periodical for the Building Technologist
67. Native resources
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RuMoer #67
RUMOER #67
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1st Quarter 2018 24th year of publication
Membership Amounts per academic year (subject to change): € 10,- Students € 30,- PhD Students and alumni € 30,- Academic Staff
Praktijkvereniging BouT Room 02.West.090 Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft Julianalaan 134 2628 BL Delft The Netherlands tel: +31 (0)15 278 1292 fax: +31 (0)15 278 4178 www.praktijkverenigingbout.nl rumoer@praktijkverenigingbout.nl Printing www.drukbedrijf.nl ISSN number 1567-7699 Credits Edited by: Pim Buskermolen Article editing: Pim Buskermolen Allard Huitema Layla van Ellen Linda Vos Hayley Bouza Amey Thakur Cover image: A Brick house: © AN Clicks RUMOER is a periodical of Praktijkvereniging BouT, student and practice association for Building Technology (AE+T), at the Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft (Delft University of Technology). This magazine is spread among members and relations. Circulation: The RUMOER appears 3 times a year, with more than 150 printed copies and digital copies made available to members through online distribution.
Single copies:
Available at Bouw Shop (BK) for 5€.
Sponsors Praktijkvereniging BouT is looking for (main) sponsors. Sponsors make activities possible such as study trips, symposia, case studies, advertisements on Rumoer, lectures and much more. For more info contact BouT: info@praktijkverenigingbout.nl If you are interested in BouT’s sponsor packages, send an e-mail to: finances@praktijkverenigingBouT.nl Copy Files for publication can be delivered to BouT in .docx or .indd, pictures are preferred in .png or .jpg format. Disclaimer The editors do not take any responsibility for the photos and texts that are displayed in the magazine. Images may not be used in other media without permission of the original owner. The editors reserve the right to shorten or refuse publication without prior notification.
Interested to join? The Rumoer Committee is open to all students. Are you a creative student that wants to learn first about the latest achievements of TU Delft and Building Technology industry? Come join us at our weekly meeting or email us @ rumoer@praktijkverenigingbout.nl
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CONTENT >Graduation project: Building on Mars<
General 4 A new board is installed! 6 Column: Local materials: how do they fit in the tendency of globalization? 54 BouT Studytrip: Bilbao 56 Events
Articles
>>An interview with David Peck about circular economy <<
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8 (tu delft) Circular economy an interview with David Peck 16 (abt) Natural simplicity for new Schiphol terminal 22 Building on Mars - Layla van Ellen 26 (tu delft) TERRA-ink: additive earth manufacturing for emergency architecture - Tommaso Venturini 32 (istudio architecture) A brick house Prashant Dupare 41 Designing residential buildings with low heat demand - Marc NicolaĂŻ 46 (BouT) Supernova: A space architecture symposium - Yufe Wong
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EDITORIAL Dear reader, As 3rd issue from my hands, this will be the last one in my responsibility. I will pass the torch to my successor: Valeria Piccioni, in whom I have total faith for this position. The Rumoer committee has had to say goodbye to Layla van Ellen, who reinforced the group for more than two years. We are happy to feature her graduation project in this issue. Once again, thank you for your valuable contributions and good luck with your working life! Luckily, also with the instalment of the new board, we had the pleasure of welcoming two new members. Welcome Valeria Piccioni and Erron Estrado to
our committee! T h i s i s o u r 6 7 t h p u b l i c a t i o n , N AT I V E RESOURCES. All articles are in some way related to this theme, whether it is about building on Mars or about additive manufacturing of earth. The magazine is a collection of articles from different fields and contains company articles, interviews, academic articles and graduation projects. Enjoy reading! Pim Buskermolen Editor-in-chief Rumoer 2017-2018
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A new board is installed!
Swing by our office and have a chat with us!
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Graduation Project
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The 2017-2018 board has just welcomed the new board of BouT. This year the team has two more members, which shows the growth of the Building Technology community at TU Delft. It is with great enthusiasm that this group of international students starts this new adventure! UJJWAL DAWAR Ujjwal received his Bachelor’s in Architecture from Navrachana University, India, with a Gold medal for excellence in academic work. He soon developed keen interest in construction technology and detail, which also led him to take part to several design competitions. As the Chairman of the board, he wants to ensure the growth of BouT and to facilitate connections between students and companies. ARJAN BOONSTRA Coming from a small town in the Netherlands, Arjan received his Bachelor of Architecture at the TU Delft. He is currently a student assistant for the department of Architectural Engineering + Technology and Chair of Education at BouT. Thanks to these positions, he can be an intermediary between staff and students, which is crucial for improving the quality of education. ALEX FALCON Alex was born in a small town in the north of Mexico, where he completed the Bachelor in Architecture. He then moved to Paris, where he developed a deep interest in digital design and robotic fabrication. Tu Delft Building Technology programme was the perfect fit for him to explore the diverse applications of technology. As the chair of Secretary and Finances, he aims at expanding the network of BouT, connecting companies and BT students. ERRON ESTRADO Coming from the Caribbean island of Dominica, Erron then moved to Miami, USA to complete a Bachelor in
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architecture. There, he developed a deep interest in technology and engineering during his studies and work experience. Thus, after graduating he moved to TU Delft to enroll in Building Technology. As the head of Media he aims to make BouT more visible and present online to the Delft community and the world. VALERIA PICCIONI Valeria was born and raised in a small town in central Italy. After graduating from high school, she moved to Milan and completed her Bachelor’s degree in Architecture in 2017. Her interest for detailing and sustainable design led her to pursue the Master’s programme in Building Technology at TU Delft. As the board representative of Rumoer, she aims at strengthening the bond between education and working life within the AE&T Department. SOFIA MORI Coming from Bologna, Italy, at the age of 19 Sofia moved to Turin to start her Bachelor in Architecture. Last summer she graduated at the Politecnico and soon she packed her stuff to move to Delft. Here she started her Master in Building Technology, as she felt the need to understand how constructions actually work. As the Events Board she wants to bring people together, giving them the chance to extend their knowledge and network. NIMMI SREEKUMAR Based in the UAE, Nimmi completed her Bachelors of Architecture with honors from Bangalore, India. After her studies, she worked as a designer on residential and hospitality projects in Dubai, which prompted her to learn about the technical and sustainable aspects of design. As board member of the study trip committee, Nimmi intends to carry out entertaining and formative trips to destination previously unexplored by BouT.
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Keeping up with the times A new logo for BouT by Ignace de Keyser
Through an official BouT logo design challenge, members were invited to put their creative skills to good use and design a new logo. Ignace de Keyser came up with the winning design. About his design he said the following: In an attempt to portray BouT as a contemporary and renewed association, a minimal logo design was proposed. The logo consists of three objects that outline the core characteristics of BouT. The bolt not only refers to the name of the association, but also displays the emphasis on exploring practical and technical solutions. The lightbulb represents the innovative motives and high-tech aspirations. The nut frames the bulb and bolt and symbolises the integration of the student association in education, the faculty, building companies and the build environment. The use of negative space underlines qualities such as efficiency, productivity and prudency.
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Local materials: how do they fit in the tendency of globalization Column written by Linda Vos
This column is planned to be the start of a series; to create some food for thought around the theme of each issue of RuMoer. This issue is called “Local materials” – but what actually is the position of a local building material within our globalised, internet driven society? Our ancestors - millenniums ago - built their first homes and settlements with the materials they found, and that they could transport with their own human power. Local building traditions are based on the availability of materials. The Dutch are renowned for their clay bricks, the Scandinavians for their wood, the Italians for their marble, etcetera. Over time - and catalysed by the industrial revolution - the challenge of transport became easier to handle. Globalization, a growing consumption society, and the invention called “internet” enable the human of today to get whatever they want, from wherever they want. Borders are vanishing, and we are constantly in contact with the other side of the world. However, I also notice a desire to go “back to basics”. Climate change screams to consume less and take care of our dear planet Earth. Concerning the building industry sustainability, zero energy, and circularity are terms heard
everywhere. Tiny houses, minimalism and tidying up gurus get more popular every day. Are we in a paradigm shift? Sailing away from globalisation and live more locally orientated? Or do we become contemporary nomads, with less possessions and more freedom of movement? Materialism might decrease in our daily lives; but never in the buildings that surround us. So, let us be conscious about the origin of the materials we use. For me, constructing the built environment with local materials, isn’t about location. Our earth doesn’t draw red dotted lines to indicate an area where local materials grow. It is about conscious choices – with the environment, economics and society in mind. Why importing wood from the other side of the world, when a forest full of trees grows a five-minute drive away? Why importing brand new steel skeletons, while a building constructed the same way is demolished at the other side of the street? Rethinking the system of retrieving our resources, that’s the future. Let’s think locally concerning materials, and let globalization be our friend helping to share these thoughts worldwide. Our global communication sources can help us to mine our materials out of our neighbours’ backyard.
