ghl« - 11 tâf© / bjhêš òçtj‰F ã Âu£Ljš
Ïj‰F K¨Âa ghl¤Âš, eh© tâf¤ £l¤Â‹ mo¥gilfisÍ©, £l m¿¡ifa‹ mik¥ò kw‰© TWfis¥ g‰¿Í© m¿¨J bfh§nlh©. Ra tâf¤Â‹ e‹ikfŸ k‰w© tâfŸk njhšéÍWtj‰fhd fhuz§fisÍ« éth¤njh«. Ϩj¥ ghl¤Âš eh© ã Âu£Ljè‹ mo¥gil¡is¥ g‰¿¥ ghª¥ngh©. 11.0 neh¡f« Ϩj ghl¤ij¥ go¤j Ë,Ú¦fŸ ã Âu£Ljè‹ mo¥gilfis e‹F òç¨J bfhŸÅªfŸ. ã Âu£L© tiffŸ k‰W© fl‹ é§z¥Ã¡F© KiwfŸ M»aitfë‹ mo¥gilfis m¿¨J bfhŸÅªfŸ. fl‹ bgw¤ njitahd 5 jFÂfis¥ òç¨J bfhŸÅªfŸ. 11.1 K‹Diu v›tsÎ ešy tâf¤ £lkhdhY©, m¤Â£l¤ij ãiwnt‰w¤ njitahd ã Ϛiyba‹whš mJ bt‰¿ bgwhJ. vdnt ã Âu£Ljiy v¥go¤ £läl nt©L«. Âu£l nt©L«. mªj ãÂia v¥go Kiwahf, Âwikahf¥ ga‹gL¤j nt§L© v‹W m¿¨J bfhŸs nt§L©. Ϩj¥ ghl¤Â‹ _y© ã Âu£Ljè‹ mo¥gilfŸ, _yjd© k‰W© fl‹ ã Âu£L© tiffŸ, nkY© fl‹ é§z¥Ã¡F© têKiwfisÍ© c¦fS¡F m¿Kf¥gL¤Jnth©. 11.2 ã Âu£Ljè‹ mo¥gilfŸ Ú¦fŸ òÂa tâf© Jt¡»dhY©, giHa tâf¤ij éçÎgL¤j nt©LkhdhY« njitahd msÎ cldo _yjd« K¡»a¤njitahF«. nghÂa ã k£L© ÏU¨jhš nghjhJ. mij¡ ifahŸtj‰Fça m¿Î©, £läLjY« ÏU¨jhšjh‹ m¨j ãÂia¤ Âw©gl¥ ga‹gL¤jKoÍ©. Ï¡Fz¦fŸ, bghJthf V‰gl¡Toa a) jtwhd tifæš ã Âu£Ljš, b) ã¤njitia¤ jtwhf¡ fz¡»Ljš c) th¦F© flå‹ t£o¢ Rikia¤ jtwhf¡ fâ¤jš ngh‹w jtWfis¥ òÂa tâfKa‰ÁahsªfŸ brŒtÂèU¨J éy¡F©. ã Âu£L© K‹ Ñœ¡f§l nfŸéfis Ú¦fns nf£L¡ bfhŸS¦fŸ. 1) c¦fS¡F mÂf _yjd© nt§Lkh mšyJ c¦fël© ÏU¡F© ã tuÎfisna nkY© Âw©gl¥ ga‹gL¤j KoÍkh? 2) c¦fsJ njitia v¥go¡ fz¡»LŪfŸ? c¦fŸ tâf¤ij éçÎgL¤jth, mšyJ vªghuhj Mg¤ij¢ rkhë¡F© muzhfth c§fS¡F ã njit¥gL»wJ? 3) c¦fŸ njit v›tsÎ mtrukhdJ? Ú¦f¦s vª neh¡Fl‹ c¦fŸ njitia K‹ T£ona m¿¨J mQ»dhš Fiw¨j t£o 1
