ikB 12 cka/kuh (BANDHANI) lajpuk 1212-0 mÌs’; 12--1 izLrkouk 12 1212-2 ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe 12--3 dPpk eky 12 1212-4 rduhd 1212-5 {ks=
1212-5-1 1212-5-2
jktLFkku xqtjkr
1212-6 orZeku le; esa gq, iforZu 12--7 nRr dk;Z 12 1212-7-1 d{kk dk;Z 1212-7-2 x`g dk;Z
1212-8 lkjka’k 1212-9 Lo;a tk¡p iz’uksa ds lEHkkfor mRrj 1212-10 vH;klkFkZ iz’u 12--11 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa 12 1212-12 'kCnkoyh
12 cka/kuh (BANDHANI) fiNys v/;k; esa geus iVksyk ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dh ftlesa /kkxs dks cka/kk o jaxk tkrk gSA bl v/;k; esa ge ,d vU; izdkj dh rduhd ftls cka/kuh dgrs gSa ds fo"k; esa tkusaxsA ftlesa diM+s dks cka/kk o jaxk tkrk gSA xqtjkr vkSj jktLFkku esa ;g rduhd izfl) gSA cka/kuh vR;f/kd yEck dk;Z gS ftlesa le; o /kS;Z dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA blesa fMt+kbu o uewus esa diM+s dks /kkxs ls cka/kk tkrk gS vkSj fQj jaxk tkrk gSA ca/ks gq, LFkku ij jax ugha vkrk ogk¡ ij ,d fMt+kbu cu tkrk gSA
1212-0 mÌs’; (Objectives) bl v/;k; dks i<+us ds ckn vki% • ftl txg ij cka/kuh dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS mlds bfrgkl] mn~Hko o jkT;ksa ds ckjs esa tkusaxsA • cka/kuh cka/kus o jaxus dh izfØ;k vkSj dPps eky ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsaxsA
1212-1 izLrkouk (Introduction) jktLFkku] Hkkjr dk jaxksa ls Hkjk o pednkj jkT; gSA bldh lH;rk lalkj ds lHkh i;ZVdksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrh gSA ;g jkT; dsoy izkÑfrd okrkoj.k ds fy, gh izfl) ugha gSa cfYd izkphu lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr dh fojklr] dyk] laxhr o gLrdk;Z ds fy, Hkh izfl) gSA buesa lcls izfl) jktLFkku dk ikjEifjd oL= cka/kuh gSA ftlesa diM+ksa ij fofHkUu uewus Nkius ds fy,] cka/kus o jaxus dh fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA diM+s dks cka/kus o jaxus dh rduhd cgqr iqjkuh gSA blesa lansg ugha fd cka/kus o jaxus dh rduhd dk iz;ksx oL=ksa ij uewus cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA cka/kuh 'kCn dk Á;ksx oL=ksa ds fy, rFkk Mkbax ls igys cka/kus dh rduhd ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
fp= 1212-1
cka/kuh ,d vfHkO;fDr gS tks fd xqtjkr esa oL=ksa ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gS ftlesa cgqr gh eghu o lw{e uewus cukus ds fy, oL=ksa ds vyx vyx Hkkxksa dks jaxus ls igys cka/kk tkrk gSA bl rduhd esa igys diM+s dks eksM+k tkrk gS fQj ml ij uewus cuk, tkrs gSaA uewus dks izR;sd vkmVykbu ls ckjhdh ls idM+dj lwrh /kkxs ls cka/kk tkrk gSA cka/kus ds ckn loZÁFke gYds jax esa jaxrs gSa tSls ihys esaA vc ikuh eas ls fudkyus o lq[kkus ds ckn fQj ls cka/krs gSa vkSj xgjk jax djrs gSa tSls gjk ;k ykyA cka/ks x, diM+s dks xgjs jax esa jaxus ds ckn fMt+kbu iwjk gks tkrk gSA cka/kuh esa lwrh ;k eyey] tkWtsZV ;k flYd diM+s dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
