ghl« - 4 mYtyf ãªthf¤Â‹ mo¥gilfŸ
myF x‹¿‹ _‹W ghl¦fëY© bjhlªò bfhŸSjè‹ gšntW nfhz¦fis¥ gæ‹nwh©. myF 2š mYtyf nkyh§ikia¥ g‰¿¢ RU¡fkhf¡ fh§ngh©. Ϩj my»‹ Kjš ghl¤Âš äf mo¥gilahd k‰W© K¡»akhd nkyh§ik¡ nfh£ghLfis¥ gæšnth©. Ïu§lhtJ ghl¤Âš mYtyf cŸ f£lik¥ò, Ïa¡f© k‰w© gÂntLfis ãªt»¤jš M»a nfhz¦fis cŸsl¡»a, eÅd mYtyf ãªthf¤Â‹ mo¥gilfis¥ g‰¿¡ fh§ngh©. Ϩj my»‹ _‹wh© ghl¤Âš fhy ãªthf¤Â‹ (Time Management) nfh£ghLfis¥ g‰¿¥ gæšnth©. 4.0 neh¡f« Ϫj ghl¤ij¥ go¤j ÃwF, ``ãWtd©`` g‰¿a fU¤J - mj‹ Áw¥ÃašòfŸ k‰W© ãªthf k£l¦fŸ (levels) g‰¿Í©. ``nkyh©ik & ãªthf©`` g‰¿a fU¤J, mj‹ Ïa¡f©, ãªth»fë‹ g¦F k‰W© ãªt»¡F© Âw‹ g‰¿¥ òç¨J bfhŸÅªfŸ 4.1 K‹Diu Ϩj¥ ghl¤Â‹ neh¡fkhd ãªthf¤Â‹ mo¥gilfis¥ g‰¿¥ òç¨J bfhŸs K‰gLnth©. ãªthf¤Â‹ Áw¥ÃašòfŸ, k£l¦fŸ, mj‹ Ïa¡f©, ãªth»æ‹ Âw‹ k‰W© ntiy EQ¡f¦fŸ M»a jiy¥òfŸ Ϩj¥ ghl¤Âš ml¦»ÍŸsd. mYtyf ãªthf© g‰¿ KGikahf¥ òç¨J bfhŸs ÏJ cjΩ. 4.2 ãWtd« (Organisation) ãªthf¤ij¥ g‰¿ m¿Í© K‹ ãªth»fë‹ ntiy g‰¿ m¿¨J bfhŸSjš mtÁa©. ãªth»fŸ ãWtd¦fëš ntiy òç»whªfŸ. Mifahš ãWtd© g‰¿ m¿¨J bfhŸSjš mtÁakh»wJ. ``ãWtd©`` v‹gJ xU F¿¥Ã£l gâia ãiwnt‰wtj‹ bghU£L gyª x‹W Toa xG¦fhªª¨j f£lik¥ò vdyh©. Ïj‹ bghUis¢ rçtu¥ òç¨J bfhŸs xU ãWtd¤Â‹ Áw¥ÃašòfŸ k‰W© k£l¦fis¥ g‰¿a m¿Î mtÁa« M»wJ. 4.2.1 ãWtd¤Â‹ Áw¥ÃašòfŸ gšntW tifahd, bgça k‰W© Á¿a ãWtd¦fŸ ÏU¥ÃD© všyh ãWtd¦fS¡F© ÑœfhQ© _‹W Áw¥ÃašòfŸ bghJthdit. F¿¡nfhŸ: xU ãWtd© cUthtj‰fhd fhuz© mj‹ bjhiy neh¡F, £läl¥g£l F¿¡nfhŸ mšyJ Ïy¡F Ït‰¿‹ _y© bjçé¡f¥gL»wJ. kåjts«:
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xU ãWtd« jdJ F¿¡nfhis mila, £läl¥g£l gâfis¥ ó®¤Â brŒa, mo¥gillahd njit kåjts©. mik¥ò: v¨j xU ãWtdK© m¨j¨j ãWtd¤Â‰F V‰wthW Xª mik¥ig cUth¡»¡ bfhŸs nt§L©. mJ m¦f gâòçnthç‹ g§òfis ãWtd¤Â‰F V‰wthW tiuaW¤J bkUnf‰w© éjkhf mika nt§L©. 