kkfey gksAa
3-13 lkjka”k vkStkj o midj.k ij nks v/;k; i<+us ds ckn ge le>rs gSa fd vki bl dkslZ ds ,d igyw esa ikjaxr gks x;s gkax s sA bl v/;k; esa vki u dsoy fofHkUu izdkj ds vkStkjksa ls voxr gq, gSa vfirq vkius vkStkjksa ls lgh mi;ksx dks Hkh tkuk gSA vkidks izR;sd vkStkj dk lgh bLrseky ckj&ckj djuk pkfg, rFkk bls viuh vknr cuk ysuk pkfg,A gesa vkStkjksa ds lgh j[kj[kko dks Hkh utjvankt ugha djuk pkfg,A blfy, tc Hkh vki xkfM+;ksa dh fjis;fjax djrs gSa rc vkidks bu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A geus bl v/;k; esa ns[kk dh xkM+h dh lfoZflax dSls gksrh gSA ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, dh okWf”kax xu esa nks lsfVax gksrh gSaA ,d tsV o nwljk LizsA tsV ls xkM+h ds uhps yxs feÍh&dhpM dks gVkrs gSa rFkk Lisz ls xkM+h dh ckWMh dks lkQ djrs gSa ftlls dh bldk jax [kjkc u gks rFkk ped cjdjkj jgsA ÝaV o fj;j Oghy Mªkbo dkjksa ds Oghy jksVs”ku dk rjhdk vyx&vyx gSA cSVjh dks VkWi&vi djrs le; gesa cSVjh dk ikuh ;k fMfLVyM okWVj bLrseky djuk pkfg,A gesa dHkh Hkh uy ds ikuh dk mi;ksx ugha djuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;s cSVjh dks [kjkc djrs gSaA cS Vjh dks dHkh Hkh T;knk pkft±x djaV ij pktZ ugha djuk pkfg, rFkk cSVjh dks pktZ ls gVkus ls igys ;g lqfuf”pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd cSVjh iwjk pktZ gks x;h gSA ;g le; 16&24 ?kaVs Hkh gks ldrk gSA bu ckrksa ij /;ku nsdj lko/kkuhiwoZd vPNk de djds iwjh rjg ls xzkgd dks larq’V dj ldrs gSaA
3-14 LoewY;kadu iz”uksa ds lEHkkfor mÙkj 1234567891011121314-
gkbMªkWfyd xSjkt tSd] ls¶Vh LVS.M] gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V ls¶Vh LVS.M izs”ksjkbT+M ¼mPp nkc dh gok½ ,;j Mh-lhLikdZ Iyx dks fudkyus ds ckn LikdZ Iyx ds Nsn esa A dkjC;qjsVj oSD;we ikbi ;k buIysV esfuQksYM LikdZ Iyx ua- 1 dh dscy cSVjh bySDVªksykbV dh LisflfQd xzSfoVh yksM ij VfeZuy oksYVst lgh 5]000 fd-eh- ;k 6 eghus esa tks Hkh igys gks xzkm.M gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V xyr
15- byseVsa ds vanj dEizsLV gok Mkydj 16- xyr 17- lgh
3-15 vH;klkFkZ iz”u 123456789-
gkbMªkWfyd xSjkt tSd ds dk;Z crk,aA dkj ls¶Vh LVS.M dh D;k t:jr gS\ ;g dSls bLrseky gksrk gS\ gkbMªkWfyd fy¶V dh dk;Ziz.kkyh le>k;sAa cSVjh gkbMªkWehVj rFkk cSVjh dSfiflVh VSLVj ds dk;Z rFkk mi;ksx dk o.kZu djsAa cSVjh pktZj ds mís”; rFkk dk;Z dk o.kZu djsaA dkj dks lfoZl ds fy, dSls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA lfoZflax esa fd, x;s dk;ks± dh lwph cuk;saA lfoZfalax ds nkSjku D;k&D;k lko/kkfu;k¡ cjruh pkfg,\ Vk;j jksVs”ku rFkk blds mís”; dk o.kZu djsAa
3-16 lanHkZ ,oa foLr`r v/;;ukFkZ xzaFk lwph Mhyj lfoZl “kkWi xkbM ¼ekM~;wy&3½ VwYl ,UM ,D;wiesVa ] ek:fr m|ksx fyfeVsM ek:fr 800 lfoZl eSuq;y
3-17 “kCnkoyh Øhij
,d likV csM ftl ij ysV dj edSfud dkj ds uhps dke djrs gSaA
Vk;j jksVs”ku
fu;fer varjky ij ifg;ksa dh txg ifjorZu ftlls lc dh ,d leku f?klkbZ gksA
lfoZflax
xkM+h dks lkQ djuk rFkk vo;oksa dks psd djuk] ,MtLV djuk] fujh{k.k djuk] cnyuk rFkk [kpZ gksus okykas ikVZ dks VkWi&vi djukA
xzkm.M
bySfDVªdy xzkm.M ;k vFkZ] ckWMh ;k Ýse ds ek/;e ls djaV ds ykSVus dk jkLrkA
LykbfMax gFkkSM+k tks tkWc dks LVªkbd djus ds ctk; [khaprh gSA “kk¶V gSej LisflfQ+d xzSfoVh
fdlh oLrq ds ?kuRo rFkk ikuh ds ?kuRo dk vuqikr
VSd
¼vkj-ih-,e-½ pDdj izfr feuV
LVsiuh M~osy
vfrfjDr ifg;k dkUVSDV czsdj ikbUV ds can gksus dk dks.k tc bXfu”ku dkW;y ,utZkbt+ gksrk gSA ,d Vwy tks tke LØw dks [kksyus ¼;k can djus½ ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA ftl ij gSefjax djus ls Vwy dh fcV ?kwerh gSA
“kkWd Mªkboj
lsV v.Mj dSfjt
dkj dk fupyk fgLlkA
gkbMªkWehVj cSVjh bySDVªksykbV dh LisflfQd xzSfoVh dh tk¡p djus okyk ;a=A