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An interview with David Peck by Pim Buskermolen, Allard Huitema & Linda Vos
On the 31st of January 2018, we had the opportunity to do an interview with Dr. David Peck, currently a research fellow at the TU Delft and working at the faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department of Architectural Engineering and Technology. We had a very inspiring conversation, where we talked about history, the future, and the place technology took and will take in. And we talked about the greatest challenge humanity is facing right now: climate change.
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Š Marcel Krijger-Fotografie
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1. How did you end up at the AE+T Chair? I had a career in the aerospace industry. Some of the things I’ve done and still do, I build on knowledge I gained from my career in aerospace. then I did some time in business school to get my MBA. And then I joined TU Delft in Industrial Design Engineering, where I did my PhD. As my research was evolving, my focal area changed. Architecture and the Built Environment have a role as integrator of the big stuff. They map and change cities and societies. The focus I had on critical materials wasn’t quite getting the energy that I wanted. At the same time there was a lot of distance with energy generation. Here, when you’re talking about façades for instance, there are many possibilities for that. But you can’t just put some renewable energy on a wireless mouse. Other areas, such as product design for a circular economy, they are really strong in. So it is not that they’re doing it wrong, or are missing something, that’s not the case. Research changes as you evolve and who you need around you can shift. 2. How do the aerospace and building industry relate to one another? In aerospace there is more analysis to a deeper granularity than you typically get in the building industry. The products, the structure of the industry, the regulation around the industry, the culture of the sector, the challenges they face, are different. Unifying things: it’s engineering, it’s a tough business environment. Culturally too, there is a similarity, and it’s called: ‘betyour-company-culture’. What we get in the construction sector is: We are going to do something big, and it’s going to cost billions of euros, and if it goes wrong, we’re bankrupt. And it’s the same with aerospace. If Boeing introduces a new aircraft, it’s going to dominate the world they hope, but if it doesn’t, they are bankrupt. So there is something in the culture of high risk, lots of money. So that is similar, everything else is different. But there are pressures which occur globally, in all technology have to face similar challenges. One of them: sustainable energy
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generation, so taking carbon out of the planet and climate change. So that is one unifying issue. And I think, and many others; nations, organisations, - and you will agree with me - that materials is another. You start seeing case studies with different parts of the world, with the grand challenges of the 21st century. The solution to these grand challenges is multidisciplinary thinking. So, I’ve got to be careful being quoted here because I’m being recorded. Historically, working within the field - architects talking to other architects, or architectural engineers talking to other architectural engineers, won’t do it. You need other disciplines, and also other disciplines that are not taught at the TU Delft. We need behavioural thinkers, political people, lawyers to address these challenges together. The field of architecture and the built environment historically is a very proud sector. It is very proud of its traditions and very proud of its apartness. I could say, the idea of: ‘We are better’. And that is a good thing, because it gives a distinct culture in the field, but it also can be a challenge. When the answer to our problems is not being apart. Rumoer: The Building Technology track in a way is already the connection between architecture and engineering isn’t it? I agree, and that’s a Venn diagram kind of thing where it’s going over into engineering, and sustainability is a big topic as well. So I feel quite optimistic here.
Culturally too, there is a similarity, and it’s called: the ‘bet-your-company-culture’
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3. What is your stance towards circularity in the building industry? For any system that you feed data in, you obtain data out. The whole system relies on how good your data is. The current, predominant system in business and industry is what we call a linear economy: we use loads of energy and fossil fuels to produce materials. We process them into other materials, turn them into products, use them, and throw them away. That is also what we teach. New buildings are built all over the place and old ones are being demolished. However, there is a lot of reuse of materials. Some of these materials are used in bedrock for roads. It is a symptomatic feeling of ‘new is good’ and ‘reused is not good’. We need to challenge this. In terms of remanufacturing, for instance, reused products are better than new. And how did it they get better then? Because they use less energy, less primary material - which also means less energy and emission. That makes it better. 4. What is in your opinion the most important transition the building industry is facing in the process of becoming sustainable? Managing our environment, that’s a big narrative in the Netherlands, and making sure we don’t get wet and drown. And at the same time working out how to go far afield and do what we want to do. There tends to be a big idea of ‘tech will fix it’. Engineering, technology and science will find solutions for things. I think that’s under a lot of tension with what I call the ‘limits to growth’ idea. There will be ten billion people on this planet needing a rate of consumption of all different things, emitting all types of waste into the ground and into the air which we know are going to be very difficult to manage. ‘We’re going to run out of stuff like oil. Actually we’re not ‘cause we can go fracking. Oh so tech fixed it, didn’t it? Oh no we got a load of emissions, so that’s the climate. Oh but I’m sure we’ll get an emission eating machine.’ Rumoer: That’d be nice.
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There’ll be a tech thing, and that’ll fix it. Maybe because of the idea of the Deltawerken in the 50s: ‘We can stop those terrible floods because tech will fix it.’ In fact, my view is: You need both. So you need to sit back and say: I think we’re going to struggle with whatever tech. Sometimes tech can even make it worse.
There tends to be a big idea of ‘tech will fix it’. I think that’s under a lot of tension with what I call the ‘limits to growth’ idea. 5. How do you see the responsibilities of involved parties such as: architects, engineers, government etc.? We know the planet has boundaries. We are gonna have to make choices. And then the conversation gets very difficult. What choices do we make? Why do we need to make them? Who is gonna make those choices? The industry makes them now. The world is dominated by a capitalist free-market economy principle. Governments have successively stepped back. The market will decide. The role of the government is just the form or framework: you can do this, you cannot do that. But I do have some signs of optimism where the Dutch government is beginning to understand: “I don’t think the old show can go on in the same way anymore.” How do we go from what we have done since the industrial revolution? We are in the tail end of the industrial revolution. It is almost over. And that is a shock. What I noticed from observing the literature, when it comes to the role of government in decision making: in the case of Britain during wartime, they did not totally close down the private sector. The government directed
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The Netherlands has always looked globally and that’s our strength. If we go into the Delft city centre, and we look at the old buildings and say “where did the money come from for all of this? Who paid this guy Vermeer to do his paintings?” And then we look at the paintings and we’ll get the clues. If you look at a Vermeer painting, do you know what’s sometimes in the background? There’s a famous one where the curtain is being pulled back (De Schilderkunst ca. 1666-67), and an artist is painting the lady. There’s loads and loads of Vermeer paintings, but there’s often something in the background. It just looks like background scenery, but on the wall there’s often a map. In that period then, putting a map on the wall was common. But having maps available in quantity was new. Before that period, maps were poorly drawn. And the idea of looking vertically down from up above and saying: this is how the street plan looks, this is how the coastline looks, this is how the river goes, and actually getting it quite accurate doing scientific engineering measurements, was all the rage! The other thing that was getting more attention, was scale; street, city, country, whole region. And who invented it? Where are you all from? Are you all Dutch? Well there you go, it was developed in the Netherlands. The word atlas was a Dutch word from the ‘Netherlandish school of cartography’. The king of England paid a fortune for a book that was about the size of this table which was an atlas, because nobody had ever seen this, looking from down above. Why did they do it? They did it for trading and business. Why did Vermeer have it in the background? Because it paid respect to those who were paying him to do the paintings? When you had a map on the wall you demonstrated: This is what I know, this is where stuff is, this is where my ship comes in, this is how I get stuff up on the canal, this is how we test it, this is where we sell, this is why I am rich. And I can pay this Vermeer chap to paint ten pictures for me.