4.2.2 ãWtd¤Â‹ k£l¦fŸ (levels): xU ãWtd¤Â‹ cW¥Ãdªfis Ïu§L éjkhf¥ Ãç¡fyh©. nk‰ghªit brŒÍ© bghW¥ò¡fŸ VJ© Ï‹¿ jd¡f Ïl¥g£l gâæid neuoahf brŒJ Ko¡F© bjhêyhsªfis Kjšãiy (Front-line) bjhêyhsª v‹gª. ãWtd¤Âš gâòçnthª¡F ntiyia ãªza© brŒ»wtªfŸ ãªth»fŸ (Managers) bghJthf ãªth»fis nkšãiy, Ïilãiy k‰W© fs¤Âš gâòçÍ© Kjš tçir (First Line) ãªth»fŸ vd tif¥gL¤Jtª. gâòçÍ© bjhêyhsªfë‹ m‹whl ntiyia ãªzæ¡F© bghW¥ò nk‰ghªitahsªfŸ vd¥gL© (first line managers) ãªth»æDilaJ. nk‰ghªitahsªfŸ mšyJ Kjš tçir ãªth»fŸ k‰W© nkšãiy ãªth»fŸ M»a Ïu§L k£l¦fS¡F© Ïilna cŸsJ Ïilãiy ãªthf©. Ϩj k£l¤ij¢ rhª¨j ãªth»fŸ Kjštçir ãªth»fisÍ©, bjhêyhsªfisÍ© nk‰ghªitæLtª. nkY© nkšk£l ãªthf¤Â‹ Ïy¡if¡ filãiy ãªth»fS¡F vL¤Jiu¤J Ïy¡if mila brŒÍ© bghW¥ò ÏtªfSilaJ. ãWtd cW¥ÃdªfŸ V‰f nt§oa bfhŸiffisÍ©, ãWtd¤Â‹ Ïy¡F F¿¤j KoÎfisÍ© vL¡f nt§oa bghW¥ò ca®ãiy ã®th»fSilaJ (m) nkyhs®fSilaJ. Ra nrhjid¡ nfŸéfŸ: 1) x›bthU ãWtd¤Â‰F© cŸs _‹w Áw¥ÃašòfŸ a) b) c) 2) ãªth»fis Ï›thW tif¥gL¤jyh©. a) b) c)
4.3 ã®thf«: ãªthf© v‹whš v‹d? kåj ts¤Â‹ cjéÍl‹ mtªfis¡ bfh§L gâia ãiwnt‰¿¡ bfhŸs© brŒyKiw vdyh©. Mdhš ÏJ Âw©gl M‰wš ä¡fjhf miktJ mtÁa©. 4.3.1 `Âw‹` k‰W© M‰wš (efficiency & effectiveness) Âw‹ k‰W© M‰wš g‰¿ étç¡f nt§oaJ mtÁa©. ``Ïl¥g£l ntiyia¢ rçtu¢ brŒjit`` Âw‹ vdyh©. 4.3.2 brayh‰wš v‹whš `` rçahd braiy¢ brŒÍ© M‰wš`` vdyh© xU ãWtd© Âw©gl, M‰wnyhL brašgl ãªth»fns bghW¥ghtª. ãWtd© M‰wš ä¡fjhf és¦f Âwik mtÁakh»wJ. Ïit Ïu§L© x‹iw x‹W rhª¨jit. vL¤J¡fh£lhf fâå g‰¿ gæ‰Wé¡F© fšÿç x‹¿š £lä£lgo ntfkhf¥ go¥goahf khztªfis Ï£L¢ bršy Ko¨j nghÂY©, njitahd 2
bjhêš EQ¡f¦fis¥ gæ‰Wé¡f éšiyahdhš, m¡fšÿç rçtu¢ brayh‰wéšiy v‹nw, TWnth©. ešy ãªthf©, caª¨j Âw‹ k‰W© caª M‰wnyhL bjhlªòilaJ. ãªthf© Áçæšiyahdhš, mJ ãªthf¤Â‹ Âwik¡FiwÎ, k‰W© M‰wš FiwnthL r©g¨j¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ. 