9- dk;kZy; lapkkyu esa dEI;wVj dk laHkkfor O;kikfjd mi;ksx (POSSIBLE BUSINESS USES OF COMPUTER IN OFFICE MANAGEMENT) ÁkjafHkd ikBksa esa geus dEI;wVj ds ewy fl)karksa] fofHké midj.kksa rFkk Lopkfyr dk;kZy; dh egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ds fo"k; esa lh[kkA bl ikB esa ge vk/kqfud dk;kZy; lapkyu esa lgk;d ^^dEI;wVj** ds mi;ksx dk o.kZu djsaxs] ftlls dk;kZy; dh dk;Zdq'kyrk rFkk mRikndrk c<+rh gSA
9-0
mís”;
(OBJECTIVES)
bl ikB dks i<+us ds ckn ge le> ldsaxs& • lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh D;k gS\ • vkt ds dk;kZy; esa lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\
9-1
ifjp;
(INTRODUCTION)
vk/kqfud dk;kZy; iqjkus dk;kZy;ksa ls cgqr fHké gSaA vktdy lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh fdlh Hkh dk;kZy; ds lapkyu esa egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA vk/kqfud dk;kZy; ds lHkh dk;Z{ks=ksa esa mRikndrk ls ysdj mlds mi;ksx rd lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh dk ;ksxnku gSA tks dqN Hkh ge fujh{k.k (Observe) djrs gSa mls dk;kZfUor djus dh dksf'k'k djuk vko';d gSA lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh ;qDr dk;kZy;ksa esa blds cgqr ls mi;ksx ckgj ls gh fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa tSls bZ&esy Hkstuk rFkk ÁkIr djuk] fÁaV djuk rFkk oMZ Ákslsflax vkfnA vkidks vc bl ikB esa bu lc dk vH;kl djuk pkfg, ftlls vkidks bl fo"k; dk iw.kZ Kku gks lds rFkk vko';drk gksus ij vki bUgsa ç;ksx dj ik,¡A
9-2
lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh
(INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)
lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxd ,d fo"k; gS ftlds }kjk ge Áfr"Bku ds lapkyu ls lacaf/kr lwpukvksa dks O;kikfjd :Ik ns ldrs gSaA bldk laca/k dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx ls jgrk gSA lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh esa dEI;wVj lEcf/kr lkW¶Vos;j tks lwpukvksa dks cukus] LVksj djus] fo'ys"k.k djus] Hkstus rFkk lwpukvksa dks iqu% ÁkIr djus dk dk;Z lEefyr gSA lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx fHké :Ik esa dk;kZy; dh dk;Zdq'kyrk dks c<+kus esa gksrk gSA blds dqN mi;ksx gS& bZ&esy Hkstuk rFkk ÁkIr djuk] oMZ Ákslsflax] fÁafVax rFkk LÁsM 'khV ij fo'ys"k.k djukA ge bl ikB esa bu lc ij xgjkbZ esa fopkj djsaxsA 1
Lo;a Lo;a tkap Á”u
(Self Assessment Questions)
1- lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh D;k gS\ 2- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa& i) lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx ____________ Hkstus rFkk ÁkIr djus] fÁafVax ,oa ____________ fo'ys"k.k esa gksrk gSA
9-3
lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh esa dEI;wVj dk egŸo (IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTERS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)
fp= 99-1 dEI;wVj
12345678910-
vk/kqfud ;qx esa dEI;wVj rFkk lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx dsoy dYiuk }kjk gh lhfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds u, rFkk fHké mi;ksx Áfrfnu fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA bu e'khuksa }kjk Lisl 'kVy (Space Shuttle) ds Áca?ku ls ysdj ,dkmUVl LVsVesaV (Accounts Statement) rd lHkh Ádkj dk dk;Z lQyrkiwoZd fd;k tk ldrk gSA vk/kqfud dk;kZy;ksa esa dEI;wVj ¼fp= 9-1½ ,d egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA blds mi;ksx ds dqN eq[; mnkgj.k gSaA
bZ&esy (E-mail) oMZ Ákslsflax (Word processing) LÁSM 'khV fo'ys"k.k (Spread sheet analysis) Kku O;oLFkkiu (Knowledge management) fooj.k rFkk ys[kk tks[kk (Accounting and Record keeping) lapkyu lwpuk i)fr (Management Information system - MIS) lapkj O;oLFkk (Communication) bUVjusV (Internet) Áca/ku rFkk vuqlwfpr djuk (Organizing and Scheduling) bysDVªkWfud okf.kT; (Electronic Commerce)
Lo;a tkap Á”u
(Self Assessment Questions)
3- crk,¡ fd fuEu dFku lR; ;k vlR; gaS& i) Lisl 'kVy ds dk;Z dks lapkfyr djus esa dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
lR;@vlR;
9-4
lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh dh vk/kq vk/kqfud dk;kZy; esa Hkwfedk (Role of Information Technology in Modern Office)
geus lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds fofHké mi;ksx ns[ksA budh fHké Hkwfedkvksa dk vc ge foLrkj ls o.kZu djsaxsA 2
9-4-1 bZ&esy
(E-mail)
bZ&esy] bySDVªkWfud lapkj Á.kkyh ds ek/;e ls Hksts tkus] ÁkIr djus rFkk LVksj (store) djus dk ,d <ax gSA ;g “kCn bUVjusV vFkok bZ&esy Á.kkyh tks ,d dEiuh ;k laxBu ds vUnj lans'kkssa dk vknku Ánku djrh gS nksuksa ij ykxw gksrs gSa ¼fp= 9-2½A
fp= 9-2 bZ&esy
bZ&esy dk Álkj cgqr rst+h ls gks jgk gS rFkk vktdy ÁR;sd deZpkjh dks laxBu dh vksj ls ,dek= bZ&esy ID fn;k tkrk gS tSls& ramesh @ abcltd.com ;k nita @ xyzglobal.com vkfnA ;g ,d rjg ls O;fDr dk irk (address) gksrk gS ftlls og bZ & esy Hkst rFkk ÁkIr dj ldrk gSA ;fn dksbZ laxBu bZ&esy ID ugha nsrk rks cgqr ls websites tSls www.yahoo.com, www. hot mail. com, www.gmail.com miHkksDrkvksa dks bZ&esy Hkstus rFkk ÁkIr djus ds fy, eq¶r bZ&esy ID cukus dh lqfo/kk Ánku djrs gSaA bZ&esy dk mi;ksx laxBuksa ds vUnj rFkk ckgj dh dEifu;ksa esa cgqr vf/kdrk ls gks jgk gSA blds }kjk lans'kksa dk vknku Ánku fo'oluh;rk rFkk 'kh?kzrk ls gksrk gSA
9-4-2 oMZ Ákslsflax
(WORD PROCESSING)