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Åj¦fëš fl‹ bgw KoÍ©. mtru¤Âš c¦fŸ njit¡F¡ fl‹ bgw KidÍ© nghJ mJ mÂf e‹ikia¤ juhJ. c¦fsJ tâf¤Âš vª bfhŸs¡Toa Mg¤JfŸ v›tsÎ bgçad MF©? všyh tâf¦fëY© Mg¤JfŸ cŸsd. c¦fŸ tâf¤ÂYŸs Mg¤Â‹ msÎ nfhny flå‹ t£o¢ RikiaÍ©, ã bgw cŸs bt›ntW têtiffisÍ© ãªzæ¡F©. c¦fŸ tâf© v¨j msÎ brašgl¡Toa ãiyæš cŸsJ? tsª¢Á k‰W© éçth¡f ãiyæš njitfŸ äfΩ K¡»akhditfŸ MF©. _yjd© v¨j v¨j¡ fhça¦fS¡fhf¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL©? fl‹ jU« eg®, fldhf¥ bgw¥gL« _yjd« vªj¡ F¿¥Ã£l njitfis¥ óª¤Â brŒÍ© v‹W m¿a éU©òthª? c¦fŸ bjhêš ãWtd© v¨j ãiyæš cŸsJ? i) Ó®FiyªJ ii) ãiyahf mšyJ iii) tsU© ãiyfëš cŸs ãWtd¦fŸ j¦fŸ ãiy¡F¤ j¡fthW©, njit¡nf‰wthW© bt›ntW éjkhd Kiwfëš ã Âu£LthªfŸ. eètilÍ© ãWtd¦fis él brê¥gil¨J tsU© ãWtd¦fŸ Áw¨j yhgfukhd t£o é»j§fis¥ bgW«. c¦fŸ tâf© F¿¥Ã£l fhy¦fëš el¡F© tâfkh mšyJ všyh¥ gUt¦fëY© bjhlª¨J el¡F© tâfkh? F¿¥Ã£l fhy¦fëš k£L© el¡F© tâf¤Â‹ njit fS¡F¥ bghJthf¡ FW»a fhy fl‹fŸ nghJ©. bjhlª¨J el¡F© bjhêš ãWtd¦fs¡F, më¡f¥gL© fl‹fŸ, m¨j ãWtd¦fis, ntiy Fiw¨j eh£fëY© fh¥g‰W© tifæš mik¡f¥bgW©. cjhuz©f£ol« f£_ ãWtd¦fŸ. c¦fsJ ãªthf¡FG v›tsÎ gykhdJ, gykhdJ, ÂwikahdJ? c¦fŸ ãªthf¤ Âwik fl‹ më¥nghuhš äf K¡»akhd Twhf¥ gçÓè¡f¥bgW«.
