1010- O;kikj vkjEHk djuk (STARTING A BUSINESS) VsDlVkby fMt+kbfuax dkslZ dk v/;;u lekIr djus ds Ik”pkr~ jkst+xkj dk ,d laHko ekxZ viuk O;olk; LFkkfir djuk gSA blds fy, O;kikj vkjEHk djus dh ewy vko”;drkvksa ls ifjfpr gksuk vko”;d gSA bl bdkbZ ds rhuksa v/;k;ksa esa vki O;kikj vkjEHk djus dh lHkh ÁfØ;kvksa dh tkudkjh ÁkIr djsaxs tSls ÁkstsDV (Project) dh fjiksVZ rS;kj djuk] ÁkstsDV (Project) ds fy, /ku dh O;oLFkk djuk rFkk vUr esa ,d lQy O;kikj ds fy, vko';d ;ksX;rkvksa dh le> j[kukA
1010-0 mís”;
(OBJECTIVES)
bl ikB dk v/;;u djus ds Ik”pkr~ vki& • O;kikfjd ;kstuk dk egRo rFkk /kkj.kk dh le> ÁkIr djsaxs • ,d vPNh O;kikfjd ;kstuk cukus ds fofHké igyqvksa dk Kku ÁkIr djsaxs • fdlh O;kikfjd laLFkku ds vlQy gksus ds dkj.kksa ls ifjfpr gksaxs • ,d O;kikfjd ;kstuk cuk ik,¡xs
1010-1 ifjp; ifjp;
(INTRODUCTION)
O;kikfjd ;kstuk (Business Planning) ds fy, ,d ÁkstsDV fjiksVZ (Project Report) rS;kj djuh gksrh gSA ;g ,d O;kikj vkajHk djus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA bl vH;kl ij ftruh vf/kd lko/kkuh rFkk Á;Ru fd, tk,¡xs] mruh gh lQyrk ds volj vf/kd gksaxsA ;g ;kstuk le; (Time) rFkk lalk/kuksa (Resources) ds ÁHkkoh mi;ksx ds fy, dsUæ fcUnq LFkkfir djus esa lgk;d gksxhA bl ikB esa ge laf{kIr esa v/;;u djsaxsA • O;kikfjd ;kstuk ds ewy fl)kar • O;kikfjd ÁkstsDV ds rŸo rFkk :ijs[kk • u;s O;kikj dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, viuh 'kfDr rFkk detksfj;ksa dk ewY;kadu djuk • LokfeRo O;kikj (Business Ownership) ds ykHk • O;kikj vlQy gksus ds dkj.k
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1010-2 O;kikfjd dk;Z&;kstuk ds ewy fl)kar (BASICS OF BUSINESS PLAN) O;kikfjd dk;Z&;kstuk O;kikj vkjEHk djus ds fy, ,d dk;Z ;kstuk gSA ;g ;kstuk foosdiw.kZ <ax ls vkids O;kikj dh O;k[;k djrh gS] vkids y{;ksa dh igpku djkrh gS rFkk vkids Áfr"Bku ds lkjka'k dks Li"V :Ik esa ÁLrqr djrh gSA O;kikfjd dk;Z ;kstuk vkidks Bhd <ax ls lalk/kuksa dks ck¡Vus] vkdfLed tfVyrkvksa dks lEHkkyus rFkk vPNs O;kikfjd QSlys ysus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA ;g vkidh dEiuh ls lacaf/kr fof'k"V rFkk laxfBr lwpuk Ánku djrh gS rFkk ;g Hkh n'kkZrh gS fd vki _.k dSls pqdk,¡xsA blds vfrfjDr ;g ;kstuk foØsrk rFkk vU; yksxksa rd vkids y{;ksa] lapkyu dh lwpuk vkiwfrZ vkfn dks Ánku djrh gSA
1010-2-1 vius dk;Z dks ;kstukc) djuk
(PLAN YOUR WORK)
O;kid (Comprehensive) rFkk fopkj lwpd (Thoughtful) dk;Z ;kstuk dk cgqr egRo gSA bl ij vusd ckrsa fuHkZj djrh gSa tSls ckgj ls /ku ÁkIr djuk] vkiwfrZdŸkkZ ls m/kkj lkexzh ysuk] lapkyu rFkk /ku dk Áca/k djuk] vius O;kikj dks c<+kus rFkk mRikn foospu dk Áca/k djuk rFkk mÌs'; ,oa y{;ksa dks ÁkIr djukA O;kikfjd dk;Z&;kstuk fy[kus ls igys fuEu pkj Á'uksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A • vkidk O;kikj D;k lsok ;k mRiknu rS;kj djsxk rFkk ;g fdl vko';drk dks iwjk djsxk\ • vkidh lsok vFkok mRikn ds laHkkfor xzkgd dkSu gksaxs rFkk og vkids mRikn dks D;ksa [kjhnuk pkgsaxs\ • vki vius laHkkfor xzkgdksa rd dSls igq¡psaxs\ • vki viuk O;kikj vkjEHk djus ds fy, /ku dgk¡ ls ÁkIr djsaxs\