dEI;wVj dk ,d cgqr O;kid mi;ksx ^oMZ Ákslsflax* gSA ;g ,d lkW¶Vos;j gS tks ,d Ádkj dk VkbZijkbVj (Typewriter) gS tks ,d LØhu ls tqM+k gksrk gS ¼fp= 9-3½A bldk egŸo VkbZijkbVj ls vf/kd bl ckr ls gS fd =qfV;ksa dk lq/kkj dqN fo'ks"k dk;ksZa }kjk 'kh?kzrk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA tgk¡ VkbZijkbVj }kjk rS;kj nLrkost esa =qfV;ksa dk lq/kkj djus ds fy;s mls iqu% VkbZi djuk iM+rk gS ogha dEI;wVj esa oMZ Ákslsflax lkW¶Vos;j ds Á;ksx ls mlh nLrkost esa cnyko djuk lEHko gS rFkk lgh nLrkost dk fÁaV vklkuh ls fy;k tk ldrk gSA 3
oMZ Ákslsflax lkW¶Vos;j }kjk ge fo'ks"k dk;Z tSls eq[; Hkkx dks Áeq[krk ls fn[kkuk] okD;ksa ;k “kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djuk] 'kCnksa dks cksYM (Bold) djuk rFkk fy[kus dk LVkby vFkkZr~ (Font) cnyuk vkfn Hkh dj ldrs gSaA bu lHkh lqfo/kkvksa dks fÁaV nLrkost esa n'kkZuk oMZ Ákslsflax esa ljy gksrk gSA ;g dk;kZy; easa dke vkus okyk ,d vke lkW¶Vos;j gS blds }kjk i=] foKkiu i=] O;kikfjd nLrkost+ rFkk uksfVl vkfn rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA vkids fy, ;g fy[kk x;k ikB o vU; lHkh v/;k; Hkh blh lkW¶Vos;j dh nsu gSaA
fp= 9-3 oMZ Ákslsflax
9-4-3 LÁSM 'khV fo” fo”ys"k.k
(SPREAD SHEET ANALYSIS)
;g dEI;wVj dk nwljk rFkk lcls vf/kd mi;ksxh lkW¶Vos;j gS tks ÁR;sd dk;kZy; esa miyC/k gksrk gSA ;g LÁSM 'khV ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ckt+kj esa LÁSM 'khV fo'ys"k.k ds fy, cgqr ls Áksxzke miyC/k gSa ftuesa ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dly (MS Excel) lcls vf/kd çpfyr gSA blds mi;ksx ls miHkksDrk uEcj fy[k ldrs gSa rFkk lw=ksa (Formula) }kjk vusd Ádkj dh x.kuk,¡ (Calculation) dj ldrs gSa ¼fp= 9-4½A bldks O;fDrxr fjdkWMZ j[kus] dk;Zdq'ky vuqikr dks tk¡pus rFkk nwljs la[;kRed vkadM+s dk fooj.k j[kus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blls vkadM+ksa dh x.kuk Hkh ljyrk ls dh tk ldrh gSA
4
fp= 99-4 LÁSM 'khV 'khV
9-4-4 Kku O;oLFkkiu
(KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT )
Kku dk O;oLFkkiu djus ls laxBu esa lq/kkj dh laHkkouk,¡ c<+ tkrh gSA miyC/k Kku dks ,d= djuk o mls O;ofLFkr j[kuk vfuok;Z gSA bl lqfo/kk ls tc Hkh laxBu ds fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks vko';drk gks rks og ml tkudkjh dk ykHk mBk ldrk gSA blfy, laxBu ds y{; dks çkIr djus ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k Lrj dh ÁfØ;k }kjk Kku iw.kZ tkudkjh] fo'ks"kKksa ds fopkj rFkk vU; vk/;kfRed dSfiVy (Intellectual Capital) dks igpku djuk rFkk laxBu ds vU; lnL;ksa dks nsuk vko';d gksrk gSA lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh us bl {ks= esa dEI;wVj rFkk usVodZ ds ek/;e ls cgqr fodkl fd;k gSA Áfr"Bku ds ,d Hkkx esa LVksj (Store) dh xbZ lwpuk dks vc Áfr"Bku ds dsUæh; MkVk csl (Central Data Base) esa ys tkdj LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl lwpuk dks nwljs lnL; Hkh ÁkIr dj ldrs gSaA vr% Kku O;oLFkkiu }kjk mRiknu esa egŸoiw.kZ <ax ls lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;|fi bl mÌs'; ds fy, cgqr ls lkW¶Vos;j miyC/k gSa] cgqr cM+s laxBuksa us vius dk;Z ds vuqlkj vU; dbZ lkW¶Vos;j rS;kj Hkh dj fy, gSa tks mudh t+:jrsa iwjh djrs gSaA
