H_CAF 105_FinaL3 by mayank govil

vkWVekschy~ bysfDVªdy flLVE flLVEl~ 3- lsYQ&LVkVZj fjewoy rFkk fMLeSaV~fyax ge tkurs gSa fd vkbZ0lh0 batu bZa/ku dh ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=d ÅtkZ esa] mlds flfyaMjksa esa 'kfDr mRiUu gksus ls] ifjofrZr djrk gSA exj ,d vkbZ0lh0 batu Lor% pyuk vkjEHk ugha dj ldrk blds ckotwn fd ge mls bZa/ku lIykbZ djsaA ,d vkbZ0lh0 bZatu dks LVkVZ djus ds fy, gesa mls ØSad djuk gksrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ØSad 'kkQ~V dks ,d fuf'pr xfr ij] tks fd ipkl ls lkB vkj0 ih0 ,e0 ;k vf/kd gks ldrh gS] ?kqekuk gksrk gSA tc ge batu dks ØSad djrs gSa rks ØSad 'kkQ~V ?kwerk gS rFkk pkjksa fdz;k;sa& lD'ku] dEizS'ku] ikWoj rFkk ,Xt+kWLV iwjh gksrh gSa vkSj ,d lkbdy ¼pØ½ iwjh gks tkrh gSA rRi'pkr batu viuh 'kfDr ls pyuk vkjEHk djrk gSA vktdy ,d bysfDVªd eksVj] ftls lSYQ LVkVZj Hkh dgrs gSa batu dks ØSad djus ds fy, bLrseky dh tkrh gSA

3-0

mís”; bl v/;k; dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gks tk;saxs fd% • batu ls lsYQ LVkVZj fudky ldsaA • lsYQ&LVkVZj dks fMLeSaVy dj ldsaA • dE;qVsVj] vkesZpj] QhYM dkWby] cz”k] cz”k gksYMj] fLizax] eSXusfVd fLop rFkk vU; edSfudy~ vo;oksa dh tk¡p dj ldsaA

3-1

ifjp;

tc batu dks ØSad fd;k tkrk gS] rc LVkZVj eksVj cSVjh ls dkQh djaV ysrh gS ftlls i;kZIr VkWdZ iSnk fd;k tk ldsA ;g djaV dbZ lkS ,fEi;j rd gks ldrh gSA bruh vf/kd djaV eksVj dks ,d gSoh M~;qVh fLop] ftls eSXusfVd fLop ;k lksysukSbM fLop dgrs g]Sa ds }kjk nh tkrh gSA ge bl fLop dh dk;Z iz.kkyh rFkk mlds ijh{k.k ds ckjs esa Hkh v/;;u djsaxsA bl v/;k; esa ge i<s+axs fd LVkVZj eksVj tks fd batu dks ØSad djus ds fy, bLrseky dh tkrh gS] fdl rjg ls vksojgkWy dh tkrh gSA igys gesa eksVj dks dkj ls vyx djuk gksxkA fp= 3-1% LVkVZj eksVj rFkk lksysukWbM fLop fp= 3-1 esa fn[kkbZ x;h LVkVZj eksVj batu ØSafdx ds fy, cSVjh ls 350 ,Eih;j rd dh djaV ysrh gS ftlls iz;kIr ek=k esa cy&vk?kw.kZ mRiUu fd;k tk ldsA ;g /kkjk eksVj rd ,d gSoh&M~;wVh fLop&lksysukWbM fLop ;k eSXusfVd fLop }kjk nh tkrh gSA bl v/;k; esa ge lsYQ&LVkVZj dh ejEer djuk rFkk eSXusfVd fLop dh tk¡p djuk foLrkj ls i<+saxsA

eksVj dks fudkyuk fudkyuk

3.2

• cksuV dks vuykWd dfj,] Åij mBkb, vkSj fQj mldk gqd yxk nhft,A • cSVjh ds uSxsfVo VfeZuy esa yxs DySai dks <+hyk dj nhft, vkSj cSVjh ls dscy dks vyx dj nhft,A • 12 uEcj dh fjax LiSuj ls eSXusfVd fLop ds gSoh M~;wVh VfeZuy 'B' esa yxs gq, uV dks [kksfy, vkSj cSVjh ds ikWftfVo VfeZuy ls vkrh gqbZ dscy dks vyx dj nhft,A • VfeZuy esa uV dks okil yxk nhft,A

fp= 3-2% 'S' VfeZuy.

