ghl« - 13 tâf jªk¦fŸ
xU rKjha¤Âš nk‰bfhŸs¥gL© všyh kåj Ka‰ÁfS©, rKjha©, xG¡f© k‰W© jªk be¿fisna mo¥gilahf¡ bfh§LŸsd. mj‹ m¦f¤ÂdªfŸ fil¥Ão¡F© be¿fë‹ j‹ikia¢ rhª¨nj m¨j rKjha¦fë‹ bt‰¿ mšyJ njhšé mikÍ©. cyf© KGtJ© ngh‰W© jªk© k‰W© brašgh£L be¿fis x£o, ekJ brašghLfŸ k‰W© tâf¦fis el¤JtJ xUbghW¥ghd rKjha cW¥Ãdª v‹w tifæš ek¡F¡ f£lhakhdjhF©. Ϩj ghf© rKjha mik¥ghd rKjha cW¥Ãdª v‹w tifæš ek¡F¡ f£lhakhdjhF©. Ϩj ghf© rKjha mik¥ig ãiyãW¤j tif brŒÍ© j®k be¿fisÍ« mitfS¡F«, tâf« / brašghLfŸ M»at‰¿‰F© cŸs bjhlªig és¡f Kaš»wJ. ešy jªk be¿fŸ tâf¤Âš ešby§bz¦fis cUth¡F»‹wd. `jªk¦fŸ k‰W© tâf©` v‹w Ϩj ghf¤Âš cŸs _‹W ghl¦fëš, Ϩj¥ ghl© tâf jªk¦fŸ v‹w jiy¥ig¥ bghJthf és¡F»wJ. xU tâf© / brašghL bt‰¿aila Ï‹¿aikahj Áy be¿fis¥ ghl« - 14š ghª¡fyh©. ghl© 15š eh© tâf jªk¦fis¥ g‰¿a xU FG fy¨Jiuahlš brŒÍ©go xJ¡f¥g£LŸsJ. 13.0 neh¡f« Ϩj¥ghl¤ij¥ go¤j Ë Ú¦fŸ, Ï‹iwa kåj rKjha¤Â‹ ãiyia¥ òç¨J bfh§L, mij br©ik¥ gL¤Jtj‰F eh© bjh§lh‰w nt§oaj‹ mtÁa¤ij¥ òç¨J bfhŸÅªfŸ. `jªk¦fŸ` k‰W© `xG¡f©` M»aitfë‹ nfh£ghLfisÍ©, br©ikahd tâfjªk¦fë‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ijÍ© òç¨J bfhŸÅªfŸ. 13.1 K‹Diu ``Ú¦fŸ Jâfëš tiujš k‰W© m¢ÁLjš`` v‹w xU tUl fhy m¤jh£Á g¤Âu tF¥ig¡ Toa Ó¡»u© Ko¡f¡ Toa ÏW¡ f£l¤Âš ÏU¡»ÖªfŸ. Ïj‰f¥òw© Áyª ϤJiwæš ntiy¡F© mšyJ nk‰go¥ò¡F© bršÅªfŸ. Áyª Ra MnyhrfªfshfΩ, k‰wtªfŸ Ra Ka‰ÁahsªfshfΩ Mf KoÎ brŒJ, Rakhf¤ bjhêiyÍ© Jt¦fyh©. ``jªk¦fŸ k‰w© tâf©`` v‹w jiy¥ò ek¡F¤ njitahdjh, K¡»akhdjh v‹W ãjhå¤J e©ik ehnk nf£L¡ bfhŸtJ gaDŸsjhF©? M© v‹whš, V‹? Ϩj édh¡fS¡F©, r©g¨j¥g£l k‰w éõa¦fS¡F© gšfŸ Ϩj¥ghl¤Âš »il¡F© v‹w e©ò»nwh©. 13.2 kåj rKjha¤Â‹ Ï‹iwa ãiy e©ik¢ R‰¿¥ ghª¤jhš, eh© ghª¥gJ v‹d? kåj rKjha© bjhêš E£g tsª¢Áæš äf¢ Áw¨j ãiyia v£oÍŸsJ. Mdhš cyf¤Âš, Ãu¢ÁidfS©, nghuh£l¦fS© k‰W© J‹g¦fS© gy kl¦F mÂfç¤JŸsd. cyf© v¦F© tsª¨J tU© K‰¿a nghuh£l ãiyikfisna eh« v§F« fh©»nwh«. cyf¤Âš gy ehLfŸ, vÂçfë‹ CLUtš, FG¡fëilna nghuh£l©, rKjha mÚÂfŸ k‰W© bghUshjhu¢ ÓªFiyÎ M»aitfis mDgé¡»‹wd. muÁaš ÔªÎfis¥ bgW© Í¡Âahf¥ gšntW FG¡fS© Ôéuthj© v‹w bfh^u¤ij nkY© nkY© fil¥Ão¡»‹wd. všyh¢ rKjha¦fëYnk gutyhd tWik k‰W© 1