1010-2-2 vkjEHk djus ds ewy fl)kar
(START UP BASICS)
• ÁFke dne (FIRST STEP) O;kikj 'kq: djus rFkk lapkyu djus ds fy, Ásj.kk rFkk ;ksX;rk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blds fy, vuqla/kku rFkk ;kstuk dh vko';drk gSA ;|fi vkjafHkd =qfV;k¡ vf/kd ?kkrd ugha gksrh ijUrq] bu =qfV;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, vfrfjDr rFkk dBksj vuq'kklu o ifjJe pkfg,A loZÁFke vius O;kikj ds y{;ksa dk p;u rFkk ewY;kadu dhft, blds Ik”pkr~ bl lwpuk ds vk/kkj ij O;kid rFkk fopkjiwoZd O;kikfjd ÁkstsDV cukb,A bl Ádkj ;g vkidks y{; ÁkIr djus esa lgk;d gksxkA O;kikfjd dk;Z dh ;kstuk rFkk ÁkstsDV fjiksVZ vkidks mu fo"k;ksa ij lkspus dks ck/; djsxh ftudh ;fn fjiksVZ ugha cukbZ tkrh rks 'kk;n vki /;ku gh u nsrsA vkidh ;kstuk O;kikj ds fy, /ku miyC/k djkus esa ,d ewY;oku ek/;e gksxh rFkk vkidh lQyrk dks tk¡pus ds fy, ekid lkfcr gksxhA • O;kikj vkjEHk djus dh rS;kjh djuk djuk (GETTING STARTED) ;kstuk ds Ik'pkr~ vki O;kikj “kq: djus ds dkj.kksa dh lwph cukb,A dqN eq[; dkj.k uhps fn, x, gSaA o Lor% lapkyu (Self Management) 2
o vkfFkZd Lora=rk (Financial Independence) o l`tukRed Lora=rk (Creative Freedom) o viuh ;ksX;rk rFkk Kku dk iw.kZ mi;ksx blds Ik'pkr~ vius O;kikj dk p;u dhft,A Lo;a ls fuEu Á'u iwfN,& o o o o o o
vius le; ds vuqlkj eq>s D;k dk;Z djuk pkfg,\ eq> esa dkSu lh rduhdh ;ksX;rk gS\ vU; O;fDr esjs ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSa vFkok eSa fdl dk;Z esa fQV (Fit) gw¡\ D;k eq>s ikfjokfjd lg;ksx feysxk\ ,d lQy O;kikj ds fy, eSa fdruk le; ns ldrh gw¡@ldrk gw¡A D;k eq>esa dksbZ ,slk 'kkSd gS ftls eSa cktkj esa csp ldrh gw¡@ldrk gw¡\
vius O;kikj ds voljksa dh igpku dhft;sA vuqla/kku (Research) ds Ik”pkr~ fuEu Á'uksa ds mŸkj nhft,A o o o o o o o
eSa fdl Ádkj dk O;kikj vkjEHk djuk pkgrh gw¡@pkgrk gw¡\ eSa fdu lsokvksa ;k mRiknksa dks csp ldw¡xh@ldw¡xk\ D;k esjs fopkj O;ogkfjd gS rFkk D;k ;g vko';drk iwjh dj ldrs gSa\ esjh fdlls ÁfrLi/kkZ (Competition) gS\ esjs O;kikj esa] nwljh miyC/k dEifu;ksa ls vf/kd D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa\ D;k eSa vPNh xq.koŸkk (Quality) okyh lsok Ánku dj ldrh gw¡@ldrk gw¡\ D;k eSa vius mRikn dh ekax iSnk dj ldrh gw¡@ldrk gw¡\