fp= esa vki fLop ds 'S' VfeZuy dks ns[k jgs gSa tks fd eSxusfVd fLop dks bXuh'ku&de&LVkVZj fLop] ftls esu fLop Hkh dgk tkrk gS] ds lkFk tksMr+ k gSA • esu fLop ls vkrh gqbZ rkj dks ckgj [khap yhft, tks fd yks M~;wVh VfeZuy ij tqM+h gqbZ gS vkSj tks eSxusfVd fLop ds gSoh M~;wVh 'M' VfeZuy ds lkFk 'kkWVZ dh gqbZ gSA • 'S' VfeZuy ls rkj vyx dj nhft,A dyj dksM ds fglkc ls ;g rkjsa ukjaxh rFkk ihys ij dkyh /kkjh dh gksrh gSaA DySai dks <+hyk dfj, vkSj cSVjh ds ikWft+fVo VfeZuy ls dscy dks vyx dj nhft,A cSVjh dks dkj ls vyx dj yhft,A cSVjh dh Vªs dks fudky yhft,A LVkVZj eksVj ds nks ekm¡fVax cksYV~l dks lkWdsV vkSj jSfpV gSaMy ;k fjax LiSuj dh enn ls [kksfy, vkSj LVkVZj eksVj dks Dyp gkmft+ax ls vyx dj yhft,A • ekm¡fVax cksYV~l dks nksckjk ogha yxk nhft,A

• • • •

3-3 eksVj dks [kksyuk fp= 3-3 esa vki LVkVZj eksVj vlsac~yh vkSj eSXusfVd fLop dks ns[k ldrs gSaA eksVj dh ck;ha rjQ LVkVZj fifu;u gS tks fd batu dks dSzad djus ds fy, Q~ykbZ Oghy fjax xh;j ds lkFk eS'k djrk gSA nwljs n`'; esa vki eSXusfVd fLop ds nks gSoh M~;wVh VfeZuYl] tks fd batu dks jSLV ls ?kqekus ds fy, VkWdZ mRiUu gsrq cSVjh ls eksVj dks gSoh djaV Hkstrs gSa] ns[k ldrs gSaA

fp= 3-3% LVkVZj eksVj ¼v½ ,lS ,lSEcyh

¼c½ gSohM~;wVh VfeZuYl

• fLop ds 'M' VfeZuy ds uV dks <hyk dj yhft, vkSj eksVj esa tkus okyh rkj dks vyx dj yhft,A • No. 10 vksiu ,.M fjap ls nks cksYV~l [kksydj Mªkbo ,UM gkÅft+ax ls eSxusfVd fLop dks vyx dfj,A • eSxusfVd fLop gkÅft+ax dks ckgj [khafp,A

fp= 3-4% eSxusfVd fLop vkSj IyUtjIyUtj-

• • • • • • • •

f'kQ~V yhoj ls Iyaxj dh dkWyj dks fMLbaxst djds Iyatj dks ckgj fudky yhft,A 2 Ldzwt+ dks Ldzw MªkbZoj ls [kksy yhft, vkSj dE;wVsVj ,UM dSi dks vyx dj yhft,A vkjespj IysV rFkk vkjespj fLizax dks gVk yhft,A u0 10 LiSuj dh enn ls nks yacs cksYV~l dks [kksfy, ftuls dE;wVsVj ,UM gkmfta+x vkSj MªkbZo ,UM gkmfta+x ca/kh gqbZ gSaA dE;wVsVj ,UM gkmfta+x dks ;ksd ls gVkus ds fy, mls ,d IykfLVd gSej ls Bksfd;sA izksVsDfVo bUlwys'ku iV~Vh dks gVkb,A cz'k fLizax dks ,d lqbZ ls Åij mBk,¡ vkSj ikWftfVo cz'k dks cz'k gksYMj ls ckgj [khap ysaA cz'k gksYMj IysV dks vkjespj 'kkQ~V ls vyx dj ysaA