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¼fp= 12-1½A xqtjkr esa jgus okys yksx diM+s ij cka/kus o jaxus dh rduhd ds }kjk lqUnj fMt+kbu cukrs gSa ftls cka/kuh uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
1212-2 ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe (Historical Background) cka/kuh ds bfrgkl dh [kkst cgqr de gqbZ gSA oL=ksa ij uewus cukus ds fy, diM+s dks cka/kus o jaxus dh ;g rduhd cgqr iqjkuh gSA izkphu lkfgR; laLÑr vkSj izkÑr esa ge cka/kuh ds ckjs esa i<+ ldrs gSaA cka/kuh diM+s dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k ckuk ds g"kZ pfj= ;k jktk g"kZ ds thou ls feyrk gS ¼606&648 AD½A bl izdkj ds oL= vtUrk ds fHkfRr fp=ksa ds leku gaSA ftlesa dke djus okyh ckbZ us xgjs caSaxuh jax dh pksyh igu j[kh gS] ftlds Åij cM+s pednkj fcUnw cus gq, gSaA
fp= 1212-2 vtUrk fHkfRr fp=ksa esa cka/kuh
Lo;a tk¡p iz’u (Self-check Questions) 1. cka/kuh 'kCn ls vki 2. [kkyh LFkku Hkjsa%
D;k le>rs gSa\
cka/kuh ,d vfHkO;fDr gS---------------- ds oL=ksa ij iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA ftlesa cgqr gh ------------- o -------------- uewus cuk, tkrs gSaA ftlesa jaxus ls igys diM+s dks cka/kk tkrk gSA
1212-3 dPpk eky (Raw Material) cka/kuh esa eyey] gFk dj?kk] flYd] ok;y diM+ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA igys ikjEifjd izkÑfrd jaxksa dk iz;ksx gksrk Fkk ysfdu vktdy jklk;fud jaxksa dk bldk iz;ksx gksus yxk gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds flaFksfVd diM+ksa dh Hkh ekax gksus yxh gSA eq[; :i ls diM+s dks cka/kus ds fy, lwrh /kkxs dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA cka/kuh esa pednkj jax iz;ksx gksrs gSa tSls ihyk] yky] gjk] vkSj xqykch] eg:u vkfnA le; o cnyrs gq, QS’ku ds fp= 1212-3 cka/kuh ij vkjh o vuqlkj fofHkUu isLVy jax iz;ksx fd, tkus yxs gSaA jkT;ksa vkSj xksVk dk dk;Z ekax ds vk/kkj ij gh eghu fMt+kbu cuk, tkrs gSaA cka/kuh diM+s ij dqN fu;fer uewus gh cuk, tkrs gSa o bUgas fofHkUu izdkj dh d<+kbZ }kjk ltk;k tkrk gSA ikjEifjd d<+kbZ vkjh o xksVk dk dk;Z t+jh ls djrs gSa ¼fp= 12-3½ tks fd cka/kuh ij ltkoV ds lkFk cgqr izfl) gSaA vktdy cka/kuh ds dk;Z esa fofHkUu izdkj ds diM+s rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa] tks fd R;ksgkjksa ds le; iguus ij cgqr lqUnj vkSj pednkj yxrs gSaA
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1212-4 rduhd (Process) cka/kuh ,d fof/k lk/kkj.k gS ysfdu le; vf/kd yxrk gS o fuiq.krk dh Hkh vko’;drk gksrh gSA eq[; :i ls diM+k cka/kus dk dk;Z fL=;k¡ rFkk yMfd;k¡ djrh gSaA blesa vf/kdrj <hsys cqus flYd diM+s dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ftls tkWtZsV ds uke lss tkuk tkrk gS vkSj lwrh dks eyey ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ¼fp= 12-4½A
jaxus ls igys diM+s dks xkaB }kjk cka/kuk /kuk
diM+k jaxuk