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De Schilderkunst by Johannes Vermeer © Wikimedia
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the companies in their strategic mission. The government provides the finance and supplies them with materials. And the government says at what price they are gonna sell it. Now that was an extreme situation in war. But I find it an interesting case-study to start asking questions about the future. Because if we just cannot have all the materials we want when we want it, who is gonna make the decisions? The way the private sector is currently constructed, entails some struggles. It will want help. It is going to want governments to say: “We are in charge, we are gonna help here, we are gonna sort this out.” I hope we avoid this situation, because it is very difficult in terms of economic freedom. What we would like to see is more planning. And also way more activity in the private sector. One thing governments can do to help companies; governments buy about a fifth in terms of spend. You look surprised about that, but are you really surprised? Because I can walk you down here (from the Faculty of Architecture red.) for kilometers; and everything you see here on this campus is probably paid for by the government. The new tramline, all new buildings, everything in this room, etc. In terms of the built environment, it is massive. If you want to go out as an architect and do big public buildings; the governments will pay for interesting things to be done. Public sector procurement circular is the way to go; now that is a different thing from a regulation. Because there you are telling the industry that you want them to change, and “we got a big pot of money here that we need to
spend”. “Alright, sorry, how do we need to change?”. And that is a totally different incentive; and that is the same in society as well: “we want to bring your energy bills down”. If you make the wrong choices, you will pay more taxes. So people are in charge themselves, they decide how they want to spend their money. I would encourage this way, because it would kick-start projects to happen; and they are already happening - that is a positive thing. It moves away from the need of more regulations and the government telling what you can and can’t do. But they can incentivise and give choices. However, it is easy to say, but not easy to do - for the government, companies and society. And it does take time. Time is the one problem we have. In an ideal world, we would have 50 to 100 years. If we think about the industrial revolution that took 200 years now. But we don’t have 200 years. Rumoer: Who is going to be the decision maker? Who will pull the strings? Brains on legs. It is gonna take everyone, it isn’t somebody telling us what to do. Knowledge, science, engineering, information that is key. Knowing and understanding more, that is key. Lots of good work is going on, especially in Europe. I think the European Union is really playing a key role in this. I see the Dutch government mirroring and develop strategies and ideas. I think, companies, they get a hard time. They look short time; it is in no boss’ interest, to sit there and lay the seeds for the destruction of their company. In terms of education and learning, there is you
This is not a little bit of recycling what we are talking about here. This is turning the field on its head. It’s going to be completely different. 14
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guys. And I call you the 2038 opportunity. By the time you are in a serious decision making capacity - whenever you are in the industry or in academia or the government - it is going to be about 2038. So that’s good for 2038; I am curious who we got now, who are in those position and who we need to help with our skills and knowledge in the next 5 years. 6. What is the role of education in this transition? At the moment, I guess you don’t get taught much about this.To put it bluntly, the curriculum of this university is currently not fit for purpose. But circularity is starting to come in the curriculum. However, it is not to say that everything what we do and what we know is rubbish. For example, architecture is design, it is to make a statement. And to demonstrate your design capabilities. You cannot do architecture properly just talking about reusing stuff. But actually, that’s the question. And I am asking myself that question. Where does the field go and how does it develop? 20 years ago, renewable energy was a niche. Now, we need to incorporate this in the city and in our buildings. When we look at a discipline like architecture, it doesn’t take long before you start thinking: “This is not a little bit of recycling what we are talking about here; this is turning the field on its head. It’s gonna be completely different. How we do things, what we do, where we do it.” Rumoer: So, we also need a transition at university. Who is going to tell who to change in this faculty? We have leadership in the university, in the faculty, in the departments. Personally, for the most part, I am not worried about that. Most people have the understanding, the vision, the knowledge to make that decisions. The only question we can always ask is “how much, and how fast?”. We are sitting here talk about this, you are asking me questions, and I give some thoughts, that is a positive sign. 10 years ago this conversation was not happening, and it has happened a lot in the last three years. You are asking me about critical materials and circular economy
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and stuff. Human can do amazing things really quickly, quicker than we think. We think we are slow, but if the need is there we can do anything fast. We are just supercomputers. I do believe in that; especially in you guys. Do I think it is going to be easy? No. Do I think it makes the second world war? It’s bigger than that, it is way more complicated in terms of challenge. It is unparalleled in human history, we never had such a big challenge. Which also makes it quite exciting; you can figure this out and solve all this. 7. Innovations in the field of renewable energy often require (several) critical materials. What is your opinion on material use within those innovations, with an eye on both the positive and negative impact the innovations can make? We were talking about smart materials. Smart materials in smart buildings. Everything will be smart in the end. Even what seems like throw-away items now, will become smart. However, what materials are being used to deliver all this stuff? The usual tech materials. But to generate these materials, you need energy as well. Has anyone done the math? Has anyone worked this out? “No, I’m sure tech will fix this.” I hope you are right. And is the math ever done? Yes, it is. It is done quite regularly by really great scientists. Different fields of disciplines, material scientists, industrial ecologists, energy experts, experts on recycling, flow analysis of materials stocks and flows. They are trying to understand where are we gonna see bottlenecks. That work goes on. Is it comprehensive? And does it count up all material and all technologies? No. There are still areas of high uncertainty. 8. When will the first material transport from space take place? Do you feel it is going to happen? So, the question that you’ve got is: you have resources on this planet, and that is causing us problems on this planet - extracting those resources and using them. Could/ should we then go elsewhere to extract and use resources
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and bring them back to earth? That leaves me with a lot of questions. There are some moral and ethical ones: we haven’t so far discovered life on mars for instance. So everything we do cannot destroy life as it isn’t there. We would however change the environment there; and we know human are very good at creating a real mess wherever they go. So they could change the environment completely. Then you ask the moral question; shouldn’t we do that there instead of on our planet earth? Well yeah, yes, no... And, how much energy and materials do we need to go there and to come back. And, if we go there, we can do more and get more stuff - is that a step forwards, is that a sensible strategy? So it leaves many questions. Rumoer: But is it a possibility? The question “Does technology allow us to do anything we like?”, gets the answer “Give it enough time and pretty much anything we like can happen”. Actually to conclude, the big thing that troubles me and puzzles me, is that we are dominated - and your questions are dominated as well - by “can we?”. “Can we go to mars?”, “Can we make this?”, “Can we do this?”. The answer we constantly find is “Oh we can do anything”. Another question I’m asking is: “What should we do?”. Should is very different from can; can can be addressed by technology, should is a much more complicated, more ethical and philosophical decision. Engineers and scientists are not like that so much, they are like “leave me alone and see what I can do”. The should-question is going to be dominating. 9. One final question to conclude: do you have any advice for us as future engineers? I think we covered it, everything I just said [laughs David Peck]. I would say actually, don’t just keep asking “what can we do?”, but “what should we do?”. And do you also remember the tension I said between “tech will fix it”
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versus “limit to grow”; that’s also part of the should. Rumoer: Is that something for us as engineers; a more moral role? More and more and more. That should also be more integrated in the education. There are already some ethics courses; but I think it will be a lot bigger. Engineers and scientists don’t operate in a vacuum, they operate in society. Those moral and ethical decisions are very hard, and we are not prepared for that. And there is no right answer; and there is no one person that can make the decisions. And decisions can change, the dynamics as well. That’s the key thing I would advice, explore the “what should we do?”.
Engineers and scientists don’t operate in a vacuum, they operate in society. Future publication: 1. Creating Sustainable Value through Remanufacturing: Three Industry Cases. Corresponding Author: Jonas Jensen, Co-Authors: Sharon Prendeville; Nancy Bocken; David Peck. Journal of Cleaner Production, Submitted for consideration Oct 2017. 2. Material Scarcity Policy in Europe; the Essential Role of Government in the Past and Lessons for Critical Materials Today, David Peck, Conny Bakker, Prabhu Kandachar, Timo de Rijk. Journal Sustainability, Paper in preparation.
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As a TU Delft Senior Research Fellow, David Peck, researches and teaches in the field of circular built environment and critical materials. David works in the faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department Architectural Engineering and Technology. His research objective is the development of a knowledge framework for a circular materials economy, that enables the circular design of future cities and buildings. David is also a visiting Professor with Coventry University and an adjunct Professor at MIP Politecnico di Milano, Graduate School of Business, both roles on circular cities and critical materials. David is the TU Delft lead for the pioneer university status with the Ellen MacArthur Foundation for a circular economy. He is the TU Delft lead manager for a Horizons 2020 project, ProSUM - Prospecting Secondary raw materials (Critical Materials) in the Urban Mine and mining waste and the recently completed H2020 project, ERN â&#x20AC;&#x201C; European Remanufacturing Network. David is the TU Delft representative for the EU KIC EIT Raw Materials (sustainable exploration, extraction, processing, recycling and substitution). He leads a number of projects in this 2 bn Euro programme that has a focus on circular and materials.
Š TU Delft, photo by Job Jansweijer
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Render exterior new terminal Š Filippo Bolognese
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Industry article
Natural simplicity for new Schiphol terminal Article written by ABT
Schiphol is growing and needs more space for travellers and aircraft. A new terminal can welcome around 14 million travellers each year. The winning design for the terminal was created by KL AIR, a group consisting of KAAN Architecten, Estudio Lamela, ABT and Ineco. Light artist Arnout Meijer Studio, DGMR and Planeground were also involved. The design reflects what Schiphol stands for: practical, functional and stylish. It is also sustainable.
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Schiphol will open its new terminal in 2023. It will be located to the south of Schiphol Plaza and will be fully integrated in the existing airport. Schiphol is thereby retaining its ‘One terminal concept’: the airport isn’t a collection of pretty much free-standing terminals, but a compact unit that has all its facilities under one roof. The future-proof design helps to create a positive travel experience, offers an excellent travel process and contributes to the airport’s sustainability ambitions. Functionality priority Functionality takes priority. Every day, an average of tens of thousands of travellers need to find their way through the terminal from or to their aircraft, but how do they do that as efficiently as possible? KL AIR put the traveller’s experience first: plenty of daylight, all the space they need to move about and a clear layout – all have a calming effect on travellers. There’s no need to ask where they need to be or what to do, as it’s obvious. Marco van der Ploeg, advisor at ABT, explains: “Check-in, for example, has been raised to mezzanine level, which is home to the security checks too. It makes things clear: on the ground floor, you’re simply visiting the airport, whereas on the higher floors, you are a traveller.” Natural simplicity The terminal is one large space without any columns or obstacles, so travellers are able to see the next step of their journey at all times. “This helps you to orientate and puts you in constant contact with the outside world. It’s actually possible to experience the Netherlands already from the terminal, because you can see the clouds and look outside.” An ingenious light plan by light artist Arnout Meijer ensures that travellers who are airside are gradually able to adjust from the time zone they’re
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currently in. Two green patios also make travellers feel at ease. “We have opted for natural simplicity”, summarises Marco. “Even in the design of the facilities. We have created an integrated roof, for example, which stows all the installation technology neatly away.”