rKjha ÏêÎ gL¤Jjš ngh‹wit ÏU¡»‹wd. Mdhš tuyh‰¿nyna Ï¥bghGJjh‹ mÂf msÎ m¿th‰wš btë¥g£LŸsJ v‹gij ϦF ãidñ£o¡ bfhŸtJ ga‹jUtjhF©. 13.3
br«ikahd òJ cyif neh¡» rKjha¤Âš thœ»‹w všyh kåjªfë‹ brašghLfë‹ T£L¤ bjhifna xU rKjha¤Â‹ j‹ik k‰W© Fz¤ij ãªzæ¡F©. vdnt Ϩj cyf¤Âš cŸs éõa¦fis kh‰¿¢ br©ik¥gL¤j eh© éU©Ãdhš, Kjèš, `vJ ešyJ, vJ bf£lJ` v‹W Ãç¤J¥ ghª¤J e©ik, eh© kh‰¿¡ bfhŸs nt©L«. kåj be¿fns, rKjha¤Â‹ mik k‰W© k»œ¢Á¡fhd K¡»akhd fhuzkhF© v‹W fU»a I‹«O‹ Ñœ¡ f§l czª¢Áfukhd brŒÂia¤ bjçé¤jhª. kåjªfë‹ äf K¡»akhd Ka‰Á, ekJ brašfis xG¡f¤Jl‹ brŒa Kaštnj MF©. ekJ brašfis xG¡f¤Jl‹ brŒa Kaštnj MF©. ekJ xG¡fkhd brašfns kd mikÂia¤ jU©. ÏJ kåj Fy¤Â‹ thœÎ ãiy¥gj‰F, äf K¡»akhdjhF©. Ϩj c§ikia czª¨J mij thœ¡if¤ j¤Jtkh¡Ftnj fšéæ‹ K¡»akhd flikahF©. Mfnt Ϩj cyf¤ij eh© thœtj‰F V‰w Áw¨j Ïlkhf kh‰Wtj‰F¤ jå kåjªfŸ x›bthUtU© j‹id¤ jhnd ÂU¤Â¡ bfhŸs nt§L©. Ïij eh© e©ik czªtj‹_yK© brŒa KoÍnk xêa, k‰wtªfŸ Fiwfis eh© fhz Kaštjhš brŒa KoahJ. xU eh£L k¡fë‹ jå kåj Ïy¡FfŸ m¨eh£o‹ mšyJ rKjha Ïy¡Ffis x¤J¥ nghF© nghJ, mtªfŸ j¦fS¡bf‹W xU ešy ghijia mik¤J¡ bfhŸthªfŸ. m¨j ehL mšyJ rKjha¤ij, Ï‹iwa cyif¥ Ão¤JŸs J‹g¦fŸ beU¦fhJ. lh¡lª Ôg¡ nrh¥uh, thG© cæçd¦¡S¡FŸns x‹nwhblh‹W Ïiz¨J thG© cwÎ cŸsjhf¡ TW»whª. jå¥gFÂæ‹ e‹ikiaél bkh¤j e‹ikiana ehLkhW mik¨j brašghLfisna všyh thG© cæçd¦fS© btë¥gL¤J»‹wd. E§mQ¡fŸ j¦fS¡fhf mšyhJ jh¦fŸ rhª¨JŸs ÂR¡fë‹ x‹Wg£l j‹ik¡fhf¥ ghLgL©. ÂR¡fŸ Ïnj nghš x‹Wg£L, clè‹ ghf¦fs¡fhfΩ, clè‹ ghf¦fŸ mitfŸ rhª¨JŸs cæçd¤Â‹ x‹wg£l e‹ik¡fhfΩ ghLgL©. thG© cæçd¤Â‹ x›bthU ghfK©, m¨j cæçd¤Â‹ bkh¤j x‹Wg£l e‹ikia¡ fh¡f¤ j‹ cæiuÍ© él¤ jahuhf ÏU¡F«. Ra njªÎ édh¡fŸ fhèæl¦fis óª¤Â brŒf. 1) rKjha¤Âš thœ»‹w všyh ---------- ----------- brašghLfë‹ --------, xU rKjha¤Â‹ j‹ik k‰W© Fz¤ij ãªzæ¡f©. vdnt cyf¤Âš cŸs éõa¦fis kh‰¿¢ br©ik¥gL¤j eh© éU©Ãdhš, Kjèš ---------- ------------- v‹W Ãç¤J¥ ghª¤J ----------- -----------.