jaxs o Nis dkM+s dks rkykc esa /kksuk
fp= 1212-4 cka/kuh rduhd
• bl fof/k esa diM+s dks vPNh izdkj ls eksM+ ysrs gSaA igys yEckbZ esa fQj pkSM+kbZ esa ,saBk tkrk gSA ikjEifjd rduhd esa uewus dhyksa ij cus gksrs gSa tks ydM+h ds CykWd ij lsV gksrs gSa ftlds Åij ikuh fNM+ddj ue fd, x, diM+s dks j[k dj bls pqVdh }kjk idM+k tkrk gSA uewus vkil esa fey u tk,a blfy, /;kuiwoZd pqVdh okys diM+s dks lwrh /kkxs ls cka/krs gSaA blds ckn dkjhxj diM+s ds NksVs Hkkx dks mBkrs gSa tgk¡ ij Nsn gksrs gSa vkSj diM+s ds mBs gq, Hkkx dks idMdj xkaB }kjk et+cwrh ls ck¡/krk gSA • diM+s dks uewus ds fglkc ls cka/kus ds ckn diM+s dks /kks;k tkrk gSA • fQj diM+s dks jaxk tkrk gSA igys gYds jax esa fQj xgjs jax esa jaxrs gSaA • diM+s dks ihyk ;k dksbZ vU; gYds jax esa nks feuV Mqcksrs gSa fQj /kksdj] fupksM+dj] lq[kk fy;k tkrk gS fQj nksckjk cka/kdj xgjs jax esa jaxk tkrk gSA diM+s dks 3 ls 4 ?k.Vksa rd ¼fcuk xkaB [kksys½ j[krs gSa ftlls fd jax vPNh izdkj ls diM+s ij p<+ tk,A bl izfØ;k esa /kkxs ds uhps dk Hkkx ,d fcUnq ds :i esa fcuk jaxk jg tkrk gSA • vkf[kjh jaxkbZ ds ckn diM+s dks /kksdj lq[kk ysrs gSaA blesa diM+s ds ca/ks gq, Hkkx dks bl izdkj [khapk tkrk gS fd lHkh xkaBsa [kqy tk, o uewus fn[kkbZ nsus yxasA ifj.kke Lo:i ,d xgjs jax ds diM+s ij fofHkUu jaxks dk fcUnq okyk uewuk izkIr gksrk gSA blessa fofHkUu izdkj ds uewus cuk, tk ldrs gSa blesa Qwy] csy] yrk,a] tky cuk, tkrs gSa ¼fp= 12-5½A xkaBksa ds izR;sd lewg dks vyx uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
fp= 1212-5 ltkoV fd;k x;k uewuk 5
mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d xkaB dks ,d Mkyh] rhu xkaB dks f=dqVh] pkj xkaB dks pkScqUnh dgrs gSaA blds lewgksa ds uewuksa dks eghu :i ls ltk;k tkrk gS tSls f’kdkjxkg] tkynkj] csynkj vkfnA jkst+xkj ds :i esa dPN esa cka/kuh dks lcls egRoiw.kZ dyk ekuk x;k gSA nl gtkj ls vf/kd O;fDr cka/kuh dk dk;Z djus esa yxs gq, gSaA uewus dh eghu dkjhxjh dkjhxjksa dh dq’kyrk] xkaBksa dh la[;k ,oa diM+s dh eghurk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA tkWtsZV dh lkM+h esa yxHkx 40]000 rd xkaBsa gks ldrh gSA tcfd ,d Åuh cquh gqbZ 'kkWy esa 100 ls Hkh de xkaBs gks ldrh gSA cka/kuh esa T;kferh; uewus cuk, tkrs gSaA vf/kdka’kr% lwrh o js’keh esa fuEu izdkj ds uewus gksrs gSa% tSls eksj] gkFkh] Qy o vklikl ca/ks gq, xksy uewusA dPN ds dkjhxj vius eghu dk;Z ds fy, o dq’kyrk ds fy, tkus tkrs gSaA lkM+h] 'kkWy] vks<uh rFkk diM+s ds Fkku blds izeq[k mRiknku gSaA
Lo;a tk¡p iz’u (Self-check Questions) cka/kuh esa diM+k cka/kus ds fy, fdl izdkj dk /kkxk iz;ksx fd; tkrk gS\ [kkyh LFkku Hkjs% uewuksa dh eghu dkjhxjh ----------------------- ] ---------------- dh la[;k o --------------- dh eghurk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA tkWtsZV dh lkM+h esa yxHkx -------------- xkaBs gks ldrs gSa tcfd ,d cquh gqbZ Åuh 'kkWy esa ---------- ls de xkaBsa gks ldrh gSA 3. 4.
