7- dEI;wVj ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)kar (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS) O;kikfjd dkS'ky dh bdkbZ dk Hkkx gksus dh otg ls dk;kZy; dh dk;Zdq'kyrk rFkk mRiknu c<+kus ds fy, fofHké vk/kqfud midj.kksa dk mi;ksx dj tkudkjh ÁkIr djuk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA vkt ds vk/kqfud Lopkfyr dk;kZy;ksa dk dk;Z] lwpuk Ák|kSfxdh (information technology) okrkoj.k esa laié gksrk gSA vr% tks dksbZ Hkh dk;kZy; esa dke djuk pkgrk gS mls dEI;wVj rFkk Lopkfyr dk;kZy; esa Á;ksx gksus okys midj.kksa dk Kku gksuk pkfg,A bl lanHkZ esa dEI;wVj ds ewyHkwr fl)karksa dks bl ikB esa ÁLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
7-0
mÌs';
(OBJECTIVES)
bl ikB dk v/;;u djus ds i'pkr~ vki tku ik,¡xs& • dEI;wVj ds ÁkFkfed ?kVdksa dh igpku • dEI;wVj ds buiqV@vkmViqV (input/output) ls tqM+us okys fofHké midj.kksa dh tkudkjh • fofHké ?kVd rFkk midj.k ,d lkFk dSls dk;Z djrs gSa • foaMkst+ ij vk/kkfjr dEI;wVj dks vkjEHk rFkk cUn djus dk Kku • dEI;wVj pykus ds fy, mi;ksx esa vkus okys lkW¶Vos;j (software) dh tkudkjh
7-1
ifjp;
(INTRODUCTION)
vktdy dEI;wVj (computer) gekjs thou dk ,d vax cu x;k gSaA vkt ls 15 o"kZ igys tks midj.k oSKkfudks ;k vuqla/kkudrkZvksa }kjk gh mi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs Fks] vktdy ogh dEI;wVj yxHkx lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds thou esa gLr{ksi djrk gS rFkk blds cxSj dksbZ Hkh dk;Z djuk cgqr dfBu gSA dEI;wVj dk okLrfod Kku mlds mi;ksx ls gh le>k tk ldrk gSA bl ikB esa vki dEI;wVj ds fHké Hkkxksa dh igpku djuk] dEI;wVj dk fLop vkWu (switch on) djuk] ykWx bu (log in) rFkk dk;Z lekfIr ij cUn (shut down) djus dh tkudkjh ls voxr gksaxsA ;g ÁR;sd dk;Z cgqr NksVs rFkk ljy gSa] ijUrq mudks tks uke fn, x, gSa muls mudks ;kn j[kuk cgqr ljy gks tkrk gSA vkidks bu lc dh tkudkjh j[kuh pkfg, ftlls vki dEI;wVj dks vius O;kolkf;d thou esa mi;ksx djus ds ;ksX; gks ldsaA
7-2
PdEI;wVj dk bfrgkl
(HISTORY OF COMPUTERS)
fiNys 30 o"kksZ esa dEI;wVj dk cgqr 'kh?kzrk ls foLrkj dbZ pj.kksa esa gqvkA ;g dEI;wVj ds 'kCnkoyh esa ^^tujs'ku^^ (generation) dgykrs gSaA ÁFke tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa okYot+ (valves) dk Á;ksx gksrk FkkA nwljs tujs'ku esa VªkaftLVj (transistor) dk Á;ksx gqvk tks 1
okYot+ ls lLrs rFkk tks vHkh"V ifj.kke ykus esa iw.kZr% l{ke FksA 1960 ds n'kd ds ÁkjEHk esa lSdM+ks VªkaftLVj dks ,d flfydkWu fpi (silicon chip) ij yxk dj Á;ksx esa yk;k x;k ftldks bUVjxzsfMM fpi (intergrated chip) ds uke ls tkuk x;k rFkk ;g rhljh tujs'ku (generation) dk vk/kkj cusA vUr esa pkSFks tujs'ku (generation) esa cgqr cM+s Lrj okys bUVjxzsfMM (very large scale integration) “VLSI” dk Á;ksx vkjEHk gqvk ftlesa gtkjksa VªkaftLVªlZ dks ,d fpi (single chip) ij tksM+k tkrk gSA vkt ds ;qx