1010- fofHkUu Ádkj ds fMt+kbuksa ls ifjp; (INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTTYPES OF DESIGNS) pkSFkh bdkbZ ds bl igys ikB esa] foÇHkUu çdkj ds fMt+kbu ls ifjp; ds ckn] vki ikB&11 esa ikjEifjd fMt+kbu rFkk ikB 12 esa çfrfcfEcr ;k e/; js[kh; fMt+kbu ds ckjs esa lh[ksaxsA
1010-0 mís”; bl ikB dks i<+us ds ckn] vki fuEu le>us esa l{ke gksaxs%& • ikjEifjd rFkk vk/kqfud fMt+kbu • okLrfod ,oa vewZr fMt+kbu • çrhdkRed ,oa yksd&dyk fMt+kbu
1010-1 ÁLrkouk fiNyh bdkbZ ¼bdkbZ 3½ esa geus lh[kk dh fMtk+bu dh lrg ij eksfVQ+ dh fLFkfr tks fMtk+bu dk LFkku fUk/kkZj.k dgykrh gSA geus ;g Hkh tkuk fd xzhM o lk/kkj.k T;kferh; vkdkj ,d tky rU= (network) cuk ysrs gSa ,d leku o fOkfHkUu vkdkjksa dh la[;k dh iqujko`fŸk iw.kZ LFkku dk ?ksj ysrh gS lHkh fMtk+buksa esa ,d vn`”; T;kferh; xzhM gksrh gS tks lrg fMtk+bu cuk ysrh gSA blfy, geus 6 vyx&vyx fMtk+bu dk LFkku fu/kkZj.k djuk lh[kk muds uke bZDoh fMLVsaV] gkWQ MªkWi fczd ysvkmV] vkWy vksoj] /kkfj;k¡&yEcor~] {kSfrt] frjNh /kkjh] pSd&yEcor~] frjNh] rFkk fodh.kZA bl pkSFkh bdkbZ esa ge vyx&vyx izdkj ds fMtk+bu ds ckjs esa lh[ksaxs og fdlh fo’k; ;k Álax ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA muesa dqN Ásj.kk rFkk fof'k’V 'kSyh gksrh gSA ÁR;sd ns'k ds HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa dh viuh ,d dyk gksrh gSa tks fd dbzZ n'kdksa ls ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks gLrkUrfjr gksrh jgrh gSA fMt+kbu ds Áeq[k N% Ádkj gSa& ikjEifjd] vk/kqfud] okLrfod] vewrZ] ÁrhdkRed rFkk ikSjkf.kd] ftudk fooj.k bl ikB esa fd;k tk,xkA
10.2 ikjEifjd fMt+kbu (Traditional Designs) ifjHkk"kk% os fMt+kbu tks dbZ o’kksZa ls gekjs VsDlVkby] dyk] nLrdkjh] fp=] f'kYidyk esa pys vk jgs gSa os ikjEifjd fMt+kbu dgykrs gSaA Hkkjr esa bl çdkj ds fMt+kbu cgqr vf/kd gSaA gekjs lHkh jkT;ksa dh viuh ,d fof'k’V dyk gSA gkaykfd ;g dyk vius esa fHkUurk j[krh gS] tSls fd d'ehj dh ,d /kkxs dh d<+kbZ vkSj nf{k.k dh dyedkjh] 'kh'ks dk dke rFkk lqUnj BIik NikbZ vkSj jax fcjaxs cqus gq, iwohZ {ks=®a ds uewus ¼fp=% 10-1½ bu lHkh dh çsj.kk dk L=ksr mudh i`’BHkwfe gSA dbZ ckj ge çÑfr ls Hkh çHkkfor gksrs gSa]tSls isM+ ikS/ks] Qy] Qwy] i'kq] i{kh] ekuoh; vkdkj] rFkk nSfud xfrfof/k;ka vkfnA
1
d”ehjh d<+kbZ
dyedkjh
'kh'ks dk dke
BIik NikbZ
fp=% 1010-1 Hkkjrh; ikjEifjd fMt+kbu blfy, tks fMt+kbu ge vkU/kzçns'k dh dyedkjh esa ns[krs gSa] ogh d<+kbZ ds #i esa gesa xqtjkr esa feyrh gSA ;s çsj.kk dkQh le; rd çHkko”kkyh jgrh gS blfy, fiNys o’kkasZ esa geus dkQh çHkko”kkyh fMt+kbu fodflr fd, gS] ftUgsa Hkkjrh; dyk ;k fdlh fo”ks’k jkT; dh dyk dgk tk ldrk gS tSls iatkc dh Qqydkjh] jktLFkku dh cx: BIik NikbZ bR;kfn ¼fp=% 102½A ge Hkkjr ds ikjEifjd VsDlVkby dk foLrkj iwoZd v/;;u djsaxs CTD-201A
cx: BIik NikbZ
iatkc Qqydkjh
fp=% fp=% 1010-2 Hkkjrh; ikjEifjd fMt+kbu
1010-3 vk/kqfud fMt+kbu (Modern Designs) ifjHkk”kk% og fMt+kbu tks ikjEifjd ugha gSa og lkekU;r% vk/kqfud fMt+kbu dgykrs gSaA ;g fMt+kbu ledkyhu gksrs gSa vkSj ikjEifjd uewuksa rFkk fooj.k dk vuqlj.k ugha djrs vfirq og ml dyk ls çHkkfor gksrs gSa tks eu ij n`f’Vxr çHkko NksM+sa ¼fp=% 10-3½A dgk tkrk gS fd vk/kqfud fMt+kbu ;qxksa dh cgqr lh dyk xfrfof/k;ksa ls çHkkfor gSaA dqN egRoiw.kZ dyk vkSj fMt+kbu xfrfof/k;ksa dk la{ksi o.kZu vkxs fn;k x;k gSA
