3- js'kkskksa dh igpku gsrq ijh{k.k (TESTS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF FIBERS) bl bdkbZ ds ÁFke ikB esa js'kksa dk oxhZdj.k djus ds Ik”pkr~ nwljs ikB esa js'kksa ds vusd xq.kksa (Properties) dk o.kZu fd;k x;kA bdkbZ dk r`rh; ,oa vafre ikB vkidks js'kksa dh igpku ds ckjs esa tkudkjh vftZr djsxkA
3-0
mís';
(Objectives)
bl ikB dk v/;;u djus ds Ik'pkr~ vki tku ik;saxs& • js'kksa dh igpku djus dh vusd fof/k;kaA • fofHké js'kksa ds vusd y{k.kksa lfgr muds vuqnS?;Z (Longitudinal) ,oa vuqÁLFk dkV (Cross Section) laca/kh lw{en'khZ n`';A • js'kksa ds tyus ls lacaf/kr fofHké y{k.k • jlk;u esa foys;rk dh dlkSVh dk Á;ksx djrs gq, fofHké Ádkj ds js'kksa esa vUrj LFkkfir djukA • js'kksa ds fi?kyus ds y{k.kksa dh ij[k djukA
3-1 çLrkouk
(Introduction)
oL=ksa ds bfrgkl dk o.kZu djrs le; lkekU;r% bl rF; dks vuns[kk dj fn;k tkrk gS fd yxHkx 100 o’kZ iwoZ dk dky dikl] fyuu] twV] Åu rFkk js'ke tSls Ák—frd js'kksa ds Ápyu dk dky FkkA tSlk fd vkxs rkfydk 3-1 esa Ánf'kZr fd;k x;k gS] vkidks Kkr gksxk fd dqN vU; y{k.kksa ¼dikl js'ks dk ew¡xQyh leku vuqÁLFk dkV] Åu js'ks dh 'kYdh; (Scaly) lajpuk] js'ke dk f=Hkqtkdkj vuqÁLFk dkV bR;kfn½ }kjk bu js'kksa dks fuEu vko/kZu lw{en'khZ (Low Magnification Microscope) ij muds vuqnS?;Z ,oa vuqÁLFk&dkV ds ijh{k.k }kjk igpkuk tk ldrk gSA ÁFke ekuo&fufeZr js'kk] foLdkst+ js;kWu] 19 oha “krkCnh ds vUr esa vk;k ftldh vuqÁLFk&dkV ml le; ds Ák—frd js'kksa dh rqyuk esa fcYdqy fHké FkhA fdUrq tSls&tSls —f=e js'kksa dh [kkst gqbZ tSls] 1938 esa ukbykWu 66] 1939 esa ukbykWu 6] 1943 esa ikWfy,LVj js'kk] 1949 esa ,sfØfyd js'kk rFkk 1957 esa ikWfyÁkWfiyhu vk,] mudk vf/kd mRiknu gksus yxk rFkk js'kksa dh igpku djuk vf/kd tfVy gksrk x;kA D;ksafd bu js'kksa dh lajpuk yxHkx ,d leku Fkh o lHkh xksy o fpdus fn[krs Fks vr% ;g vfuok;Z gks x;k fd ijh{k.kksa dh J`a[kyk dk foLrkj fd;k tk, ftlls fd ,d vKkr js'kk fn;s tkus ij mldh lVhd igpku lqfuf'fpr dh tk ldsA oL=ksa ds {ks= esa gksus okys vusd :fpdj fodkl ds QyLo:Ik ;g igpku ÁfØ;k vkSj tfVy gks x;h gSA bl ikB esa buesa ls dsoy nks dh vksj] ;gk¡ /;ku vkdf"kZr djk;k tk,xkA vc fo'kky ek=k esa oL=ksa dk fuekZ.k lafefJr (Blended) /kkxksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] tSls dikl ,oa ikWfy,LVj js'kksa dk lfEeJ.k ,d vR;Ur yksdfÁ; mRiknu dk Áfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] ftlesa lwrh js'kk eq[; rFkk vius mPp vkæZrk&vo”'kks"k.k dh {kerk }kjk vkjke igq¡pkrk gS tcfd ikWfy,LVj js'kk diM+s dks vU; vusdksa okafNr xq.kksa tSls lkeF;Z vkSj fVdkÅiu tSls vko”;d ;kaf=d xq.k Ánku djrk gSA ikWfy,LVj js'kk dh 'kh?kz lw[kus (Drip-Dry) dh ;ksX;rk rFkk flyoj&Áfrjks/kdrk (Resistance To Creasing) ds dkj.k Hkh ikWfy,LVj js'kk fefJr oL=ksa esa fo[;kr ^okW'k ,.M oh;j* dk xq.k nsrk gSA bl Ádkj bu oL=ksa esa ls fy, x, /kkxksa 1
