13- O;kikfjd O;kikfjd uhfr;k¡ (BUSINESS ETHICS) lekt esa ekuo Á;Ruksa dk vk/kkj lkekftd] uSfrd rFkk O;ogkfjd ewY; (values) gSA lekt dk mRFkku rFkk iru mlds lnL;ksa ds ,sls gh ewY;ksa ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA lekt dk mŸkjnk;h lnL; gksus ds ukrs ;g vko”;d gS fd ge lHkh dks vius is'ks rFkk O;kikj esa dqN lkoZHkkSfed (universal) uhfr;ksa rFkk O;olkf;d ewY;ksa dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg,A bl bdkbZ esa ge O;kikj rFkk okafNr uhfr'kkL= laca/kh ewY;ksa ds ijLij laca/k tks lkekftd rkus ckus dks cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gSa ds fo"k; esa v/;;u djssaxsA rdZlaxr uhfr'kkL= laca/kh ewY;] O;kikj esa ln~Hkkouk cuk, j[kus esa fu.kkZ;d gksrs gaSA ;g ikB ^^uhfr;k¡ vkSj O;kikj** bdkbZ dk ,d Hkkx gS rFkk blesa ge ^^O;kikfjd uhfr'kkL=** ds fo’k; dks foLr`r :Ik ls tkusaxsA bdkbZ ds nwljs v/;k; esa ge O;kikj dh lQyrk ds fofHké ewY;ksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA vafre v/;k; esa ge O;kikj uhfr'kkL= ij lkewfgd okn fookn djsaxsA
1313-0 mís';
(OBJECTIVES)
bl ikB dk v/;;u djus ij ge tkusaxs • ekuo lekt dh orZeku n'kk rFkk blesa ldkjkRed (positive) cnyko ykus dh tkudkjh ÁkIr djsaxsA • uhfr'kkL= rFkk uSfrdrk dh /kkj.kk rFkk rdZlaxr O;kikj ds fl)karksa dh tkudkjh ÁkIr djsaxsA
1313-1 ifjp;
(INTRODUCTION)
bl ,d o"khZ; VsDlVkby fMt+kbfuax ds lfVZfQ+dsV~ Áksxzke dks iwjk djus ds Ik'pkr~ vki dksbZ ukSdjh djsaxs ;k vkxs v/;;u djsaxsA vki viuk dqN m|ksx LFkkfir djus dk fu.kZ; Hkh ys ldrs gSaA ;g ,d fopkj.kh; fo"k; gS fd vki lksps fd D;k ^uhfr'kkL= rFkk O;kikj* dk ;g fo"k; okLro esa gekjs fy, egŸoiw.kZ gSA ;fn gk¡ rks D;ksa\ bu lHkh lac) fo"k;ksa dk mŸkj vkidks bl ikB ds v/;;u ls ÁkIr gks ldsxkA
1313-2 ekuo lekt dh orZeku n” n”kk (THE PRESENT STATE OF HUMAN SOCIETY) ;fn ge pkjksa vksj ns[ksa rks gesa D;k fn[kkbZ nsxk\ ekuo lekt us ÁkS|ksfxd méfr esa mYys[kuh; Áxfr dh gS fQj Hkh lalkj esa leL;k,¡] >xM+s] daxkyh dbZ xquk c<+ x;h gSA ge nqfu;k esa ijLij dM+okgV ,oa la?k"kZ ds tfVy gkykr ns[krs gSaA lalkj esa cgqr ls ns'k foæksg] lkewfgd la?k"kZ] lkekftd vU;k; rFkk O;kikj dh Nhuk >iVh dk vuqHko dj jgs gSaA vkradokn flj mBk jgk gS rFkk fofHké xqVksa ds jktuSfrd mÌs';ksa dh ÁkfIr ds fy, j.kuhfr esa c<+ksrjh gks jgh gSA lHkh laÁnk;ksa esa xjhch ,oa lkekftd HksnHkko QSyk gqvk gSA ;g /;ku nsus dk fo"k; gS fd bfrgkl esa blls igys dHkh Hkh vkt ls vf/kd Kku miyC/k ugha FkkA 1
1313-3 csgrj lkalkfjdrk dh vksj (TOWARDS A BETTER WORLD) fdlh lekt dh vknr rFkk vkpj.k dk vkadyu mlds lnL;ksa ds lHkh Ádkj ds O;fDrxr dk;ksZa ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ge csgrj lkalkfjdrk ds fy, lekt esa cnyko ykuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa lcls igys vius vki dks cnyuk gksxk rFkk mfpr o vuqfpr esa QdZ djuk gksxkA vkbULVhu (Einstein) tks ekuo lekt dh [kq'kh vkSj 'kkfUr ds fy, ekuo ewY;ksa dks vR;f/kd