esa dEI;wVj dk lcls yksdfÁ; :Ik ftl ij ge bl ikB esa /;ku dsfUær djsaxs] og IklZuy dEI;wVj (personal computer) gS] ftls lkekU; Hkk"kk esa PC Hkh dgk tkrk gSA PC NksVs vkdkj dk gksrk gS ijUrq ;g cM+s dk;ksZ dks djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA ;g vusd çdkj ds dk;Z dks dj ldrk gS tSls x`g ds ys[kk tks[kk ls ysdj cM+h fuekZ.k dEiuh ds LVksjst (storage) dk ys[kk tks[kk o fuekZ.k ;k ifj/kku fMt+kfbuax (designing) vkfn djus esa Hkh PC leFkZ gksrk gSA
Lo;a tkap Á'u
(SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS)
1- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa & i) igyh tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa _____________ Á;ksx gksrk Fkk rFkk nwljh tujs'ku esa _________ dk Á;ksx fd;k x;kA ii) vHkh rd dEI;wVj dh _________ tujs'ku gks pqdh gaSA 2- pkSFkh dEI;wVj tujs'ku ls D;k vfHkÁk; gSA
3- vktdy dEI;wVj dk dkSu lk yksdfÁ; :Ik gS\ 4- vk/kqfud dEI;wVj fdl ewyHkwr CykWd fcfYMax ij vk/kkfjr gS tks nwljs tujs'ku ls ÁkjEHk gqbZ rFkk rc ls egŸoiw.kZ méfr dh gS\
7-3
dEI;wVj dk fLop vkWu djuk
(SWITCHING ON A COMPUTER)
dEI;wVj dks vkajEHk djuk ^^fLop vkWu^^ (switch on) dgykrk gSA loZçFke dEI;wVj ls yxk UPS ftls vuVªifVM ikoj lIykbZ (uninterrupted power supply) ;k LVscykbZt+j (stabilizer) dgrs gSa vFkok tks dEI;wVj dks fo|qr ÅtkZ çnku dj jgk gS mls fLop vkWu (switch on) djsaA fQj ekWuhVj (monitor) dks vkWu djsaA blds fy,s vkidks bl midj.k ds nkfgus rjQ uhps dh vksj ,d cVu fn[kkbZ nsxkA ;g bl Ádkj ls dke djus okys fLop gSa ftls ,d ckj nckus ls ekWuhVj vkWu (on) gks tkrk gS rFkk iqu% nckus ls cUn gks tkrk gSA blds i'pkr~ dEI;wVj ds fLop (switch) dks vkWu djsaA vki dEI;wVj ds lkeus okys Hkkx ij dbZ fLop yxs ik;saxs tks vyx vyx LFkku ij yxs gksaxsA Ák;% ikoj cVu (power button) ,d cM+k cVu gksrk gS rFkk vyx ls fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA dHkh&dHkh blds uhps NksVk cYc Hkh yxk gksrk gS tks ikoj cVu dks n'kkZrk gSA nwljs NksVs cVu tks dEI;wVj dks iqu% pykus ;k cUn djus ds Á;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSa] ;fn vki nck,sasxs rks ;g fo'ks"k dk;Z gsrq dEI;wVj dks vkWu ;k vkWQ djus dk dk;Z djrs gaSA dEI;wVj dk fLop vkWu djus ds ckn vki ik;sasxs fd ekWuhVj ij yxh ,d NksVh ykbZV ihys ls gjs jax esa cny tkrh gS rFkk fMLiys (display) ut+j vkrk gSA vkidks rc rd dqN 2
djus dh vko';drk ugha gS tc rd lHkh dk;Zokgh iwjh u gks tk,A bl le; rd vki ;k rks ykWx bu ist (log in page) ij gksaxs rFkk u gh vkidk dEI;wVj o foUMks LØhu (window screen) dk;Z djus ds fy, rS;kj gksxkA vc vxys Hkkx esa ykWx bu (log in) ÁfØ;k dk v/;;u djsaxsA
xfrfof/k
(ACTIVITY)
1- dEI;wVj ds lkeus cSfB, rFkk Åij crkbZ xbZ fof/k ls dEI;wVj dks fLop vkWu dhft,A
7-4
dh cksMZ dk mi;ksx
(USING THE KEYBOARD)