fp= 3.5 esa vki cz'k gksYMj vkSj fLizax ns[k ldrs gSa tcfd ikWft+fVo cz'k] gksYMj ls fudyk gqvk gSA cz'k dkWij ,ykW; ds cus gksrs gSa vkSj cSVjh ls djaV vkjespj daMDVlZ esa bUgha cz'k vkSj dE;wVsVj ds }kjk tkrh gSA 25

fp= 3-5% cz'k gksYMj

• ;ksd dks vkjespj ls vyx dfj,A vki fp= 3-6 esa pkj iksy 'kwt+ rFkk QhYM okbZfUMaXl ns[k ldrs gSaA tc QhYM okbZfUMaXl esa djsaV cgrk gS rks iksy 'kwt+ eSXusVkbZt+ gks tkrs gSaA vkjespj daMDVlZ esa djaV ds cgko ds dkj.k tks eSXusfVd QhYM curk gS oks iksy 'kwt+ dh esu QhYM ds lkFk feydj vkjespj dks ?kqekrk gSA

fp=% 3-6% iksy 'kwT+k vkSj okbafMaXl

vkjespj vkSj blds fljs ij dE;wVsVj fp= 3-7 esa fn[k jgs gSaA nwljk fljk MªkbZo ,UM gS tks fd MªkbZo ,UM gkmft+ax ds vanj jgrk gSA

fp=% 3-7% vkesZpj rFkk vU; vo;o

• MªkbZo ,UM gkmft+ax dks vkjespj ls vyx dfj,A fp= 3-7 esa vkjespj dh ck;ha rjQ MªkbZo fifu;u] vksoj jfuax Dyp vkSj f'kQ~V yhoj fp= esa ns[k ldrs gSaA fifu;u ds vkxs vkjespj LVkWi fjax gSA vkjespj vlsacyh dks fMLesaVy djus ds fy, lcls igys vkjespj LVkWi fjax dks gVkuk gksxkA blds fy;s& • LVkWi fjax dks fifu;u dh rjQ ihNs ys tkb, vkSj vkjespj dks ,d okbl esa nks ydM+h ds CykWDl ds chp esa idM+ dj vkjespj fjax dks fudky yhft, tks vkjespj LVkWi fjax dks mlds LFkku ij j[krk gSA • vkjespj LVkWi fjax dks vyx dfj,A • fifu;u vkSj vksoj jfuax Dyp dks f'kQ~V yhoj vkSj fLizax ds lkFk fudky yhft,A fifu;u ds ihNs tks fLizax gS oks f'kQ~V yhoj ds vf{k; cy dks ysrk gSA vxj fifu;u vkSj Q~ykbZ Oghy fjax xh;j ds nk¡rsa vkil esa Vdjk tk,¡ vkSj eS'k u djsa rks fLizax nc tk,xk vkSj tSls gh fifu;u FkksM+k lk ?kwesxk rks fLizax dk iSz'kj fifu;u dks vkxs dh rjQ /kdsysxk vkSj fifu;u rFkk fjax xh;j ds nk¡rs vkil esa vklkuh ls eS'k dj tk,¡xsA

fp=% 33-8% LVhy 'kk¶V ij vkesZpj

fp= 3-8 esa ;g ,d LVhy 'kkQ~V ij vkjespj gSA 'kkQ~V ds ck,¡ rjQ ij vki LiykbZUl ns[k ldrs gSa ftl ij fifu;u pyrk gSA nk;ha rjQ vki dE;wVsVj ns[k ldrs gSaA LoewY;kadu iz”u 12345-