13.4 jªk¦fŸ k‰W© xG¡f© M¦»y¤Âš „Ethics‟ (jªk¦fŸ) v‹W Tw¥gL© thª¤ij, „Ethicos‟ (vÂnfh«) v‹w »nu¡f bkhê thª¤ijæèU¨J njh‹¿aJ. Ϩj »nu¡f bkhê thª¤ij¡F M¦»y¤Âš „Character‟ (Fz©) v‹W mª¤j©, ÏJ el¤ij k‰W© 2
brašgL© Kiw r©g¨j¥g£ljhF©. (xG¡f©) „Moral‟ vD« M§»y th®¤ij „Moris‟ (nkhç«) vD© y¤Ô‹ bkhê thª¤ij¡F habits (gH¡f¦fŸ) k‰W© customs (tH¦f¦fŸ) v‹W M¦»y¤Âš mª¤j©. Ïj‰F K¨ija fhy¦fëš jªk¦fis él xG¡fnk ekJ v§z¦fëš nknyh¦» ÏU¨jJ. v‹W Ôg¦fŸ F¥jh TW»whª. xG¡f© jå kåjD¡F¢ r©g¨jkhdjhF©. ÏJ k‰wtªfŸ v‹d brh‹dhšfŸ mšyJ brŒjhªfŸ v‹w ftiy¥glhJ. jªk¦fŸ jå¥g£l kåjD¡bf‹W cçajšy. ÏJ rKjha¥ gçkh‰w¦fë‹ j‹ikia¡ F¿¡F©. mtª nkY© TWtjhtJ . ``k‰wtªfis k¡F© têKiwfis¡ fil¥Ão¤J, ãu¨jukhd Kiwæš yhg© <£Ltijna tâf jªk¦fŸ vªghª¡»‹wd. ãaha czªÎ, btë¥gilahd mQFKiw k‰W© jåegç‹ MirfŸ Ïit všyh© tâf j®k§fis¡ fil¥Ão¥gš Ïl© bgW©. ÏÂèU¨J tâf jªk¦fS¡F xG¡f© njit ÏšyhjJ v‹W ahU© KoÎ brŒJél nt§lh©. xG¡f msÎfns tâf jªk¦fë‹ msÎnfhšfŸ v‹gJ ~Ã磫Á‹ fU¤J. Ïit xU braiy, mJ rçah mšyJ jtwh v‹W KoÎ brŒtj‰F Mjhu¦fis¤ jU»‹wd. xG¡f be¿fŸ bghŒ brhšYjš, ÂULjš k‰W© bfhiy brŒjš ngh‹w Áy éjkhd brašfis¤ jil brŒ»‹wd. Mdhš, tâf jªk¦fS©, jå kåj xG¡fK© é¤Âahdkhdit, ntW ntwhdit. ÏitfŸ mL¤j c£gFÂæš éth¡f¥gL»‹wd. 13.5 tâf jªk¦fŸ eh© c‰g¤Â, tâf© mšyJ nrit brŒÍ© ãWtdkhf ÏU¡fyh©. ekJ tâf© Á¿ajhfnth, eL¤jukhdjhfnth, mšyJ bgçajhfnth ÏU¡fyh«. Mdhš, tâf¤Â‹ j‹ikia¥ bghW¤J, Ϩj tâf©, mJ mila nt§oa Áy F¿¡nfhŸfis¡ bfh§oU¡F©. tUlhtUl©, tâf¡F¿¡nfhŸfis mil¨J, msÎ k‰W© yhg¤ÂY© tsª¨J, bt‰¿fukhd, k¡f¡Toa tâf¤ij cUth¡f, tho¡ifahsªfël© e©Ã¡ifia cUth¡» nkY© mÂf tâf thŒ¥òfis <ª¡f¡Toa bfhŸiffis¤ £lä£L mij¢ brašgL¤j nt§L©. nkY© bjhêyhsªfŸ ÂU¥ÂiaÍ©, g¦FjhuªfŸ ešy g¦F yhg¦fisÍ© bgW©goÍ©, tâf