Bhagavad Gita Oru Vimarshana Patanam by J Edamaruku / ഭഗവദ് ഗീത ഒരു വിമർശന പഠനം - ഇടമറുക്

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`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

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`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

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`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Bhagavadgita Oru Vimarsana Padanam (Bhagavad Geetha - A Critical Study) Language: Malayalam

By Joseph Edamaruku First edition: 1982 IAP ebook edition : 2020 Published by Rationalist International Malayalam e-book division

For ordering print edition of this book in India by VPP, send SMS to : (0) 9711188940 Email: indianatheist@gmail.com Copyright Š 1982 - 2020 by Sanal Edamaruku Except brief quotations for book reviews or critical appraisals, no part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For permissions, contact indianatheist@gmail.com

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`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

CSadpIv

IAP

C³Uy³ FXoÌv ]»ntjgvkv \yqsUÂln 5

DÅS¡w

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

CSadpIv 7 BapJw 9 1. `KhZvKoXbpsS {]m[m\yw; Øm\w {][m\ `mjy§Ä 18 alm`mcXhpw KoXbpw KotXm]tZiL«w 22

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2. alm`mcXbp²w Hcp sI«pIY

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\mep bpK§Ä 27 \mKcnIXbpsS Bcw`w 29 thZkmlnXyw 30 `uXnIhmZ¯nsâ hfÀ¨ 32 hntZim{IaW§Ä 33 C³Uy AtimI\ptijw 33 alm`mcXbp²¯n\v Øm\w FhnsS? IY F§s\bp­mbn? 37

3. sshjvWh aXhpw alm`mcXhpw

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sshjvWhaX¯nsâ DZv`hw 41 alm`mcXw 43 KoXbpw alm`mcXhpw 45

4. KoXbpsS Imew: {KÙImc³ Imew 52 \ho\ {_mÒWaXw

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5. KoXbnse sshcp²y§Ä

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at\m\nb{´Ww 59 tam£¯n\pÅ amÀKw 61 Úm\hpw IÀ½hpw bmKhpw

6. NmXpÀhÀ®yhpw KoXbpw

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hÀ®m{ia hyhØ IÀi\amIp¶p bpànhmZ¯nsâ hnPbw 71

7. hÀ®k¦c¯ns\Xnsc

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AÀÖp\sâ kwib§Ä 82 {ioIrjvW\pw an{ihnhmlhpw

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8. kv{XoIfpsS ASna¯hpw `KhZvKoXbpw 9. {_mÒWaXw ]n³hmXneneqsS 90

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GIssZhhnizmkhpw _lpssZh hmZhpw 90

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`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w bÚhpw CXc IÀ½§fpw 93

10. `KhZvKoXbpw imkv{Xhpw 99 Pe¯nse 'ckw' 99 N{µsâ {]Imiw! 100 bÚhpw agbpw 100 A¶¯n \n¶p {]mWn! 101 Aimkv{Xobamb {]]©ho£Ww hmbp 108 \£{X§fpw N{µ\pw 109

11. ]p\ÀP·kn²m´hpw Bßmhpw

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Bßmhv ssZhmwitam? 114 Bßmhnsâ BßlXy 116 Bßmsh¶ sI«pIY 117 ]p\ÀP·hnizmk¯nsâ DZv`hw {]mIrXamb hnizmkw 120

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12. `KhZvKoX þ NqjW¯nsâ XXzimkv{Xw

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tKm{X kwkv¡mc¯ns\Xnsc 122 \njv¡ma IÀ½w 125 [\hm³ 126 Nmthäp]S kw`cn¡p¶p 127 am\knIamb ASnaXzw 127

13. bpànhmZnIÄs¡XnscbpÅ ]Sl[z\n

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ISp¯ ]I 130 bpànhmZnItfmSv XÀ¡n¡cpXv 131 icWw {]m]n¡m¯ \cm[³amÀ 132 kwibmßm¡Ä 132 {_mÒW IÀ½§Ä 133 \mkvXnIÀs¡Xnsc Xpd¶ B{IaWw