4.3.3 ãªthf¥ gâfŸ: všyh ãªthf¤ÂY© ÑœfhQ© eh‹F mo¥gil¥ gâfŸ ãiwnt‰w¥gL©. £läLjš: Ïy¡if ãªza© brŒjš, Ïy¡if milÍ© têKiwfis, cgha¦fis cWÂ¥gL¤Jjš k‰W© gâfis xU¦»iz¤J¢ brašgl xU £l¤ij tiuaW¤jš M»ait £läLjèš ml¦F©. ãWtd© KGik¡F© caª ãªth»fŸ Ïy¡if ãªza© brŒtª. Ï£L¢ bršYjš: Ïy¡if mila¤ö§o, bjhêyhsªfŸ têel¤Â¢ bršYjš ãªth»¡F¤ njitahd Kj‹ikahd gâ EQ¡f© MF©. f£lik¤jš(xG¦fik¤jš) : gâfis tiuaW¤J, ah®, v¥gâia¢ brŒa nt§L© vd ãªza© brŒJ, ahª ahçl© tUifia m¿é¡f nt§L© ngh‹wt‰iw KoÎ brŒjš. filÁahf - f£L¥ghL: ãWtd© Ïy¡if mila mj‹ ntiy ôå£LfŸ xU¦»iz¨J K‹nd¿¡ bfh§oU¡»wjh v‹gij¡ f§fhâ¤jš. éU©Ãa gy‹ éisahj nghJ ãWtd¤ij¤ ÂU©gΩ rçahd ghijæš bfh©L tU« bghW¥ò ã®th»ia¢ rhU«. 4.4
ãªth»fë‹ ntiyæš cŸs bghJ¤ j‹ik: ãWtd¤Âš xUtª v¨j k£l¤Âš ÏU¡»whª v‹gij¥ bghU¤J ãWtd¤Âš mtª g¦»‹ K¡»a¤Jt© ntWgL©. Ïyhg¤Â‰fhfΩ, Ïyhg-neh¡fä‹¿Í© gâòçÍ© ãWtd¦fëY©, ãªth»fë‹ g¦F mndfkhf x‹Wjh‹. ãWtd¤Â‹ msit¥ bghW¤J nkyhsç‹ g¦F bghJ¤ Âw‹ (Generalist) thŒ¨jjh mšyJ Áw¥ò¤Âw‹ (Specialist) Toajh v‹gJ mikÍ©. všyh ãªthf¡ nfh£ghLfS© xnu khÂçahdit mšy. všyh ehLfëY© ãªthf¡ nfh£ghLfŸ bghJthdit mšy. ntWglyh©.
K‹dª všy éjkhd ãWtd¦fëY© ãªth»fë‹ ntiy bghJthdJ vd¥ ghª¤njh©. gâæ‹ K¡»a¤Jt© F¿¤J ãªth»æ‹ brašghL mikÍ©. Mf Kjšk£l ãªth»(m) nkyhsiu¡ fh£oY© caª nkyhsU¡F¤ £läL© gâ mÂfkhæU¡f©. mij¥nghš ãWtd¤Â‹ k£l¦fëš nkny efu, efu nkyhsª nk‰ghªitæLjèš brytê¡F© neu© Fiw¨J £läLjèš mÂf neu© brytê¡f nt©oaJ mtÁakhF«. všyh nkyhsªfŸ(m) ãªth»fS© £läLjš, KobtL¤jš, Ï£L¢ bršYjš xG¦fik¤jš, bkh¤j¡ f£L¥ghL M»a gšntW gâfisÍ© brŒtª. Mdhš x›bthU ntiyæY© xnu éjkhf neu© brytê¡f nt§oašiy. nkyhsç‹ ãªthf k£l¤ij¥ bghW¤J nkyh§ik¥ gâfë‹ rhuh©r© khW©. Ïyhg neh¡fKila k‰W© Ïyhg neh¡fäšyhj ãWtd¦fëY© ãªth»fŸ, £läLjš, Ï£L¢ bršYjš xG¦fik¤jš gâ¡f£L¥ghL M»a mid¤J ntiyfisÍ© brŒa nt§L© vd vªghª¡f¥gL»‹wdª. ãWtd© Ïyhg¤ij K‹å£ljhf Ïšyhj nghJ© éU©ò© gyid vªghª¡»wJ. 3