9-4-5 fooj.k fooj.k rFkk ys[kk tks[kk
(ACCOUNTING AND
RECORD KEEPING)
vktdy ys[kk&tks[kk ds {ks= ds fy, cgqr ls lkW¶Vos;j miyC/k gSaA dqN lkekU; lkW¶Vos;j gSa vkMZj ,UVªh (Order Entry)] bUosUVªh fu;a=.k (Inventory Control)] Áo`fr;ksa rFkk ns; dks [kkstuk (Tracing Receivables and payables)] lkekU; yst+j (General Ledger) rFkk isjksy (Payroll) vkfnA ^VSyh* (Tally) uked lkW¶Vos;j ,dkmUVl rFkk fjiksZV rS;kj djus ds fy, cgqr mi;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk gSA vktdy cM+s Áfr"Bkuksa esa bZ-vkj-ih ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) dk mi;ksx c<+ jgk gSA blds }kjk fHké dk;Z fof/k;ksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+ dj ,d foLr`r fjiksZV rS;kj dh tk ldrh gS rFkk O;kikj ds fofHké {ks=ksa dh 5
,d gh fjiksZV ÁkIr dh tk ldrh gSA SAP ,d lkekU; rFkk vf/kd mi;ksx esa yk;h tkus okyh ERP Á.kkyh gSA
9-4-6 lapkyu lwpuk i)fr (MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM MIS) Kku ijke'kZnkrkvksa us lwpuk lapkyu Á.kkyh dks igys okrkoj.k dks cukus okyh] rFkk ckn esa lgh <ax ls lapkyu djus okyh Á.kkyh dgk gSA ;g i)fr Kku dks mRié djus (Create), lh[kus] Áca/k djus rFkk laxBu ,oa blds xzkgdksa ds ykHk ds fy, Á;ksx dks mRlkfgr djrh gSA lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh ÁfØ;k dk xfrfof/k;ksa] fu.kZ; “kfDr rFkk ÁfrLi/kkZ i)fr ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
9-4-7 lEÁs"k.k@okrkZ k.k@okrkZyki
(COMMUNICATION)
Áfr"Bku esa ijLij okrkZyki dks lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh ls c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA bySDVªkWfud cqysfVu (Electronic Bulletin) ij lans'k nsdj dk;ZdŸkkZ vkil esa lkekftdj.k (Socialization) dj ldrs gSa o vius O;ogkj esa lq/kkj yk ldrs gSaA blds }kjk deZpkjh ijLij fopkj dj ldrs gSa rFkk lq>ko ns ldrs gSaA cM+s Áfr"Bku Ák;% bUVjusV dk mi;ksx djrs gSa tks vkUrfjd osclkbV dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djrk gSA bldks deZpkfj;ksa }kjk mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS rFkk blds }kjk egŸoiw.kZ ?kks"k.kk,¡ (Announcement)] O;fDrxr uhfr;k¡ (Personal Policies)] laxBu ds lekpkj (Organizational News) rFkk vU; egŸoiw.kZ lkexzh tks deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, gksrh gS n'kkZbZ tk ldrh gSA lwpukvksa dk Álkj] bZ&esy }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA Áfr"Bku viuh bUVjusV lkbV (Internet Site) Hkh rS;kj djrs gSa ftls osclkbZV (Website) dgrs gSaA blds }kjk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fcuk laxBu esa vk, gq, dEiuh ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ÁkIr dj ldrk gSA osclkbV }kjk dEiuh ds dk;Z {ks= o vU; t+:jh irk ;k Qksu uEcj Hkh tkus tk ldrs gSaA