The magnificent sweep of natural light into the terminal doesn’t just enhance the experience, but it also almost negates the need for energy to power the lights Sustainable An integrated team, consisting of representatives of the partners involved, developed the winning design on site at KAAN in record time. ABT advised on the installations, the construction, the geotechnical engineering, the building physics, the sustainability and the plan of approach and associated methodologies. A large number of measures make the terminal sustainable. For example, the magnificent sweep of natural light into the terminal doesn’t just enhance the experience, but it also almost negates the need for energy to power the lights. The patios help to provide clean air and rainwater is recycled. The energy generated by solar panels is stored in a smart grid first, rather than being converted from direct current to alternating current straight away. Both Schiphol and visitors are able to use this energy straight from the smart grid, to charge their smartphones, for example. The new terminal boasts excellent insulation and careful consideration has been given to ventilation.
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Render interior entrance hall Native resources RuMoer #67 Š Beauty & The Bit
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Illustrations © Filippo Bolognese Left: interior render visitors lounge Top right: exterior render entrance new terminal Bottom right: interior render travellers area
Economical with materials The structure is also sustainable, firstly because that allows the space to be laid out in a flexible manner, thereby also making it future-proof. The use of materials is also particularly striking. Marco explains: “We are minimising the quantity of necessary materials. For example, advanced calculations have enabled us to use less steel in the roof structure. We have also opted for natural, recyclable materials with low CO2 emissions. The floor, for example, is partly made of wood, which is rather unique in an airport. Another benefit is that if a repair is required, Schiphol is able to do it quickly and locally.” For ABT, the new terminal is far from their first project at Schiphol, explains Marco. “But each time, we are proud to be able to work for our national airport. We continue to get an enormous kick out of building for the Netherlands and playing our part in creating the Schiphol of the future.”
“We have opted for natural, recyclable materials with low CO2 emissions. The floor, for example, is partly made of wood, which is rather unique in an airport. ”
ABT is one of Praktijkvereniging BouT’s sponsors. Interested in the company? Read more about them below or check out the website www.abt.eu At ABT, we push the boundaries and we deliver on that. Our approach is one of think-act, from sketch to prototype. We develop ideas with designers, create engineering solutions and deliver results in close cooperation with suppliers – with passion for technology. Our engineers master the fields of structural design, civil engineering, executive architecture, building physics and MEP. More than that, we collaborate to achieve a design based on one paradigm only ‘best for project’. Today, ABT is a full project organisation, with simple and clear responsibilities. Lean and focused on delivering a project for and with our partners and clients – with whom we share risks and rewards. We take our responsibility seriously; we are and want to be accountable. Together with you, we want to push the boundaries of innovative and integrated design: creating tomorrow’s world today.
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Building on Mars:
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Research on In-Situ Resource Utilisation for a sustainable habitat
Graduation by Layla van Ellen
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Building on Mars Currently, the possibilities of sending humans to Mars are being developed. This ambitious and exciting goal demands a broad range of new technologies, innovations and a fresh view on current challenges we are facing on Earth. This also applies to the field of Architectural and Building Technology.
this much water is heavy and therefore costly to transport from Earth, local materials are used. This process is called In-Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU). Other challenges are the extremely low temperatures (ranging from 20 °C to -153 °C) and the ultra-fine dust found on the surface of Mars.
For humans to go to Mars, a number of challenges need to be overcome. First of all, strong ionizing radiation is present on the surface of Mars and proper shielding is required. A great shielding material is H2O, however a thickness of at least 325mm of H2O is still needed to effectively shield. As
Based on these considerations, the research question was formulated: Which in situ materials and forming techniques are suitable to create an outer shell for a sustainable habitat on Mars which protects the crew from the harsh Martian environment?
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Native resources Sustainability As it was stated in the research question, this research focusses on the need for building a sustainable habitat. Sustainability on Mars is defined as being as independent as possible from Earth, considering the communication delay (22 min), the travel time (at least a few months) and the scarcity of “launch windows”, which occur only once every 26 months. Therefore, being sustainable and thus independent from Earth is vital on Mars. This aspect is related to the classification of habitats ranging from Class I to Class V; with Class V being the most independent from Earth. However, the technology for a Class V habitat is not mature yet and most habitat designs are currently Class III. This research aims for a sustainable design situated between Class III and Class IV. This aim is leading for the research and results in a focus on the use of in-situ resources (ISRU), which are, local materials.
Ice and snow have both been used for years as building material in arctic regions here on Earth. The most famous example is the igloo which is built by hemispherically stacking snow blocks. Other structures include ice hotels and palaces. However, these structures are all temporary and their form freedom and maximum span are limited. New experiments are researched by the TU Eindhoven to create larger structures with wider spans using pykrete. Pykrete is ice which has been reinforced by wood pulp which allows greater structures to be built. As wood is not found on Mars, the ice should be reinforced using available local materials. Hence, a number of experiments were performed to test the feasibility of using ice as a building material on Mars. These included a mixing test, a melting test and a compressive strength test. The experiments were done using different variables and environments. The
Figure 1. An ice specimen with 15 ppt of NaCl during a compressive strength test at -70 °C. Experiment C 25000 20000
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Building with ice Literature study shows that ice provides an excellent shield against radiation. Moreover, ice is widely present on Mars under the rocky surface at various depths; locally ice is found already at 30 cm beneath the surface. The ice found on Mars is H2O containing different types of salts like sodium chloride.
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results for all three tests were the same: the addition of sand (analogue for Martian regolith) or plastic (mission recyclable) does not enhance the building properties of ice. However, adding sodium chloride salt does improve the overall building properties. The outcome of the experiments indicates that up to 15 ppt of NaCl increases
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Native resources the compressive strength from an average of 1 MPa to 4 MPa. A higher percentage of sodium chloride does not lead to a further increase of the compressive strength. The experiments also indicated that the colder the testing environment (up to -70°C), the higher the compressive strength of the NaCl ice is. The warmer the environment (up to +25°C), the more ductile the NaCl ice behaves. A further challenge to building a habitat on Mars is that it has to be built semi-remotely. This research singles out the use of robotic technology, which can perform all tasks necessary to build the habitat, ranging from mining the ice to assembly the building. A short analysis indicates that the use of additive manufacturing has great potential for the assembling of the building. Preliminary studies and experiments have been conducted on additive manufacturing techniques for sodium chloride ice. The main outcome is that the ice structure has a greater overall strength due to the freezing of the ice layer by layer. This technique also offers the advantage that the structure is repaired during the building phase as the water fills the possible cracks, and then expands upon freezing, creating a stronger structure. The experiments also indicated that the ice freezes at a much faster rate than it will sublimate, complying to the strict building time requirements set by the mission design. ICE FREEZING RATE 1200 1000
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Figure 3. Different ice specimens after testing. The upper specimen contains 0 ppt of NaCl; the middel specimen contains 10 ppt of NaCl and the bottom specimen contains 15 ppt of NaCl. The break forms a cleaner cut as the NaCl content increases.
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Figure 5. Design location: Jezero crater. Large amounts of salt ice are believed to be present close to the surface (between 30 cm 100 cm) under the regolith. The daily temperature varies from -13 °C around midday to -83 °C at night. Image source: NASA/JPL.
Figure 6. The “Ice Hab” is formed using two different techniques for two different ice walls: one using AM and the other filling an ETFE inflatable membrane with water. The first wall will serve as an on site experiment to increase its TRL (Technology Readiness Level).
The ”Ice Hab”
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Finally, a habitat has been designed to assess if the technological findings are useful and comply with the overall habitat requirements. The “Ice Hab” uses two different techniques of building with ice to comply with both the sustainability requirement of a Class IV habitat and the redundancy requirement. The first technique using additive manufacturing is almost completely independent from Earth materials. The other one uses an inflatable membrane filled with ice to prevent the ice from sublimating into the atmosphere. Overall, the habitat design complies well with the requirements. Future studies will also have to deal with the power needed to build with ice, as the design currently exceeds the requirements.
This research answered the main research question by discovering a new potential building material, sodium chloride ice, as well as a specific technique to process the ice via additive manufacturing. Further research is needed to determine the viability of those results. Nevertheless, a strong base is laid to further investigate building with salt-ice; to overcome this decade’s huge challenge of building a habitat and safely sending humans to Mars.