1212-5 {ks= (Regions) jktLFkku esa cka/kuh] pqujh uke ls o xqtjkr esa pqanyh uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA cM+s :i esa cka/kuh dh nqdkusa eq[;:i ls lkSjk"Vª esa tkeuxj esa gaSA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ;gk¡ dk ikuh yky jax dks vf/kd ped iznku djrk gS blfy, jaxkbZ dk dk;Z tkeuxj esa fd;k tkrk gS rFkk cka/kus dk dk;Z vkl ikl ds NksVs {ks=ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA cka/kuh dk;Z dk vU; ikjEifjd dsUnz dPN gS ;gk¡¡ ij lkSjk"Vª dh vis{kk vf/kd eghu o ikjEifjd uewus cuk, tkrs gSaA jktLFkku cka/kuh ds vf/kd mRiknu dk dsUnz gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr ds enqjbZ o e/; izns’k ds dqN Hkkxksa esa Hkh ;g rduhd ikbZ tkrh gSA
1212-5-1 jktLFkku cka/kuh dh dyk jktLFkku esa cgqrk;r esa ikbZ tkrh gSA eq[; dsUnz ck<+esj] t;iqj] lhdj] tks/kiqj] mn;iqj] ukFk}kjk vkSj chdkusj gSaA cka/kuh fofHkUu jaxksa ,oa uewuksa esa cukbZ tkrh gS rFkk ;g cnyko {ks= ds vuq:i gksrk gSA cka/kuh cukus dh fof/k gj {ks= dh vyx gS uewuksa ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa uke fn;k tkrk gSA jktLFkku us ,d vyx jax ;kstuk fodflr dj yh gS o ,d vU; rduhd dk fodkl fd;k gS ftlesa /kjkry gYds jax esa o uewus xgjs jax esa ik;s tkrs gSaA ;g jaxkbZ djrs le; gksrk gSA lkM+h ds ftrus Hkkx ij jax dh vko’;drk gksrh gS mls cka/k fn;k tkrk gS
fp= 1212-6 xqtjkrh vkck
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diM+s dks Cyhp dj fy;k tkrk gS dsoy ca/ks gq, LFkku ij jax jg tkrk gSA blds i’pkr~ /kjkry dks jaxk tkrk gS cka/kuh rS;kj gks tkrh gSA yky pqujh tks fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa uoo/kqvksa ds }kjk vks<+uh ds :i esa iguh tkrh gSA mls dHkh Hkh xgjs jax dh cka/kuh esa ugha cuk;k tkrk gSA
1212-5-2 xqtjkr lkSjk"Vª esa tkeuxj ,oa jktdksV vkfn cka/kuh ds egRoiw.kZ dsanz gSA Hkkjr eaas dPN dh lcls vPNh cka/kuh cukbZ tkrh gS ekaMoh ,oa Hkqt cka/kuh ds eq[; dsUnz gSaA jaxjstksa esa [k=h tkfr vius dq’ky dk;Z ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSA [kjhnus o cukus rd dh lHkh izfØ;k ;s yksx gh djrs gSa [k=h tkfr dh efgykvksa }kjk iguk tkus okys <hyk oL= tks fd dU/kksa ls yVdrk gS ftlesa dej ugha gksrh gS vkck (Aba) dgykrk gSA bl esa lqUnj cka/kuh ikbZ tkrh gS ¼fp= 12-6½ ;g eq[;r% xys ds fdukjksa] uhps ds fdukjksa o nksuksa [kqyh rjQ ,oa vLrhu ij cka/kh o jaxh tkrh gSA ?kjpksyk lkM+h ikjEifjd :i ls cquh gqbZ lkM+h gksrh gS tks fd xqtjkrh nqYgu ds fy, nqYgs }kjk Hksth tkrh gS ¼fp= 12-7½A ?kjpksyk esa lkekU;r% lqugjs /kkxs ls pdksj ds lkFk NksVs] izkphu] /kkfeZd uewus tSls dey vkSj eksj d<+kbZ }kjk t+jh ls chp esa fMt+kbu cuk, tkrs gSA ?kjpksyk esa ckjhd cus gq, t+jh uewus pdksj esa iz;ksx gks pqds gSaA eq[; ?kjpksyk esa ikjEifjd uewus tSls ^^ckou ckx**] jkl yhyk ftlesa Hkxoku Ñ".k ds lkFk u`R; djrh gqbZ xksfi;k¡ vkfn gksrh gSA lk/kkj.k ca/ks o jaxs uewuksa okyh vks<+uh fofHkUu tutkfr }kjk iz;ksx fp= 12dh tkrh gS tks fd cM+s :i esa dsUnzksa esa cukbZ tkrh gSA Hkhy tkfr ds yksx 12-7 ?kjpksyk dkys fdukjs okys pednkj yky vks<+uh igurs gSaA jkBok tkfr esa blh ds leku rjhds okyh vks<+uh igurs gSa] ijUrq mldk diM+k eksVk gksrk gSA jkcjh vkSj HkkokZn tutkfr tks fd HksM+ksa dks j[krs gSa vkSj mudh Åu dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ca/kh o jaxh gqbZ vks<+uh vkSj LdVZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSa tks fd 'kknh esa nqYgu igurh gaSA jkcjh tkfr eq[; :i ls lk/kkj.k uewuksa esa dkyk] yky] eg:u jax dh cka/kuh igurh gSA HkkoZn vkSj vf/kd ltkoVh uewus ds lkFk yEckbZ esa iwjs ckWMZj okyh vks<+uh dk iz;ksx djrs gSa ftlds lkFk iwjs /kjkry ij ltkoVh uewuksa tSls rksrk] vkSjrsa vkSj isM+] Qwy vkfn gksrs gSaA eq[;:i ls xgjs Hkwjs jax ds lkFk fMt+kbu esa ihyk gjk o ukjaxh jax gksrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa lcls vf/kd izfl) uewus ygfj;k uke ls tkus tkrs gSa ¼fp= 12-8½ ftldk lkfgfR;d vFkZ leqnz dh ygjsa gSa vkSj bldh ped vkd"kZd gksrh gS leqnz ds ikuh dh ygjksa dh rjg dh nks] ik¡p ¼ipjaxh½ o lkr lIrjaxh jax gksrs gSaA Hkkjr bl izfØ;kk ds }kjk fofHkUu uewus mRikfnr djrk gS] tSls T;kferh; uewus] Qwy] csy] tkuoj] fpfM;k¡] irax o xqfM;k¡ vkfn ds uewus /kjkry ls fojks/kh jax esa gkssrs gSaA fp= 1212-8 ygfj;k
bl rduhd esa igys diM+s dks lko/kkuh iwoZd yEckbZ esa o fQj pkSM+kbZ esa yisVk o ,asBk tkrk gSA Hkqt] vatj vkSj ekaMoh dLcksa esa eqlyeku [k=h lEiznk; ds ifjokj ds O;fDr iwjh rduhd dk dk;Z [kqn djrs gSaA dqN O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, ;g O;olk; djrs gSa vkSj dqN NksVs :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA bl iwjh izfØ;k esa vis{kkÑr fu;af=r djds 'kks"k.k dh de lEHkkouk gksrh gSA 7
Lo;a tk¡p iz’u (Self-check Questions) ?kjpksyk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ [kkyh LFkku Hkjs% lkSjk"Vª esa ---------- vkSj ----------------------- cka/kuh ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjr ds dPN esa -------------------cka/kuh cukbZ tkrh gS ---------------- ,oa -------------- cka/kuh ds eq[; dsUnz gSA 5. 6.