4.4.1 nkyhsª (m) ãªth»æ‹ fhy¥ g¦ÑL: xU ãªth» jdJ ãªthf k£l¤Â‰F V‰g¥ gšntW éjkhd ntiyfëš v›éj© neu¤ij ¥ g»®ªJ brytê¡»wh® v‹gij¡ fh§ngh©. caªãiy nkyhsª jdJ 25% ntiy neu¤ij¤ £läLjèš brytê¡»whª. Mdhš, Kjšk£l (first level Manager) nkyhsª jdJ ntiy neu¤Âš btW© 15% k£Lnk £läLjèš xJ¡F»whª. mij¥ ngh‹nw caªãiy nkyhsª 22% neu¤ij Ï£L¢ bršY© gâæš Kjšk£l nkyhsª jdJ ntiy neu¤Â‹ bgU©gFÂia mjhtJ 51%I gâahªfis¤ ö§o, C¡Fé¤J, Ï£L¢ bršY© gâ¡fhf xJ¡F»whªfŸ. 4.4.2
nkyhsªfŸ t»¡F© g¦F: nkyhsç‹ ntiy k‰W© mtª t»¡F© g¦F ãWtd¤Â‹ msit¥ bghW¤jJ. jå¤J, brhªjkhf, Ïyhg¤ij v®gh®¤J Ïa§F« ãWtd¤ij ÁW bjhêš ãWtd© v‹gª. Ï›tifæš 500¡F© Fiw¨j bjhêyhsªfns gâòçtª. Ï‹iwa bghUshjhu¤Âš fhyf£l¤Âš ntiy thŒ¥ò mÂfç¡f, fdlhéš K¡»a g¦F t»¥gJ ÁW bjhêš ãWtd¦fŸjh‹ v‹W Xª MŒÎ TW»wJ. bgça k‰W© ÁW ãWtd¦fë‹ nkyhsªfŸ ÏilnaÍŸs ntWghL mtªfŸ gâæ‹ éj¤ij¥ bghW¤jJ. ÁW bjhêš ãWtd¦fë‹ K¡»a¥g¦F, ãWtd¤J¡fhf¥ ngR© gç¨Jiuahsç‹ g¦F MF©. EfªnthUl‹ r¨Â¥ò t¦»fëèU¨J ã bg‰W¡ bfhŸSjš, òÂa thŒ¥ò¡fis¤ njLjš, kh‰w¦fis¤ ö§Ljš ngh‹w btë¥òw ntiyfëš mÂf neu¤ij Ϩj tif nkyhsªfŸ brytê¡f nt§oajhF©. Mf ÁW bjhêš ãWtd¦fëš nkyhsª bghJ¤ Âw‹ thŒ¨jtªfŸ. k‰bwhU òw©, bgça ãWtd¦fë‹ nkyhsªfŸ, v¨bj¨j ãWtd myFfS¡F v›tsÎ _y¥bghU£fŸ nghŒ¢ nru nt§L© v‹gij KoÎ brŒjš ngh‹W ãWtd© rhª¨j cŸKf¥ gâfëš ftd© brY¤Jtª. ÏU¨j nghÂY© bgça k‰W© Á¿a ãWtd¦fë‹ ãªth»fŸ xnu éjkhd gâfisna brŒ»‹wdª. ntWghL ahbjåš v›éjkhd gâ¡F v›tsÎ neu© brytê¡»‹wdª v‹gnj MF©. 4.4.3 nkyhs®fS« KobtL¤jY«. ãªth»fŸ KobtL¥gj‰F¤ njitahd m©r¦fŸ K¡»akhd Ãu¢idia¡ f§l¿jš bghU¤jkhd òŸë étu¦fis¢ nrfç¤J¥ ga‹gL¤Jjš jftšfis¥ òç¨J bfhŸSjš ԪΡfhf rçahd têKiwia¤ njª¨bjL¤jš ãªthf¤Âš xU bghJthd m©r© KobtL¤jš, Ïy¡if ãªza© brŒjš, ntiyia ãªza© brŒjš ahiu¥ gâæš mkª¤JtJ v‹W Ôªkhå¤jš, £läl¥g£lJ nghy ntiy eilbgwhj nghJ v¥go¢ brašgLtJ vd KobtL¤jš ngh‹wt‰iw všyh nkyhsªfS© brŒtª. MæD© Áw¨j ãªth»fŸ, K¡»akhd jiyaha Ãu¢idia¡ f§l¿¨J mJ bjhlªghd jftšfis¢ nrfç¤J m¤ jftšfis¥ ga‹gL¤Â Ãu¢id¡F¤ ԪΠfhQ© bghU£L¢ brašgl ešybjhU têæid¤ njª¨bjL¥gª. 4.4.4