esa lwrh vkSj ikWfy,LVj nksuksa js'kk gksaxs vkSj ijh{k.kksa esa bu nksuksa dks igpkuus dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,A nwljk mYys[kuh; fodkl ^f}?kVd* (Bicomponent) js'kksa ls lacaf/kr gSa ftuesa ,d vdsys fQykesaV rarq esa nks fofHké js'kk fuekZrk cgqyd (Fiber Forming Polymer) tSls ikWfyÁkWfiyhu gks ldrs gSaA ijh{k.k ds nkSjku bu nksuksa dh mifLFkfr dk irk py tk,xkA bu fodklksa us js'kksa dh igpku gsrq fd, tkus okys Á;klksa dks vkSj vf/kd eqf'dy cuk fn;k gS ftldk gesa /;ku j[kuk gksxkA
3-1 js'kksa dh foLr`r Ük`a[kyk dks igpkuus gsrq ijh{k.k (Range of Test to Identify a Wide Range of Fibers) fdlh vKkr js'ks ds laca/k esa igpku Á;ksx djrs le; yxHkx 20 js'ks ,sls gSa ftuds fo"k; esa fopkj vo'; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A buesa dikl] Åu] js'ke ,oa twV tSls Ákd`frd js'ks lfEefyr gSaA ;gk¡ bl ckr dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gS fd dqN oL=ksa ds mRiknu esa FkksM+h ek=k esa twV dks vU; js'kksa ds lkFk lafefJr (Blend) fd;k tk jgk gSA bl lwph esa vékukl (Pineapple) dk uke lfEefyr ugha fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd bl js'ks dk Á;ksx cgqr FkksM+h ek=k esa gh fd;k tk jgk gSA nwljs oxZ esa mu ekuo&fufeZr js'kksa dk lekos'k gS ftudk vk/kkj Ák—frd dPpk eky (Natural Feed Stock) gSA buesa Áeq[k js'kk foLdksl js;kWu gSA tSlk fd igys dgk tk pqdk gS] bldk fuekZ.k lY;wykst+ tS+UFksV ls 'kq) dks'ke; js'ks ls fd;k tkrk gSA vc blds fy, ,d lh/kk jkLrk Kkr dj fy;k x;k gS ,oa bl fof/k ls fufeZr ekuo dks'ke; js'kksa dk O;olkf;d uke VsUlsy (Tencel) vkSj yk;kslsy (Lyocell) gSA FkksM+h ek=k esa cuk;s tkus okys nks egRoiw.kZ jlk;fud (chemical) dks”ke; js'ks lsY;qyksl Mkb,lhVsV (Cellulose Diacetate) rFkk lsY;qyksl Vªkb,lhVsV (Cellulose Triacetate) gSaA vU; egŸoiw.kZ —f=e js'ks gaS ikWfy,ekbM~l ¼ukbykWu 66 ,oa ukbykWu 6½] ikWfy,LVj ¼eq[;r% ikWfy,fFkyhu Vsjs¶+FksysV ;k PET rFkk FkksM+h ek=k esa ikWfycqfVyhu Vsjs¶+ysV½] vfØfyd ¼ikWfy,sfØyksukbVsy½ ,oa :ikarfjr ,sfØfyd (Modacrylic), ikWfyvkysfQu ¼ikWfyÁkWfiyhu ,oa ikWfy,fFkyhu½ rFkk ikWfy;qfj;su ¼ykbØk rFkk LiS.MsDl½ gSaA mYys[kuh; vdkcZfud js'kksa esa ,sLcsLVkWl] dk¡p (Glass)] /kkfRod vkSj dkcZu js'kk Áeq[k gSA bl Ádkj ;g vlEHko gS fd dsoy fdlh ,d ijh{k.k }kjk bu 20 ;k vf/kd js'kksa dh igpku dh tk ldsA blds fy, ijh{k.kksa dh ,d Ük`a[kyk dh vko”;drk gS rFkk buesa fuEu ijh{k.kksa dks fo'ks"k :Ik ls mi;ksxh ik;k x;k gSA i) js'ks ds vuqnS/;Z ,oa vuqÁLFk&dkV dk lw{en'khZ; ijh{k.k (Microscopic test) ii) Tokyk esa ngu ijh{k.k iii) jklk;fud vfHkdkjdksa (Chemical reagents) esa foys;rk ijh{k.k (Solubility)
bu rhuksa ijh{k.kksa ds vfrfjDr fuEu 4 ijh{k.k Hkh mi;ksxh lwpuk,¡ Ánku djrs gSa iv) rŸo dh igpku (Elements identification) v) ?kuRo ekiu (Density measurement) vi) xyukad dk fu/kkZj.k (Determination of melting ) vii) Li'kZ Kku ijh{k.k (Feeling test)
O;ogkj esa ijh{k.kksa dks la;qDr :Ik esa Á;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA mi;qZDr fofHké ijh{k.kksa dk vc la{ksi esa o.kZu fd;k tk;sxkA
3-2 lw{en'khZ; ijh{k.k
(Microscopic Tests)
lw{en'khZ; ijh{k.k js'ks ds lw{en'khZ; y{k.kksa dks mtkxj djrk gSA yEckbZ ds lkFk (Longitudinal Section) ns[kus ij lrg ds y{k.k mtkxj gksrs gSaA tc ,d js'ks dks yEcor~ 2