1212-6 orZeku le; esa gq, iforZu (Change in Recent Years) vf/kdka’k ckt+kj xqtjkr esa gS tgk¡ vf/kdka’k fL=;ka cka/kuh lkM+h] 'kkWy o vks<+uh igurh gSA vks<+uh dks egaxk vkSj ltkoVh cukus ds fy, 'kh’kksa] xksVs o >kyjksa ls ltk;k tkrk gS] ijUrq cka/kuh iwjs Hkkjr esa tkuh tkrh gSA vktdy lLrh izfØ;k LØhu fizafVax ds }kjk cka/kuh esa uewuksa dh NikbZ dh tkrh gS ¼fp= 129½] ftls xjhc efgyk;sa igurh gSA ;g O;fDr;ksa ds lewg }kjk cukbZ tkrh gS tks fd lkSjk"Vª ls vkrs gSa D;ksafd fookg ds le; cka/kuh lkM+h iguuk vko’;d ekuk tkrk gSA
fp= 1212-9 flYd LØhu fizafVax
dqN vkSj tks cka/kuh ds dk;Z esa yxs jgrs gSa os tkeuxj] jktdksV ¼lkSjk"Vª esa½ o vgenkckn ds O;kikfj;ksa ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA D;ksafd bldh rduhd dPN esa gksrh gS] O;kikjh ,stsaV dks diM+s nsdj dPN Hkstrk gS ftl ij igys ls gh fMT+kkbu cus gksrs gSa vkSjrsa o vkneh feydj budks cka/kus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA dMh ¼pkj xkaBsa½ ds vk/kkj ij dkjhxjksa dks iSlk feyrk gSA ,d fnu es vkB ?kaVs dk;Z djrs gSa] ,d dkjhxj 800 dM+h flYd ij o 1200 dMh lwr ij iwjk dj ysrs gSaA ,d lqUnj lkM+h cukus ds fy, xkaBs cka/kus esa 12 fnu yx tkrs gSaA O;kikjh jaxkbZ dk dk;Z vius dLcksa esa gh djrs gSa os ca/ks gq, diM+ksa dks eaxk ysrs gSa vkSj jaxrs gSaA dkjhxj vius rS;kj dk;Z dks dHkh ugha ns[krsA fcuk fdlh ;wfu;u ;k vkWxsZukbts’ku ds dkjhxjksa dks cgqr de iSlk feyrk gS vkSj mudk 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA eq[; :i ls Hkkjr esa 'kknh fookg o R;kSgkjksa ds voljksa ij bldh fcØh gksrh gSA
1212-7 nRr dk;Z (Assignments) 1212-7-1 d{kk dk;Z i) cka/kuh nqiês dh ,d jsfIydk cuk,A ii) cka/kuh es iz;ksx gksus okys fofHkUu uewus cuk,aA
1212-7-2 x`g dk;Z i) lkM+h dh nqdku] fdrkcksa] eSXthu vkSj bUVjusV ls fofHkUu cka/kuh ds rjhds vkSj
rduhd ,df=r djsa ftldk v/;;u vkius ikB esa fd;k gSA mUgsa vPNh izdkj ls fpidk, o muds uhps uke fy[ksaA
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1212-8 lkjka’k (Summing Up) cka/kuh jktLFkku dk lcls izfl) oL= gSA bl dyk esa fofHkUu izdkj ds uewuksa dks oL=ksa ij Nkius ds fy, cka/kus o jaxus dh fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA cka/kuh esa eyey] flYd o okW;y dk diM+k iz;ksx gksrk gSA diM+s dks cka/kus ds fy, lwrh /kkxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl rduhd es diM+s dks igys yEckbZ esa o fQj