c¦fsJ ã¤njitfŸ v¥go c¦fŸ tâf¤Â£l¤Âš ÏiH¨njhL»‹wd. v‹gJ äfΩ K¡»akhd x‹whF©? c¦fël© xU tâf¤ £l© Ïšiyba‹whš clnd Ïij¤ jahç¥gij c¦fŸ Kjš ntiyah¡»¡ bfhŸS¦fŸ. fl‹ më¥nghª midtU© c¦fŸ tâf¤Â‹ Jt¡f¤Â‰F©, mj‹ tsª¢Á¡F© tê tiffis Ïšjh‹ ghª¡f éiHthªfŸ. Ra njªÎ édh¡fŸ 1) ã Âu£l¤ £läL© nghJ midtU© brŒa¡Toa 3 bghJthd jtWfis és¡Ff. a) b) c) 11.3 ã Âu£L© tiffŸ ã Âu£Ljš Ïu§L tif¥gL©. Kyjd© Âu£Ljš fl‹ ã Âu£Ljš. ã Âu£L© nghJ c¦fŸ tâf¤Â‹ _yjd© k‰W© fl‹ ã¡FKŸs é»jh¢rhu¤ij¡ fz¡»l nt§L©. ÏJ Ú¦fŸ th¦»ÍŸs fl‹ k‰W© tâf¤Âš brŒJŸs KjÄL M»aitfS¡»ilnaÍŸs cwthF©. Ú¦fŸ 2
tâf¤Âš brŒJŸs KjÄL mÂfkhf Mf c¦fS¡F¡ flDjé vëjhf¡ »il¡f©. c¦fsJ ãWtd¤Â‹ _yjd© k‰w© fl‹ ãÂæ‹ é»jh¢rhu© äf mÂfkhf ÏU¨jhš Ú¦fŸ nkY© fl‹ cjé bgw nt§oæU¡F©. khwhf, c¦fŸ tâf© mÂf msÎfl‹ ãÂia _yjd¤Â‰F vÂuhf¥ bg‰¿U¨jhš, Ú¦fŸ c¦fsJ, cçikahsªfsJ _yjd ãÂia Tljyhf¢ brŒÍ© òÂa _yjd¤Â‹_y© mÂfç¡f nt§L© v‹W m¿PªfŸ m¿ÎW¤J»whªfŸ. nk‰T¿a Kiwfëš brašgLt‹ _y© tâf¤Â‹ cæªeho¡f CW éisé¡F© tifæš c¦fŸ ãÂãiyik kh¿élhkš ÏU¡f¢ brŒa KoÍ©. 1) _y jd ã Âu£lš bgUthçahd Á¿ a mšyJ tsª¢ÁÍw¡ Toa ãWtd¦fŸ Fiw¨j msÎ _yjd ãÂiana Âu£L»‹wd. fl‹ ãÂia¤ Âu£Ljiy¥ ngh‹nw mÂfç¡f¥g£l _y ãÂÍ© e§gªfŸ. cwédªfŸ, ãWtd¤ bjhêyhsªfŸ, tho¡ifahsªfŸ k‰W© Ïju rf ãWtd¦fŸ ngh‹w Kiw rhuh KjÄ£lhs®fëläUªJ« tu¥bgW»wJ. khwhf Kiw rh®ªj KjÄ£lhsªfë‹ bghJthd _y jdã Âu£Ljš C¡fKjyhëfël© ÏU¨J tu¥bgW»wJ. ÏtªfŸ Mg¤ij vª bfhŸs¡Toa Jâ¢rš ä¡f ãWtd¦fŸ, ã ãiw¨j gz¡fhu jåegªfë‹ T£l¦fŸ, muR be¿¥gL¤J© ã tH¦F© ãWtd¦fŸ mšyJ äf¥ bgça mséš ã tH¦F© ãWtd¦fŸ MthªfŸ. bgU©ghnyhª x‹w mšyJ Áy beU¡fkhf r©g¨j¥g£l ãWtd¦fëš Áw¥ò¡ ftd© brY¤J»whªfŸ. 