nkyhsªfS© khWjšfS©: 4
khWjšfis¢ rkhë¤J ntiy brŒa nkyhsªfS¡F Ñœ¡fhQ© Áw¥ÃašòfŸ njit. KftªfŸ (Vb#‹£) kh‰w¤ij rkhë¡F©M‰wš ntfkhf kh¿¡ bfh§oU¡F© NHèš (ildä¡ v‹éuh‹bk‹£) gâòçÍ© M‰wš. tis¨J bfhL¤J, NHnyhL x¤J¥ nghF© M‰wš, Ïitna MF©. nkyhsªfë‹ Ïu§lhtJ bghJ¥gilahd gâ ahbjåš khWjšfis¡ ifahS© éj© Ï‹iwa bjhê‰NHèš khWjš xU éÂ. f£lha© éÂéy¡fšy. Mifahš bt‰¿fukhd, nkyhsªfŸ j¦fë‹ ãªthf Kiwæš khWjšfS¡F tis¨J bfhL¤J, x¤Âir¨J khWjšfis m¦Ñfç¥ghªfŸ. 4.5 nkyh§ik EQ¡f¦fŸ: všyh ãªth»fŸ (m) nkyhsªfS© äf mo¥gilahd nkyh§ik¥ gâfshd £läLjš, xG¦fik¤jš,Ï£L¢ bršYjš k‰W© f£L¥gL¤Jjš M»a eh‹»id brŒ»whªfŸ v‹whš nkyh§ik M‰wš btë¥gL© éjkhd jiyaha Ïl¦fŸ vit? 4.5.1 bghJ nkyh§ik EQ¡f¦fŸ: M‰wš äF¨j ãªth»fŸ ÑœfhQ© eh‹F bghJ EQ¡f¦fëš njª¢Á bg‰wtªfshf ÏU¡f nt§L©. E©z¿Î: Á¨Â¤J¢ brašgL© Âw‹ - fodkhd ãiyia¡ f©l¿ªJ, myÁ MuhÍ« kndhÂl«. jå kåj¤ bjhlªò bfhŸS© M‰wš: jå kåjuhfΫ, FGéY« Ãwiu¥ òç¨J bfh§L, mtªfS¡F m¿ÎW¤Â, C¡Fé¤J mtªfSl‹ nrª¨J gâòçÍ© M‰wiy cŸsl¡»atªfshf ÏU¡f nt§L©. všyh nkyhsªfS© bjhêš r©k¨jkhd Áw¨j m¿itÍ© njª¢ÁiaÍ© gâæl¤Âš ga‹gL¤J© bjhêš EQ¡f© m¿¨jtuhŒ ÏU¤jš nt©L«. rçahd bjhlªòfis tsª¤J¡ bfhŸs k‰W© ``gtª ng«`` vd¥gL© ``r¡Â js¤ij`` mik¤J¡ bfhŸsΩ ãªth»fS¡F muÁaš Âw‹ njitah»wJ. ešy muÁaš EQ¡f© m¿¨j nkyhsªfŸ, jh© brašgL© éj¤Âš, muÁaš EQ¡f¦fŸ m¿ahjtªfis¡ fh£oY© nk©g£L és¦F»whªfŸ. 4.5.2 nkyh§ik¤ Âw‹: xU nkyhsç‹ M‰wiy 50% ¡F© nkš és¡F© MW g§òfis MuhŒ¢Á f§l¿¨JŸsJ. ãWtd¢ NHiyÍ« (Resource) _y¥bghU£fis f£L¥gh£oš it¤ÂU¤jš. ãWtd¤Â‹ Ïy¡if¥ g‰¿a bjëthd k‰W© rçahd m¿é‹ mo¥gilæš _y¥bghUis¥ g‰¿ K‹T£o¤ £läL© fhy¤ij¡ flªj Phd«. xG¦fik¤jš k‰W© xU¦»iz¤jš: x‹iw x‹W rhª¨j, bjhlªòila ntiyfŸ ÏU¥Ã‹ mt‰iw¡ f§l¿¨J, xU¦»iz¨J gâah‰Wjš ãªth»fë‹ Áw¥g©rkhF©.