lsYQ&LVkZVj fdruh ek=k esa /kkjk [khaprk gS\ eSXusfVd fLop D;k dk;Z djrk gS\ eSXusfVd fLop ------------- Hkh dgykrk gSA ‘S’ VfeZuy dk D;k dk;Z gS\ lsYQ&LVkVZj dk fifu;u -------------- ls eS”k (mesh) djds batu dks ØSad djrk gSA

vc ge eksVj ds fofHkUu vo;oksa dh tk¡p djsaxsA

3-4

dE;wVsVj dh tk¡p igys ns[ksa fd dE;wVsVj xank ;k tyk gqvk rks ugha gSA • dE;wVsVj dks u0 300&400 fxzV lkbZt+ ds lSaM isij ls lkQ djsaA • dE;wVsVj dks vubou oh;j ds fy, pSd djasA blds fy, vkjespj dks V&CykWDl esa lQZsl IysV ij jf[k,] Mk;y xst ds 'kwU; dks Qkbu ,sMtLVesaV Ldzw ls lSV djsa vkSj vkjespj dks /khjs&/khjs ?kqek,¡A vxj Mk;y xst IkkWbaVj dk fMQ~ySD'ku lhek dks ikj dj tk, rks vkjespj fjis;j djuk pkfg, ;k cny nsuk pkfg,A vxj fMQ~ySD’ku T;knk gks] rks pSd djsa fd vkjespj dh 'kkQ~V eqM+h gqbZ rks ugha gSA eqM+h gqÃ 'kkQ~V dks cny nsuk pkfg,A • dE;wVsVj dks oh;j ds fy, pSd djsaA vxj dE;wVsVj dk ckgjh O;kl 27 fe0eh0 dh lhek ij igq¡p tk, rks dE;wVsVj dks cny nsuk pkfg,A

fp=% 3-9% vUMj dV dh xgjkbZ

• dE;wVsVj dks ekbdk vUMjdV dh xgjkbZ ds fy, pSd djsaA vxj lfoZl dh lhek rd xgjkbZ de gks pqdh gS rks mls c<+k nsa ;k vkjespj dks cny nsaA LVSaMMZ xgjkbZ 0-5&0-8 fe0eh0 gksrh gS vkSj vaMj&dV dh fyfeV 0-2 fe0eh0 gSA fp= 3-9 esa vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd tc vaMj dV dh xgjkbZ Bhd gksrh gS vkSj tc og lhek ls ?kV tkrh gS rks dSlk fn[krk gSA

3-5

,ukykWx eYVhehVj

vkjespj ij xzkÅaM VSLV vkSj vksiu lfdZV VSLV dks djus ds fy, ge ,ukykWx eYVhehVj dk bLrseky djsaxsA eYVhehVj Ldsy ij lqbZ u pys rks vksiu lfdZV ekuk tk,xk tcfd lqbZ dk nwljh rjQ igq¡puk 'kkWVZ lfdZV ekuk tk,xkA bu nksuksa ds chp esa] lfdZV dh dUVhU;wbZVh le>h tkrh gS vkSj lfdZV ds vanj tks izfrjks/k gksrk gS ml ij lqbZ dh fLFkfr fuHkZj djrh gSA

igys] izksc yhM~l dks vkil esa tksM+dj ;g pSd djsa fd eYVhehVj lgh dke dj jgk gSA pwafd lfdZV esa dksbZ ckgjh izfrjks/k ugha gS] eYVhehVj dks 'kkWV lfdZV crkuk pkfg, vkSj ;g Ldsy ij lqbZ ds iwjs fopyu ds :i esa fn[ksxkA 6- dE;wVsVj dks ----------------- u0 ds ,ejh isij ls lkQ djrs gSaA 7- dE;wVsVj esa ekbdk&vUMjdV dh xgjkbZ ------------------- ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A 8- eYVhehVj esa lwbZ dk fopyu u gksuk -------------------- dk |ksrd gS rFkk Qqy&Ldsy fM¶ySD”ku --------------n”kkZrk gSA 9- tc eYVhehVj dh nksuksa izksc dks ge vkil esa Nqvkrs gSa rks ------------------