9-4-8 bUVjusV
(INTERNET)
bUVjusV ,d lk/kkj.k rFkk lqxerk ls ÁkIr lqfo/kk gS ftlesa lwpukvksa dks dEI;wVj usVodZ }kjk tksM+k tkrk gSA ftlds ek/;e ls MkVk ,d LVsaMMZ ÁksVksdksy (Standard Protocol) }kjk Hkstk tkrk gSA ;g gtkjksa O;kikfjd] 'kSf{kd] Á'kklfud] ?kjsyw rFkk ljdkjh usVodZ dks tksM+ dj cuk;k tkrk gSA blesa fofHké Ádkj dh lwpuk,¡ rFkk lsok,¡ miyC/k gksrh gS tSls bZ&esy (E-mail)] pSV (Chat), vkWu ykbu (on line)] rFkk ijLij tqM+s gq, osc ist (web pages) vkSj vU; nLrkost tSls www.(world wide web) vkfnA blds vfrfjDr bUVjusV fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij vuqla/kku dk;Z (research) ds fy, ,d egŸoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA
9-4-9 Áca/ku rFkk vuqlw lfpr wfpr djuk
(ORGANIZING AND SCHEDULING)
dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx le; lkj.kh ;k f'kM~;wy (Schedule) j[kus esa fd;k tkrk gS rFkk budks usVodZ ij 'ks;j (Share) dj ldrs gSaA f'kM~;wy] dySaMj] dk;Zlwph vkfn vktdy 'kh?kzrk ls bySDVªkWfud ek/;e esa cnyh tk jgh gS D;ksafd blls budks LVksj (Store) djuk rFkk iqu% ÁkIr djuk cgqr vklku gksrk gSA
9-4-10 bysDVªkWfud okf.kT;
(ELECTRONIC COMMERCE)
bl lqfo/kk esa eq[; :Ik ls mRiknuksa dks [kjhnuk] cspuk] ck¡Vuk] Hkstuk rFkk Ápkj djuk bR;kfn mRiknuksa dh ejEer dk dk;Z bUVjusV }kjk lEHko gksrk gSA cgqr ls Áfr"Bku viuk osclkbV rS;kj dj ysrs gSa rFkk dEiuh dh lHkh lwpuk,¡ bl lkbV ij miyC/k jgrh gSa ftlls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;k foØsrk vkWu ykbZu (On Line) O;kikfjd dk;Zokgh ¼[kjhnnkjh½ dj ldrk gSA 6
cgqr ls Áfr"Bku vius mRiknuksa dks bUVjusV ij n'kkZrs gSa rFkk vkWu ykbZu isesaV (Payment) dh lqfo/kk Hkh nsrs gSaA
Lo;a tkap Á”u
(Self Assessment Questions)
4- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa& i) Kku O;oLFkkiu ,d ÁfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ge Kku ÁkIr djus] __________ djus rFkk tkudkjh dks nwljs deZpkfj;ksa ds fy;s ___________ djkrs gSaA ii) bUVjusV ,d loZlk/kkj.k }kjk lqxerk ls miyC/k Á.kkyh gS tks _____________
MkVk Hkstus esa mi;ksx gksrh gSA 5- ,d Áfr"Bku esa okrkZyki ds fHké <axksa dk o.kZu djsaA
9-5
nÙk dk;Z
9-5-1 d{kk dk;Z dk;Z
(ASSIGNMENTS) (CLASS ASSIGNMENTS)
i) bUVjusV lkbV dks [kksft, rFkk http://www.rediff.com ij viuk bZ&esy ,dkmUV
[kksfy,A ii) ,d Lokxr lans'k ;k dksbZ vU; lwpuk rS;kj dhft, rFkk bls bZ&esy }kjk fdlh