2) fl‹ ã Âu£Ljš ÁW tâf¦fë‹ fl‹ ã Âu£Ljèš bgU©g¦f t»¥gJ t¦»fŸ v‹gJ tuyh‰W c§ik. nf£ò¡ fl‹fŸ, F¿¥Ã£l fhy¦fëš k£L© el¡f« tâf§fS¡F më¡f¥gL« gUt¡fhy¡ bfL fl‹fŸ k‰w© Ïa¨Âu¦fŸ, cgfuz¦fŸ th¦f v‹w më¡f¥gL© xU Kid¡ fl‹fŸ ngh‹w FW»a fhy¡ fl‹fis më¥gnj Ïtªfë‹ K¡»a gâahF©. 11.4 fl‹ é§z¥Ã¤jš fl‹ é§z¥g© brŒtj‰F Ú¦fŸ fl‹ £l© x‹iw vG¤ jahç¡f nt§L©. Kjènyna fl‹ £l© k‰W© é§z¥g¤Âš c¦fŸ ãiyia äf¢ Áw¨j Kiwæš bjëÎgL¤ÂéL¦fŸ. Ï‹bdhU r¨jª¥g© c¦fS¡F thŒ¡fhknyna nghfyh©. c¦fsJ fl‹ é§z¥g¤ij v¥nghJ© xU KfÎiu mšyJ brašÂw‹ bjhF¥òiuÍl‹ Jt¦F¦fŸ. Ú¦fŸ ahª v‹gijÍ©, c¦fŸ bjhêš Ã‹dâ, c¦fŸ tâf¤Â‹ j‹ik, Ú¦fŸ é§z¥Ã¡F© fl‹ msÎ k‰W© neh¡f© M»aitÍ©, Ú¦fŸ nf£F©, ÂU©g¢ brY¤J© fhy mtfhr étu§fisÍ©, th¦F© fl‹ c¦fŸ tâf¤Â‰F v›thW cjéfukhf ÏU¡F© v‹gijÍ©, v¥go, v›thW Ú¦fŸ c¦fŸ flid¤ ÂU¥Ã¢ brY¤JŪfŸ v‹gijÍ© bjëthfΩ RU¡fkhfΩ bjçéͦfŸ. Ϩj KfÎiuia vëikahfΩ neuoahf¥ òç¨J bfhŸS©goÍ© vGJ¦fŸ. fl‹ é§z¥g¤Jl‹ Ñœ¡f§l étu¦fisÍ© Ïiz¡f nt§L©. 1) tâf¤Â‹ étu¦fŸ Ñœ¡f§l étu¦fSl‹ c¦fŸ tâf¤ij¥ g‰¿a xU m¿¡ifia¤ jahª brŒaΩ i) ãWtd¤Â‹ tif ii) étu¦fŸ ju¥gL© nj / ehŸ iii) Ïl mik¥ò iv) brŒa¥gL© bghUŸ mšyJ nrit 3
v) ãWtd¤Â‹ RU¡fkhd tuyhW vi) vªfhy¤Âš brŒa ÏU¡F© brašghLfŸ vii) ngh£oahsªfŸ étu© viii) tho¡ifahsªfŸ étu© 2) ã®thf mDgt« x›bthU cçikahsª k‰W© K¡»a ãªthf¥ bghW¥Ãš cŸstªfis¥ g‰¿a étu¦fŸ 3) jå¥g£l ã m¿¡iffŸ 20% mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l g¦Ffis it¤ÂU¡F© K¡»a cçikahsªfŸ k‰W© ÃizajhuªfŸ ã m¿¡iffŸ 90 eh£fS¡F c£g£l ãÂãiy m¿¡iffŸ njit. c¦fsJ K¨ija tUltUkhd tç¡fz¡F m¿¡ifia Ϩj ã m¿¡ifÍl‹ f§o¥ghf Ïiz¡fΩ. 4) fl‹ ÂU¥Ã¢ brY¤Jjš. v¥go flid¤ ÂU¥Ã¢ brY¤JŪfŸ v‹w égu¤ij vG¤J_y© mëͦfŸ . mš v¦»U¨J ÂU¥Ã¢ brY¤j ãÂia¤ Âu£LŪfŸ, v¤Jiz fhy mtfhr© njit¥gL© v‹w étu¦fisÍ© bjçéͦfŸ. tu¡Toa tué‹ vªneh¡F fhy étu¦fŸ, M§Lã m¿¡if k‰W© Ïju njitahd étu¦fŸ Ϩj m¿¡ifÍl‹ Ïiz¡f¥g£ nt§L©. 