egŸoiw.kZ ekurs Fks] us ;g mRlkgo)Zd lans'k fn;k ^^ekuo dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Á;Ru vius dk;ksZa esa uSfrdrk ÁkIr djus ds fy, la?k"kZ djuk gS dsoy gekjs dk;ksZa dh uSfrdrk gh gekjs vUnj larqyu iSnk dj ldrh gS tks gekjs vfLrRo ds fy, egŸoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kk dk lcls igyk dk;Z ekuo dks tkx:d o drZO;ijk;.k cukuk gSA** vr% lalkj dks jgus dk csgrj LFkku cukus ds fy, ÁR;sd Ák.kh dks vius vki esa lq/kkj djuk vko';d gSA ge vius varjkoyksdu (introspection) rFkk viuh detksfj;ksa (weakness) dks igpku dj bl mÌs'; dks ÁkIr dj ldrs gSa u fd nwljksa ds nks"kksa dks ns[k djA tc fdlh lekt ;k ns'k ds lHkh y{; rFkk mlds ukxfjdksa ds O;fDrxr y{; ,d gks tkrs gSa rks os uSfrd :Ik ls mfpr iFk vius fy, pqu ysrs gSa ftlls og lekt ;k ns'k vk/kqfud lalkj dh dqjhfr;ksa ls cp tkrk gSA MkW0 nhid pksiM+k ds dFku ds vuqlkj blh Ádkj dk ÁrhdkRed laca/k thfor thoksa esa ekStwn jgrk gSA ^^lHkh thfor vUrjlaca) vaxksa ls cuk ra= ml O;ogkj dk ,d uewuk gS tks ÁR;sd Hkkx dh iw.kZ :Ik ls lgk;rk djrk gSA dksf'kdk,¡ (cells) vius fy, gh dk;Z ugha djrh vfirq mu Årdksa (tissue) dh lEiw.kZrk ds fy, dk;Z djrh gS ftldk og ,d Hkkx gSA blh Ádkj Ård vaxksa (organs) dh lEiw.kZrk rFkk vax tho (organism) dh lEiw.kZrk cuk, j[krs gSaA thfor varjlac) dk dksbZ Hkh Hkkx viuh oa'kkuqØerk (genetic) dks iw.kZ:i ls cpkus ds fy, dqckZu gksus dks bPNqd jgrk gSA**
Lo;a tkap Á”u
(SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS)
1- fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkjsa& i) lekt ds vkpj.k ,oa LoHkko dk vkadyu mlds lnL;ksa }kjk __________ ls
fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ;fn ge lalkj dks csgrj cukus ds fy, dqN cnyko djuk pkgrs gSa rks loZÁFke ____________ ftlls ge ___________ esa vUrj dj ldrsA
1313-4 uhfr” uhfr”kkL= ,oa uSfrdrk
(ETHICS AND MORALITY)
“Ethics” xzhd “kCn “ethikos” ftldk vFkZ gS vkpj.k ls cuk gSA blls vfHkÁk; gS vkpj.k rFkk O;ogkjA ‘Moral” ySfVu “kCn ‘Moris” ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS vknrsa rFkk
fjokt+A nhikadj xqIrk us bl fo"k; esa dgk gS ^^vk/kqfud le; ls iwoZ uSfrdrk O;ogkj ;k vkpj.k ls Åij ekuh tkrh FkhA uSfrdrk O;fDrxr gksrh gS] blls dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rk fd nwljs D;k djrs gSaA uhfr'kkL= O;fDrxr ugha gks ldrs D;ksafd ;g lkekftd esy tksy j[kus dk ,d xq.k gSA** mUgksaus vkxs dgk ^^O;kikfjd uhfr'kkL= dh ekax gS fd ykHk vkSfpR; ij vk/kkfjr O;fDr;ksa dk vknj djrs gq, lHkh ekudksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fuf”pr djuk pkfg,A 2
O;kikfjd fl)karksa ds vuqlkj O;ogkj esa ikjnf'kZrk] U;k;laxr rFkk O;fDrxr egRo] vfHkyk"kk lHkh dk nSfud O;ogkj esa vo'; LFkku gksuk pkfg,A** blls gesa ;g fu.kZ; ugha ysuk pkfg, fd O;kikfjd uhfr esa uSfrdrk vlaxr gSA fÝV~t+h (Fritzsche) ds vuqlkj uSfrd fl)kar O;kikfjd uhfr“kkL= ds ekunaM gSA dksbZ dk;Z mfpr gS ;k vuqfpr bldk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, ;g ekunaM gh vk/kkj gSA uSfrd ekunaM gh ,d fuf'pr Ádkj ds O;ogkj tSls >wB cksyuk] pksjh djuk vkSj fdlh dks ekj nsuk] vkfn dk;Z ls gesa jksdrs gSaA vr% O;kikfjd uhfr;k¡ O;fDrxr uSfrdrk ls fHké gksrh gSa ftu ij vxys Hkkx esa fopkj foe'kZ fd;k tk,xkA