Layla van Ellen has always been fascinated by sustainability, innovation and materialisation throughout her studies. She just graduated (February 2018) from the Building Technology master at TU Delft with the topic of Building on Mars: research on In-Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU) for a sustainable habitat. She is now looking for opportunities to continue research within her graduation topic.
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TERRA-ink: additive earth manufacturing for emergency architecture by Tommaso Venturini
Several reasons lead to advocate the use of local materials in various circumstances. The utilization of natural local resources complies with sustainability principles, by reducing the energy required for transportation. The advantages may increase when local materials allow for an easy re-use and recycling strategies. Within this general concern, this research focuses on the use of materials and innovative building systems for emergency architecture. Today, emergency architecture became a topic of high priority. According to the UNHCR, the number of people displaced worldwide due to natural disaster and military conflicts reached the highest level since World War II. However, housing emergencies are characterized by a high economic impact and waste production, and a low adaptability to location-based needs. Focusing on temporary shelters for the transition period between emergency accommodation and permanent housing, TERRA-ink addresses new construction methods that allow for time and cost efficiency based on local materials, but also for flexibility to adapt to different contexts.
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3D-printed soil for temporary shelter TERRA-ink aims to develop a method for layering local soil, by implementing 3D printing technologies. With the aid of such a construction system, the goal is to create durable structures that can be easily de-constructed once they served their purpose. The use of locally sourced materials in combination with additive manufacturing is investigated aiming at reductions in financial investments, resources and human labor, as well as at simplified logistics, low environmental impact and adaptability to different situations and requirements. Such a building system has the potential of combining low and high-tech technologies, in order to facilitate a fully open and universal solution for large scale 3D-printing using any type of soil. An emergency response is usually organized and divided in separate phases. The first phase aims at providing emergency solutions for accommodations and other immediate needs; tents are usually the most common accommodation in this case, since they are the fastest solution to build and set up. A temporary shelter is meant to
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Native resources respond to an intermediate phase, to facilitate the transition from emergency accommodations to permanent housing solutions. As such, a temporary shelter can be defined as a dynamic process more than a final product; it should be adaptable over time and easy to deploy and dismantle. In this context, the potential of using local soil as building material are evident. Soil is the most common raw material, available in almost every region of the world. It is a material easy to transform and to work with, the ideal solution when utilized for temporary structures able to adapt over time. Precedents show that earth building can stand for centuries when properly designed and maintained. On the other hand, they can be equally easy to dismantle once they are no longer necessary. The material is natural and fully recyclable, and it can simply return to be part of its surrounding environment generating no waste. Material In order to reduce the need for imported resources, the project examined the potential of a construction system based on the deposition of soil, without relying on a
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specific technology or material recipe, but rather adjusting to the available local resources. The material was studied focusing on the properties of various mixtures in dry and wet conditions. Different mixtures (clay + aggregates) were considered, in order to define how various clay types and grain size affect the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Then, compression tests were conducted on standard cubic soil samples. The results were used to define the compressive strength and other parameters for the structural analysis. The influence of additives and different kind of natural fibers (ex. straw, jute and hay) was confirmed to be an important aspect in the design of the mixture, as the fibers in the mix increase the tension resistance of the soil and reduce the shrinkage. A second group of tests were conducted to investigate the properties of the mixture when fluid. Its behavior was analyzed during the extrusion process used to deposit the material in layers. After analyzing the general properties of the material, compression tests were also conducted on 3dprinted layered soil samples. Once dry, they appear to be monolithic showing a strong bonding between the layers. By cutting and analyzing a section it is not possible to observe any visible separation between the layers. During the compression tests the deformation of the samples was uniform and cracks appeared evenly distributed in all the section without being influenced from its layered configuration. As an outcome it is possible to study the material in structural simulation considering it as a shell structure. The future step focuses on the fully recyclability of the material. The same tests described above will be conducted on new samples reutilizing the material resulted from the broken ones. The performance will be compared, but no significant difference is expected, since the hardening process of soil is natural and mainly caused by physical reactions rather than chemical. When water is poured on dry soil, the binding force between the clay particles and aggregates become weaker, consequently the material can return fluid for a potentially infinite number of times.
Figure 1: TERRA-ink infographic
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Figure 2: Cube soil samples
Figure 3: Compression test layered soil samples
Figure 4: Recyling material from crashed samples
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Equipment Parallel to the material studies, the project considered the developments of the hardware for the extrusion process as well. The focus was on commonly available machineries, in order to explore an alternative open-source solution for large scale 3d-printing that can be applied in most emergence situations. The project looked into options for simplified logistics and reduced costs, especially when compared with existing commercial technologies such as robots or large scale 3dprinters. An industrial clay pug-mill and a concrete mixer were tested to define the characteristics that allow a good extrusion of the material. By studying the interaction of the machines with the soil mixture and its deposition, it was possible to define and highlight the main parameters that influence the correct design of the mix. In order to get a good extrusion quality, the criteria considered were (1) the material coherence and (2) the extrusion speed rate. In particular, the material recipe had to be adjusted to achieve a more liquid mix to meet those two criteria. A good design of the mixture for 3dprinting application must achieve an appropriate balance between a smooth extrusion flow and control of deformation during the drying process. Design options The design studies focused on the geometric configurations and structural behavior of the shelters. As a test case, a simple shelter design was analyzed to identify solutions using as little material as possible (simultaneously reducing the printing-time), but still achieving good structural stability. Since curved shapes are generally faster to produce by 3D-printing, a simple round-shaped solution in plan was examined first. Compared to other geometries, round shapes offer also the additional benefits of being earthquake-resistant due to their symmetry in all directions. Some boundaries conditions were defined, such as maximum dimensions of printing area and structural properties, based on laboratory tests and literature. As a result of these assumption, structural optimization was used to identify the optimum geometries of the shelter.
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Figure 5: Possible shelter section
Due to uncertainties in the behavior of the printed material, the results are preliminary. Nevertheless, domes and cones resulted as the most efficient shapes, minimizing tension stresses, where soil is more vulnerable. Using simulations in a structural analysis software (Karamba in Grasshopper for Rhinoceros, McNeel), irregularities in the wall surfaces (such as openings meant for doors and windows) were examined in order to identify the limitations in dimensions and geometries. 1:1 scale printed samples were used to determine which geometries can be actually produced. In fact, the shape and geometries of the shelter are also a consequence of the printing process. During the deposition, the liquid material tends to deform and eventually settle under its own weight. When occurring
in rather uncontrolled environments (such as on-site, where shelters are needed) the impact of this process can be high. The lack of stiffness and stability of the layer can be counteracted by its geometry. A flower shape layer deposition can drastically improve the stability of the overall structure, until the mixture is dry enough to withstand its own weight. For this purpose, a second external layer is printed to give extra support during the extrusion process and contribute to redistribute the stresses once the wall is dry. This external layer is also a useful protection against atmospheric conditions. The inner gap could provide benefits in terms of ventilation or can be filled with insulation material, depending on the local climate. During the process, several small scale
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Native resources this is especially relevant, as topics like sustainability, circular economy and conscious design (able to consider the whole life cycle of a product) are increasingly crucial in the building industry. The utilization of soil as a construction material has a great potential in this regard.
Figure 6: Structural simulation
tests were made. A 1:1 scale prototype of a wall portion is being realized as a proof of concept. The prototype will be used also to further test the geometries and the structural performances.
Yet another aspect to consider is the cultural perception of soil. Over the past centuries, earth was always used for construction; but nowadays it is often underestimated or associated to poor architecture and considered an obsolete and weak building material. In the last years soil is gaining new attention thanks to innovative projects such as, Herzog & de Meuronâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ricola Kräuterzentrum in Switzerland, Reconciliation Chapel in Berlin, Rauchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House in Austria just to mention few examples located in Europe, rather than remote locations. These and other projects show how the use of this old material can be utilized in a modern architectural design. A better understanding of its benefits in terms of passive energy balance and indoor comfort, combined with the use of innovative technologies and automatization, could help soil to be reconsidered and finally regain its architectural relevance.
Conclusions and future work Though more research is necessary to develop the construction system, the current results show its potential of applicability. This direction indicates the plausibility for a significant change and improvement in the emergency relief field. Some of these potentials can be significant also beyond the case of emergency architecture. Nowadays
Main researcher: Tommaso Venturini TU Delft Team: Dr. MSc. Arch. Michela Turrin, MSc. Arch. Foteini Setaki, Dr.ir. Fred Veer Students: Ammar Taher TU Eindhoven Team: ir. A.D.C. (Arno) Pronk, prof. Dr. ing. Patrick Teuffel Students: Yaron Moonen, Stefan Slangen, Rens Vorstermans
Figure 7: Simulation deformation during printing process
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One of the main impediments is the difficulty for standardization. Every location is characterized by different amount and type of clay, silt and aggregates, and its characteristics differs according to the geological history of the site. Its properties can vary significantly. In order to be able to use soil for construction it is important to know its composition, and eventually adjust and redesign the mix by adding the aggregates that are needed. TERRA-Ink is contributing to increase the understanding of options and eventually defining a library of compositions, but further research is needed.