fn'kk esa dj irys vuqÁLFk&dkV (Cross-Section) dh ijh{kk lw{en'khZ }kjk dh tkrh gS rc vuqÁLFk dkV dh vk—fr dqN js'kksa dks igpkuus esa lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA lkekU;r% de ls de 100 vko/kZu (Magnification) okyk ,d lw{en'khZ (Microscope) Á;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA ,d ÁkstsD'ku lw{en'khZ (Projection Microscope) dks ojh;rk nh tkrh gS D;ksafd ;g ,d insZ ij cM+k (Enlarger) n`’; Ánku djrk gS ftls vklkuh ls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn iksyjkbftax lw{en'khZ (Polarizing Microscope) gksxk rks vUrj (Contrast) vf/kd rh[kk gksxk vkSj lwpuk;sa Hkh vf/kd ,df=r dh tk ldsaxhA bl Ádkj iksyjkbftax ÁkstsD'ku lw{en'khZ (Polarizing Projection Microscope) }kjk fooj.kksa dk vf/kd ek=k esa ÁkIr gksuk laHko gksrk gS ftlls lkekU;r% budk Á;ksx igpkuus esa fd;k tkrk gSA vuqÁLFk dkV (Cross Section) dk fuekZ.k fuEukafdr fof/k ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA lh/ks ,oa lekUrj js'kksa ds ,d xÎs (Bundle) dks ,d dkWdZ (Cork) esa ,d ,slh lwbZ dh lgk;rk ls var% LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa /kkxs ;k fQykessaV rarq fijks,¡ x, gksrs gSaA fQj ml dkdZ dh ,d iryh lh ^dkV* (Section) ,d u, CysM dh lgk;rk ls cgqr lko/kkuh iwoZd dkV fy;k tkrk gS ,oa bl eghu ^dkV* dks ,d 'kh"ks dh LykbM (Slide) ij j[kdj mls lsyksVsi (Cello Tape) ls lqjf{kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA vc bl LykbM (Slide) dks ,d lw{en'khZ ij yxk;k tkrk gSA vuqÁLFk dkV n`'; ls js'ks dks igpkuus esa lgk;rk gksrh gSA ,d Ldsfuax bysDVªkWu lw{en'khZ (Scanning Electron Microscope) ij dikl] Åu vkSj js'ke dss vuqÁLFk dkV ¼'kh"kZ½ rFkk vuqnS?;Z&dkV n`';ksa dks fp= 3-1 esa Ánf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA ;g fo'ks"k ckr gS fd bu js'kksa ds y{k.k ijLij iwjh rkSj ij vyx gaS ftlls mudh igpku esa lgk;rk gksrh gSA dqN vU; js'kksa ds Ánf'kZr fof'k"V y{k.k (Characteristic Features) fp= 3-2 esa O;ofLFkr :Ik ls fn[kk, x, gSaA
fp= 33-1 dikl ¼ck;sa½] Åu ¼e/;½ rFkk js'ke ke ¼nkfgus ¼nkfgus½ js'kksa dk vuqÁLFk &dkV ¼Åij½ ,oa vuqnS?;Z &dkV ¼uhps½
3
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ikWfy,LVj vkSj ukbykWu egŸoiw.kZ —f=e js'kk lkekU;r% o`rkdkj vuqÁLFk&dkV okys gksrs gSa rFkk muds vuqnS?;Z ,oa vuqÁLFk&dkV ls lacaf/kr n`'; y{k.k foghu gksrs gSaA vr% mudks igpkuus esa egŸoiw.kZ :Ik ls lw{en'khZ ijh{k.k lgk;d ugha gksrs gSaA bl oxZ esa dqN f=Hkqtkdkj, v'BHkqtkdkj bR;kfn o`Ÿkkdkj vuqÁLFk&dkV okys js'ks Hkh fufeZr fd, tkrs gSaA dqN js'kksa ds vuqnS?;Z ,oa vuqÁLFk&dkV okys n`';ksa dk fujh{k.k djus ds mijkar lkekU; lkjka”k rkfydk la[;k 3-1 esa fn;k x;k gSA rkfydk 33--1 dqN lk/kkj.k js'kksa dk lw{en'khZ en'khZ; y{k.k (Microscopic Appearance of Some Common Fiber)
js'kk Dikl
Åu js'ke ¼xksan jfgr½ foLdksl js;kWu ukbykWu] ikWfy,LVj ikWfyÁkWfiyhu ,sfØfyd
vuqnS?;Z &dkV piVk] vfu;fer (Convoluted) fjcu tSlk tks ,saBu (Twist) ds lkFk viuh fn'kk cny nsrs gSaA ¼elZjkbT+M dkWVu vis{kkd`r vf/kd fpduk rFkk de vfu;fer gS½ [kqjnjh lrg (Rough Surface) ftuesa ls LdsYl (Scales) ckgj dh vksj mHkjs gq;s gksrs gSa fpduk] yEckbZ esa Li"V js[kk,¡ (Striation) fn[krh gS jsf[kr (Striated)] fpduk fpdus] NM+h Lo:i (Rod-Like)