ãªthf© všyh tiffëY© tâf tiuaiwfis v£o kçahijia mila nt§L©. ešy tâf¡ bfhŸiffŸ, k‰W© tâf jªk¦fis¡ fil¥ Ão¥gJ, xU tâf¤Â‰F¢ rhjfkhd ešy ãiyia cUth¡F© vd¡ Twyh©. Ϩj tiffëš tâf ãWtd© k‰W© rKjha© M»at‰¿‰F r©g¨j¥g£l Áy éõa¦fŸ cŸsd. tâf© r£l £l¦fS¡F¡ Ñœ¥go¨J, v¨jéj ntWghL Ï‹¿, ãahakhd Kiwæš bjhêyhsªfis¤ njª¨bjL¤J mtªfŸ brŒÍ© ntiy¡nf‰w cça CÂa¤ bjhifia¤ junt§L©. mtªfŸ btë¥gilahd, všnyhU¡F© òçÍ©goahd bfhŸiffis¡ fil¥Ão¤J el¡f nt©L«. tâf¤Â‰F bt‰¿ia¤ ju¡Toa £l¦fis cUth¡» mitfis¢ brašgL¤JtJ tâf¤Â‹ nkšãiy ãªthf¤Â‹ (jå cçikahsª / T£Lçikahsª/ Ïa¡FeªfŸ FG) bghW¥ghF©. tâf¤ £l¦fis bt‰¿fukhf¢ brašgL¤j¤ Âwikahd, fLikahf ciH¡f¡Toa, neªikahdtªfŸ njit. gy bt‰¿fukhd tâf¦fŸ Ïa¦FtJ Vuhskhd FL©g¦fëš k»œ¢Áia¥ bgh¦f¢ brŒÍ©. nkY© Ïjdhš rKjha R‰W¥òw¢ NHš brê¥ghdjhF«. fhèæl§fis ãu¥òf 3
2) M¦»y¤Âš „etics‟ (jªk¦fŸ) v‹W miH¡f¥gL© thª¤ij --------v‹w »nu¡f thª¤ijæèU¨J njh‹¿aJ. Ϩj »nu¡f thª¤ij M¦»y¤Âš ----- (jäêš ---------- v‹W mª¤j© bfhŸs¥gL©. ÏJ ---------- k‰W© ----- r«gªj¥g£ljhF«. 3) (xG¡f«) „moral‟ vD« M§»y th®¤ij ---------.vD© Ïy¤Ô‹ thª¤ijæèU¨J njh‹¿aJ. Ϩj Ïy¤Ô‹ thª¤ij¡f --------(jäêš----------) v‹W M¦»y¤Âš mª¤j©) 4) k‰wtªfis --------- ---------- fil¥Ão¤J ãu¨jukhd Kiwæš ----- <£Ltijna tâf jªk¦fŸ vªghª¡»‹wd. 13.6 gæ‰Á 13.6.1 tF¥ò¥ gæ‰Á i) xU tâf¤ij el¤Jtj‰F¡ fil¥Ão¡f nt§oa K¡»akhd jªk be¿fŸ vit v‹W Ú¦fŸ fUJ»ÖªfŸ v‹gij xU FG fy¨Jiuahlš _y© myÁ MuhŒ¨J tçir¥gL¤jΩ. ii) Ëdª, c¦fŸ FG fy¨Jiuahlš _y© Ú¦fŸ f§LÃo¤j fU¤J¡fis¤ bjhF¤J tiua¥g£l xU és¡f m£ilia¤ jahç¤J, c¦fŸ tF¥Ãš mij midtU© ghª¡F©go kh£lΩ. 13.6.2 Å£L gæ‰Á i) jªk¦fŸ k‰W© xG¡f© v‹w vij¡ F¿¥ÃLtª? ii) xU ešy tâf ãWtd© fil¥Ão¡f nt§oa be¿Kiwfis vGJf. 13.7 bjhF¥òiu Ϩj¥ ghl¤Âš Ï‹iwa kåj rKjha¤Â‹ ãiyia étç¤j Ë, v¥go òÂa br©ikahd òÂa cyf¤ij neh¡»¢ bršy nt§L©. jªk¦fŸ k‰W© xG¡f© M»aitfë‹ és¡f¦fŸ M»ait RU¡fkhf és¡f¥g£ld. ÏWÂahf tâf jªk¦fë‹ gšntW nfhz¦fŸ ftå¡f¥g£ld. 13.8