viuh ;kstuk cukus ls igys vafre dne gS vius O;kikj dh iwoZ tk¡p lwph (prebusiness checklist) rS;kj djukA vki fuEu Á'uksa ds mŸkj nhft,& o eq>s vius O;kikj ds fy, fdl Ádkj dh ;ksX;rk rFkk vuqHko dks Á;ksx esa ykuk pkfg,\ o fdl Ádkj dk laoS/kkfud :Ik js[kk Á;ksx esa ykuh pkfg,\ o dEiuh dk O;kikfjd fooj.k dSls fd;k tk,xk\ o fdl Ádkj dh bU'kksjsal (Insurance) ls O;kikj dks doj (Cover) fd;k tk,xk\ o eq>s fdu midj.kksa rFkk vkiwfrZ dh vko';drk gksxh\ o eSa fdl Ádkj viuh {kfriwfrZ (Compensate) dj ldw¡xh@ldw¡xk\ o esjs D;k lk/ku gSa\ o eq>s fdrus /ku dh vko';drk gksxh\ o esjs O;kikj dk LFkku dgk¡ gksxk\ o eSa vius Áfr"Bku dk D;k uke j[kw¡xh@j[kw¡xk\ vkids mŸkj ,d O;kikj LFkkfir djus esa lgk;d gksaxs rFkk vPNh Ádkj ls fd;k x;k vuqla/kku vkids O;kikj ds lapkyu] Áca/ku rFkk iw¡th fuos'k ds fy, :ijs[kk rS;kj djsxkA
Lo;a tkap Á”u
(SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS)
1- O;kikfjd ÁkstsDV D;k gS\ 3
1010-2-3 ÁkstsDV dh fjiksVZ rS;kj kj djuk
(WRITING THE PROJECT REPORT)
vkidks ;g tkuuk vko';d gS fd ÁkstsDV fjiksZV esa D;k gksrk gS\ ,d fjiksZV dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA • O;kikj dk o.kZu • ekdsZfVax • /ku dh O;oLFkk djuk • O;oLFkkiu
1010-2-4 ÁkstsDV fjiksVZ ds ewy rŸo 1234-
(ELEMENTS OF PROJECT REPORT)
ÁkstsDV ds ewy rŸoksa dk lkjka'k fuEufyf[kr gksxk& eq[; i`"B (Cover Sheet) mÌs';ksa dh ifjHkk"kk (Statement of Purpose) fo"k; oLrq lwph (Table of Contents) O;kikj ls lacaf/kr i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)
O;kikj dk fooj.k (Business Related) ekdsZfVax (Marketing) ÁfrLi/kkZ (Competition) Lakpkyu dk <ax (Operating Procedure) O;fDr (Personnel) O;kikfjd chek ;kstuk (Business Insurance)
5- vkfFkZd MkVk (Financial Data) i) m/kkj ysus dk ÁkFkZuk i= ii) eq[; ;a=@e'khusa rFkk vkiwfrZ lwph iii) cSysal 'khV (Balance Sheet) iv) czsdbou fo'ys"k.k (Breakeven Analysis) v) vkenuh n'kkZus okyk ÁksQkekZ (Profit and Loss Statement) vi) rhu o"kZ dk laf{kIr fooj.k] ¼ÁFke o"kZ esa ekfld½ vii) f=ekfld fooj.k (Quarterly Detail) ¼nwljs rFkk rhljs o"kZ ds fy,½ viii)orZeku ds vk/kkj ij Hkkoh fLFkfr dk iwokZuqeku ix) dS'k ¶yks ÁksQkekZ (Cash Flow Pro-Forma)
1010-3 ,d O;kikfjd Áfr"Bku
(A BUSINESS ORGANIZATION)
O;kikfjd laLFkku O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dk ifjpkyu djrk gSA ;g fØ;k,¡ laLFkku dh xfrfof/k;ksa] lg;ksx rFkk Áca/ku] LokfeRo rFkk fu;a=.k ds vkSipkfjd laca/kksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSaA fofHké fofHké Ádkj ds O;kikj & LokfeRo ds pquko ds vk/kkj ij O;kikj ds fuEu :Ik laHko gSa 4
• O;fDrxr LokfeRo (Individual proprietorship) & tc fdlh O;kikj dk Lokeh rFkk fu;a=d ,d gh O;fDr gks] mls lksy ÁksijkbVj (Sole Proprietor) dgk tkrk gSA ;g O;kikfjd laLFkku dk lcls ljy :Ik gSA • Hkkxhnkjh (Partnership)& nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr O;kikj ds ykHk dks ck¡Vus ds fy;s lger gksa rks mls Hkkxhnkjh dgrs gSaA bu O;fDr;ksa ds e/; ,d le>kSrk gksrk gS rFkk le>kSrs ds Ik'pkr~ mu O;fDr;ksa dks ikVZuj (Partner) dgk tkrk gSA • dEiuh (Company) & blesa O;fDr;ksa dk ,d lewg dEiuh dks pykus ds fy, /ku dk va'knku nsrk gSA tks O;fDr /ku va'knku djrs gSa mudks dEiuh dk 'ks;j gksYMj (Share Holder) dgk tkrk gSA Áfrca/kksa (Restriction) ds Ádkj ds vk/kkj ij tks Hkh lhek,¡ vki vius laLFkku ds fy, fu;r djrs gSa mlh ds vuqlkj vki i) ÁkbosV dEiuh (Private Company) ;k ii) lkoZtfud dEiuh (Public Company) LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA
Lo;a tkap Á”u
(SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS)
2- O;kikj ds rhu :ikas ds uke fyf[k,&
1010-4 LokfeRo O;kikj ds ykHk
(ADVANTAGES OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP)
;g lR; gS fd viuk O;kikj vdsys u “kq: djus ds vusd dkj.k gSa ijUrq ,d loksZfpr O;fDr ds fy, vius O;kikj (Ownership Business) ds ykHk tksf[ke (Risk) ds vis{kk—r de gksaxsA dqN bl Ádkj ds ykHk tSls & • vki vius ekfyd gksaxsA • vf/kd le; rFkk ifjJe djus ls vkidks lh/kk ykHk igq¡prk gSa u fd nwljksa ds fy, ykHkdkjh gksrk gSA • vk; rFkk méfr dh laHkkouk,¡ cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSaA • ,d u;k dk;Z tksf[ke Hkjk gksrk gS ijUrq mRlkg o/kZd (Exciting) gSA • O;kikj vkjEHk djus ls lh[kus dh vlhfer pqukSfr;k¡ (Challenges) rFkk volj (Opportunities) feyrs gSaA ,d ckj vkius viuh O;kikfjd ;kstuk iwjh dj yh gS rks vki mldks vius fe= ;k O;kikfjd la?k ds lkFk iqu% fopkj dj ldrs gSaA tSls gh vki vius O;kikj fd :Ik js[kk rFkk fo"k; oLrq ls lger gksa rks vius _`.knkŸkk ds lkFk ppkZ djsaA O;kikfjd dk;Z&;kstuk ,d yphyk nLrkost gS tks vkids O;kikj dh méfr ds lkFk cnyk tkuk pkfg,A
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1010-5 Yk?kq O;kikj vlQy D;ksa gksrs gSa\ (WHY SMALL BUSINESSES FAIL?) O;kikj esa lQyrk dHkh Lor% ÁkIr ugha gksrhA ;g iw.kZr% HkkX; ij Hkh fuHkZj ugha djrhA lQyrk] eq[; :Ik ls ekfyd dh nwjnf'kZrk (Foresight) rFkk Áca/ku (Organization) ij fuHkZj djrh gS] fQj Hkh okLro esa lQyrk dh dksbZ xkjUVh (Guarantee) ugha gSA ekbfdy ,sEl Michel Ames us viuh iqLrd “Small Business Management” esa y?kq O;kikj vlQy gksus ds fuEu dkj.k fn, gSa & • vuqHko dh deh (Lack of experience) • vi;kZIr /ku ¼iw¡th½ (Insufficient capital) • vuqfpr LFkku (Poor location) • fuEu Lrjh; foLr`r lwph Áca/ku (Poor inventory management) • vpy lkexzh ij vR;f/kd O;; (Over investment in fixed assets) • fuEu Lrjh; m/kkj ls lacaf/kr Áca/ku (Poor credit arrangements ) • O;kikfjd /ku dk O;fDrxr Á;ksx (Personal use of business funds) • vÁR;kf'kr méfr (Unexpected growth) xqLro cysZ (Gustav Berle) viuh iqLrd “The do it yourself Business” esa nks vkSj dkj.k ÁfrLi/kkZ (competition) rFkk de fcØh tksM+rs gSaA
Lo;a tkap Á”u
(SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS)
3- O;kikj vlQy gksus ds dksbZ rhu dkj.k crk,¡A
1010-6 nÙk dk;Z
(ASSIGNMENTS)
1010-6-1 d{kk dk;Z