vk/kqfud eNyh
vk/kqfud i{kh
vk/kq vk/kqfud i{kh
fp= 1010-3 vk/kqfud fMt+kbu
1010-3-1 20oha “krkCnh ls iwoZ ¼ÁFke egk;q} ls iwoZ½ (Early 20th Century (PreWorld War I)
uksfovks dyk (Art Nouveau) i)
bl çdkj dh dyk us vR;f/kd “kSyhxr ç—fr dks Ásj.kk ds L=ksr dh rjg ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blesa lqO;ofLFkr vkdkj (Organic Form) rFkk çxfr”khy (Dynamic) rjaxkf;r (Undulating) rFkk cgko (Flowing) ?kqekonkj js[kk,¡ (Curved Lines) fo”ks’kdj Qwynkj o lfCt;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA ¼fp=% 10-4½ 2
fp= & 1010-4 uksfovks dyk ii) ÁÒkookn (Expressionism) dykdkj dh ;g ço`fÙk gksrh gS fd og HkkoukRed ÁHkko Mkyus ds fy, okLrfodrk dks ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA bl “kSyh dk Á;ksx djus okys dykdkj Hkko dks çcy jaxksa }kjk çkIr djrs gSaA jaxks }kjk vfHkO;Dr djus dh {kerk blesa egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA ¼fp= 10-5½
fp=% 1010-5 ÁÒkookn iii) /kuokn (Cubism) bVyh dh dyk tkx`fr (Renaissance) ds i”pkr~ ;g vR;ar egRoiw.kZ ,oa çHkko”kkyh dne FkkA /kuokn dyk—fr esa fo’k; oLrq dks NksVs Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djds fo”ysf’kr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fQj iqu% laxzfgr djds veZwr :i ls (abstract) fn[kk;k tkrk gSA ¼fp= 10-6½
fp=% 1010-6 /kuokn iv. Msd® dyk (Art Deco) ¼1918&1939½ ;g dyk ;wjksi rFkk ;wukbVsM LVsV esa çkjEHk gqbZA ;g ltkoVh “kSyh T;knkrj ?kjsyw oLrqv®a] oL=] xzkfQd fMt+kbu vkfn esa ç;ksx gksrh gSA blesa [kUM& dksf.k; vyadj.k (Angular Ornamental)] lk/kkj.k] Hkkjh] T;kferh; vkdkj rFkk foykliw.kZ inkFkZ dk Lkgt] ljy feJ.k gksrk gSA ¼fp=% 10-7½
fp=% 10-7 Msdks dyk 3
1010-3-2 f}rh; egk;q) ds i” i”pkr~ (Post world War II) v) ikWi dyk - ;g 1950 ds var esa baXyS.M rFkk ;wukbVsM LVsV~l esa fodflr gksus okyh –
';kRed dykRed (visual artistic movement)dne Fkh tks lkaL—frd fo’k; vFkok “kSyh ls lEcaf/kr gksrs Fks tSls çpkj rFkk dkWfed vkfnA ¼fp= 10-8½
fp=% 1010-8 ikWi dyk
(vi) vkW vkWi dyk (OpArt) vkWi dyk vkfIVdy dyk ¼–f’Vxr Hkze ½ ds uke ls tkuh tkrh
gSA bl çdkj dh dyk dk tUe 1960 esa gqvk Fkk] tks fd n`f’Vxr Hkze mRié djrk gSA n”kZd tc bldks ns[krs gS rks blesa xfr dk vkHkkl gksrk gS ped]dEiu ;k fQj dksbZ oLrq Qwyrh gqbZ vkSj fQj f[kaprh lh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ¼fp=% 10-9½
fp=% 1010-9 vkWi dyk
Lo;a tk¡p Á” Á”u 1. ikjEifjd fMt+kbu vkS vkSj vk/kqfud fMt+kbu dks ifjHkkf’ ifjHkkf’kr dhft;sA 2. vk/kqfud fMt+kbu dh egRoiw.kZ dyk vkSj ewoesUV fMt+kbu ds uke crkb;sA a) b) d) e)
c) f)
10.4 okLrfod fMt+kbu (Realistic Design) ifjHkk’kk% tc ge fdlh oLrq dks mlds okLrfod :i] vkÑfr o xq.kksa ds lkFk fpf=r djrs gSa rks bls okLrfod fMt+kbu dgrs gSaA nwljs “kCnksa esa fdlh Hkh oLrq dks fdlh Hkh ek/;e }kjk tSlk og gS oSlk gh fn[kkus dks okLrfod fMtk+bu dgrs gSaA ;g fMt+kbu dks muds lgh okLrfod foLrkj esa cukus dh rduhd gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, tc ge est ij Qy j[kdj ;k ckx esa ikS/kksa ds fp= cukrs gSa rFkk oLrq fp=.k djrs gSa rks ge mldh vkÑfr] vkdkj rFkk mu nks jaxksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSa tks okLro esa gSa] ge mUgsa tgk¡ rd laHko gks okLrfod cukus dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA ¼fp=% 10-10½ 4