pkSM+kbZ esa lko/kkuh iwoZd QksYM fd;k tkrk gSA uewuksa ds vk/kkj ij diM+s dks igys cka/kk tkrk gS fQj jaxk tkrk gS tks Hkkx /kkxs ds uhps gksrk gS ml ij fcuk jaxs fcUnq gksrs gSaA diM+s dks /kksus ds ckn mldh xkaBs [kksy nh tkrh gS ftlls uewus fn[kus yxrs gSaA uewuksa dh eghurk dkjhxj dh dq’kyrk xkaBksa ds uEcj o diM+s dh mRrerk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA eq[; :i ls ihyk] yky] xqykch jax iz;ksx gksrk gSA diM+s ij uewuksa ds diM+ksa ij cka/kus o jaxus ds ckn fofHkUu izdkj dh d<+kbZ }kjk ltk;k tkrk gSA t+jh }kjk vkjh o xksVk dk dk;Z cka/kuh es izfl) gSA xqtjkr vkSj jktLFkku esa cka/kuh cukus ds vusd dsUnz gSA cka/kuh dk dk;Z cM+s :i esa tkeuxj vkSj lkSjk"Vª esa gksrk gSA
1212-9 Lo;a tk¡p iz’uksa ds lEHkkfor mRrj (Possible Answers to Selfcheck Questions) 1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
cka/kuh oL=ksa esa cka/kus o jaxkbZ ds }kjk fp=.k fd, tkrs gSaA [kkyh LFkku Hkjsa% cka/kuh ,d vfHkO;fDr gS tks fd xqtjkr ds oL=ksa ij iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA ftlesa cgqr gh eghu o lw{e uewus cuk, tkrs gSaA ftlesa jaxus ls igys diM+s dks cka/kk tkrk gSA cka/kuh esa jaxkbZ djus ls iwoZ diM+s dks lwrh /kkxs }kjk cka/kk tkrk gSA [kkyh LFkku Hkjas% uewuksa dh eghu dkjhxkjh dkjhxjksa dh dq’kyrk] xkaBksa dh la[;k o diM+s dh eghurk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA tktsZV dh lkM+h esa yxHkx 40]000 xkaBs gks ldrs gSa tcfd ,d cquh gqbZ Åuh 'kkWy esa 100 ls de xkaBsa gks ldrh gSA ?kjpksyk lkM+h ikjEifjd :i ls cquh gqbZ gksrh gS tks fd xqtjkrh nqYgu ds fy, nqYgs }kjk Hksth tkrh gSA [kkyh LFkku Hkjs% lkSjk"Vª esa tkeuxj vkSj jktdksV cka/kuh ds fy, egRoiw.kZ dsUnz gSA dPN esa Hkkjr dh lcls vPNh cka/kuh cukbZ tkrh gS ekaMoh ,oa Hkqt cka/kuh ds eq[; dsUnz gSA
1212-10 vH;klkFkZ iz’u (Terminal Questions) [kkyh LFkku Hkjsa% i) --------------- fØ;k es jaxkbZ ls igys cka/kk tkrk gSA ii) cka/kuh eas -----------------] ---------------- vkSj flYd diM+s dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA iii) eq[; :i ls --------------- /kkxs dk iz;ksx diM+s dks cka/kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA iv) dPN dh vkSjrsa }kjk ----------------- ikjEifjd oL= iguk tkrk gSA v) ikjEifjd cquh lkM+h tks fd xqtjkrh nqYgu 'kknh es igurh gS --------------- uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA
1.