vuqÁLFk&dkV Ekw¡xQyh ;k lse+ ds vkdkj okys gksrs gSa] ftuesa Hkhrj Y;weu (Lumen) gksrh gSA
piVs] vfu;fer js[kkvksa okys
vfu;fer] dqÙks dh gM~Mh dk (Dog Bone) vkdkj
yxHkx xksy] eksVs js'kksa esa fo|eku esM~;qyk (Medulla) rFkk vfu;fer vkdkj okyk gksrk gSA vf/kdka'kr% f=Hkqtkdkj] vfu;fer vkdkj gksrk gSA vfu;fer] nk¡rsnkj (Serrated) fu;fer] xksy (Round)
* Y;weu (Lumen)& chp ls gks dj xqtjus okyk ,d vfu;fer fNæA ;g vuqÁLFk
&dkV dkVus ij dHkh dHkh <dk gqvk jg tkrk gSA 4
Lo;a tk¡p Á'u Á'u
(Self check Questions)
1- fuEukafdr Á'uksa ds mŸkj gk¡@ugha esa nsa& i) fuEukafdr js'kksa ds vuqÁLFk&dkV fof'k"V y{k.k Ánf'kZr djrs gSa % a) b) c) d) e)
ikWfy,LVj dikl Åu ukbykWu twV
gk¡@ugha gk¡@ugha gk¡@ugha gk¡@ugha gk¡@ugha
ii) fuEukafdr js'kksa ds vuqnS?;Z&dkV fo'ks"k y{k.k n'kkZrs gSa % a) b) c) d) e)
dikl Åu ikWfy,LVj ikWfyÁksfiyhu js'ke
3-3 ngu ijh{k.k
gk¡@ugha gk¡@ugha gk¡@ugha gk¡@ugha gk¡@ugha
(Burning Test)
jklk;fud n`f’V ls fHké gksus ds dkj.k js'kksa ds ngu&ijh{k.k fHké gksrs gSa] ftudk Á;ksx mUgsa igpkuus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA ngu&ijh{k.k vis{kkd`r ,d vklku ijh{k.k gS D;ksafd blds fy, dsoy ,d Tokyk (Flame) rFkk ,d mRlqd Ás{kd (Observer) dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ijh{k.k djrs le; lko/kkuhiwoZd /;ku nsa ,oa js'ks ds fuEu O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k djsaA i) ii) iii) iv) v)
Tokyk ds lehi igq¡prs le; Tokyk ds Hkhrj ngu djus ij Tokyk ls ckgj fudyus ds nkSjku xa/k NksM+us ls lacaf/kr rFkk js'kk ds ty tkus ds i'pkr~ cps gq;s vof'k"V dk Ádkj
rkfydk 33-2 lkekU; js'kkskksa dk ngu&O;ogkj (Burning Behaviour of Common Fiber)
5
js'kk (Fiber) lsY;wykst js'kk ¼dikl] foLdksl½ Åu] js'ke
,sLcs,LVWkl ikWfy,LVj
ukbykWu
ikWfyÁkWfiyhu ,sfØfyd
Tokyk ds lehi igq¡prs le; fldqM+rs ugha gSa
Tokyk esa
Tokyk ds ckgj vkpj.k
xa/k (Smell)
vof'k"V (Residue)
fcuk xys lh/ks tyrs tyuk tkjh dkxt+ dh gYds flysVh gSa j[krs gSaA (After tyus dh xa/k (Grey) jax dh] Glow) FkksM+h ek=k esa jk[k ihNs dh rjQ /khjs&/khjs tyrs gSaA Lor% cq> tkrs tyrs cky vklkuh ls ncus gVrk gS (Curl gYdh (Sputter) gSa dh okyh Away) (Crushable) fpjfejkgV ds lkFk dkyk eudk :Ik jk[k fldqM+rk ugha Tkyrk ugha gSA vk—fr cuk,¡ dksbZ ugha ewy dh Hkk¡fr gS pedrk gS (Glows) j[krk gS Tokyk ls nwj xyrk gS] /khjs&/khjs tyrk gS] ,LVj dh dBksj] flysVh] fldqM+rk gS tyrk gS] cw¡n&cw¡n Vidrk gS] Hkhuh&Hkhuh (Gray) jax dk Vidrk gS] (Rips) fMªfiax ds dkj.k lqxU/k eudk dh Hkk¡fr cq> ldrk gS Tokyk ls nwj xyrk gS] /khjs&/khjs tyrk gS] rh[kh xa/k] dBksj] u ncus fldqM+rk gS tyrk gS] cw¡n&cw¡n Vidrk gSS dh jk[k okyh gYds jax Vidrk gS (Drips) fMªfiax ds dkj.k dh jk[k cq> ldrk gS Tokyk ls nwj xyrk gS] /khjs&/khjs Tkyuk tkjh tyrs dBksj] dRFkbZ fldqM+rk gS tyrk gS] cw¡n&cw¡n j[krk gS IykfLVd (Tan) jax dk tSlh Vidrk gS (Drips) eudk (Bead) Tokyk ls nwj “kh?kz tyrk gS] Tkyuk tkjh rh{.k vfu;fer] fldqM+rk gS fpUxkjh nsrs gq, j[krk gS dBksj] dkyk tyrk gSA eudk Sputters)