Ukhps ¼fp= 7-1½ dh cksMZ (key board) dk fp= fn;k x;k gS ftl ij dqN dht+ (keys) vafdr dh xbZ gaSA dEI;wVj dh Hkk"kk esa ;g cVu dht+ (keys) dgykrh gSA
fp= 77-1 dEI;wVj dk dh cks cksMZ
1- QaD'ku dht+ (function keys) fo'ks"k mÌs'; ds fy, gksrh gS ftudk Á;ksx lkW¶Vos;j (software) ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA ;g dht+ lcls Åij okyh ykbu esa gksrh gSaA tc rd vkidks bu dht+ ds ckjs es vf/kd tkudkjh u gks budk Á;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A 2- dlZj dht+ (cursor keys) dlZj dks Åij uhps] nk;sa ck,¡ pykus esa Á;ksx vkrh gSaA ;g pkj rhj ds fu'kku okyh dht+ dh cksMZ ds nk,¡ Hkkx esa yxh gksrh gSaA vkidks bu dht+ dh vko';drk vkxs fdlh lkW¶Vos;j ds mi;ksx esa gks ldrh gSA vHkh vki dsoy ;g igpku dhft, fd ;g dlZj dht+ gSaA 3- tks dqN vkius Vkbi fd;k gS mldks feVkus ds fy, cSd Lisl dh (backspace key) ;k fMfyV ^dh* (delete key) gksrh gSA ^dh* cksMZ ds nk,¡ vksj dsydqysVj (calculator) dh Hkk¡fr dke djus okyh dqN ^dh^ gksrh gSa tks vko';drk vuqlkj dk;Z djus yxrh gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa nk,¡ Åij dh vksj ^uEcj dh* dh ykbV ty tk,xhA 4- vU; lHkh dht+ VkbijkbZVj (typewriter) dh dht+ dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djsxhA ;fn vki f'k¶V (shift) dks nck, j[krs gq, dksbZ vU; dht+ nck,¡xs rks dsfiVy (capital) 'kCn Vkbi gksaxsA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn vki f'k¶V ds lkFk “j” nck,¡xs rks dsfiVy “J” Vkbi gksxkA vU; dht+ ftu ij nks fyfi fpUg fn, x, gksa ¼tSls@rFkk\½ esa Åij ds fpUgksa dks Vkbi djus ds fy, f'k¶V dh rFkk ml dht+ dks ,d lkFk nck;k tkrk gSaA fcuk f'k¶V nck,a ;fn vki ^dh* nck,¡xs rks uhps dk fpUg dk;Z djsxkA 5- ^dSIl ykWd dh* (caps lock key) ^dh* cksMZ dks f'k¶V eksM (shift mode) esa ykWd dj nsrh gS] tc rd bldks iqu% u nck;k tk, vFkkZr bl nkSjku lHkh 'kCn dsfiVy esa vk,¡xsA bl ikB~;Øe esa ;g mfpr gksxk fd tc vki oMZ (word), uksViSM (notepad) ;k dksbZ nwljh oMZ Ákslsflax (word processing) lh[ksa rc vki dh cksMZ dk mŸke mi;ksx djsaA 3
xfrfof/k
(ACTIVITY)
2- dEI;wVj ds lkeus dh cksMZ ds lkFk cSBs rFkk mijksDr ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj dht+ dh igpku djsaA
7-5
ekml dk mi;ksx
(USING THE MOUSE)
Ckk;sa tks fp= 7-2 fn;k x;k gS og ekml (mouse) dgykrk gS ftlls vki funsZ'k ns ldrs gSaA blds chp esa yxs ifg, dks ^^LØkWy Oghy** (scroll wheel) dgrs gSaA vki bl ifg, dks Åij uhps ?kqekdj ist dks Åij uhps dj ldrs gSaA ekml ij nks cVu yxs gksrs gSa & budks ^^ck;k¡ cVu^^ (left button) rFkk ^^nk;k¡ cVu^^ (right button) dgk tkrk gSA ck,¡ cVu dks ,d ckj nckus (press) dks ^ys¶V fDyd* (left click) rFkk nk,¡ cVu dks ,d ckj nckus dks ^jkbV fDyd* (right click) dgrs gSaA ;g 'kCn vkxs ds ikBksa esa cgqr ls voljksa ij mi;ksx esa yk, tk,¡xsA buls vki foUMkst dks funsZ'k ns ldrs gSaA vkidks ekWuhVj ij ,d rhj dk fu'kku fn[kkbZ nsxk] tks ekml ds pykus ij LØhu ij pysxkA ;g ^^IkkWbaVj^^ (pointer) dgykrk gSA ekml }kjk vki IkkWbaVj dks pyk ldrs gSa vkSj ml LFkku ij ys tk ldrs gSa tgk¡ vkidks dke djuk gSA ogk¡ fQj vki mi;qDr funsZ'k ns ldrs gSaA ekml dks pykus gsrq rFkk IkkWbaVj dks ml LFkku ij yk dj fDyd (click), nks ckj fDyd vFkkZr Mcy fDyd (double click), ;k jkbV fDyd (right click) dh fofHké dekUM (command) nh tk ldrh gSaA ;g lc vki vkxs ds ikBksa esa djsaxsA fp= 77-2 Ekkml
Lo;a tkap Á”u Á”u
(SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS)
5- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa & i) Ekkml ds e/; esa yxs Oghy dks ____________ dgrs gSaA ii) ekml ds ck,¡ cVu dks ,d ckj nckdj NksM+us dks __________ dgsaxsA iii) ekml ds ck,¡ cVu dks tYnh tYnh nks ckj fDyd djus dks __________ dgsaxsA
7-6
ykWx bu
(LOG IN)
ykWx bu (log in) ,d ,sfPNd ÁfØ;k gSA iqjkus dEI;wVj vkWijsfVax flLVe (operating system) foUMkst 95] 98 (windows 95,98) rFkk feysfu;e ,fM'ku (millennium edition) FksA ;g flLVe Ák;% fcuk dekaM (command) ds ykWx bu gks tkrs gSaA foUMkst 2002 (windows 2002) rFkk ,sDl ih (XP) dks ykWx bu dh vko;drk ugha gksrhA fQj Hkh ;fn vki pkgrs gSa rks uhps nh xbZ iwjh ÁfØ;k viuk ldrs gSaA 4
igys vkidks dEI;wVj ds fy;s ikloMZ (password) rFkk ;wtj vkbZ-Mh- (user ID) cukuh gksxhA ;fn vkidks tkudkjh ugha gks rks vius flLVe lapkyd (system administrator) ;k vU; O;fDr tks bl e'khu dks fu;fer mi;ksx djrs gSa ls iwfN,A blds ckn dEI;wVj cwfVax (booting) lekIr gksus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij ;wtj vkbZ-Mh- (user ID) rFkk ikloMZ (password) foUMkst ,Dl ih (windows XP) esa ekWuhVj LØhu esa fn, x, fp= 7-3 ds vuqlkj fn[kkbZ nsaxsA iqjkus flLVe esa ;wtj vkbZ-Mh- vkidks Vkbi djuh iMs+xhA bu vkWijsfVax flLVe esa ykWx bu dh ÁfØ;k Ctrl+Alt+Del dh dks ,d lkFk nckus ls 'kq: gksrh gSA iqu% LØhu fn[kkbZ nsxh rc vki dks viuk ;wtj vkbZ-Mh- (users ID) rFkk ikloMZ (password) nsus ds ckn Enter key nckuh gksrh gSA rc dEI;wVj vkidh fo'ks"k ilan dks çLrqr djsxk rFkk vkxs ds buiqV (input) dk bUrt+kj djsxkA uhps
fp= 7-4 foUMkst ,Dl ih (windows XP) ds MsLdVkWi (desktop) rFkk vaxks dks n'kkZrk gSA iqjkus vkWijsfVax flLVe (operating system) 3 Mh (3D) çHkko ugha nsrs] ckdh vU; lHkh dqN ,d lk gksrk gSA
fp= 77-3 foUMkst ,Dl ih
Desk top
System Tray
Icons Start Quick Launch Menu
Task Bar
Date and Time
fp= 77-4 MsLdVkW dVkWi
Lo;a tkap Á”u Á”u
(SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS)
6- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa & i) ykWx bu ds fy, nks vko';d ?kVd __________ rFkk _____________ 5
7-7
dEI;wVj dks cUn cUn djuk
(SHUTTING DOWN OF COMPUTER)
viuk dk;Z lekIr djus ds ckn vki dEI;wVj dks cUn djuk pkgsaxsA ;fn mfpr fof/k ls dEI;wVj cUn u djsa rks u dsoy vkids fd, x, dk;Z esa gkfu gks ldrh gS vfirq dEI;wVj [kjkc Hkh gks ldrk gSA cUn djus ds fy, ekml (mouse) dks bl Ádkj pykb, dh dlZj LØhu ds ck,¡ fdukjs ij tgk¡ LVkVZ (start) ¼fp= 7-5½ fy[kk gksrk gS vk tk,A blds Ik'pkr~ ekml ls fDyd (click) dhft,A