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Figure 8: Shelter visualisation
Tommaso Venturini completed in 2015 his Master in Building Engineering and Architecture at the ‘Università Politecnica delle Marche’, in Italy. After a short working experience as energy inspector in school buildings in the Italy, he had the chance to visit and collaborate with the Façade Research Group at the Faculty of Architecture in TU Delft. A series of workshop regarding design and construction of temporary shelter for refugees, together with brief experiences in building with traditional techniques using soil material inspired his current research. Since 2017 he is working as main researcher in the project ‘Terra-ink’, in TU Delft. Michela Turrin is an Assistant Professor at TUDelft, Chair of Design Informatics. Her main expertise is computational design. Her current projects include optimization methods to support design exploration, also toward customized 3D printed building components. Foteini Setaki is a phd researcher at TU Delft, chair of Environmental Technologies and Design. Her research focuses on performative geometries that are engineered for Additive Manufacturing. Foteini is also co-founder of The New Raw; a Rotterdam-based design practice that develops products from waste materials with 3d-printing, using principles of circular economy.
Michela Turrin
Foteini Setaki
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a brick house by Prashant Dupare iStudio Architecture
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Each project is different, each location, list of requirements, criteria, clientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; aesthetic sense varies. But the principals of sustainability should be prevalent in all architecture. However certain principles hold true, whatever be the project. We believe that architecture has an essential impact on every aspect of society and must be used responsibly. We truly believe that eco-friendly, low-cost, locally-contextual and climate-based architecture is the way forward.
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We engage with the site, the possibilities of forms suiting the site. We are three partners, who argue over each design. We are quite different in our design sense and bring separate points of view on the project to the table. We sit together when the project work is to start, figure out the site, the program and the client, the conceptual direction we want to take the project in. After a lot of debate we then proceed with options along those conceptual lines. We work with 3d models, physical models, sketches, 2d drawings etc., depending on the complexity and the physical form of the design. One of the important impacts we had was that we started to change peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perception about architecture. Today, there is fad of concrete houses. People feel that a house is strong only if it is built in an RCC structure when in fact a load bearing structure of ground plus one storey can be
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equally strong. An unplastered house was considered a sign of poverty when a carefully built brick wall can look as good as a plastered wall. The same applies for all the building materials. They have their own beauty and if used correctly, we can save substantial amount in finishing. Also, we are nowadays forgetting some ancient technologies, the courtyard for instance. It does not just enhance lighting and ventilation, the space around a courtyard is also a very good space for family to spend time together. Using passive design techniques like correct orientation, opening sizes and directions, massing and zoning can lead to comfortable living conditions, reducing our dependency on electricity. For the Brick house, planning spaces which merge with its surrounding, spatial planning responding to climatic conditions, using local materials in its naked form, using energy efficient and low cost technologies formed the basis for project. The design evolution took quite some time. Most spaces are complicated not just in plan but in section as well. This three-dimensional revelation of ideas between the three partners was a process which involved models, sketches, debates, drawings (not too many) and onsite trial and error. It was a challenge to formulate and convey each space to each other as well as to the contractors. The entire project was a study in experiments and we applied a very hands-on experience of executing it. We made a physical model to explain the vision of the roof to the contractor and supervised the complete construction of the roof ourselves with local labor. Many details had to be customized since the structure was curved. The doors, the mirror chips on the wall, the louvered windows and the kitchen counter all required immense amount of research and experimentation. The built form and space planning is driven by climatic conditions. The central courtyard helps inducing natural light and ventilation into interior spaces. The living room is located in the north direction, with a large eye shaped arch opening providing ambient north light throughout the day.
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The south west side of structure is the highest point thus providing shade to the courtyard and reducing passive heat gain. The southern location of toilets act as buffer zone between harsh southern heat and the bedrooms. Openings are created in the west side to get maximum wind inside and at the same time ensuring that they are shaded by building mass to avoid thermal heat gain. Windows are provided in east direction to ensure cross ventilation. These windows have wooden louvered shutters, allowing the user to control the amount of light and wind entering inside. We have used local materials like brick, black basalt stone, kadappa bamboo and wood in the exposed form
and ferro-cement and RCC, using low-cost eco friendly techniques like rat-trap bond and filler slab. The project is a sustainable experimental endeavor and the client was open to the idea of using techniques which help reduce material usage, use less energy intensive materials like concrete and steel and leave the materials in their natural form to save on plaster and paint. The structural walls are mainly built out of brick or stone. Brickwork is done using rat-trap bond. Rat trap bond is a brick masonry method of wall construction, in which bricks are placed in vertical position instead of conventional horizontal position and thus creating a cavity (hollow space) within the wall. The bricks are placed so that 110
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mm face is seen from front elevation, instead of the 75mm face (considering brick of standard size 230 X 110 X 75 mm). Since the width of wall remains 230mm, an internal cavity is created. This is where approximately 30% Material (brick and mortar) is saved and thus overall construction cost is reduced. The cavity provides effective thermal and sound insulation. This makes rat trap bond an energy and cost efficient building technology. Brick Jali is used to induce natural light and ventilation at strategic places instead of usual windows, thus saving material and cost of constructing windows (Window frame, shutter, lintel etc). Brick arches are used to form openings, eliminating the need for RCC lintels. We have used RCC filler slabs between floors. Structurally, an RCC slab does not require concrete at bottom level (tension zone) so it can be replaced with some filler material. In this case, we used clay pots made by local potters. This saves concrete (and thus saves cost) and provides better thermal insulation.
is achieved using ferro-cement slab. This slab construction allows for a flexible form to be constructed easier than conventional RCC slab. Since the thickness of ferrocement slab is only 5 cm, steel and concrete is saved substantially. The base for the slab is prepared using split bamboo sections. The columns in the courtyard are dead wooden trunks which are sourced locally. The structural support members for the roof are either MS I-beams or wooden members. The inbuilt furniture is made of ferrocement and follows the form of the built plan. Most of the floors are of concrete built in-situ finished with colored oxides. Toilet doors are made of bamboo. Brick allows for flexibility in designing once you understand the material. In this house, it has allowed for experimentation yet by its very nature, there is solidity to the material. The texture of brick lends itself to the architecture in a manner which allows one to feel close to nature. There is a sense of earthiness and of tradition and of age!
The double twisted roof above the living and kitchen area
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The texture of brick lends itself to the architecture in a manner which allows one to feel close to nature. 40
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About iStudio Architecture iStudio architecture is a collaboration of young architects, open to experiments and innovation in architecture and design. Refusing to cater to any typology of architecture, iStudio architecture strives to respond to each project contextually be it clients requirements or site demands. iStudio architecture is the result of a thought, a belief, an idea of architecture and design between partners- Shriya Parasrampuria, Prashant Dupare & Amit Patilbatchmates from Sir J.J college of architecture, Mumbai. With three different personalities, the partners believe that analysis and debate create a better design always. The role of each partner changes for each site. Each project goes through vigorous discussions and design sessions, resulting in innovative, comprehensive and refined solutions for all projects About Prashant Dupare: Armed with an inclination to break the rules, the primary question in his mind is always ‘ Why not?’ An experimental approach with a devil-may-care attitude defines his design philosoply. Prashant has worked with Upasni Design Cell, Colaba for 2 years and has been involved in the design and execution for large-scale hospitality projects.
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Designing residential buildings with low heat demand For my Building Technology graduation project, I initially set out to design an autarchic (self-sufficient) residential building in terms of heat demand for the Dutch climate. For an autarchic residential building you need to cover three aspects: heat demand reduction, (local) heat supply and heat storage. The first aspect - heat demand reduction - is most related to the actual physical and spatial design variables of a building. Further along into the project I decided to reduce the scope to a study of the impact of these design variables so I could go deeper into the relation between design and heat demand. To achieve this, I set up a study of design variables and simulated a whole range of these variables. Based on this study I created a set of general guidelines for designing residential buildings with low heat demand in the form of a priority list accompanied by a case study re-design of a residential building. Modelling & set-up Although TRNSYS is more commonly used for heat demand simulations and allows for great in-depth calculations, I decided to use a Grasshopper plug-in called Honeybee. Honeybee was developed by several PhD students at MIT and allows you to use Rhino geometry as input for all kinds of heat calculations. I figured that this would allow me to run simulations with varying geometries and input in less time. After following an extensive YouTube tutorial course provided by Chris Mackey (one of Honeybee's creators), I was quickly able to simulate the heat demand for the case study building I had chosen. To validate this method, I compared the results to those I got from Uniec2 and from simple hand calculations. After some tweaking to make the model more accurate, I eventually got heat demand results that were almost identical to the validation methods. Once I was able to model something I had to decide
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what to model exactly. According to my literature study, the key design variables that impact heat demand are compactness, passive solar heat gain through windows and materialization of the facade. I translated these variables into several study cases: facade insulation, glazed facade orientation, compactness vs. sun-oriented facade, and finally a comparative study of a plain facade, a balcony facade and a sunspace facade (balconies enclosed with a glazed facade). The overall goal was to quantify the impact of these design variables to be able to compare them. Impact studies Facade insulation is the first and most straightforward design aspect I studied. Figure 1 shows the results for the same test building with different values for insulation of the facade and a glazing of 20% in all of the facade. Since the Rc value is an inverse value of the heat conductivity value (Rc= 1/Ufacade + 1/Uair), it should not be surprising that the impact of raising the Rc value steadily decreases as it progressively translates to a smaller decrease in heat conductivity. As seen in the graph, the impact of raising the insulation value levels off rather sharply after a value of Rc= 6. The Dutch building codeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s minimum value for the Rc is 4.5. Figure 2 shows the results for a test building with glazing of 80% on one facade at varying orientations. Obviously the southern orientation has the lowest heat demand, but south-east and south-west also still benefit greatly from passive solar heat gain. Figure 3 shows the difference in heat demand between a compact building and a building that is more stretched out to allow for more passive solar heat gain with a variation in percentage of glass on the southern facade. The results
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Figure 1. Impact of facade insulation on heat demand.