14. C³UymNcn{X¯nse AÔImcbpKw

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iànbmWv icn 142 \mkvXnIXz¯ns¶Xnsc sFIyap¶Wn 145 NmÀhmI³amsc Aán¡ncbm¡p¶p 147 Igpthän¯ncphngm 148 AÔImcbpKw 150 {ioi¦csâ kw`mh\ 150 KoXbpsS kw`mh\ 152

Select Bibliography 154

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`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

CSadpIv {]kn² ]ÞnX\pw Ncn{XImc\pw bpànhmZnbpw ]{X{]hÀ ¯I\pambncp¶p CSadpIv (1934þ2006). \nch[n cmPy§Ä kµÀ in¡m\pw AhnsS \ns¶Ãmw A]qÀh {KÙ§fpw ssIsbgp¯p {]XnIfpw tcJIfpw ]pkvXI§fpw tiJcn¡phm\pw Ignªn «pÅ At±lw Hcp henb {KÙtiJc¯nsâ DSa IqSnbmbn cp¶p. tIcf¯nse CSp¡n PnÃbnepÅ Hcp bmYmØnXnI kndn b³ It¯men¡m IpSpw_¯nemWv 1934þ tPmk^v CSadpIv P\n¨Xv. ]n¶oSv B IpSpw_w bmt¡m_mb k`bnte¡v amdn. ae¦c bmt¡m_mb k`bpsS ]Ým¯e¯n hfÀ¶ At± lw sNdp¸¯nte kphntij {]kwKI\pw k¬tU kv¡qÄ A²ym]I\pambn. ]s¯m³]Xmas¯ hbkn "{InkvXp Hcp a\pjy³" F¶ ]pkvXIw FgpXnbXns\XpSÀ¶v k`bn \n¶v altdm³ sNmÃn ]pd¯m¡s¸« CSadpIn\v aX{`m´·mcmb hnizmknIfpsS FXnÀ¸ns\ F¡me¯pw t\cntS­n h¶n«p­v.

Cugh kapZmb¯n P\n¨ tkmfnsb 1954þ At±lw hnhm lw sNbvXp. CXv CSadpIns\Xncmb FXnÀ¸v hÀ²n¸n¨p. ]Ån ta[mhnIfpw _Ôp¡fpw IqSn ]qÀW KÀ`nWnbmb `mcytbmSp IqSn CSadpIns\ Hcp cm{Xnbn ho«n \n¶nd¡nhn«p. ]nXr kz¯nÂ\n¶v H¶pw sImSp¡m³ ho«pImÀ XbmdmbnÃ. A§ s\ kapZmb{`jvScmb CSadpIp Z¼XnIÄ 'Ckv{I' (Xos¸mcn) Fs¶mcp amknI sXmSp]pgbn \n¶v Bcw`n¨p. C³UybpsS hnhn[ `mK§fn 1950þIfn Xs¶ CSadpIv ]cyS\w \S¯n bncp¶p. 1955þ I£n cmjv{Sobt¯mSp hnS ]dª CSadpIv Z¼XnIÄ tIm«b¯v ØncXmakam¡n. CSadpIv BZyw kn\nam amknIbptSbpw ]n¶oSv 1957 apX 1970 hsc at\mca CbÀ _p¡nsâbpw FUnädmbn tPmen t\m¡n. hnfw_cw, tXcmfn, bpàn F¶o bpànhmZ amknIIfpsS {][m\ {]hÀ¯Icpw CSadpIp Z¼XnIfmbncp¶p.

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`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

bpànhmZn {]Øm\w iàam¡m³ {ian¨ CSadpIv sI«n ¨a¨ Ir{Xnaamb Hcp \Ivk tIkn {]Xnbmbn 1970þ Ad Ìp sN¿s¸«p. A©p amkw Pmayw In«msX Pbnen InSs¶ ¦nepw At±lw \nc]cm[nbmsW¶p I­v tImSXn shdptX hn«p. 1971þ 'tIcf`qjWw AÂa\m¡n'sâbpw at\mcmPyw, tIcf `qjWw, tIcf[z\n F¶nhbpsSbpw ]{Xm[n]cmbn.