5) Ïa§» tU« tâf« - njitfŸ i) Fiw¨jJ fl¨j _‹W tUl ã m¿¡iffŸ ii) 90 eh£fS¡F£g£l j‰nghija njÂæ£l m¿¡if iii) M§L ã m¿¡iffŸ iv) yhg, e£l¡ fz¡F m¿¡iffŸ v) ãfu brh¤J k¥Ë ԪΠétu¦fŸ vi) ÂU©g¢ brY¤j nt§oa ãÂæ‹ fz¡f étu© vii) tunt§oa ãÂæ‹ fz¡F étu© viii) Ú§l fhy¤ jtiz¡ fl‹ étu¦fŸ j‰nghija m¿¡ifæš f§LŸs M§L ã m¿¡ifæš Ïl© bg‰WŸs, XusÎ äF¨j kÂ¥òila g£oašfë‹ fz¡F étu¦fis bjëÎgL¤j nt©L«. 6) Jt¡f ÏU¡F© tâf© ã tU© trÂfŸ k‰W© m¨j _yjdã nkY© fldhf¥ bgW© ã v¥go¥ga‹gL¤j¥bgW© v‹w étu¦fis khÂç M§L ã m¿¡ifæ‹ _y© bjçé¡fΩ. 7) vªneh¡F© £l¦fŸ Fiw¨jJ xU M§o‰fhd mšyJ gztuÎ, bryÎfis Û¿ mÂfkhf tU© fhy© tiuæyhd, vªfhy¢ brašghLfë‹ vª neh¡f¤ £l¤ij më¡fΩ tUkhd©, bryÎ étu¦fŸ k‰W© Ϩj ãªza¤Â‰fhd fhuz¦fŸ më¡f¥gL© yhg, e£l¡ fz¡F¥ got¤Âš, vªneh¡F¤Â£l© ÏU¡f©. Ïju ãWtd¦fëš cŸs F¿pLfŸ mšyJ gH¡f, tH¡f¦fëläU¨J c¦fŸ vªghª¥òfŸ é¤Âahrkhditahf ÏU¨jhš mitfis étç¡fΩ. c¦fsJ vª neh¡f fz¡ffSl‹, bjëthd, gÂÎ brŒa¡Toa tifæyhd és¡f¦fis Mjhukhf më¡fΫ. 8) njit¡nf‰g, më¡f nt§oad i) Ïl x¥g¨j© (khÂç¥got¦fŸ) ii) mÂfhu Mtz© bg‰w x¥g¨jfhuª x¥g¨j© 4
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_y¥bghU£fŸ k‰witfis th¦Ftj‰fhd x¥g¨j© g§f ãWtd Ïiz¥òiu - (g§F ãWtdkhdhš, v¨j mo¥gilfë‹ ngçš ãWtd© Ïiz¡f¥bgW»wJ v‹w étu¦fŸ £l¦fŸ, tiuaiwfŸ bg‰w mDkÂfë‹ got¦fŸ ãWtd¦fë‹ m¿Kf¡ foj¦fŸ neh¡f© g‰¿a étu¡ foj¦fŸ tâ¡ x¥g¨j¦fŸ T£Lçikahsªfë‹ - T£Lçik x¥gªj«