Xkfrfof/k
(Activity)
1- ,d dikl js'kk rFkk ,d ikWfy,LVj js'kk ysaA nksuksa js'kksa dks vyx&vyx tyk,¡ vkSj vius fujh{k.k dks fy[ksaA
3-4 foys;rk ijh{k.k
(Solubility Test)
dqN fof'k"V jklk;fud ÁfrØed (Bleaching Agent)] foyk;d (Solvent) esa js'kksa dh foys;rk ;fn fdlh ,d fof'k"V js'kksa ds fy;s ugha arks de ls de ,d tkfrxr oxZ (Generic Group) ds fy, igpku dk fuf'pr lk/ku gSA tc lw{en'khZ; rFkk ngu ijh{k.kksa ds lkFk foys;rk ijh{k.k ds ifj.kkeksa dks feyk fn;k tkrk gS rc vf/kdka'k fLFkfr;ksa (Cases) esa js'kksa dks igpkuuk laHko gks tkrk gSA foys;rk ijh{k.kksa ds fy, vyx&vyx ;kstuk,¡ gSa ftUgsa ,d fu/kkZfjr Øe esa gh fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;s ^foyksiu* (Elimination) ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrs gSaA fdlh vKkr js'ks dh igpku djus okyh ,d ,slh gh fof/k uhps nh x;h gSA lksiku (step) 1 & js'ks dks 0-25&0-50% lksfM;e gkbMªksDyksjkbM (NaOH) foy;u esa MkysaA ;fn js'kk ?kqy tkrk (Soluble) gS rks ;g Åu ;k js'ke gks ldrk gSA bu nksuksa ds chp Hksn djus gsrq js'kksa dks B.Ms 70% lY¶+;wfjd vEy ls mipkfjr djsaA ;fn foy; gS rks ;g js'ke gS ;k Åu gSA ,dkarj Øe ls (Alternately) js'ks dk lYQ+j ls ijh{k.k djsa tks Åu esa ekStwn gksrk gSA ;fn js'kk lksfM;e gkbiksDyksjkbM esa vfoys; gS rks f}rh; lksiku ysaA lksiku (step) 2 & js'ks dks B.Ms ,flfVd ;k Xysf'k;y ,flfVd vEy (Glacial Acetic Acid) ls mipkfjr djsaA ;fn foy;”khy gS rks js'kk lsY;wyksl Mkb,lhVsV ;k lsY;wysl Vªkb,lhVsV gks ldrk gSA nksuksa ds chp Hksn djus ds fy;s js'ks dks fefFkyhu DyksjkbM esa MkysaA ;fn foys; gks 6
rks lsY;wyksl Vªkb,lhVsM gksxk vU;Fkk lsY;wyksl Mkb,lhVsVA ;fn js'kk vfoys; gS rks r`rh; lksiku ysaA lksiku (step) 3 & js'ks dks B.Ms ¼;fn vko”;d gks rks xeZ½ QkfeZd vEy ls mipkfjr djsaA ;fn foy;”khy gks rks js'kk ukbykWu 66 ;k ukbykWu 6 gksxkA bu nksuksa ds chp Hksn djus gsrq js'ks dks mcyrs gq, MkbZ feFkkby Qksjes,,ekbM (DMF) }kjk mipkfjr djsaA ;fn foys; rks ;g ukbykWu 6 gksxk vU;Fkk ukbykWu 66 gksxkA Øe ls js'kksa dk xyukad (Melting Point) fu/kkZfjr djsaA ukbykWu 6 dk xyukad 2180C rFkk ukbykWu 66 dk xyukad 2650C gksrk gSA ;fn js'kk vfoys; gS rks prqFkZ lksiku ysaA lksiku (step) 4 & js'ks dks B.Ms MkbfeFkkbZy Qksjes,ekbM (DMF) }kjk mipkfjr djsaA ;fn foys; gS rks ;g ,sfØfyd js'kk gSA ;fn vfoys; gS rks iape lksiku ysaA lksiku (step) 5 & js'ks dks DyksjksfQukWy (Chlorophenol) esa mckysaA ;fn foy;'khy gS rks ikWfy,LVj js'kk gS vFkkZr ,fFkyhu Vsjs¶+FkkysVA ;fn vfoys; gS rks NBk lksiku ysaA lksiku (step) 6 & js'ks dks 70% lY¶+;wfjd vEy (Sulphuric Acid) ls mipkfjr djsaA ;fn foy; gS rks ;g dikl ;k foLdksl js;kWu gks ldrk gSA bu nksuksa ds chp vUrj djus gsrq mUgsa lksfM;e fta+dsV (Sodium Zincate) ls mipkfjr djsaA ;fn foys; gS rks ;g foLdksl js;kWu gSA ;fn vfoys; gS rks lkroha lksiku ysaA lksiku (step) 7 & js'ks dks ikuh esa j[ksaA ;fn ;g Åij rSjrk gS rks ;g ikWyhÁkWfiyhu (PP) ;k ikWfy,fFkyhu PE gks ldrk gSA ikWyhikWiksyhu (PP) mcyrs dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM (Carbon Tetracloride) esa foys; gS tcfd ikWfy,fFkyhu (PE) mcyrs t+kbyksy (Xylol) esa foys; gksrk gSA vkxs js'ks dh iw.kZ igpku ;k iqf"V (Confirmation) ds fy, dqN vfrfjDr ijh{k.kksa dh lwph uhps nh gqbZ gS ftUgsa fd;k tk ldrk gSA i) ukbykWu 66 ,oa ukbykWu 6 % ¼85%½ QkfeZd vEy (Formic Acid) rFkk esVk&fØlksy (M-Cresol) esa foys; gksrs gSaA ii) lsY;yksl Vªkb,lhVsaV % DyksjksQkeZ (Chloroform) ,oa esfFkyhu MkbDyksjkbV (Methylene Dichloride) esa foys;A iii) Åu % lkekU; rkiØe ij 5% dkfLVd lksMk (NaOH) esa foys;A iv) js'ke % xeZ 5% NaOH esa foys;A v) PET % lkekU; rkiØe ij vFkksZDyksjksQ+suky (Orthochlorophenol) esa foyhu gks tkrk
gSA vi) ,sLcsLVkWl] dk¡p % lkekU;r% Ápfyr dkcZfud (Organic) ;k vdkcZfud (Non Organic) foyk;dksa esa ugha ?kqyrs gSaA dqN le; ls fdlh mRikn esa ,sLcsLVkWl dk mi;ksx blds dSUljiks'kh ÁHkko dh lEHkkouk ds dkj.k vusd js'kksa esa fefJr djus ij Áfrcaf/kr gSA vU; ijh{k.kksa ds ckjs esa vc la{ksi esa crk;k tk,xkA
Xkfrfof/k
(Activity)
2- dqN vKkr ¼Ák—frd ,oa —f=e nksuksa½ js'kksa dks ysaA mu ij ngu ijh{k.k djsa rFkk vius fu"d"kZ fy[ksaA bu ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa igpkuus dk Á;kl djsaA
Lo;a tk¡p Á'u Á'u
(Self Assessment Questions)
2- crk;s fd fuEukafdr dFku lR;@vlR; gSaA i) dikl js'ks esa ukbVªkstu rRo fo|eku gksrk gSA
lR;@vlR; 7
ii) uk;ykWu lcls gYdk js'kk gksrk gSA lR;@vlR; iii) foLdksl js;kWu ,d ÁksVhu js'kk gSA lR;@vlR; iv) fdlh oL=ksi;ksxh js'kksa esa vkEDlhtu rRo dh mifLFkfr mlds ?kuRo dks c<+k nsrh
gSA lR;@vlR; v) js'kksa dh igpku gsrq Á;qDr rhu Áeq[k ijh{k.kksa esa ls foys;rk ijh{k.k lcls fuf'pr lwpuk Ánku djrk gSA lR;@vlR; vi) Åu 'kh?kz tyrk gSA lR;@vlR; vii) ,sLcsLVkWl foyk;dksa ds Áfr Áfrjks/kh gSA lR;@vlR; viii) Åu dks lk/kkj.k /kksus ds lkcwu ls /kksuk lqjf{kr gSA lR;@vlR; ix) ,sfØfyd js'ks ty esa rSjrk (Floats) gSA lR;@vlR; x) js'ke js'kk tyus ij xyrk rFkk cw¡n&cw¡n Vid dj fxjrk gSA lR;@vlR;
3-5 rŸo igpku ijh{k.k
(Element Identification Test)
ukbykWu] ykbØk] ,sfØfyd rFkk ekWM,sfØfyd js'kksa dh igpku ds fy, dHkh&dHkh ukbVªkstu ,oa Dyksjhu laca/kh ijh{k.k fd, tkrs gSaA
3-6-1 ukbVªkstu dh mifLFkfr dh igpku gsrq ijh{k.k ¼lksMk ykbe ijh{k.k½ (Test for detecting presence of nitrogen (Soda lime test))
,d NksVh Toyu uyh (Ignition Tube) esa dqN js'kksa dks lksMk ykbe ls <ds rFkk uyh ds eq[k dks Xykl Åu (Glass Wool) ls can dj nsaA ;fn js'ks esa ukbVªkstu gksxk rks uyh dks xeZ djus ij ok"i esa veksfu;k ik;k tk;sxkA ok"i cgqr vf/kd {kkjh; gksus ds dkj.k fyVel isij (Litmus Paper) dks uhyk dj nsxkA
3-6-2 Dyksjhu dh mifLFkfr dh [kkst gsrq ijh{k.k (Test for detecting the presence of chlorine)
,d rkEcs ds rkj dks cqUlsu Tokyk esa rc rd xeZ djsa tc rd Tokyk dk gjk jax lekIr u gks tk;sA vc rkj dks Tokyk ls ckgj fudky dj bl xeZ rkj ls js'ks dk Li'kZ djk;saA rki lquE; (Thermoplastic) js'ks bl rkj ls fpidsaxsA js'kksa ls tqM+s rkj dks Tokyk esa j[ksaA gjk jax Dyksjhu dh mifLFkfr dh vksj n'kkZ,xkA
3-6 ?kuRo ekiu
(Density Measurement)