5
jftšfis¡ ifahSjš: ãªth»fŸ, Ãu¢idfis¡ f§l¿tj‰F, khW© NHiy¥ òç¨J bfhŸtj‰F k‰W© M‰wš thŒ¨j KoÎfis vL¥gj‰F¤ jftš k‰W© bjhlªò bfhŸS© rhjd¦fis¥ ga‹gL¤Jtª. tsª¢Á k‰W©M¡f«: ãªth»fŸ ãWtd¤Â‹ tsª¢Á k£Lä‹¿ bjhêyhsªfë‹ tsª¢Á k‰W© M¡f¤ÂY© ftd© brY¤Jgtª. bjhêyhsªfis C¡Fé¤J r¢ruÎfis¡ ifahS© Âw‹: C¡Fé¤jè‹W ntW Âiræš bršyit¡F© r¢ruÎfis¤ j骤J, bjhêyhsªfŸ e‹F gâ brŒÍ© éjkhf ãªth»fŸ e©Ã¡if jU© éjkhf C¡Fé¡f¤ bjçªÂU¡f nt©L«. Ïyhtfkhf¥ Ãu¢ridfS¡F¤ ԮΠfhQ« Kiw: ãªth»fŸ jh¦fŸ vL¡F© KoÎfS¡F¥ bghW¥ng‰W, jd¡F¡ ÑnH gâòçnthª KobtL¡F© EQ¡f¦fis¥ ga‹gL¤J»whªfsh v‹gij ftå¡F© ÂwikÍilatªfshŒ ÏU¤jš nt§L©. 4.5
ãªthf© brŒa bghU¨J© tifahd Áw¥gh‰wš: ãªthf¢ brašghLfŸ M‰wš äF¨jjhŒ mika¤ njitahd Âw‹ (m) EQ¡f§fis, Áw¥gh‰wš (competency) v‹»nwh©. m¿Î EQ¡f© k‰W© kndhght© m»at‰¿‹ bjhF¥ò `Áw¥gh‰wš` vdyh©. UK I rhª¨j Ïilãiy nkyhsªfŸ nrª¨J el¤Âa bgça MŒbth‹¿š ãªthf¤Â‹ brašghLfŸ g‰¿ myÁ MuhŒ¨J vL¤j KoÎfis mo¥gilahf¡ bfh§L ãªth»fë‹ Áw¥gh‰wšfŸ ahit vd¥ g£oaè£LŸsJ. ãªth»fŸ (m) nkyhsªfŸ j¦fŸ nriyæ‹ mšyJ bghUë‹ ju¤ij nk©gL¤j thŒ¥ò¡fis¡ f§l¿Í© tšytªfshŒ ÏU¡f nt§L©. _y¥bghU£fis ãiy¥gL¤Â¡ bfh§L, gâæl¤Â‰F neu¤Â‰F¡ bfh§L bršYjiy¡ ftå¡f nt§L©. £lä£lgo gâ eilbgw, gâæ‹ ÛJ© bryé‹ ÛJ© f£L¥ghL bfh§oU¤jš nt§L©. bryé‰fhd Ôªkhd¦fë‹ ãaha¤ij ãWél tšytªfshŒ ÏU¡f nt©L«. vªfhy¤Âš V‰gléU¡F© gâahsªfS¡fhd njitia¥ óª¤Â brŒa jF thŒ¨j gâahsªfis ãaä¥gj‰F mtªfS¡F bghU¨ÂæU¡f nt§oa Âw‹fis¡ f§l¿fjš nt§L©. Ïilãiy ãªth»fŸ: ãWtd¤Â‹ brašgh£oid nk©gL¤j, ãªth»fŸ j¦fë‹ Ñœ gâòçÍ© bjhêyhsªfis nk©gL¤j nt§L«. jå¥g£l éj¤Âš FGéš ÏU¨jthW k‰W© ãªth»fshf¢ brŒa nt§oa gâfis¤ £lä£L, g»ª¨J më¤J v›tsÎ ntiy el¨ÂU¡»wJ v‹gij¡ fz¡ÑL brŒjš nt§L©. e«Ã¡ifia ãiy¥gL¤Â, C¡fkë¤J gadë¡f¡ Toa g⤠bjhlªòfis c§Lg§â mt‰iw éçtila¢ brŒa nt§L©. KobtL¡f VJthf mikÍ© éj© jftšfis¢ nrfç¤J¥ ga‹gL¤j nt©L«. Ãu¢idfis¤ Ôª¡f jftšfis¢ nrfç¤J¥ gçkh¿¡ bfhŸsΩ T£l¦fis K‹dl¤jΩ k‰W© fy¨JiuahlšfŸ el¤jΩ nt§L©. 4.6.1 r¨ijæš nkyhsªfë‹ K¡»a¤Jt© 6