bl “kSyh }kjk dqN dykdkj O;fDr ;k oLrqvksa dks bl rjg okLrfodrk ds lkFk fpf=r djrs gS fd og O;fDr ;k oLrq ltho gks mBrh gSA VsDlVkby fMt+kbu esa NikbZ ds fy, ç—fr fp=] Qwy] Qy] frryh rFkk eNyh vkfn dk okLrfod :i esa lkjh lrg ij ;k fQj ckMZj ij cuk ldrs gSA ¼fp=% 10-11 rFkk 10-12½
fp=% fp=% 1010-10
fp=% fp=% 1010-11 okLrfod fMt+kbu
fp=% 1010-12
blh çdkj d<+kbZ }kjk Hkh jax rFkk cukoV dk ç;ksx dj okLrfodrk dk çHkko mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA cqukbZ esa tSdkMZ fMt+kbu ds }kjk fofHkUu çdkj ds okLrfodrk iw.kZ fMt+kbu cuk ldrs gSA
1010-5 vewrZ fMt+kbu (Abstract Design) ifjHkk ifjHkk’ Hkk’kk % tc ge fdlh fMt+kbu esa fdlh oLrq ds vkdkj] :i rFkk xq.kksa dk dsoy vkHkkl fn[kkrs gaS] mldks orZeku ds vk/kkj ij çLrqr ugha djrs gS rks bls vewrZ fMt+kbu dgrs gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa okLrfod oLrq dks bl çdkj ls ifjoZfrr fd;k tkrk gS fd og viuh okLrfod ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj u gksdj dsoy ;g n”kZkrk gS fd blds ihNs çsj.kk D;k gS\ ,sls fMt+kbu dks vewrZ fMt+kbu dgrs gSA ;g ,d “kSyh ;k rjhdk gS ftlds }kjk oLrq ds lw{e foLrkj dks fcuk okLrfod jax] cukoV dks bl izdkj fn[kk;k tkrk gS fd og dsoy vkHkkl djrk gS fd bl dk ewy :i D;k FkkA vewrZ fMt+kbu esa ,slk Hkh gks ldrk gS fd dqN Hkh u gks vkSj ;g dsoy LØkWy dh rjg gks tSlk vkius bdkbZ&1 esa i<+k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vxj est ij j[ks gq, Qwyksa ;k cxhps esa yxs ikS/ks dk fp=.k mlds okLrfod vkdkj ls gVdj ;k cny dj ;k NksVs dks.kkdj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djds ;k fQj ,d lkFk j[kdj djrs gSa rks bl çdkj ds fMt+kbu dks vewrZ fMt+kbu dgrs gSaA
fp=% 1010-13 vewrZ fMt+kbu 5
dbZ dykdkj oLrq ;k O;fDr dks bl çdkj fpf=r djrs gSa fd vkidks okLrfod fp= u gksus ij Hkh mldk vkHkkl gks tk,xkA ;g “kSyh laosxks dks çnf”kZr djus dk çHkkoiw.kZ ek/;e gSA VsDlVkby fMt+kbu esa vewrZ fMt+kbu dk vf/kd ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA u;k rFkk :fpdj fMt+kbu cukus ds fy, ikjEifjd eksfVQ+ dks ysrs gSa vkSj mls vk/kqfud rjhdksa ds lkFk feykdj vewrZ :i ls çLrqr djrs gSaA ;g Qwy iRrh Vguh ds :i esa ;k muds jax Hkjus ds rjhdksa esa fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA rduhd dk blesa fo”ks”k egRo gSA vewrZ fMt+kbu fdlh Hkh ek/;e ls tSls d<+kbZ] cqukbZ] NikbZ ] iSp vkfn }kjk cuk, tk ldrs gSA
Lo;a tk¡p Á” Á”u 3. okLrfod ,oa vewZr fMt+kbu dks ifjHkkf’kr dfj;sA
xfrfof/k (Activity) 1. ,d okLrfod ,oa vewrZ fMt+kbu cukb;s o jax Hkfj;s A
1010-6 ÁrhdkRed fMt+kbu (Symbolic Design) ifjHkk’kk % tc fMt+kbu dks Árhdksa }kjk fpf=r fd;k tkrk gS tks fd fof”k’V vFkZ j[krk gS] Hkkouk o /kkfZeZd fopkjksa dks crkrk gS rks ,sls fMt+kbu ÁrhdkRed fMt+kbu dgykrs gSaA Hkkjrh; fMt+kbu esa rkaf=d dyk esa Árhdksa dk cgqr Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dyk lw;Z] Ik”kq ikS/ks] O;fDr rFkk muds vkilh lEcU/k] Ák—frd “kfDr;kWa u{k=ksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa vkfn dh O;k[;k djrh gSA ¼fp=% 10-14½
fp=% 1010-14 çrhdkRed fMt+kbu
1010-7 yksd&dyk fMt+kbu (Folk Design) yksd&dyk fMt+kbu dks tkuus ds fy, gesa Hkkjrh; ikjEifjd dyk dks le>uk vko”;d gSA dyk dh bl “kSyh esa fofHkUu laL—fr rFkk lkekftd lewgksa esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr dh tkrh gS blesa mu yksxksa dk fp=kadu gksrk gS ftudh ftUnxh ç—fr ds lkFk y;c) rFkk Øec) tqM+h gksrh gSa vkSj i`Foh dh “kfDr;ksa ls ÁHkkfor gksrh gSA 6