?kuRo fdlh inkFkZ ds Áfr bdkbZ vk;ru esa æO;eku ds cjkcj gS rFkk bldh bdkbZ xzke@lsUVhehVj3 gSA lkekU; js'kksa dk ?kuRo laca/kh vk¡dM+k rkfydk 3-3 esa Ánf'kZr gSA Rkkfydk 33-3 js'kk &?kuRo vk¡ vk¡dM+k (Fiber Density Data)
js'kk dikl foLdksl js;kWu fyusu
?kuRo ¼xzke@lsaeh-h-3½ 1-52&1-55 1-49&1-52 1-53&1-55 8
twV ikWfyuksfld (polynosic)
lsY;qyksl Mkb,lhVsM@Vªkb,lhVsM Åu js'ke ukbykWu 6@ukbykWu 66 ikWfy,LVj ,sfØfyd ekWM,sfØfyd (modacrylic) LiS.MsDl (spandex) ikWfy,fFkyhu ¼fuEu ?kuRo½ ikWfy,fFkyhu ¼mPp ?kuRo½ ikWfyÁkWfiyhu dk¡p (glass)
3-7 xyukad dk fu/kkZ fu/kkZj.k
1-49&1-50 1-50&1-52 1-30&1-35 1-30&1-33 1-25&1-34 1-14 1-38&1-40 1-16&1-19 1-29&1-34 1-20&1-25 0-92&0-94 0-95&0-97 0-91 2-50&2-54
(Determination of Melting Point)
,d js'ks dk xyu rki (Melting Temperature ¼fMQjsfU'k;y dSyksjh ehVj½ (Differential Calorimeter) }kjk fudkyk tk ldrk gSA ¼vf/kd v/;;u gsrq lanHkZ esa Øekad 4 ij of.kZr dh ikB~; iqfLrdk dh lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gSA dqN lkekU; js'kksa ds xyu rki lacaf/kr vk¡dM+s rkfydk 3-4 esa fn, gq, gSaA
rkfydk 33-4 dqN js'kkskksa ds xyu&rki laca/kh vk¡dM+s (Melting Temperature Data of Some Fibers) js'kk ÁkÑfrd dikl js'ke ekuo &fufeZr foLdkst+ js;kWu ikWfy,LVj PET ukbykWu 6 ukbykWu 66 ,sfØfyd ikWfyÁksfiyhu ikWfy,fFkyhu ¼ fuEu ?kuRo½ ikWfy,fFkyhu ¼mPp ?kuRo½
3-8 Li'kZ ijh{k.k
xyu&rki eqyk;e gksus@xyus ls iwoZ yxHkx 2500c ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS xyus ls iwoZ 2800c ij vi?kfVr gksrk gS eqyk;e gksus@xyus ls iwoZ vi?kfVr gksrk gS 2650c 2180c 2650c 3200c ¼fi?kyus ls iwoZ fo;ksftr (Decompose) gks ldrk gS½ 1650c 1150c 1350c
(Feeling Test)
;g ,d O;fDrfu"B (Subjective) ijh{k.k gS tks ,sls O;fDr }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS ftls fHké&fHké oL=ksa dks yEcs le; ls gkFk ls Li'kZ djrs&djrs bl dyk esa n{krk ÁkIr gks 9
pqdh gksA ;g O;fDr ds Li'kZ ds xq.k (Perception) ij vk/kkfjr gS tSls % tc og diM+s dks viuh vaxqfy;ksa }kjk Li'kZ djrk gS rks ;fn js'kk Åu gS rks og vaxqyh ls mldh xehZ dks eglwl dj ldrk gS ijUrq ;fn og js'kk dikl] fyusu ;k js;kWu gS rks Nqus ij ;g B.Ms yxrs gSa (Feel Cold)A dikl ;k lwrh oL= Nqus ij mlds B.Ms] eqqyk;e gksus dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA Li'kZ ijh{k.k dh viuh lhek,¡ gSa vkSj bl ij lnSo fo'okl ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
Lo;a Lo;a tkap Á'u
(Self check Questions)
3- fuEufyf[kr ds tksM+ feyk,¡ (Match the following) i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)
3-9
ukbykWu 66 js'kk fuEu ?kuRo ikWfy,fFkyhu ikWfyÁkWfiyhu Åu js'kk js'ke js'kk twV js'kk
nÙk dk;Z
3-1010-1 d{kk dk;Z
a. “kYdh lrg (Scaly Surface) b. dks'ke;h js'kk c. fuEure xyu rki d. mPp xyu &rki e. f=Hkqtkdkj vuqÁLFk&dkV f. lclss gYdk js'kk
(Assignments) (Class assignments)
i) miyC/k js'kksa esa ls dqN js'ks ysa ,oa miyC/k djk;h xbZ lqfo/kkvksa dk mi;ksx djds mUgsa
igpkuus dk Á;kl djsaA fd, x, Á;ksxksa rFkk fudkys x, fu"d"kZ ds laca/k esa ,d fjiksVZ (Report) ÁLrqr djsaA
3-1010-2 x`g dk;Z
(Home assignments)