fp= 77-5
ekWuhVj (monitor) ij vkidks fuEu ÁfrcU/k fn[kkbZ nsaxs VuZ vkWQ (turn off), 'kVMkmu (shut down) fp= 7-6 esa fn[kk, x, gSaA
fp= 77- 6
bl ij fDyd djus ls vki ,d LØhu ns[ksaxs tks fp= 7-7 esa fn;k x;k gSA
fp= 77-7 VuZ vkWQ dEI;wVj
vc vki VuZ vkWQ (Turn off) ij fDyd dhft,A dEI;wVj Lor% dqN feuV ckn can gks tk,sxkA
Lo;a tkap Á”u Á”u
(SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS)
7- uhps fn, x, rF; ij lgh ;k xyr dk fpUg vafdr djsaA i) ;fn vki dEI;wVj dks fcuk 'kVMkmu fd, lh/ks cUn djrs gSa rks dEI;wVj [kjkc gks
ldrk gSA lgh@xyr
Xfrfof/k
(ACTIVITY) 6
3- mijksDr <ax ls vius dEI;wVj dks 'kVMkmu dhft,A
7-8
dqN egŸoiw.kZ lkW¶Vos;j
(SOME IMPORTANT SOFTWARE)
• MS Word – ;g oMZ Ákslsflax lkW¶Vos;j gS ftlds }kjk ge fdlh Hkh nLrkost dks fy[k (write), dkV Nk¡V (edit), O;ofLFkr (format), LVksj (store) rFkk fÁaV (print) dj ldrs gSaA ge blds }kjk vius i= dks fy[k ldrs gSaA • MS Excel – ;g ,d LÁSM 'khV (spread sheet) Áksxzke gSA blds }kjk ge x.kuk (calculation), fo'ys"k.k (analyze) rFkk mudks pkVZ (chart) ;k xzkQ (graph) }kjk le>k ldrs gaSA blesa ge viuk ys[kk tks[kk (record) Hkh j[k ldrs gSaA • MS Access- ;g ,d MkVkcsl (database) gS ftlls ge lwpuk laxzg dj ldrs gSaA ge viuk fooj.k Hkh blesa laxzg dj ldrs gSaA • MS Power Point- ;g ,d ÁLrqrhdj.k iSdst (presentation package) gS tks ÁLrqfr rS;kj djus esa enn djrk gSA bl iSdst esa ge LykbM (slide) fn[kk dj ÁLrqfr (presentation) dks vf/kd vFkZiw.kZ rFkk O;k[;kiw.kZ cuk ldrs gSaA • Corel Draw and Photoshop- ;g nksuks Áksxzke fMt+kbu ls lacaf/kr gSaA blds }kjk ge fMt+kbu cukus rFkk jax vkfn Hkjus dk dke dj ldrs gSaA ge blds }kjk uohu ifj/kku vFkok oL=ksa ds fMt+kbu rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA blh çdkj fofHké mi;ksxksa esa vkus okys lkW¶Vos;j dh yEch lwph gS tks fHké&fHké mÌs';ksa ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA lkW¶Vos;j dk pquko mi;ksx djus okys dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA
Lo;a tkap Á”u Á”u
(SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS)
8- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa & i) _________ ,d oMZ Ákslsflax lkW¶Vos;j gS tcfd __________ ,d LÁSM 'khV
Áksxzke gSA ii) ____________ MkVkcsl lkW¶Vos;j gSA iii) __________ rFkk __________ og Áksxzke gS tks fMt+kbu ls lacaf/kr gS rFkk
fp= cukus] isUV djus esa gekjh enn djrs gSaA
7-9
nŸk dk;Z
7-9-1 d{kk dk;Z
(ASSIGNMENT) (CLASS ASSIGNMENTS)
i) dEI;wVj ij dk;Z djrs gq, ikB esa fn, x, dEI;wVj lapkyu ls vius dks ifjfpr
dhft,A ii) dEI;wVj ds fHké Hkkxksa dh lwph rS;kj dhft, rFkk muds dk;ksZa dk mYys[k dhft,A
7-9-2 x`g dk;Z
(HOME ASSIGNMENTS)