v
c
fp=% 10kbu ¼v 10-15 yksd dyk fMt+kbu ¼v½ dkaFkk rFkk ¼c½ ekaMuk yksd&dyk dyk rFkk tkfr dyk ml fof”k’V leqnk; dh ewy “kfDr ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA ;g thoUr xfr”khy dyk gS tks fd le;] vko”;drk] Le`fr rFkk muds vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij gksrh jgrh gSA Ák;% ikSjkf.kd nsoh nsork] dFkk,a] rRdkfyd vkdkj rFkk tkus igpkus fp=ksa ds :i esa çnf”kZr fd;s tkrs gSaA esys] lekjksg rFkk ml txg ds nsoh nsork bl dyk esa fo”ks’k egRo j[krs gSA ;g og dyk gS ftlesa thou dh l`tukRedrk vfHkUu gksrh gSA tkfr dyk esa laosnu”khyrk gksrh gS D;ksafd ;s yksx “kgjksa esa iwjh rjg LFkkfir yksxksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr T;knk ltx gksrs gSaA muds efLr’d cgqr yphys gksrs gSa vkSj dgkuh] ikSjkkf.kd xkFkkvksa] xzUFkksa o vusdks dkYifud nsoh nsorkvksa ls Hkjs gksrs gSaA mudh dyk vusd mRd.Bkvksa vkSj jgL;ksa ls Hkjh gksrh gSA yksd& dyk txg txg ?kweus okys catkjksa dh n`f’Vxr vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA ;g mu yksxksa dh dyk gS tks fd Á—fr ds lkSUn;Z ls Hkjiwj gksrh gS] ;g igkM+h rFkk ?kkVh {ks=ksa eas ?kwers gSa ogk¡a ds vius vuqHko] Le`fr;k¡ vius lkFk ysrs pyrs gSa vr% mudh dyk muds ifjorZu”khy o xfr”khy thou ls Hkjh gksrh gSA xzkeh.k] tkfr rFkk catkjksa dh dyk yksd&ijEijk dh vfHkO;fDr ds [kt+kuksa ls Hkjiwj gksrh gSA dyk ds fodkl esa rFkk lkaLÑfrd tkx`fr esa yksd&ijEijk çsj.kk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA fo”oHkj esa ;g yksd&ijEijk dyk lHkh txg ik;h tkrh gS rFkk lcdk /;ku vkdf’kZr dj ea=eqX/k djrh gSA vius “kq) :i esa gksrh gS vkSj yksxksa dh ewy vko”;drkvksa rFkk okrkoj.k] muds vkfFkZd fodkl vkfn ls tqM+h gksrh gSA mlesa dksbZ Åijh ltkoV ;k fopkjksa esa feF;k ugha gksrhA yksd& dyk fp=] d'khnkdkjh] /kkrq dyk] fHkfRr dyk] dFkk dFku ns”kHkj esa QSys dqN yksd dyk ds :i gSA
1010-7-1 fp=dyk (Paintings)
xzkeh.k yksd dyk fp= çk;% jaxhu fMt+kbu] jgL;e; fo”oklksa ls tqM+s gq, ik;s tkrs gSa o Hkkjrh; xk¡oksa ds ikjEifjd lkSUn;Z rFkk vuqHkwfr;ksa dks mtkxj djrs gSaA fcgkj dh e/kqcuh rFkk mM+hlk dh iV fp=&dyk ¼fp=% 10-16 a,b½ jktLFkku esa ukFk}kjk dh fipobZ ¼fp= 10-16 c,d½ ;g Hkkjrh; yksd ijEijk fp=&dyk ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA xzaFk] iqjk.k] Ñ’.k yhyk muds çeq[k çsj.kk L=ksr gSA nsoh nsorkvksa ds vusdks :i o vusdksa fdzz;k,¡ djrs gq, fofHkUu “kSfy;ksa esa jaxksa }kjk fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA ¼fp=% 10-16½
7
a½ iV fp=&dyk
b½ iV fp=&dyk
d½ d`’.k yhyk
c½ d`’.k yhyk
1010-7-2 fefFkyk fp= dyk (Mithila Paintings)
fp=% 1010-16
Hkkjrh; yksd dyk yksxksa dh dykRed ço`fr dks n”kkZrh gS pkgs oks xk;u ;k u`R; gks fQj gLrdyk gksA ;g fcgkj ds njHkaxk esa çR;sd ?kj dh nhokjksa ij çkÑfrd jaxksa ls cuh fp=&dyk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA ;g jax Qwy] csyksa] ydM+h dk dks;yk] ifRr;ksa vkfn ls cuk;s tkrs gSaA csy ds Qy dk xksan jax dks iDdk djus ds fy, rFkk ckal dh ?kkl dks cz”k ds :i esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fefFkyk fp= vktdy diM+s] LØkWy ;k eksVs dkxt+ ij cukbZ tkrh gS ftles /kkfeZd] lkekftd ;k çk—frd fo’k; tks euq’; dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA fL=;k¡ bls jax ds NksVs&NksVs fcUnqvksa }kjk cukrh gSa tks fd mudk çÑfr ds lkFk çrhdkRed lEcU/k n”kkZrh gS tSls cPps dk tUe] fookg] clar] taxy] tkuoj vkfnA