Ra njªÎ édh¡fS¡F éilfŸ 1) rKjha¤Âš thœ»‹wd všy kåjªfë‹ brašghLfë‹ T£L¤bjhifna xU rKjha¤Â‹ j‹ik k‰W© Fz¤ij ãªzæ¡F©. vdnt Ϩj cyf¤Âš cŸs éõa¦fis kh‰¿¢ br©ik¥ gL¤j eh© éU©Ãdhš, Kjèš `vJ ešyJ, vJ bf£lJ ` v‹W Ãç¤J ghª¤J e©ik, eh© kh‰¿¡ bfhŸs nt§L©. 2) M¦»y¤Âš „Ethics‟ (jªk¦fŸ) v‹W miH¡f¥bgW© thª¤ij “Ethikos” (vÂnfh«) v‹w »nu¡f bkhê thª¤ijæèU¨J njh‹¿aJ. Ϩj »nu¡f thª¤ij M¦»y¤Âš „Character‟ (Fz«) v‹W mª¤j© bfhŸs¥gL©. ÏJ el¤ij k‰W© brašgL© Kiw r«gªj¥g£ljhF«. 3) (XH¡f«) „Moral‟ vD« M§»y th®¤ij „Moris‟ (nkhç°) vD« Ïy¤Ô‹ bkhê thª¤ijæèU¨J njh‹¿aJ. Ϩj Ïy¤Ô‹ bkhê thª¤ijæèU¨J njh‹¿aJ. Ϩj Ïy¤Ô‹ bkhê thª¤ij¡f habits (gH¡f¦fŸ) k‰W© customs ( tH¡f¦fŸ) v‹W M¦»y¤Âš m®¤j«. 4) k‰wtªfis ä¡f© têKiwfis¡ fil¥Ão¤J, ãuªjukhd Kiwæš yhg« <£Ltijna tâf jªk¦fŸ vªghª¡»‹wd. 4
13.9 ÏW édh¡fŸ 1) jåkåj‹ k‰W© rKjha© ÏiyfS¡»ilna `x‹nwhblh‹W Ïiz¨J thG© j‹ik` v›thW ÏU¡f nt§L© v‹gj‰F thG© cæçd¦fns ešy cjhuzkhF© - étç¡fΫ. 2) fšéæ‹ K¡»akhd flik vJ v‹W I‹«O‹ TW»whª. 13.10 TLjyhf¥ go¥gj‰F cjé¥ ò¤jf¦fŸ 1) nrh¥uh.o.1989 - clš ey¤ij cUth¡Fjš - jL¤jY¡f m¥ghš , äf¢ rçahd ãiyia neh¡» - »uh¥~l‹ ò¡«, fhè‹« 2) jhª.Ã.vš.k‰W© bfsª Mª.Mª.1992 éŠPhd© k‰W© kåj© - fhk‹ btš¤ g¥ëõª«, òJ šè. 3) ~Ã磰¢.o.n# 1995 - tâf jªk¦fŸ -bk¡ »uhïš - ãô ah®¡ 4) F¥jh.o.2006 Ïiz¡f¥g£l jªk¦fŸ - K‹Dçik k‰W© mo¤js© bu‹gh‹« ò¡« - òJ šè 5) Ãaª.n#.v¢. k‰W© mnah¤ah Ãurh¤ (Eds) 2000 ga‹gL¤j¥bgW© jªk¦fS¡F Xª K‹Diu - fh«nkh g¥ënfõ‹«, òJ šè. 13.11 brhšyfuhÂ.
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