xU ãWtd© bt‰¿fukhf Ïa¦f ešy ãªth»fŸ cjé brŒtª. jtwhd ãªth»fŸ vªkiwahf¢ brŒJéLtª ãªth»fŸ bghW¥òfisÍ©, gâ¤ÂwidÍ© bghW¤J r«gsK« mÂf« bgW»whªfŸ. ešy nkyhsªfshš it¡nfhiyÍ© j¦fkh¡f KoÍ©. jtwhd nkyhsªfŸ neª vÂuhd ntiyia¢ brŒgtªfŸ. Kjš tçir¥ gâahsªfis él nkyhsªfS¡F ešy r©gs© ju¥gL»wJ. 4.6.2 ãªthf¤ij¥ òç¨J bfhŸs nt§oaj‹ mtÁa©: Fiwthd ãªthf© ãWtd¤Âš midtiuÍ© gh¡»wJ. nkhrkhf ãªthf© brŒa¥gL© ãWtd¦fŸ, bt‰¿fukhf tUtšiy. ešy nkyhsª gy fhuâfë‹ nrª¡if Ra nrhjid¡ nfŸéfŸ: 3) všyh nkyhsªfS© Ñœ¡fhQ© eh‹F mo¥gil¥ gâfis¢ brŒ»‹wdª. a) b) c) d) 4) xU M‰wš thŒ¨j nkyhsª Ñœ¡fhQ© EQ¡f¦fëš njª¨ÂU¡f nt§L©. a) b) c) d) 4.7 mYtyf nkyh©ik: ``Ϧnf jh‹ v¦nfnah it¤nj‹`` `` mJ r©g¨jkhf eh‹ Û§L© c¦fis¤ bjhlªò bfhŸ»nw‹`` ``v¦nf m¨j....?`` ngh‹w r©ghõidfŸ mYtyf¥ gâahs®fël« äfΫ ÃuÁ¤j«. Ïj mYtyf¤Âš EiH¨ÂU¡f© FH¥g¤Â‰F, m¿F¿. ÏJ ãWtd© KGtJ© äf ntfkhf¥ gut¡Toa itu« ngh‹wJ. xG¦»‹ik k‰W© FH¥g« Ïitæu§L© vç¢rš _£Ltdnt. bjhêY¡F© KjY¡F© äf¥ bgça bfLjš éisé¡f¡ Toait. xU vëikahd N¤Âu© brhštJnghš ``mÂfç¡F© FH¥g©, FiwÍ© yhg¤Â‰F¢ rkkh»wJ`` Mifahš Ñœ¡fhQ© nkyh§ik¡ nfh£ghLfis¥ ga‹gL¤Â FH¥g¤ij¡ f£L¥gh£L¡FŸ bfh§Ltu nt§L©. mYtyf ãªthf¤Â‹ m‹whl¥ gâtçir (routine) x‹iw mik¤J¡ bfh§L mjidbah£o¥ gâ brŒjš mtÁa©. m‹whl ntiyfis xG¦fhfΩ, vëjhfΩ brŒa xnuéjkhd gâbrŒÍ© Kiwia¥ Ëg‰w nt§L©. fh»j ntiyfisÍ©, mYtyf¡ fâå M»at‰iw¡ ifahs xU gâtçiria V‰gL¤Â¡ bfhŸs nt§L©. c¦fŸ mYtyf¤ÂwFŸ tU© fh»j¦fŸ clD¡Fl‹ rçgh®¡f¥g£L, jFªj elto¡if vL¡f¥g£L, nfh¥òfëš Óuhf it¡f¥gl nt§L©. khwhf nkiræ‹ ÛJ my¦nfhykhf Ïiw¨J »l¡f¡ TlhJ. mYtyf¡ fâåfŸ m›t¥nghJ rçghª¡f¥gl nt§L©. fâå r©g¨j¥g£l bghU£fŸ gGjil¨jhnyh, fâå gâòçjš jil¥g£lhnyh ahiu mQf nt§L©. v›thW ãiyikia¢ rç brŒJ bfhŸs nt§L© v‹gJ midtU¡F© bjç¨ÂU¡f nt©L«. bjëthf tiuaW¡f¥g£l bghW¥òfŸ: ešy mYtyf ãªthf©, ahª vj‰F¥ bghW¥ghë v‹gjid mYtyf¤Âš midtU© m¿¨ÂU¤jiy¢ rhª¨JŸsJ. bghW¥g¿¨J flikah‰wgtªfns j¦fŸ ntiyia rçtu¢ brŒtª. gÂntLfis it¤ÂU¨jš - ešy mYtyf nkyh§ikæ‹ äf vëikahd ntiy gÂntLfis it¤ÂU¤jš v‹gJ nghy gÂntLfis 7