1975þ ASnb´ncmhØ¡me¯v ho­pw AdÌp sN¿s¸«p.

1977þ 'Fdu­v C³Uy' (Around India) F¶ Cw¥ojp amknI bpsS ]{Xm[n]cmbn sUÂlnbnse¯n. 1977þ tIcfi_vZw {Kq¸v {]kn²oIcW§fpsS sUÂln {]kn²oIcW§fpsS sUÂln teJI\mbn. acWwhsc tIcfi_vZw sUÂln _yq tdm No^v Bbn {]hÀ¯n¨p.

1952 apX bpànhmZ cwK¯v kPohambn {]hÀ¯n¨ CS adpIv tIcf bpànhmZn kwLw P\d sk{I«dn, sshkv {]kn Uâ v, an{ihnhml kwLw P\d sk{I«dn, sshkv {]knUâ v, sUÂln bpànhmZn kwLw {]knUâ v, C³Uy³ bpànhmZn kwLw {]knUâ v, temI \mkvXnI kwLw sshkv {]knUâ v F¶o \neIfn tkh\w A\pjvTn¨p. 1978þse CâÀ \mjW FXoÌv AhmÀUv CSadpIn\v e`n¨p. Gjy, B{^n¡ F¶o `qJÞ§fn \n¶v HcmÄ¡v BZyambmWv Cu AhmÀUv In«nbXv. \qsä¬]tXmfw ]pkvXI§fpsS cNbnXmhmWv CS adpIv. CSadpInsâ BßIYbmb 'sImSp¦mäpbÀ¯nb Imew' F¶ ]pkvXI¯n\v 2000þ tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUv e`n¨p.

CSadpIv Z¼XnIfpsS c­p Ip«nIfn aq¯bmfmb k\ CSadpIv {]kn²\mb Fgp¯pImc\pw C³Uy³ bpànhmZn kwLw {]knUâpw dmjWenÌv CâÀ\mjWensâ A²y£ \pamWv. aIÄ KoX kzoU³Imc\mb tbmcm³ kvImÀWsd hnhmlw sNbvXv Ct¸mÄ tÌm¡vtlman Xmakn¡p¶p.

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`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

BapJw "KoXm{]`mjW§fpw KoXmbÚ§fpw Ct¸mÄ C³Uybn [mcmfambn \S¡mdp­v. `KhZv KoXbpsS alXzw {]IoÀ¯n ¨psIm­pÅ {KÙ§fpw [mcmfambn ]pd¯nd§ns¡m­n cnbv¡p¶p. temI¯nse Gähpw {][m\s¸« XXzimkv{X {KÙ amWsX¶pw GXp {]bmkL«§fnepw a\pjy\v B{ibn¡m hp¶ Hcp alZv{KÙamWsX¶pw KoXsb {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶hÀ ]dbmdp­v. \nch[n ]ÞnX³amÀ AXn\v `mjy§Ä cNn¡p Ibpw sNbvXp. CsXms¡bmsW¦nepw C³Uybnse km[mcW ¡mÀ B ]pkvXIw km[mcWbmbn hmbn¡mdnÃ. kwkvIrX ¯nemWv AsXgpXnbncn¡p¶sX¶pÅXmWv {][m\ ImcWw. AXnsâ Kl\Xsb¸änbpÅ sXämb {]NcW§fpw Ahsc KoXbnÂ\n¶v AIän \nÀ¯p¶p. Nne lnµpaX anjWdnamÀ IqsS¡qsS \S¯p¶ {]`mjW ]c¼cIfn \n¶mWv AhÀ KoXsb¸än a\Ênem¡p¶Xv. AXmIs«, km[mcW¡msc hgn sXän¡p¶XpamWv. Cu ]cnXxØnXnbnemWv `KhZv KoXbpsS ktµihpw AXnsâ kmaqly ]Ým¯ehpw hnhcn¡p¶ Hcp {KÙsagpXWsa¶v F\n¡p tXm¶nbXv. Rm³ `KhZv KoXbpambn ]cnNbs¸Sm³ XpS§nb kmlN cyw IqSn ChnsS Aev]w hniZoIcn¡p¶Xv \¶mbncn¡psa¶p tXm¶p¶p. 1953þemWv "{InkvXp Hcp a\pjy³" F¶ Fsâ BZy s¯ {KÙw ]pd¯p hcp¶Xv. AtX XpSÀ¶v Fs¶ {InkvXpaX ¯nÂ\n¶v altdm³ sNmÃn ]pd¯m¡n. Cu hnhc§Ä ]{X ¯n hmbn¨t¸mÄ ImeSn {iocmaIrjvWm{ia¯nÂ\n¶v kzman BKam\µ³ Fs¶ At§m«p £Wn¨psIm­v Hcp Is¯ gpXn. Rm³ AhnsSt¸mbn At±ls¯¡­p. At±l¯nsâ AXnYnbmbn A¶v Ipsd Znhk§Ä Rm³ AhnsS Xmakn¡p 10