3-6

vkjespj dh dh tk¡p

3 -6 -1

xzkÅaM VSLV

eYVhehVj izksc yhM~l dks dE;wVsVj lSXesaVl vkSj vkjespj dksj ls Nqvk,¡A vxj lqbZ esa dksbZ fopyu ;kfu fMQ~ysD'ku ugha gS] bldk eryc gS fd vkjespj 'kkWVZ ugha gS cfYd Bhd gSA vxj dE;wVsVj vkSj dksj ds chp lfdZV dh dUVhU;wbVh ik;h tkrh gS ;kfu fd vxj vkjespj xzkÅafMM gksrk gS rks mls cny fn;k tkrk gSA 3 -6 -2

vksiu lfdZV VSLV

vksiu lfdZV VSLV esa vkjespj okbZfMax dks dkWu~fVuqvVh ds fy, tk¡prs gSA eYVhehVj dh yhM~l dks dE;wVsVj lSXeSaVl ij Vp djsa vkSj dksUVhU;wbVh pSd djsaA vxj fdlh fcanq ij vksiu lfdZV ik;k tkrk gS ;kfu fd ogk¡ ij dksbZ fopyu ugha gksrk rks vkjespj dks cny nsaA

3-7

QhYM dkW dkWby dh tk¡p

vc ge QhYM dkWby dk igys vksiu lfdZV VSLV djsaxsA VSLV djus ds fy, daiuh dk eSU;wvy ns[ksa D;ksafd VSLV djus dk rjhdk eksVj ds fMtkbZu ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ,d rjg dh eksVj esa] tks ;gk¡ ij bLrseky dh xbZ gS] mlesa ikWft+fVo cz'k vkSj QhYM dkWby dh rkj ds chp esa daVhU;wbVh gksuh pkfg, ysfdu cz'k vkSj ;ksd ds chp esa daVhU;wbVh ugha gksuh pkfg,A vxj ,slk ugha gS rks QhYM okbafMaXl dze'k% [kqyh gSa ;k 'kkWVZ lfdZfMV gSa vkSj QhYM dkWby dks cny nsuk pkfg,A blds lkFk&lkFk yhM ok;j vkSj ;ksd ds chp esa daVhU;wbVh ugha gksuh pkfg,A

fp=% 33-10% QhYM dkWby

3-8

cz'k dk fujh{k.k • cz'k dks f?klko ds fy, tk¡psaA cz'k dh yEckbZ 12 fe0eh0 ;k mlls de ugha gksuh pkfg,] ,slk gksus ij mUgsa cny nsaA cz'k dh LVSaMMZ yEckbZ 18 fe0eh0 gksrh gSA

3-9

cz'k gksYMlZ rFkk fLizaXk dh tk¡p

fp= 3-11 esa vki cz'k gksYMj IysV ftl ij 2 cz'k gksYMlZ vkSj 2 fLizaXl gSa] ns[k ldrs gSaA Åijh cz'k gksyMj] IysV ls bUlwysfVM gS tcfd nwljk cz'k gksYMj] tks fd uhps gS] oks IysV ls xkÅafMM gSA bu cz'k gksYMlZ esa ikWft+fVo vkSj uSxsfVo cz'k jgrs gSaA VkW'kZu fLizaXl cz'k dks vanj dh rjQ dE;qVsVj ds Åij nck;s j[kus dk dke djrs gSaA Fig. 3.11: cz'k