fp=% 1010-17 fefFk fefFkyk Fkyk fp=&dyk
10-7-3 jktLFkku dh fHkÙkh dyk (Rajasthani Wall Art) jktLFkku es fHkfRr ij cuh fp=dkjh cgqr gh mRrsftr djus okyh o eksgd gksrh gS ¼fp=% 10-18½A egyksa ds vUnj o ckgj dh nhokjsa rFkk lk/kkj.k ?kjksa dh nhokjsa jaxks ls lqlfTtr jgrh gSaA muesa vf/kdka”kr% cM+s cM+s gkFkh] ?kksMs+] Å¡V jktdh; fp=] f”kdkj djrs gq, fp=] i©jkf.kd pfj= rFkk dgkfu;k¡ vkfn fn[kk, tkrs gSaA xhys iyLrj (Lime Plaster) ij [kfut jaxks esa cus ;g fp= nhokjksa ij MBs gq, (Embedded) çrhr gksrs gaS tks fd bl {ks= dh fof”k’Vrk gSA fp=% 1010-18 efUnjksa rFkk eB vkfn ij cuh rfeyukMw rFkk vkU/kz dh fp=dkjh] fp=dkjh dsjy esa inekukHkiqje dh nhokj ij cus fHkfRr fp= mudh {ks=h; dykvksa dks crkrs gSaA xqtjkr dh jkBok tkfr rFkk e/; çns”k dh Hkhykyk tkfr ds yksx feV~Vh dh nhokjksa ij fp=dkjh djrs gSaA dbZ ckj ?kM+h o gokbZtgkt vkfn Hkh buds fp=ksa es ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA egkjk’Vª ds oyhZ tkfr ds yksx xk; ds xkscj rFkk feÍh ls fyfi >ksiM+h dh nhokjksa ij fp= cukrs gSaA ¼fp=% 10-19a½ blesa eaMyk] jhfr fjokt vkfn pkoy ds lQsn ysbZ ls cuk;s tkrs gSaA iwjs ns”k es mRrj çns”k ds eSnkuh Hkkxksa esa çkphu Hkkjrh; ijEijk gS ftleas pkoy ds 8
ysbZ ¼fp=% 10-19b½ ls cuh fp=dkjh ?kj dh nhokjksa rFkk ?kj ds ckgj nsgyht ij nsoh nsorkvksa ds Lokxr rFkk “kqHk ykHk ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA
(a) oyhZ
fp=% 1010-19
(b) eaMyk
1010-7-4 dFkk dFkk dFku (Story Telling) yksd dyk vf/kdka”kr;k Ákphu dFkkvksa ds dFku ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSA (fp=% fp=% 1010-20) fp=dkjh dk ç;ksx ?kVukvksa dks Ánf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA xqtjkr rFkk caxky es dgkuh lqukus okys dkxt+ dks lko/kkuh iwoZd [kkuksa esa foHkkftr dj ysrs gSa] çR;sd fpf=r [kkuk ?kVuk ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA jktLFkku esa {ks=h; xkFkk,¡ tSls ikcwth u© i| esa çknsf”kd uk;d ;k nsorkvksa dh xkFkk diM+s ds yEcs iSuy ij crkà tkrh gSA NksVs ls NksVs LFkku dks Hkh dgkuh ds ik=ksa ls Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA bUgsa Hkksik tkfr ds yksx xkdj lqukrs gSa tks fd esys o ckt+kjksa es ?kwers o xkrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gS muds gkFk esa tUrj gksrk gS tks fd ck¡l dh NM+ ls cuk laxhr ok| gksrk gSA Hkksik tkfr ds yksx vius lkFk ÞQkM+kß (Phada) ysdj xk¡o xk¡o ?kwers jgrs gSa vkSj xkFkk lqukrs gSaA ikjEifjd ratkSj dh d¡kp dh fp=dkjh esa ,sfrgkfld fo’k;ksa dks pednkj jaxkas }kjk lqugjs iRrksa ls fpf=r djrs gSaA
fp=% 1010-20 dgkuh crkus okyh fp=dkjh
1010-7-5 mM+hlk dh yksd&dyk (Folk Art in Orissa) mM+hlk ds iVfp= vktdy cgqr QS”ku esa gS ¼fp=% 10-21a½A jaxhu rFkk uDdk”kh okys ydM+h ds lUnwd mM+hlk dk fo”ks"k vkd"kZ.k gSa ;g dsjyk es Hkh ik, tkrs gSa ¼fp=% 10-21½A ngst dk lkeku j[kus ds fy;s ydM+h ds lUnwd ¼fp=% 10-21c½ tks xqtjkr ds dkfB;kokM+ es cuk, tkrs gSa dkQh çfl) gSA mM+hlk esa lhax ls cuh gqbZ oLrq,a viuh lqUnj lajpuk ds fy, e”kgwj gSA lksiLVksu rFkk dksNhyk LVksu ij [kqnkbZ iw.kZ gSA iqjh rFkk dVd ds yksd ijEijk dykdkj cgqr gh lQkbZ ls lhax }kjk dksey fn[kus okyh fpfM+;k] Ik”kq] da?kk rFkk vU; ltkoV dh oLrq,a cukrs gSA 9