i) fofHké mÌs';ksa ds fy, Á;ksx esa vkus okys flLVe lkW¶Vos;j rFkk ,Iyhds'ku lkW¶Vos;j
ds fo"k; esa lwpuk ,df=r djsa rFkk mu ij ,d laf{kIr ys[k fyf[k,A 7
7-10 lkjka”k
(SUMMING UP)
bl ikB esa geus dEI;wVj ds fHké fgLlksa ¼ekWuhVj] dh cksMZ] ekml½ vkfn ij fopkj fd;k rFkk muds ljy fp= Hkh ns[ksa rFkk geus ;g Hkh tkuk fd mudk Á;ksx dSls gksrk gSA geus laf{kIr :Ik esa dEI;wVj dh fHké tsujs'ku ds ckjs esa Hkh tkuk rFkk dEI;wVj dk fLop vkWu ,oa 'kV@Mkmu djus dh ÁfØ;k dks tkukA dqN egRoiw.kZ lkW¶Vos;j tks fofHké mÌs';ksa ds fy,s Á;ksx gksrs gSa ds fo"k; esa Hkh la{ksi esa geus tkudkjh ÁkIr dhA
7-11 Lo;a tkap Á”uksa ds laHkkfor mŸkj (POSSIBLE ANSWERS TO SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS) 1. fjDr LFkku Hkjks& i) oksYo] VªkaftLVj ii) pkj
2- pkSFkh ih<+h esa VLSI dk Á;ksx fd;k x;k tgk¡ ij gtkjksa VªkaftLVj dks ,d gh fpi ij yxk;k tkrk gSA 3- vktdy ^^ilZuy dEI;wVj^^ (Personal Computer (PC)) cgqr yksdfÁ; gSaA 4- vk/kqfud dEI;wVj ewy CykWd fcfYMax VªkaftLVj (transistor) ij vk/kkfjr gS tks f}rh; tujs'ku ls ÁkjaHk gq, rFkk ftuesa yxkrkj méfr gks jgh gSA 5- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa& i) LØkWy Oghy ii) fDyd iii) Mcy fDyd
6- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa& i) ;wt+j vkbZ Mh (User ID) rFkk ikloMZ (Password) 7. crkb, fuEu dFku lgh gS ;k xyr i) lgh
8- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa& i) MS word, MS Excel ii) MS Access iii) Corel Draw rFkk Photoshop
7-12 vH;klkFkZ Á” Á”u
(TERMINAL QUESTION)
1. ekml D;k gS rFkk dSls Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\ 2. vki dEI;wVj dks dSls ykWx bu djsaxs\ 8
3. vki dEI;wVj dks dSls 'kVMkmu djsaxs\
7-13 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa (REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READING) 1. Rajaraman, V.2001 Fundaments of Computers. Prentce Hall of India Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.
7-14 'kCnkoyh
(GLOSSARY)
1. ekWuhVj
;g midj.k dEI;wVj ls flxuy ysdj mudks dsFkksM js V;wc (CRT) LØhu ij çnf'kZr djrk gSA
2. dh cksMZ
;g midj.k ^dh* dk lsV gksrk gS rFkk dEI;wVj dks buiqV nsus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
3. ekml
;g gkFk ls pyus okyk ;a= gS tks dEI;wVj LØhu ij funsZ'kkad dks vkidh bPNkuqlkj fu;af=r djrk gSA
4. MkWV eSVfjdl fÁUVj
5. bad tsDV fÁaVj
;g fÁaVj ÁR;sd o.kZ dks MkWV~l ls cukrk gS blfy;s bldks MkVeSVfjDl fÁaVj dgrs gSaA ;g cgqr lLrk gksrk gS rFkk ;g xzkfQd fÁaV djus esa Bhd ugha gS ;g Ák;% CySd rFkk OgkbV fÁaV djrk gSA ;g fÁaVj ist ij L;kgh LÁs djrk gSA ;g fÁaVj jaxhu fÁaV fudkyus esa leFkZ gksrs gSa rFkk buls xzkfQDl Hkh cgqr mRd`"V gksrh gS ijUrq Áfr ist NikbZ dh ewY; MkWVeSfVªDl fÁaVlZ ls cgqr vf/kd gksrk gSA
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
Dot Matrix Printer
Ink Jet Printer
6. ystj fÁaVj