i) ,d pkVZ isij (Chart Paper) ij dqN lkekU; Ák—frd ,oa —f=r js'kksa dk vuqnS?;Z &dkV (Cross Section) cuk,¡A
3-10 lkjka'k
(Summing Up)
bl ikB esa js'kksa dks igpkuus ds fy, fd, tkus okys ijh{k.kksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA buesa lw{en'khZ; ijh{k.kksa] ngu ijh{k.k] foys;rk ijh{k.k] ?kuRo rFkk xyukad ekiu bR;kfn lfEefyr gSaA nh x;h lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij bu ijh{k.kksa esa ls fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd ds esy ls ÁkIr vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d vKkr js'ks dks igpkuk tk ldrk gSA mi;qDr ifj.kke ds fy, tk¡p dk Øec) rFkk oSKkfud gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
3-11 Lo;a Lo;a tk¡p Á'uks Á'uksa ds laHkkfor mÙkj (Possible Answers to Self check Questions) 1- fuEukafdr Á'uksa ds mŸkj gk¡@ugha esa nks& 10
i) (a) ugha (b) gk¡ (c) ugha (d) ugha (e) gk¡ ii) (a) gk¡ (b) gk¡ (c) ugha (d) ugha (e) gk¡
2- crkvksa fd fuEukafdr dFku lR;@vlR; gSaA i) vlR; ii) vlR; iii) vlR; iv) lR; v) vlR; vi) vlR; vii) lR; viii)vlR; ix) lR; x) vlR;
3-
fuEufyf[kr dks mlds tksM+s ls feykvks (Match the following)i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)
d c f a e b
3-12 vH;klkFkZ Á' Á'u
(Terminal Question)
1. fuEukafdr Á'uksa dh O;k[;k oSKkfud vk/kkj ij djsaA ;fn vko”;d gks rks Áklafxd
lkfgR; ls lwpuk,¡ ÁkIr djsaA 2. ;|fi dikl 'kh?kz tyrk gS fQj Hkh efgykvksa dks jlksbZ x`g esa dk;Z djrs le; ;k
nhikoyh ds volj ij lwrh lkfM+;k¡ iguus dk ijke'kZ fn;k tkrk gS u fd d`f=e inkFkZ dh cuh lkfM+;k¡] D;ksa\ 3. Li'kZ djus ij D;kas Åu xeZ vkSj lwrh oL= B.Mk yxrk gS\
3-13 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrds Lrdsa (References and Suggested Further Reading) 1. Gupta, V.B. and Khothari, V.K. (Eds), (1997), Manufactured Fiber Technology. (Gupta, A.K. Chapter 10, Characterization of Polymers and Fibers. Pp. 203-247). Chapman & Hall, London. 2. Khothari , V.K. (Ed) Quality control. (Sen, K. Chapter 4 Textile Fibers: Classification and Identification, Pp. 46-54) Textile Dept IIT, New Delhi. 11
3. Sreenivasa Murthy, H. V. (1987), Introduction to Textile Fibers, The Textile Association (India), Mumbai. 4. British Standards Institute. British Handbook No. 11.1963, Pg. 391-432. 5. Dave, M.S. (Ed), (1980), Textile Fibers. (Chapter 6. chemical Properties of fibers), Textile Association (India), Ahmedabad Unit, Ahmedabad.
3-14 'kCnkoyh
(Glossary)
1. Toyu (Ignition)
vkx dks ÁkjEHk djus ;k tykus dk dk;ZA
2. cqUlsu&Tokyk (Bunsen flame)
Á;ksx”kkykvksa esa Á;ksx esa yk;k tkus okyk xSl cuZj ftlesa xSl rFkk gok ds feJ.k dks fu;fer djus ds fy, ,d ok;q fNæ (Air valve) yxk gksrk gSA
3. Xyks (Glow)
fdlh oLrq ds vkx cq>kus ds ckn ukjaxh jax dk lqyxuk Xyks dgykrk gSA
4. vuqÁLFk dkV (Cross section)
pkSM+kbZ ds cy dVk gqvkA
5. vuqnS?;Z dkV (Longitudinal section)
yEckbZ ds cy ij yEcor] yEckbZ esaA
6. foyksiu (Elimination)
,d ds ckn ,d djds gVkus dh ÁfØ;kA
7. rki lquE; (Thermoplastic)
mPp rki esa ;fn js'ks dk O;ogkj IykfLVd tSlk Ánf'kZr gks rks og rki lquE; oxZ esa vkrk gSSA
12