fp=% 1010-21 mM+hlk dh yksd dyk
1010-7-6 /kkrq dyk (Metal Work) <ksdjk dk /kkrq dk dke e/; Hkkjr dh [kkukcnks”k tu&tkfr (Tribal Belt) dh fo”ks"krk gSA cSy /kkrq ls cuh oLrq,a vnHkqr gksrh gSa vkSj çkphu fopkj¨ dks crkrh gS fd budh xw¡t vUnj rd tkrh gS ¼fp=% 10-22½A xUte dh yphyh eNyh ]cLrj dk fo}ku mYyw vkfn muds mRrstukiw.kZ txr dk çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA
fp=% 1010-22 <ksdjk dh /kkrq dyk
10-7-7 d'khnkdkjh (Embroideries) Qqydkjh iatkc dh çfl) d<+kbZ ekuh tkrh gS ;g jaxhu d<+kbZ ogk¡ ds yksxksa dh vkdka{kkvksa rFkk vfuf”pr ftanxh esa [kq”kgkyh ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA Qqydkjh fofHkUu voljksa ds fy, cuk;h tkrh gS muesa tks cgqr dherh gksrh gS mls ek¡ ;k nknh ek¡ csVh dh “kknh esa migkj ds :i esa nsrh gSA ¼fp=% 10-23½
fp=% 1010-23 Qqydkjh dlwrh dukZVd dh mÙke dksfV ds ,d Vk¡ds ls cuh d<+kbZ gS ¼fp=% 10-24a½ tcfd dkaFkk esa xzkeh.k çÑfr dks pVdhys jaxks esa dPps Vk¡ds ls fn[kkrs gSaA ¼fp=% 10-24b½ 10
(b) if'peh caxky dk dkaFkk
(a) dukZVd dh dlwrh
fp=% 1010-24 xqtjkr ds dPN çns”k dh d<+kbZ cgqr çfl) gSA fo”ks"kdj og ftles 'kh”ks tM+s jgrs gSaA ¼fp=% 10-25½ ;g d<+kbZ lkjs Hkkjr es FkSyk] LdVZ] twrs] nqiÍk] LdkQZ rFkk Cykmt vkfn ij cukbZ tkrh gSA
fp=% 1010-25 xqtjkr ds dPN çns”k dh “kh” “kh”ks tfM+r d<+kbZ vk/kqfud Hkkjr es fMt+kbulZ rFkk f”kYidkj yksd dyk rFkk iqjkuh ijEijkvksa ls fujarj çsj.kk ysrs jgrs gSa ljy yksd&ijEijk fMt+kbu cgqr gh vkd’kZd gksrs gSa ;g NikbZ] d<+kbZ] cqukbZ] ,iyhd vkfn esa ik;s tkrs gaS yksd dyk fMt+kbu cgqr gh ljy] dbZ ckj T;ferh;] NM+h dh rjg gksrs gSa] dbZ ckj muds fdukjs cgqr gh viw.kZ vkdkj okys gksrs gSA lcls cM+h fo”ks’krk ;g gS fd ;g lkjk dke gkFk ls gksrk gS vr: mlds vkdkj LokHkkfod rFkk Lora= gksrs gS mUgsa cukus ds fy, fdlh ;a= dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Lo;a tk¡p ç” ç”u 4. ÁrhdkRed vkSj yksd dyk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A 5. dqN yksd dyk ds uke crkb;s tks iwjs ns”k esa QSyh gqbZ gSA
1010-8 nÙk dk;Z 1010-8-1 d{kk dk;Z i) pkSFkkbZ bEihfj;y dkfVZt 'khV ij 10 vk/kqfud fMt+kbu cukb, tks fd cqycqys]
Qwy] pSd] gkVZ] vk;rkdkj rFkk pkSdksj vkfn ls çsfjr gksA 11
ii) Qwyksa ls Hkjs ckx eas tkb, vkSj nks Qwyksa dks Vguh rFkk ifRr;®a lesr] okLrfod :i
esa cukb, blesa lHkh phtsa foLrkj ds lkFk fpf=r dfj, viuh jpuk dks ikuh ds jaxksa ;k iksLVj jaxks ls jaxsaA vki isafUly ds jaxksa dk ç;ksx “ksM nsus ds fy, dj ldrs gSaA iii) Åij cuk, x, eksfVQ+ dks 3-5** x 12** ds ckMZj ij lqanjrk ds lkFk cukb,A
18**x18** ds dq”ku ds fy, bls gkWQ Mªki esa nksgjk,a bles jax ugha Hkjus gS bls isafUly vFkok dkys jksVfjax iSu ls dsoy fpf=r djrs gSaA iv) 12**x12** ds pkSdksj es 3 vewrZ jpuk,a cuk, tks Qwy] dSjh rFkk O;fDr ds psgjs ls
çsfjr gksA
1010-8-2 x`g dk;Z i) if=dkvksa ls 10 fp= ,df=r dhft, tks oL= (Garments) lkM+h] fcLrj]
VkbYl ls lEcaf/kr gks rFkk ftlesa ikjEifjd fMt+kbu dk ç;ksx fd;k gksA bUgsa A4 dkxt+ ij fpidk,aA ii) if=dk ls psgjk] isM+] bekjr (Building) vkfn ds fp= yhft,A vc bUgsa