1313-5 O;kikfjd uhfr” uhfr”kkL=
(BUSINESS ETHICS)
gekjk O;kikj mRiknu djuk (production)] VªsfMax djuk (trading) ;k dksbZ lsok Ánku (service provider) djus dk gks ldrk gSA O;kikj dk vkdkj NksVk] e/;e ;k cM+k gks ldrk gS fQj Hkh O;kikj ds Ádkj ds vuqlkj gesa dqqN y{; ÁkIr djus gksrs gSaA lQy rFkk lEekuh; O;kikj tks ÁR;sd o"kZ y{;ksa dks ÁkIr dj lds rFkk vkdkj ,oa ykHk esa méfr djus ds fy,] bl Ádkj dh uhfr;k¡ fu/kkZfjr dh tk, ftuls xzkgdksa esa fo'okl iSnk gksA uhfr;k¡ ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftuls vf/kd O;kikj ds volj iSnk gkasA O;kikj esa ,d Lrj ÁkIr djus ds fy, deZpkfj;kssa dh larqf"V] fuos'kdksa dks vPNk ykHk rFkk lapkydksa dks lHkh Ádkj ds O;kikfjd ekunaM viukus pkfg,A nwljs 'kCnksa esa vuqdwy fLFkfr iSnk djus ds fy, lqn`<+ O;kikfjd uhfr;k¡ rFkk O;kikj ds fl)karksa dk vuqlj.k djuk vko';d gSA bl lanHkZ esa dqN fo"k; O;kikfjd QeZ vkSj lekt ls lacaf/kr gSA O;kikj esa dkuwu dk ikyu djuk rFkk deZpkfj;ksa dk fcuk HksnHkko ds p;u djuk pkfg,] vFkkZr~ mudks U;k;iwoZd muds dk;Z dk ÁksRlkgu nsuk pkfg,A O;kikj esa [kqys eu ls rFkk ikjnf'kZrk ls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A O;kikj esa mPp Áca/ku ¼iw.kZLokfeRo@lka>hnkj@cksMZ ds Mk;jsDVj½ (Sole Proprietor, Partner, Board of director) ;kstuk cukus ds fy, mŸkjnk;h gksrs gaS ftlls O;kikj dks lQyrk feyrh gS rFkk og ;kstukvksa dks dk;kZfUor Hkh djrs gSaA O;kikfjd ;kstukvksa dks lQyrkiwoZd dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, dq'ky] ifjJeh] bZekunkj O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lQyrkiwoZd O;kikj pykus ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik cgqr ls ifjokj lq[kh gksrs gSa ftlls mér lekftd okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
Lo;a tkap Á”u
(SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS)
2- fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkjsa& i) (Ethics) uhfr'kkL= (Greek) “kCn _________ ls fudyk gS ftldk vFkZ _________ gSaA bldk laca/k __________ rFkk _________ls gksrk gSA ii) ‘Moral” 'kCn ySfVu 'kCn ____________ ls fudyk gS ftldk vFkZ __________ rFkk ____________ gSA 3
iii) O;kikj uhfr'kkL= pkgrk gS fd __________ vkSfpR; ij vk/kkfjr lHkh __________ dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gksa tks nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds fy, _________
gkasA
1313-6 nÙk dk;Z
(ASSIGNMENTS)
1313-6-1 d{kk dk;Z dk;Z
(CLASS ASSIGNMENTS)
i) lkewfgd okn fookn }kjk fo'ys"k.k djus ds Ik'pkr~ cryk,¡ fd dkSu ls egŸoiw.kZ uSfrd
ewY; O;kikj pykus ds fy, viukus pkfg,\ ii) lkewfgd oknfookn dh miyfC/k;ksa ds lkjka'k dks ,d pkVZ ij n'kkZ;sa rFkk viuh d{kk