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Figure 2. Effect of glazing on variying orientations.
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Shape AFigure (Compact) vs. ShapeofBshape (Elongated southern facade) 3. Influence on passive solar heat gain.
show that the stretched out building with more surface facing south clearly benefits enough from passive solar heat to compensate for being less compact. Figure 4 shows the results for the final study which compares three different facades: a plain facade, a facade with balconies (1.5 meters) and a facade with sunspaces. All are facing directly south.
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Shape A vs. Shape B (U=0.7) 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 kWh/m2 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0
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Facade comparison. Figure 4. Heat gain comparison of different facade typoligies. Case building re-design Based on my impact studies I proposed several re-design steps to reduce the heat demand of a case building. The case study building is a fairly recent design of a residential building in Berlin with a compact floorplan. Based on my impact studies, I proposed several re-design steps: southern orientation for the glazed facade, a shape change
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Native resources from compact to elongated, and sunspaces instead of balconies (see figure 5). The results in figure 6 are shown for the original northfacing design, a south-facing variant of the original design, a (south-facing) re-design with an elongated shape and sunspaces, and finally a version with improved insulation (from 4.5 to 8). Each step has a variant with glazing of U=1.6 (the building code maximum) and one for U=0.7 (a
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representative value for high performance glazing). The results are comparable to what was shown in the impact study. Orientation and shape can have a large impact. This impact is significantly increased when the insulation performance of the glazing is improved, especially when moving away from a compact shape to maximize passive solar heat gain. Increasing the insulation value of the facade from 4.5 to 8 has a very limited impact.
Figure 5. Design (left) and re-design of a residential building.
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Figure 6. Effect of orientations and insulation values on annual heat demand.
Conclusion
The results of the impact studies and the re-design give a lot of insight into the impact of several design decisions on the heat demand of a building. My final product is a priority list that serves as a guideline for designing residential buildings with a low heat demand (see figure 7).
Fourth is considering using sunspaces instead of open balconies on a southern orientation. They can retain solar heat in winter when closed and by opening them up in summer you avoid overheating of both the sunspace and the space behind it. The sunspace will also be a far more comfortably warm space to make use of in winter than a balcony. Fifth and least important is improving the insulation value of the facade beyond the minimum required by the building codes. The impact of more insulation in the facade is relatively low and not very cost-effective. Keep in mind that all these conclusions are based on the fact that the intended location of the design will actually allow for a decent amount of sun to shine on the building in winter time. If the sun is mostly blocked on the location of your design, then designing for passive solar heat gain is obviously not very effective.
First and foremost is glazing orientation. All or most glazing should preferably face roughly south to make use of passive solar heat gain. The impact of this can be substantial as shown by the graph and this is where the design of the building can have the most impact on heat demand without necessarily requiring more material or increasing cost. Second is improving the insulation value of the glazing in the facade beyond the minimum set by the Dutch building codes. An expensive but very worthwhile decision if you want to maximize making use of passive solar heat gain. Third is the shape of the building to accommodate more passive solar heat gain. This step becomes most beneficial once steps one and two have been taken. According to the impact studies a building with well insulated glazing can
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Glazed parts of the facade should face (roughly) south. glazed parts of the facade. Maximize sun oriented facade surface.
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Sunspaces instead of balconies if applicable. facade.
Figure 7. Priority steps for designing residential buildings with low heat demand.
Marc NicolaĂŻ completed his Bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Degree at the Delft University of Technology. Fascinated about sustainable design solutions in the built environment, he decided to follow the Building Technology Master, which he completed in July 2017. During his membership of the BouT board (2015 - 2016), Marc was the Chief Editor of RuMoer. Recently, Marc has found a job at Buro Bartosz in Zwijndrecht.
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Study Association BouT
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S U P E R N OVA A Space architecture symposium by Yu Feng Wong
On the afternoon of 22nd February, BouT presented a symposium on the topic of Space Architecture (think Lunar, Martian and zerogravity!), with a focus on the sustainable progress that goes in and out of it. Six months of preparation culminated in an exciting event, a fresh bond between faculties and most promisingly, a potential for new study opportunities in TU Delft.
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Background â&#x20AC;&#x153;We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people.â&#x20AC;? -President John F. Kennedy On the 20th July 1969, the Apollo 11 module landed, just seven years after the famous speech by JFK. It was an achievement that took the combined efforts of more than 400,000 engineers, scientists and technicians to put two
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men on the moon. For the hundreds of millions watching the event on TV, it must have been a powerful spark for new imagined futures. With an intense excitement, one would have asked: where would humanity be in half a century? Perhaps countries on the Moon, orbital cities in space and settlements on Mars? Disappointingly, half a century has almost passed and none of the above has been realised. The next half-century looks to be more promising, given recent developments.
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Symposium The topic of space architecture continues to pique the interest and passion of many students and experts, but as an industry the field has yet to blossom. For building technologists, space-related projects would be the ultimate design brief, as they combine virtually all the subtopics with a super-sustainable lens – façade design, lightweight structures, climate design, circularity, zero-energy design, parametrics – and simultaneously challenges each aspect to the extreme. For architects, non-earthen contexts will bring out architecture at its most existential and fundamental level, as explained by Christina Ciardullo: “Removed from context, environment, from culture and the biological and chemical network we were born into and are sustained in, Architecture comes face to face with itself. What is it that we take for granted when we design? What fundamental assumptions do we make about our environment? What will we have to question and what do we have to toss out? In the void, the only space for our existence will be inside our built environment, inside a piece of architecture acting as a surrogate for all of Earth’s resources, history, and culture. As we leave our own planet, we become critically aware of our dependence on it and to what extent we, our design mentality, our bodies, and our culture are tied to it. In the extreme context of Space, we are offered a lens by which to re-imagine how we live and design for Earth.” Outside of construction, there would be tremendous work involved in project management, product design and a wealth of other disciplines necessary to bring about permanent living beyond Earth. It was in September 2017 that the decision to organise a space architecture symposium named Supernova was confirmed, with the help of Dr. Marcel Bilow, who agreed to be moderator. To our knowledge, this was the first symposium on the topic. An international line-up of
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speakers was assembled, composed of world-leading space architects, designers and consultants, including a former astronaut. In addition, an interfaculty panel of professors was present to open up a discussion at the end of each lecture. The intention was to do justice to the interdisciplinary nature that underpins the success of space missions, so panellists from the BK, IO, TPM and Aerospace were invited to offer their perspective. Respectively, they were Dr. Michela Turrin, Dr. Angelo Vermeulen and Dr. Angelo Cervone. The interest in the event was very positive. Hundreds turned up in the Orange Hall during the course of the symposium, and international interest warranted a livestream. Overall, the immense interest was very promising and is testament to the technologically forward-thinking community of TU Delft. An overview of each lecture is given below. Videos will be uploaded for public viewing soon (see BouT website and the Facebook event page). “Space Architecture: The Future Used to be Better” The Dean, Prof. Peter Russell // Fantastic architectural works in the early years of the original space age, heavily influenced by the culture and unleashed ambition of the time. “Past, Present and Future of Space Architecture” Hanna Lakk, graduate from the BK now working in ESTEC // Discussing the economic and technical feasibility, followed by additive and robotic manufacturing technologies with an overview of past, present and future. “Now it is time to leave the capsule if you dare” Dr. Barbara Imhof, co-founder of LIQUIFER // Examples of space architecture projects of her company, peculiar design process and considerations and sociopsychological aspects.