ifjfpr dks Hksft,A
9-5-2 x`g dk;Z
(HOME ASSIGNMENTS)
i) oMZ Ákslsflax }kjk nŸk dk;Z rS;kj dhft, rFkk mls fÁaV dhft,A ii) viuh d{kk ds uEcj p<+kus gsrq ,d vad rkfydk (Mark Sheet) dk uewuk LÁSM 'khV
ij rS;kj dhft,A iii) bUVjusV ij [kkst dj Mªsl fMt+kbfuax ls lacaf/kr osclkbV ds dqN uke fyf[k,A
9-6
Lkkjka Lkkjka”k
(SUMMING UP)
bl v/;k; esa dk;kZy; lapkyu ds mi;ksx esa vkus okys dEI;wVj ds dqN egŸoiw.kZ dk;Z tSls bZ&esy] bUVjusV] bZ&dkWelZ] okrkZyki] oMZ Ákslsflax] ,dkmafVax rFkk fjdkWMZ j[kus vkfn ds fo"k; esa fopkj fd;k x;kA
9-7
Lo;a tkap Á” Á”uksa ds laHkkfor mÙkj (POSSIBLE ANSWERS TO SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS) 1. lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh ,d fo"k; gS tks ml rduhd dk Á;ksx djrk gS ftlds }kjk
lwpukvksa dks O;ofLFkr rFkk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA 7
2. fjDr LFkku dks Hkjsa i) bZ&esy] LÁSM 'khV 3. lR; 4. fjDr LFkku Hkjsa& i) O;ofLFkr] miyC/k] ii) dEI;wVj usVodZ }kjk 5. ,d Áfr"Bku esa okrkZyki ds fHké <ax gSa
1- bysDVªkWfud cqysfVu cksMZ
9-8
vH;klkFkZ Á” Á”u
2- bUVjusV
3-
bZ&esy
(TERMINAL QUESTIONS)
1. vk/kqfud dk;kZy; esa lwpuk ÁkS|ksfxdh ds rhu mi;ksx crkb,A 2. bUVjusV D;k gS\ dksbZ nks {ks=ksa dk uke fyf[k, tgk¡ bUVjusV mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA 3. bZ&f'k{kk D;k gS rFkk vke vkneh dks ;g fdl Ádkj lgk;rk djrh gS\ 4. vki tks f'k{kk ÁkIr dj jgs gSa mls fefJr f'k{kk (Blended Education) dgk tkrk gSA
foLrkj ls blds ykHk o gkfu dk o.kZu dhft,A
9-9
lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa (REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READING) 1. Raja Raman, V.2001, Fundamentals of Computers. Printice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
9-10 'kCnkoyh
(GLOSSARY)
1. bZ esy (Email)
;g bySDVªkWfud esy dk NksVk o lkekU; mi;ksx dk 'kCn gSA blds }kjk lwpuk dk bySDVªkWfud ek/;e ls vknku çnku fd;k tkrk gSA
2. çksVksdkWy (Protocol)
dEI;wVj esa vkil esa lwpuk vknku çnku djus dh Hkk"kk çksVksdkWy dgykrh gSA rduhdh 'kCnksa esa ;g lans'k dk vkSipkfjd o.kZu gS ftlds vUrxZr nks dEI;wVj vkil esa lans'k nsrs ;k ysrs gSaA
3. bUVjusV (Internet)
,d lkekU; çksVksdkWy ds vUrxZr vkus okys vusd dEI;wVj dk usVodZ bUVjusV dgykrk gSA
4. bUVªkusV (Intranet)
,d laxBu esa lwpukvksa ds ç;ksx gsrq futh usVodZ vFkkZr dsoy laLFkk esa vkilh lapkj gsrq lqfo/kk dk 8
gksuk tks bUVjusV ds leku lkW¶Vos;j dk ç;ksx djrk gS bUVªkusV dgykrk gSA 5. QksUV (Font)
'kCnksa dk ,d fu/kkZfjr LVkby ¼'kCn rFkk vad½ tks fu/kkZfjr vkdkj dk gksrk gSA
6. vkWu ykbu (Online)
usVodZ ls tqM+k gqvk ;k pkyw dh fLFkfr esaA ;g 'kCn lkekU;r% tc O;fDr bUVjusV ;k bUVjkusV ls tqM+k gksrk gS rc gh ç;ksx esa vf/kd yk;k tkrk gSA
9