(CLASS ASSIGNMENTS)
i) viuh O;kikfjd dk;Z&;kstuk ds y{; igpkus rFkk vius O;kikj dh O;k[;k dhft,A 6
ii) O;kikfjd ÁkstsDV fy[kus ds fy;s dkSu ls pkj eq[; Á'u gSa\ vki viuh dk;Z ;kstuk
fjiksZV ds fy;s bu Á'uksa ds mŸkj nhft,A
1010-6-2 x`g dk;Z
(HOME ASSIGNMENTS)
i) vIkus ikB;Øe ls lacaf/kr ,d ÁkstsDV fjiksVZ cuk,¡A vkidh ÁkstsDV fjiksZV ds D;k fHké
Hkkx gSa\ ii) vki fdl Ádkj dk O;kikfjd laL Fkku cukuk pkgsaxs\ vius mŸkj ds dkj.k crkb,A
1010-7 Lkkjka Lkkjka”k
(SUMMING UP)
bl ikB esa vkius O;kikj ds eq[; igyqvksa tSls O;kikfjd dk;Z ;kstuk ds ewy rRo] O;kikfjd ÁkstsDV fjiksZV fy[kuk] fjiksVZ ds eq[; rŸo] O;kikj vlQy gksus ds dkj.k rFkk O;kikfjd Áfr"Bkuksa ds Ádkjksa dk v/;;u fd;kA
• • • •
eq[; fcUnq ftu ij fopkj fd;k x;k og gSa& O;kikfjd dk;Z&;kstuk foLrkj ls vkids O;kikj dh O;k[;k djrh gS rFkk vkids y{;ksa dks igpkurh gSA O;kikfjd dk;Z ;kstuk rS;kj djus rFkk ÁkstsDV fjiksVZ rS;kj djrs le; vkidks dqN egŸoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dk Kku gksxk tks oSls vkids laKku ls 'kk;n NwV tkrsA O;kikfjd dk;Z ;kstuk fjiksVZ dks pkj eq[; Hkkxksa O;kikj dh O;k[;k] ekdsZfVax] /ku ÁkIr djuk rFkk Áca/ku O;oLFkk esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA O;kikfjd Áfr"Bku O;fDrxr] lk>snkjh ;k dEiuh ds ek/;e ls gks ldrs gSaA
1010-8 Lo;a tkap Á” Á”uksa ds laHkkfor mÙkj (POSSIBLE ANSWERS TO SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS) 1. O;kikfjd ÁkstsDV ,d fjiksVZ gS tks O;kikj ;k u;k O;kikj vkjEHk djus ds fy;s rS;kj
dh tkrh gSA ;g O;kid :Ik ls vkids O;kikj ds fo"k; dks n'kkZrh gS rFkk vkids y{;ksa dh igpku djrh gS rFkk ;g lalk/ku ÁkIr djus esa ennxkj gksrh gSA 2. O;kikj ds rhu :i& a) O;fDrxr LokfeRo O;kikj
b) lk>snkjh
c) dEiuh
3. O;kikj vlQy gksus ds rhu dkj.k& a) vuqHko dh deh
1010-9 vH;klkFkZ Á” Á”u
b) vi;kZIr /ku
c) fuEu Lrjh; LFkku
(TERMINAL QUESTIONS)
1. fofHké Ádkj ds O;kikj dk o.kZu dhft,A 2. O;kikj LokfeRo ds D;k ykHk gSa\ viuk O;kikj LFkkfir djus ds dqN dkj.kksa dh lwph
cukb,A 3. Yk?kq O;kikj vlQy gksus ds D;k dkj.k gSa\ 7
1010-10 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa (REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READING) 1. Dollinger, M.J. 2006. Entrepreneurship: Strategies and resources. Pearson Education Ltd., New Delhi. 2. Patel, B.M. Project Management: Strategic financial planning, evaluation and control. 2000. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
1010-11 'kCnkoyh
(GLOSSARY)
1. cszdbou (Breakeven)
og fcUnq ftlij ykHk o gkfu cjkcj gks tk,A
2. ekdsZfVax (Marketing)
foØ; ls lacaf/krA
3. rŸo (Factors)
ÁHkkfor djus okyh {kerk j[kus gsrqA
4. ÁksQkekZ (Performa)
Hkjus okys nLrkostA
5. y{; (Goal)
/;s;] mÌs'; esa fo'okl j[kus okykA
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