gksYMlZ vkSj fLizax

• cz'k gksYMj ds vanj cz'k dh ewoesaV dks pSd djsaA oks Ýh pyuk pkfg, ugha rks cz'k gksYMj dks fMLVks'kZu ds fy, pSd djsa vkSj cz'k dh LykbfMax lQZsl dks mlij dqN tek gksuk ds fy, pSd djuk pkfg,A lgh fu.kZ;] tks fd t:jh gks] ysaA • cz'k fLizaXl dks Hkh oh;j] MSest ;k nwljh [kjkch ds fy, pSd djsaA t:jh gks rks mUgsa cny nsaA • nksuksa cz'k gksYMlZ ds chp daVhU;wbVh dks pSd djasA eYVhehVj dh izksc~l dks cz'k gksYMlZ ij Nqvk;saA ehVj dh lqbZ dk fopyu ugha gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd ,d cz'k IysV ls balwysfVM gksrk gS vkSj nwljk cz'k IysV ls xzkÅafMM gksrk gSA vxj daVhU;wbVh ik;h tkrh gS rks irk pyrk gS fd ikWft+fVo cz'k gksYMj Hkh xzkÅaM gks x;k gS] fMQSDfVo balwys'ku ds dkj.k] vkSj balwys'ku dks cny nsuk pkfg,A ge nksuksa cz'k gksYMlZ vkSj IysV ds chp esa Hkh ,d ,d djds daVhU;wbVh dks tk¡p ldrs gSaA

3-10 eksVj vlsEk~fCy ds edSfudy vo;oksa dh tk¡p • f'kQ~V yhoj dks f?klko ds fy, tk¡psaA • lqfuf'pr djsa fd vksoj jfuax dyp] MªkbZo dh fn'kk esa ykWd gks tkrk gS vkSj foijhr fn'kk esa Ý+h ?kwerk gSA • fifu;u dks f?klko] VwV&QwV ;k vU; [kjkch ds fy, tk¡psaA vxj fifu;u ds nkars dkQh f?kls gq;s fn[ksa rks mls cny nsaA • LIykbZUl dks Hkh f?klko o VwV&QwV ds fy, tk¡psa vkSj lqfuf'pr djsa fd Lyho vkjespj 'kkQ~V dh LIykbUl ij vklkuh ls py ldrh gSA • nksuksa ,UM gkmft+ax esa vkjespj 'kkQ~V ds cq'kksa dks f?klk gksus ds fy, pSd djsaA 'kkQV nksuksa rjQ ds cq'kksa esa <hyk ugha gksuk pkfg,A • Lyho vlsEk~fCy dks Ýh ewoesUV ds fy, pSd djsaA 30

3-11 eSXuS SVd fLop dh uVd dh tk¡p • eSfXufVd fLop ds Iyatj dh lrg dks f?klko ;k [kjkc gksus ds fy, ns[ksaA • Iyatj fjVZu fLizax dks Iyatj ij p<+kdj fLop gkmft+ax esa Äqlk;saA Iyatj dks viuh iwoZ fLFkrh esa rqjUr o vklkuh ls vk tkuk pkfg,A • iqy&bu dkWby dks daVhU;wbVh ds fy, pSd djsaA eYVhehVj dh izksCl] eSfXufVd fLop ds 'S' vkSj 'M' VfeZuYl ij Nq,saA fopyu crkrk gS fd VfeZuYl ds chp esa daVhU;wbVh gS rFkk iqy&bu dkWby Bhd gSA • gksfYaMx lfdZV pSd djsaA og 'S' VfeZuy rFkk fLop ds dsl vFkkZr xzkm.M ds chp esa gksrk gSA eYVhehVj dh izksCl 'S' VfeZuy rFkk dsl dks Nq;saA fopyu daVhU;wbVh dks n'kkZrk gSA Åij ds lHkh fujh{k.kksa esa vxj dksbZ ikVZ f?klko ;k vU; [kjkch dh otg ls Lohdk;Z ugha ekywe nsrk gS] mls cny nsuk pkfg,A LoewY;kadu iz”u 101112131415-

dE;qVsVj lSXesUV rFkk vkjespj dksj ds chp dUVhU;wbVh gksuh@ugha gksuh pkfg,A cz”k dh U;wure yEckbZ --------------- gksrh gSA ‘+’ rFkk ‘—‘ cz”k dSls igpkus tkrs gSa\ nksuksa cz”kksa ds chp dUVhU;wbVh gksuh@ugha gksuh pkfg,A iqy&bu dkWby Bhd gS vxj ----------------gksfYaMx dkWby Bhd gS vxj ----------------------