v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) 9) Ãiza« Ãizah¡f¥gl¡Toa brh¤J¡fŸ g£oaš jahç¡fΩ, Áy ã ãWtd¦fŸ Ãiza¤Jl‹ Ïiz¡f¥glhj fl‹fisÍ© më¡F©. všyh¡ fl‹fS© Ïu§L m¿a¡Toa têfSl‹ ÂU©Ã¢ brY¤J©go ÏU¡f nt§L©. tâf Ïa¡f¤Â‹nghJ c§lhf¡Toa yhg©, <£oa gz tuÎ rhjhuzkhf Kjš têahF©. flid¥ bgw <L it¡f¥ bg‰w Ãiza¢ brh¤J¡fŸ bghJthf Ïu©lhtJ têahF«. Ra njªÎ édh¡fŸ 2, ã Âu£Ljèš cŸs Ïu§L K¡»a tiffŸ a)
b)
11.5 fl‹ bgw 5 jFÂfŸ c¦fŸ t¦» yhg© <£Ltj‰fhfnt tâf© ò绋wJ. vdnt xU t¦» fl‹ jU©nghJ, mJ f§o¥ghŒ ÂU©g¢ brY¤j¥gL© v‹gij cWÂ¥gL¤Â¡ bfhŸs©, t¦» x›bthU Kiw fl‹ më¡F© nghJ© 5 jFÂfis¥ gçÓè¡f nt©L«. 1) ÂU«g¢ brY¤J« jF 5 jFÂfëš äfΩ K¡»akhdJ ÂU«g¢ brY¤J« jFÂahF«, c¦fS¡F¡ fl‹ tH¦f K‹tU© fl‹ jUgtª v¥go Ú¦fŸ flid¤ ÂU¥Ã¢ brY¤JŪfŸ v‹gij¤ bjëthf m¿¨J bfhŸs éiHthª. fl‹ jUgtª Ñœ¡f§litfis¡ ftå¥ghª. i) tâf¤ÂèUªJ tU« gztuÎ étu« ii) ÂU«g¢ brY¤j¡Toa fhy mtfhr« iii) bt‰¿fukhf¤ ÂU©g¢ brY¤j¡ Toa rh¤Âa¡TWfŸ jå¥g£l k‰W© tâf étfhu¦fëš V‰fdnt cŸs fl‹ cwÎfŸ k‰W© ÂU©g¢ brY¤Âa tuyhW, vªfhy¢ brašghLfis¡ F¿¥ÃL© m¿F¿fshf¡ bfhŸs¥gL©. vªghuhj r¨jª¥g¦fëš, flid¤ ÂU©g¢ brY¤j ã Âu£l c¦fS¡FŸs trÂfis¥ g‰¿Í© ã tH¦FgtªfŸ bjç¨J bfhŸs éiHthªfŸ.
2) _yjd« Ú¦fŸ jå¥g£l Kiwæš tâf¤Âš KjÄL brŒJŸs gznk _yjd© vd¥gL© ÏJ c¦fŸ tâf© njhšéia milÍnkahdhš c¦fS¡F V‰gL© ÏH¥Ã‹ msit¡ F¿¡f©. Ú¦fŸ c¦fŸ brh¤J¡fis KjÄL 5
brŒJ, jå¥g£l ã r©g¨j¥g£l Mg¤J¡fis vª bfh§L tâf¤ij ãiy ãW¤Âé£L¥ Ë fl‹ th¦f tUtijna, fl‹ tH¦f K‹ tUnthU© KjÄL brŒa éU©ònthU© vªghª¥ghªfŸ. tâf¤Âš c¦fŸ KjÄL bgUksÎ ÏU¡Fnkahdhš Ú¦fŸ tâf¤ij bt‰¿fukhf Ïa¡f všyhéj Ka‰ÁfisÍ© brŒÅªfŸ. 3) Ãiza« fl‹ tH¦FnthU¡f Ú¦fŸ Jiz¥ghJfh¥ghf tH¦FtJ Ãiza¦fŸ MF©. tâf¤Â‹ _y© fl‹ ÂU©g¢ brY¤j¥gl Koahé£lhš ntW Ïu§lhtJ tê_y© flid¤ ÂU©g¥ bgwKoÍkh v‹W m¿a t¦» éU©ò©. cgfuz¦fŸ, f£ol¦fŸ, tunt§oa tuΡ fz¡FfŸ, Áy rka©, cÂç ghf¦fŸ, ga‹bgW© bghU£fŸ M»a brh¤J¡fis, é‰W gztuthf, V‰W¡ bfhŸs¡Toaitfshf