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“Living and working in space: Designing the habitat in the extreme conditions of space” Dr. Jean Jacques Favier, a CNES astronaut // Experience in space and technical constraints. New technologies such as 3D regolith printing and the design of inflatable modules. “Architecture, with space applications” Christina Ciardullo from Space Exploration Architecture, designer of the Mars Ice House which won the 2015 NASA Mars Habitat Challenge // Philosophical nature of space architecture; fundamental technical aspects. “Moon, Mars and Robots!” Jan Dierckx from Foster+Partners // The delivery of an inflatable shell to be covered with local material; the idea
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Prof. Peter Russell
for an army of robots that are conceptually similar to ants for a self-built self-sustained base. Future In the two months leading up to the event, it became clear many professors in the university outside of the Aerospace faculty were very interested in teaching or researching topics within their own field, related to livingin-space. Product designers saw great benefit in the possible innovations in materials science and circularity. Throughout the symposium, it was clear that there are many people in the TU Delft community who are very passionate about space. The TU Delft staff who were involved with Supernova are very supportive of the idea of education and research along this theme. We proposed setting up a taskforce to promote space architecture
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and research within the faculties of IO, BK and TPM. The benefits for society are potentially enormous, in terms of innovative progress that could inform challenges on Earth (laptops and solar PVs started out as space applications). Finally, architects will one day be needed for Lunar and Martian projects, and TU Delft is in a good position to produce this soon-to-be needed type of professional. On the same day as the Symposium, NASA released an article calling for universities to collaborate on a range of multidisciplinary projects relating to life-in-space! After two months of questioning for feasibility, we are happy to announce that there is good potential for a space education in further faculties in TU Delft. Next is a brief outline of the progress:
Dr. Jean Jacques Favier
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Many professors want to teach an (interdisciplinary) course or be a part of a research topic for a new kind of education relating to living-in-space We have ‘ambassadors’ of teaching staff in the faculties of TPM, IO and BK to promote the education, including The Dean of the BK, Peter Russell, who suggested setting up a taskforce to ensure some clear goals are pursued and achieved. The goal is looking to be courses to be introduced to the curriculum in the university. The speakers of Supernova reaffirmed their interest in collaborating with TU Delft during the symposium. External space research and industry organisations have expressed interest to collaborate with TU Delft.
Christina Ciardullo
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Finally, the confirmation of student interest in doing courses will be needed. A survey was released on 25th February to provide this, and a large number of bachelor student interest will be influential for looking into a possible Minor course, whilst electives are an option for masters students. A questionnaire has been circulated from the Facebook event page (see below). If you believe
that an expanded new space education, not restricted to the Aerospace faculty, should be available as an ECTworthy course in TU Delft, do fill it in. For now, we envision a multidisciplinary course, to foster the most innovative solutions. The survey will be concluded in a couple of weeks and if it looks promising, we will go from there!
Many thanks to all those who helped make the symposium possible: Marcel Bilow / Moderator Peter Russell / Speaker Hanna Lakk / Speaker Barbaba Imhof / Speaker Jean Jacques Favier / Speaker Christina Ciardullo / Speaker Jan Dierckx / Speaker Angelo Vermeulen / Panelist Erik Tempelman / Panelist Angelo Cervone / Panelist Michela Turrin / Panelist Yufe Wong / Director Eve Farrugia / Ops Commander Agata Mintus / Speaker Manager Michael Cobb / Mission 1 Capt Alex Falcon / Mission 2 Capt Ekta Kapoor / Mission3 Capt Charley Meyer / Spons Ambassador Ujjwal Dawar / Spons Duty Manager
Š All photos are courtesy of Jeroen Wassing
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Thomas Liebrand / Organiser Pim Buskermolen / Organiser Siem Van Sluijs / Organiser Gautam Tanwar / Organiser N Suwannapruk / Organiser Jeroen Wassing / Photographer Gijs Walstra / Cameraman Nihat Mert Ogut / Consultant Carlijn Van Der Werf / Consultant Layla Van Ellen / Consultant Timo Theus / Consultant Alexis Ky Oh / Consultant Eldin Geldenhuis / Consultant Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen / Consultant Amy Collins / Futury Rebecca Lensink / Stylos Pieter / Stylos Roelof Van Der Hoorn / Bk
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BouT Study trip 2017 BILBAO
Introduction – Author: Michael Cobb Every year the BouT Study Trip Committee puts on an excursion for five days to a city that captures the ethos of the Masters in Building Technology. Each city is an innovative and forward looking site, looking to push forward both architectural and engineering possibilities. The BouT 2017 Studytrip was an excursion to the Spanish city of Bilbao. A sun filled city on the northern coast of Spain. The city famous originally for the Guggenheim museum, Bilbao and the surround region has undergone radical transformation. The program set up in this trip explores the new and exciting architecture the region has become famous for. Below are a few of the many activities that the student participated in. Meeting with IDOM – Author: Andreas Thiis & Erron Estrado IDOM (from Spanish: Ingenería y Dirección de Obras y Montaje) was founded in 1957 by engineers Rafael Escolá and Luis Olaortúa. It is a company with more than 3000 employees in over 30 offices worldwide, and we visited the headquarters that was inaugurated in 2011. The entire area around the Zorrozaurre peninsula is facing a total revitalization and this office was the first building to be built as part of the Zaha Hadid-drawn masterplan. IDOM was, amongst many other projects, consulting engineers on Guggenheim Bilbao, drawn by Frank Gehry Architects. IDOM graciously showed us not only their offices but also provided a site visit of the Bilbao Arena, allowing students
to learn about the engineering and design of a low cost multi-purpose arena space commissioned by the city of Bilbao. Vizcaya Bridge – Author: Yu Feng Wong On November 17th, The BouT study trip of 2017 did a guided tour of the Vizcaya Bridge with the surveyor of the fabric. The Vizcaya Bridge, locally known as The Puente Colgante, or “hanging bridge”, was built in 1893, a time of economic boom for the Vizcaya region, where prime quality iron were discovered in the 1850s. Biscay became one of Spain’s richest provinces, giving birth to powerful industrial and financial groups who thrive to this day. The bridge greatly improved the logistics for the iron industry, and so became a symbol for prosperity and the triumph of a new era. Situated at the estuary of Bilbao, it is the world’s oldest of its kind: a transporter bridge. This means that it supports a moving carriage, in this case a ‘gondola’ suspended above the waters by cables, which constantly moves back and forth from one side of the river to the other. It was designed by Alberto Palacio, a student of Gustave Eiffel, and it was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006 for its combination of beauty and functionality. Today, the transporter bridge is still heavily used; the ferry departs from a terminal every 8 minutes, serving four million passengers and half a million vehicles annually. Lifts provide access for tourists to the top, giving fantastic views over the region of the Bilbao estuary.
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Events
Past & Upcoming
30.11.2017 Peoplehouse Mini-Booster, workshops and lectures to inspire potential entrepreneurs 22.01.2018 & 29.01.2018 Bucky Lab present at national facade fair Gevel in Rotterdam and final presentations 22.02.2018 Supernova, BouT symposium about space architecture during 124th dies week of Stylos 01.03.2018 Building Talent Day organised by Building Heroes at Utrecht 30.03.2018 A group of BouT members visited company Foamglas in Belgium, after which the famous architecture of Antwerp was explored! 16.04.2018 Building Technology master event 30.05.2018 DEBUT.event, already the third edition of the company case day organised by BouT 30.04.2018 Workshop on Circularity by Frans van der Werf and Bob Geldermans
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WHY
WHAT
HOW
Peoplehouse gelooft in het enthousiasme, de scherpe innovatieve blik en de creativiteit van ondernemende talenten. Toch gaat 90% van de start-ups onder leiding van dit talent kopje onder. Voor het succesvol uitrollen van een bedrijfsconcept is namelijk meer nodig: (praktische) ondernemerskennis, een gevalideerde business case en een goed netwerk.
In het door Peoplehouse samengestelde Entrepeneurs Lab wordt er gewerkt aan de entrepreneurial skills en persoonlijke ontwikkeling van jonge ondernemers. Tegelijkertijd doen de ‘Young Entrepreneurs’ werkervaring op bij gerenommeerde bedrijven.
Peoplehouse stelt WO-toptalent (0-3 jaar werkervaring) in staat te denken en handelen als start-ups. Onze Entrepreneurs bezitten de mindset, methodes (‘Design Thinking’ en ‘Lean Startup’) en tools die van belang zijn om een idee door te ontwikkelen naar een nieuwe business. Peoplehouse maakt de vertaalslag van nieuwe trends en ontwikkelingen naar lopende business, die daadwerkelijk rendement oplevert.
W E AC C E L E R AT E YO U !
sin e Ca ss M nv od as el
STAP 3
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STAP 1 Personal Roadmap Entrepreneurship
Start your own business Know your product Know your customer
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Customer journey
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Ha
START
Ze ex ro to pe rie one nc e
INTRAPRENEUR? ENTREPRENEUR?
SIGN ME UP! WWW.PEOPLE-HOUSE.NL
ers
old reh
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derksen windt architecten
Cabinet 02.West.090 Faculty of Architecture Julianalaan 134 2628BL Delft The Netherlands +31 (0)15 278 1292 www.praktijkverenigingbout.nl rumoer@praktijkverenigingbout.nl