it¤ÂU¤jš v‹gJ nghy njh‹W©. Mdhš gÂntLfëèU¨J jftšfŸ vëš »il¡F© tifæš, gÂntLfŸ guhkç¤jš m‹whl© rçghª¡f¥gl nt©L«. c¦fŸ mYtyf¤Âš fhyhw el¨J t¨J c£fhU¦fŸ- c¦fŸ mYtf¤Âš gâæl© rçahf ãªt»¡f¥gL»wjh? Ú¦fŸ el¨J bršY©nghJ fhš jt¿ éG©goahf¥ bghU£fŸ ÏU¡»‹wdth Ïšyhéoš v¨j¥ bghUisahtJ Ú¦fŸ R‰¿¡ bfh§L bršy nt§oa ãiy cŸsjh? Ú¦fŸ nki#æš c£fhU© nghJ trÂahf¥ gâah‰w VJthf cŸsjh? nkiræš bghU£fŸ gF¤j¿nthL mL¡» it¡f¥g£oU¡»‹wdth? c¦fŸ ntiy¡F¤ njitahd bghU£fŸ if¡bf£oa öu¤Âš cŸsdth v‹gij¥ ghª¤J¡ bfhŸS¦fŸ. Ï‹iwa mYtyf¦fëš gytifahd bghU£fŸ ãu©Ã¡»l¡»‹wd. ešy mYtyf nkyh§ik EQ¡f© v‹gš Ϩj¥ bghU£fis mÂf¥ ghJfh¥òlD«, mÂf¤ ÂwDlD« Ï« gh®¤J ÏU¤JjY« ml§»æU¡»wJ. 4.81 tF¥ò¥ gæ‰Á ntiy: 1) ãªthf© g‰¿a fy¨Jiuahlš x‹iw V‰ghL brŒJ ãªthf© v‹whš v‹d? v‹gš bjhl¦» ãªthf EQ¡f¦fŸ k‰W© ãªt»¡f Áw¥gh‰wšfŸ g‰¿Í© ciuahL¦fŸ. 4.8.2 Å£L¥ gæ‰Á: 1) ãWtd¤Â‹ gšntW éjkhd k£l¦fŸ ahit? Ïš nkyhsç‹ g¦Fg‰¿ étç, 4.9 bjhF¥ò: Ϩj¥ ghl© ãªthf¤Â‹ mo¥gilia¥ g‰¿ vL¤Jiu¤jJ. xU ãWtd© v‹whš v‹d v‹gij és¡»aË, ãªthf¤Â‹ mtÁa©, étç¡f¥g£lJ. ãªthf¤ Âw‹ k‰W© Áw¥gh‰wšfŸ, és¡f¥g£ld. ãWtd¤Âš gšntW k£l¦fS© mt‰¿‰F nkyhsª brŒtJ v‹d v‹gJ g‰¿Í© étç¡f¥g£lJ. filÁæš mYtyf nkyh§ik g‰¿ és¡f¥g£lJ. 4.10 Ra nrhjid nfŸéfS¡fhd gšfŸ: 1) x›bthU ãWtd¤Â‰F© _‹W mo¥gilahd Áw¥ÃašòfŸ a) F¿¡nfhŸ b)kåj ts« c) mik¥ò 2) nkyhsªfis Ï›éjkhf¥ Ãç¡fyh©. a) Kjš tçir nkyhsªfŸ b) Ïilãiy nkyhsªfŸ c) ca®ãiy nkyhsªfŸ 3) všyh nkyhsªfS© Ñœ¡fhQ© eh‹F gâfis¢ brŒtª a) £läLjš b) Ï£L¢ bršYjš c) xG¦fik¤jš d) f£L¥gL¤Jjš 4) xU M‰wš thŒ¨j nkyhsª ÑœfhQ© EQ¡f¦fëš njª¢ÁÍilatuhŒ ÏU¡f nt©L«. a) b) c) bjhêš EQ¡f¦fŸ d) xu§»iz¡F« EQ¡f« 4.11 filãiy¡ nfŸéfŸ: 1) KoÎfŸ vL¡f nkyhsªfS¡F njitahd ahit? 8
2) ãWtd¤Âš Ïil nkyhsªfë‹ g¦F v‹d? 4.12 nkny go¥gj‰F m¿ÎW¤j¥gL© nk‰nfhŸ / têfh£L© ò¤jf¦fŸ 1) r¢nth,v« k‰W© bksªah, v©.vš.2004 khnd{nk‹£ fh‹br¥£« k‰W© ¥uh¡o[« xŒ.nf.g¥ëõª«, M¡uh. 2) r¡nrdh, v°.4. 1999 `Ãìd« m£äå«£nuõ‹ m‹L khnd{bk‹£ rhï£a gt‹ g¥ënfõ‹«, M¡uh. 4.13 mU© bghUŸ és¡f©
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