ds cksMZ ij Ánf'kZr dhft,A
1313-6-2 x`g dk;Z
(HOME ASSIGNMENTS)
i) uhfr'kkL= rFkk uSfrdrk esa D;k vUrj gS\ ii) ,d vPNs O;kikfjd laLFkku dks vuqlj.k djus ds fy, ekxZnf'kZdk vafdr djsaA
1313-7 Lkkjka Lkkjka”k
(SUMMING UP)
bl v/;k; esa ekuo lekt dh orZeku n'kk dk mYys[k fd;k x;kA mlds Ik'pkr~ csgrj lkalkfjdrk dh vksj dSls vxzlj gks ml ij ppkZ dh x;hA fQj uhfr'kkL= rFkk uSfrdrk dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k rFkk laf{kIr :Ik ls budh O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA var esa O;kikfjd uhfr;ksa ds fofHké igywvksa dks le>k;k x;k gSA
1313-8 Lo;a tkap Á” Á”uksa ds laHkkfor mÙkj (POSSIBLE ANSWERS TO SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS) 1- fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkjsa& i) O;fDrxr lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa] gessa vius vki dks cnyuk gksxk] lgh vkSj xyrA
2- fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkjsa& i) ethikos, vkpj.k] vkpj.k] O;ogkj ii) moris, vknrsa] fjokt+ iii) ykHk] ekudks] vknj.kh;
1313-9 vH;klkFkZ Á” Á”u
(TERMINAL QUESTIONS)
1. ^^O;fDrxr rFkk lekt esa D;k ÁrhdkRed laca/k gksus pkfg,] bldk vUrjlaca/k vaxksa dk
cuk ra=] ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gS** bl dFku dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2. vkbULVhu ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk loZÁFke dk;Z D;k gS\ 4
1313-10 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa (REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READING) 1. Chopra, D, 1989, Creating Health: Beyond prevention, towards perfection. Grafton books, Collins . 2. Dhar, P.L and Gaur, R.R. 1992, Science and Humanism, Common wealth Publisher, New Delhi. 3. Fritzsche, D.J, 1995, Business Ethics, McGraw – Hill, New York. 4. Gupta, D. 2006 Ethics Incorporated : Top priority and bottom line, Response Books, New Delhi. 5. Piet, J.H. and Ayodhya Prasad (Eds,), 2000. an Introduction to Applied Ethics, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi.
1313-11 'kCnkoyh
(GLOSSARY)
1. dksf'kdk,¡ (Cells)
;g 'kjhj dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ dgykrh gS tks thou dh vk/kkjHkwr bdkbZ dgykrh gSA
2. oa'kkuqØe (Genetic)
vkuqoaf'kd y{k.kksa dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa ys tkus dh fØ;k oa'kkuqØe dgykrh gSA
3. Ård (Tissues)
dksf'kdkvksa }kjk Ård dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
4. vax (Organ)
fofHké Årdksa ls vax dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
5. ikjnf'kZrk (Transparency)
ftlds vkj ikj ls ns[kk tk ldsA
6. tho (Organism)
,d thfor ouLifrd ;k tho&tUrq tks LokyEch (independent) gksA
7. uSfrd (morality)
mfpr rFkk ikjn'khZ dk;Z Á.kkyh rFkk O;ogkjA
8. VªsfMax (Trading)
,d LFkku ls lkeku ÁkIr dj nwljksa dks miyC/k djkuk VªsfMax dgyk,xkA
5