;g fÁaVj QksVksdkWfi;j e'khu ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA ystj che (laser beam) dkxt+ dks xeZ djrh gS rFkk xeZ Hkkx esa L;kgh fpid tkrh gSA ystj fÁaVj }kjk Laser Printer fy;k x;k fÁaV mPp xq.koŸkk dk gksrk gS bldk Áfr ist O;; Hkh de gksrk gSA ;g fÁaVj cgqr egaxk gksrk gS rFkk CySd ,oa OgkbV gh fÁaV djrk gSA jaxhu fÁaV okys ystj fÁaVj Hkh miyC/k gS ijUrq ;g badtsV fÁaVlZ ls 25 xq.kk egaxk gSA 9
7. gkMZos;j
dEI;wVj ds ^gkMZ* Hkkx tks ewy :Ik esa vki ns[k] Li'kZ dj ldrs gSa mu lcdks ^gkMZos;j* dgrs gSaA lkW¶Vos;j rFkk fctyh ds fcuk dsoy gkMZos;j dk mi;ksx ugha gks ldrkA
8. lkW¶Vos;j
lHkh Áksxzke tks dEI;wVj ds fy, Á;ksx gksrs gSa lkW¶Vos;j dgykrs gSaA ;g mi;ksx djus okys }kjk nh xbZ buiqV ij vk/kkfjr fofHké rdZ ,oa dk;Z fof/k dk lewg gksrk gS ftls ^lkW¶Vos;j* dgrs gSaA lkW¶Vos;j dk;Z djus ds fy, gkMZos;j dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA 9. vkWijsfVax flLVe
og fo'ks"k Áksxzke tks lh/ks gkMZos;j ls feydj dk;Z djrk gS vkWijsfVax flLVe dgykrk gSA vU; lHkh Áksxzke ¼,sIyhds'ku lkW¶Vos;j vkWijsfVax flLVe ls feydj rFkk blds ,Iyhds'ku lkW¶Vos;j ls lac/k j[krs gSaA 10. cwV
Operating System
foUMkst ij vk/kkfjr flLVEk dks dk;Z djus ds fy, cwV djuk vko';d gSA ^^cwfVax^^ (booting) ÁfØ;k }kjk vkWijsfVax flLVe Áksxzke dks dEI;wVj dh eseksjh ls i<+ dj bldks mi;ksx djus ds fy;s miyC/k djrk gSA
11. ykWax bu
ykWx bu ÁfØ;k }kjk dEI;wVj dks ;g tkudkjh ÁkIr gksrh gS fd dkSu fof'k"V ;wtj bldk mi;ksx djuk pkgrk gS rFkk dEI;wVj ml fo'ks"k O;fDr }kjk dh xbZ lsfVaXl (setting) dks yksM dj nsrk gS tks igys ls lso dh gqb Z gksrh gSA ;g ÁfØ;k lqfuf'pr djrh gS dh dksbZ vukf/kd`r O;fDr ml dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx u dj ldsA
12. eseksjh
eseksjh nks Ádkj dh gksrh gS jSe (RAM) (Random Access Memory) rFkk LFkk;h laxzg (Permanent Storage)A Ák;% bldks gkMZ fMLd dgk tkrk gSA RAM cgqr rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gS rFkk vkWijsfVax flLVe lHkh ,sIyhds'ku çksxzke (Application program) dks blh eseksjh esa j[krk gSA RAM fctyh pyh tkus ij [kRe gks tkrk gS blhfy, gkMZfMLd (hard disk) esa lso djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA og lHkh MkVk tks Hkfo"; esa Á;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gS dks gkMZfMLd ij lso (save) ;k ç;ksx gsrq (write) fd;k tkrk gSA
13. 'kV Mkmu%
mér fdLe ds vkWijsfVax flLVEk tSls foUMkst esa cgqr lh fo'ks"krk;sa gksrh gSa tks mi;ksx djus okys dks 'kh?kzrk ls mŸkj nsrh gSaA fQj Hkh bldks lh/ks cUn u djds igys 'kVMkmu djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA 'kVMkmu og ÁfØ;k gS ftlls RAM ds MkVk dks Hkfo"; ds fy;s lso dj fy;k tkrk gSA 'kV Mkmu fd;s cxSj lh/ks Lohp vkWQ djuk dEI;wVj ds fy;s ?kkrd gS rFkk lh/ks Lohp vkWQ djus ls RAM dk MkVk [kks tkus rFkk dEI;wVj esa =qfV (error) vk ldrh gSA 10
11