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vi) cka/kus o jaxus dh rduhd dk iz;ksx rfeyukMq esa -----------lkM+h ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vii) jaxkbZ fofHkUu pj.k es dh tkrh gS igys -------------- esa fQj ----------------- jax esaA
fuEu dFku lR; ;k vlR; crk,a% cka/kuh jktLFkku dh lcls izfl) dykvksa esa ,d gSA lgh@xyr t+jh o xksVk dk;Z ijEijkxr jaxus dh fof/k;k¡ gSaA lgh@xyr cka/kuh jsft+LV MkbZ dh ubZ rduhd gSA lgh@xyr jaxjst dh [k=h tkfr vusd cka/kuh ds lqUnj dk;Z ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSA lgh@xyr ?kjpksyk lkM+h esa ckjhd cqus t+jh uewus oxkZdkj cuk, tkrs gSaA lgh@xyr cka/kus ds fy, uewuksa dk dk;Z yky pkd vkSj xs: ls fd;k tkrk gSA lgh@xyr ?kjpksyk dk eq[; dsUnz dPN gSA lgh@xyr ikjEifjd oL= pkU;k pksyh rhu VqdM+ksa esa curh gSA lgh@xyr 3. cka/kuh izfØ;k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ 4. cka/kuh dk;Z esa fdl izdkj dk diM+k iz;ksx gksr k gS\ 5. jktLFkku vkSj xqtjkr esa cka/kuh dk dk;Z dgk¡ ij gksr k gS\ 6. cka/kuh dh fcØh dc gksrh gS\ 7. ygfj;k ij ,d ys[k fy[ksaA 8. cka/kuh rduhd dk o.kZu djsaA 9. ?kjpksyk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A 10. jktLFkku dh fdl rduhd esa dkjhxj fuiq.k gksr k gS\ 11. cka/kuh o mldk dk;Z djus okyksa ds vktdy D;k gkykr gS\ ,d ys[k fy[ksaA 12. VkbZ ,.M MkbZ dk;Z esa fdl izdkj ds uewus curs gSa vkSj mu uewuksa dks fdl izdkj cuk;k tkrk gS\
2.
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii)
1212-11lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa (Suggested Further Reading) 1. Buhler, A. and Oth. 1980. Indian Tie-Dyed Fabrics – Historic Textile of India. Calico Museum., Ahmedabad. 2. Barnes, R., and Oth. 2002. Trade, Temple and Court Indian Textiles, Indian Book House Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai. 3. Bhatnagar, P. 2005. Decorative Design History in Indian Textiles and Costumes. Abhishek Publications, Chandigarh. 4. Bhatnagar, P. 2003. Traditional Indian Costumes and textiles. Abhishek Publications, Chandigarh 5. Gillow, J. and Barnard, N. 1991. Traditional Indian Textiles. Thames and Hudson Ltd., London. 6. Hatanaka, K. Textile Arts of India. Chronicle Books, San Francisco. 7. Kothari, G. 1995. Colourful Textiles of Rajasthan. Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd., Jaipur. 8. Murphy, V. and Crill, R. 1991. Tie-Dyed Textiles of India – Tradition and Trade. Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad.
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9. Singh, M. 2000. Handcrafted Indian Textiles: Tradition and Beyond. Roli Books, New Delhi.
1212-12 'kCnkoyh (Glossary) 1. pednkj 2. thoar 3. de QSykuk 4. xksykbZ esa 5. >kyj 6. vkWxsZukbtsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ku
mRlkg ls Hkjk gqvk ftlesa et+cwrh u gks /kjkry ls ckgj u tkuk NksVs :i esa fMLd diM+s ds var esa xkaB ;qDr /kkxs }kjk ltkoV laxBu
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