t¦»fŸ fUJ»‹wd. tâf k‰W© jå¥g£l brh¤J¡fŸ flD¡F¥ Ãiza¦fshf V‰W¡ bfhŸs¥gL©. Ú¦fŸ flid¤ ÂU©g¢ brY¤j Koahé£lhš, jh‹ brY¤Jtjhf ntbwhU eg® ifbah¥gä£L¤ jU« g¤Âu« ntbwhU eg® ifbah¥gä£L¤ jU© g¤Âu© ntbwhU tif Ãiza© MF©. fl‹ tH¦Fnthª Áyª Ï›éUtif¥Ãiza¦fisÍ© flD¡F¥ ghJfh¥ghf nt©Lt®. 4) tiuaiwfŸ fl‹ tH¦f¥gL© fhuz¦fis tiuaiwfŸ bjëÎgL¤J© th¦F© gz© Ïa¡f ãÂ, TLjš cgfuz¦fŸ mšyJ cÂç ghf¦fŸ, ga‹bgW© bghU£fŸ M»a vj‰F¥ ga‹gL¤j¥bgW»wJ? cŸeh£L¥ bghUshjhu ãiyik, c¦fŸ jå tâf© k‰W© c¦fŸ tâf¤Âš éisÎfis V‰gL¤j¡Toa Ïju tâf¦fŸ M»at‰¿š V‰gl¡Toa khWjšfis c¦fS¡F¡ fl‹ tH¦Fnthª ftå¥ghªfŸ. 5) ÂU«g¢ brY¤J« xG¡f« c¦fS¡F¡ fl‹ tH¦f K‹ tUnthª mšyJ KjÄL brŒnthçl© Ú¦fŸ c¦fis¥ g‰¿ V‰gL¤J© v§znk c¦fsJ ÂU«g¢ brY¤J« xG¡f¤Â‹ msÎnfhyhF©. Ú¦fŸ c¦fŸ flid¤ ÂU©g¢ brY¤j¡toa msÎ e©gfkhdtuh, c¦fŸ tâf¤Âš brŒJŸs KjÄ£oš ÏU¨J nghJkhd msÎ yhg© <£l¡Toatuh v‹W, c¦fS¡F¡ fl‹ tH¦Fgtª Mjhuóªtkhf KoÎ brŒthª. c¦fsJ go¥ò tâf© k‰W© ϤJiwæš cŸs mDgt©, M»ait gçÓè¡f¥gL© c§fsJ m¿K¡¡ foj¦fë‹ juhju©, Ëdâ k‰W© c¦fsJ bjhêyhs®fsJ mDgt« M»aitÍ« ftå¡f¥gL«. Ra njªÎ édh¡fŸ 3. fl‹ bgw 5 jFÂfŸ ahit? a) b)
c)
d)
e)
11.6 gæ‰Á 11.6.1 tF¥ò gæ‰Á
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xU t¦»æèU¨J khÂç fl‹ é§z¥g© bg‰W mj‹ všyh ghf¦fisÍ© óª¤Â brŒf. Ϩj¥ ghl¤Âš f‰w¤ njª¨j éõa¦fis tF¥ÃYŸs k‰w khztªfSl‹ éth¡fΩ. ii) Ϩj é§z¥g¤Âš fl‹ bgw cŸ 5 jFÂfŸ ftå¡f¥ bg‰WŸsdth? TLkhd tiu mitfis¡ ftå¡f ÏaYkh v‹gij¥ gçÓè¤J mij¡ F¿¤j fU¤ij¤ bjçé¡fΩ. 11.6.2 Å£L¥ gæ‰Á i) fl‹ é§z¥Ã¥gj‰F K‹ c¦fsJ tâf¤Âš Ú¦fŸ ftå¡f nt§oa éõa¦fŸ ahit vd tiuaW¡fΩ? ii) c§fsJ tâf¤Â‰F v¨j tif ã¡fl‹ njit vd¡ fUJ»ÖªfŸ? i)
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