1@2ß] 1ß rFkk 3ß dh iV~Vh esa dkVas blds ckn iqu% laxfBr djds 12ß x 12ß ds vkdkj esa vewrZ jpuk cukb,A iii) rkfU=d dyk ds ckjs esa vkSj vf/kd tkudkjh çkIr dj fVIi.kh dfj, rFkk bl
dyk ls lEcfU/kr ik¡p fp= ,df=r dfj,A iv) ,d ljy lh dgkuh ysa vFkok nSfud thou ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dgkuh cuk ysa
mls cM+h bEihfj;y dkxt ij ljy vkdkj rFkk vk—fr }kjk fpf=r djsaA bleas dgkuh dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, 4&5 jpuk vo”; gks rFkk bls ÁkÑfrd jaxksa esa jaxsa tSls Hkwjk] yky] gjk] dkyk rFkk lQsnA v) ik¡p Qwy¨a rFkk 3 Ik”kqv®a d® ysdj mUgsa yksd&ijEijk 'kSyh esa fpf=r djsaA os
NM+h ds ljy vkdkj esa ;k LokHkkfod :Ik esa ?kqeko nkj fdukjs okys gksaA ;s dsoy lQsn ;k dkys jax ds gkasA vi) xqtjkr dk “kh”ks ds lkFk d<+kbZ okyk ,d VqdM+k Ásj.kk ds fy, ysa vkSj 16ßx
16ß okys dq”ku ds fy, fMt+kbu cuk,a rFkk ,d ckMZj 2ß x 9ß ds uki esa dkfVªt 'khV ij cuk,aA mls pVdhys xgjs jaxksa es HkjsaA vii) dyk bfrgkl ds ewesUV dks i<+sa rFkk Msdks dyk ij foLr`r fVIi.kh djsa vkSj bl
'kSyh ls lEcfU/kr nl fp= ,df=r djsaA
1010-9 lkjkaa”k vc vkidks fofHkUu çdkj ds fMt+kbu dh tkudkjh gks xbZ gksxhA bl ikB ds eq[; fcUnqvksa dks lkjka”k esa ns[ksaA 12
• fMt+kbu dbZ çdkj ds gksrs gSa vewrZ] yksd ijEijk] vk/kqfud] OkkLrfod] çrhdkRed rFkk ijEijkxrA • ge tks Hkh fMt+kbu cukrs gSa og fdlh u fdlh fo”k; ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA muds ihNs dksbZ çsj.kk gksrh gSA • Hkkjr ijEijkxr fMt+kbu esa dkQh le`) gSA • vk/kqfud fMt+kbu ledkyhu gksrs gS og ijEijkxr uewus vFkok foLrkj dk vuqlj.k ugha djrs gSaA • okLrfod fMt+kbu og çfof/k gS ftlesa okLrfod :Ik ls foLrkj] vkdkj] LFkku] jax rFkk VsDlpj dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA • vewrZ fMt+kbu es fdlh oLrq fo'®"k dk fp=.k ugha gksrk gSA ;g LØkWy (Scrawl) ds :i esa gks ldrk gSA tc fdlh oLrq dks bl çdkj ls fpf=r fd;k tkrk gS fd vkidks mldk vkdkj] :Ik] fof”k”Vrkvksa dk vkHkkl gks rks bls vewrZ fMt+kbu ds :Ik es aoxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA • yksd dyk fofHkUu laLÑfr rFkk lkekftd lewgksa esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dh n`”;kRed vfHkO;fDr gSA • tc fMtk+bu izrhdksa dks izLrqr djrk gS rFkk izR;sd dk ,d vFkZ gks mls izrhdkRed fMtk+bu dgrs gSaA
1010-10 Lo;a tk¡p ç” ç”uksa ds lEHkkfor mÙkj 1. ikjEifjd fMt+kbu % ;qxksa ls ftu uewuksa dk gekjs oL=ksa] gLrdyk] fp=dkjh vkSj
oLrqf”kYi esa vfLrRo gS] mudks ikjEifjd fMt+kbu dgrs gSaA vk/kqfud fMt+kbu % og fMt+kbu tks ikjEifjd ugha gSa og lkekU;r% vk/kqfud fMt+kbu dgykrs gSaA ;g fMt+kbu viuh igq¡p esa ledkyhu gksrs gSa rFkk ikjEifjd uewuksa rFkk fooj.k dk vuqlj.k ugha djrsA vk/kqfud fMt+kbu dhsa egRoiw.kZ dyk fof/k;k¡ gSa% aa) uksfovks dyk b) ÁÒkookn ÁÒkookn d) Msd® dyk e) ikWi dyk
c) /kuokn f) vkWi dyk
2. okLrfod fMt+kbu % tc ge fdlh oLrq dks mlds okLrfod :i] vkdkj o xq.kksa ds
lkFk fpf=r djrs gS rks bls okLrfod fMt+kbu dgrs gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa fdlh Hkh oLrq dks fdlh Hkh ek/;e }kjk tSlk og gS oSlk gh fn[kkus dks okLrfod dyk dgrs gSaA 3. vewrZ fMt+kbu % tc ge fdlh fMt+kbu esa fdlh oLrq ds vkdkj] :i rFkk xq.kksa dk dsoy vkHkkl fn[kkrs gSa] mldks orZeku ds vk/kkj ij ÁLrqr ugha djrs gSa rks bls vewrZ fMt+kbu dgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa okLrfod oLrq dks bl Ádkj ls ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS fd og viuh okLrfod ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj u gksdj dsoy ;g n”kZkrk gS fd blds ihNs Ásj.kk D;k gSA ,sls fMt+kbu dks vewrZ fMt+kbu dgrs gSaA