3-12 lkjka”k ,d vUr% ngu batu dks fo|qr LVkZVj eksVj ftls lsYQ&LVkVZj Hkh dgrs gSa ds }kjk ØSad fd;k tkrk gSA LVkVZj eksVj] 350 ,Eih;j rd dh mPp djaV cSVjh ls ysdj i;kZIr cy&vk?kw.kZ ¼VkWdZ½ mRiUu djrh gS ftlls batu ØSad gks ldsA ;g djaV eksVj rd ,d gSoh&M~;wVh fLop] ftls eSXusfVd fLop ;k lksysukWbM fLop dgrs gSa] ds }kjk tkrh gSA bl v/;k; esa geus lsYQ&LVkZVj dks fudkyuk rFkk fMLeSUVy djuk lh[kkA geus eksVj ds vkesZpj] QhYM rFkk vU; vo;oksa] ftlesa mlds edSfudy vo;o rFkk eSXusfVd fLop Hkh lEefyr gSa] dh tk¡p djuk Hkh lh[kkA

3-13 lEHkkfor mÙkj 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

350 ,Eih;j eksVj dks mPp /kkjk nsuk lksysukWbM fLop lksysukWbM fLop dks esu fLop ls tksM+rk gS ¶ykbOghy fjax fx;j u0 300&400 0-2 fe-ehvksiu lfdZV] “kkWVZ lfdZV 31

9. Qqy Ldsy fM¶ySD”ku gksuk pkfg,A 10. ugha gksuh 11. 12 fe-eh12. ‘+’ cz”k gksYMj IysV ls bUlqysfVM gksrk gS o ‘-‘ 13. ugha gksuh 14. ‘S’ rFkk ‘M’ VfeZuy ds chp dUVhU;wbVh gSA 15. ‘S’ VfeZuy rFkk dsl ds chp dUVhU;wbVh gSA

cz”k gksYMj IysV ls xzkmfUMM gksrk gSA

3-14 vH;klkFkZ iz”u 1. 2.

vkesZpj dh tk¡p dh O;k[;k djsaA QhYM dkWby dSls pSd fd;s tkrs gSa] crk;saA

3-15 lanHkZ ,oa foLr`r v/;;ukFkZ xzaFk lwph 1.

ek:fr 800 lfoZl eSU;qvy

3-16 “kCnkoyh

vkesZpj

LVhy “kk¶V ds Åij ySfeusfVM lkW¶V&vkbju dksj ds vUnj dkWij dh rkjsa ftUgsa ,d fljs ij dE;qVsVj ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSA eksVj esa djaV fn;s tkus ls og ?kwerk gS o tujsVj esa ?kqek;s tkus ij og fctyh mRiUu djrk gSA

cz”k

dkWij ,ykW; dk cuk ?kukHk (cuboid) tks ?kwers dE;qVsVj ij fLFkj jgrk gS o djaV nsus ¼;k tsujsjVj esa ckgj fudkyus½ dk dk;Z djrk gSA

dE;qVsVj

vkesZpj ds fljs ij dkWij dh NM+ksa (bars) dh vlse~fCy ftuls vkesZpj dUMDVj tqM+s gksrs gSaA NMs+ vkesZpj “kk¶V ls rFkk ,d nwljs ls bUlqysfVM gksrh gsa o cz”k bl ij fLFkr gksrs gSaA dE;qVsVj] vkesZpj okbafMax rFkk cz”k ds chp jksVsfVax duSDVj dk dke djrk gSA

dUMDVj

eVsfj;y ;k ;qfDr tks m’ek ;k fctyh izokfgr gksus nsA

djaV ¼/kkjk½

oS|qr vkosf”kr d.kksa dk izokgA

eYVhehVj

;qfDr ftlls dUVhU;wbVh] izfrjks/k] djaV] OkksYVst ukih tkrh gSaA

fifu;u

nks fx;jksa ds tksM+ esa NksVk fx;j

lksysukWbM fLop

bysDVªkseSXusfVd fLop

VfeZuy

oS|qr lfdZV dks tksM+us okyk fljk