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4. ÁrhdkRed fMt+kbu % tc fMt+kbu dks Árhdksa }kjk fpf=r fd;k tkrk gS tks fd
fof”k’V vFkZ j[krk gS] Hkkouk ;k /kkfZeZd fopkjksa dks crkrk gS rks ,sls fMt+kbu ÁrhdkRed fMt+kbu dgykrs gSA
yksd&ijEijk dyk % dyk dh bl 'kSyh esa fofHkUu laLÑfr rFkk lkekftd lewgksa esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr dh tkrh gSA 5. ns”k esa ikbZ tkus okyh dqN yksd&ijEijk dyk gSa tSls% fp=&dyk] fefFkyk
fp=&dyk] dyk] /kkrq dyk] fp=&dyk jktLFkku ds fHkfRr fp=] dFkk dFku] mM+hlk dh yksd&dyk] d'khnkdkjh]] vkfnA
1010-11 vH;klkFkZ Á” Á”u 1. 2. 3. 4.
fofHkUu çdkj ds fMt+kbuksa ds uke crk,aA vk/kqfud fMt+kbu ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksaA okLrfod fMt+kbu rFkk vewrZ fMt+kbu esa vUrj crk,aA Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkus okyh fofHkUu d<+kbZ ij la{ksi fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
5. fuEufyf[kr dFku lgh gS ;k xyr % i) fMt+kbu] gLrdyk] fp=&dyk rFkk f”kYidyk esa vusd ihf<+;ksa ls pys vk jgs
fMt+kbu dks ikjEifjd fMt+kbu dgrs gSaA ¼lgh@xyr½ ii) çrhdkRed fMt+kbu viusa esa dksbZ vFkZ ;k egRo ugha j[krs gSaA ¼lgh@xyr½½ 6. lgh mRrj dk p;u djsa %& i) rU= dyk fuEu ij vk/kkfjr gS %&
(a) dgkuh (c) çrhdkRed dyk
(b) ea= (d) laxhr
ii) yksd&ijEijk dyk fuEu dh n`f"Vxr vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS &
(a) vejhdk ds yksx (c) i'kq
(b) fofHkUu laLd`fr ds yksx (d) ÁÑfr
7. fuEufyf[kr ds vkil esa esy feyk,a & i) e/kqcuh fp=&dyk a) nf{k.k Hkkjr ii) iV fp=dkjh b) f}rh; fo”o ;q) ds ckn iii) fueZy fp=dkjh c) fcgkj dh fefFkyk iv) ikWi dyk rFkk vkWi dyk d) if”peh caxky v) dyedkjh e) vkU/kz çns”k
8. fjDr LFkku Hkjsa % __________ esa gkFkh] ?kksM+s rFkk Å¡V ds cM+s fHkfRr fp=] (Frescoes) gksrs gSaA ii) e/; Hkkjr esa __________ xqtjkr__________ e/; çns”k esa ?kj dh feV~Vh dh fnokjksa ij] Á©jkf.kd dFkk (Myth) dks fpf=r djrs gSaA iii) okfuZ”k fd, gq, iqjkus diMs+ dh drju dks nckdj &&&&&&&&&&& jaxhu iSuy cuk, tkrs gSA i)
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iv) <ksdjk /kkrq dk dke] __________ [kkukcnks”k tu&tkfr (Tribal belt) dh
fof”k”Vrk gSA
1010-12 lanHkZ rFkk v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa 1. Anonymous. 2006. The Complete Guide to Drawing and Painting. Quantum Publishing Ltd., London. 2. Betala, R. 2005. Design Comprehension and Visualization. Ane Books, New Delhi. 3. Gillow, J. and Barnard, N. 1991. Traditional Indian Textiles. Thames and Hudson, London. 4. Mode, H. and Chandra, S. 1985. Indian Folk Art. Alpine Fine Arts Collection Ltd., New York. 5. Yates, M. 1986. Textiles: A Handbook for Designers. W.W. Norton & Co., New York.
1010-13 “kCnkoyh 1 vewrZ 2 yksd 3 ijEifjd 4 le`) 5 vuqlju 6 ledkyhu 7 U;wure 8 'kSyhfopkj 9 lqO;ofLFkr 10 Áo`fRreu 11 Ácy 12 vfHkO;fDr
ftldk dksbZ vkdkj u gks lalkj ijEijk ds vuqlkj lEiUu ihNs pyuk ,d gh le; dk lcls de ÁdV djus dk rjhdk lqUnj O;oLFkk dk >qdko rst ÁdV djuk
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