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Ibpw sNbvXp. hnhn[ hnjb§sf¸än ZoÀLambn R§Ä kwkmcn¨p. At±l¯nsâ sse{_dn D]tbmKn¡m\pw F\n¡v kuIcyw In«n. kzman hnthIm\µtâbpw, aäp lnµpaX ]Þn X·mcpsSbpw ]pkvXI§fpambn ]cnNbs¸Sp¶Xn\v A§s\ F\n¡p km[n¨p. `KhZv KoX {i²m]qÀÆw hmbn¡Wsa¶pw kzman BKam\µ³ Fs¶ D]tZin¡pIbp­mbn. sNdp¸w apX Xs¶ ss__nfpw CXc {InkvXpaX {KÙ§ fpw hmbn¨p]Tn¨ncp¶ Fs¶ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw lnµpaX {KÙ§Ä BZyw hfsc BIÀjIambncp¶p. {]tXyIn¨v `KhZv KoXbpw D]\nj¯pIfpw. ss__nfns\ At]£n¨v a\pjy PohnXs¯bpw aäpw IqSpX Bg¯n ZÀin¡m³ Cu IrXn IÄ¡v Ignªn«ps­¶pÅXv icnbmWv. AXpsIm­v B Imew apX Xs¶ `KhZv KoXbptSbpw D]\nj¯pIfptSbpw hnhn[ hymJym\§Ä Rm³ tiJcn¡pIbpw ]Tn¡pIbpw sNbvXp t]m¶p. c­p{]mhiyw Pbnen InSt¡­n h¶t¸mÄ IqSpX kabsaSp¯v Cu ]pkvXI§Ä Rm³ ]Tn¨p. ]ucmWnI `mcX s¯ a\Ênem¡phm³ ]änb IrXnIÄ F¶ÃmsX B[p\nI a\pjy\v Chbn \n¶v Imcyamsbm¶pw kzoIcn¡m\nsöv AtXmsS F\n¡v hyàambn. KoXbv¡pw D]\nj¯pIÄ¡pw hniZamb hymJym\apÄs¸sS Hmtcm ]mT§Ä X¿mdm¡W sa¶v At¶ hnNmcn¨ncp¶XmWv. ]s£, Hcp ]{X{]hÀ¯I sâ Xnc¡p ]nSn¨ PohnX¯n\nSbn AXn\p IgnbmsX h¶p.

1977þ sUÂlnbnte¡p Xmakw amänbt¸mÄ ]pcmW {]kn²§fmb ]e Øe§fpw ImWp¶Xn\pw AhbpsS Ncn {Xw ]Tn¡p¶Xn\pw F\n¡v Ahkcw In«n. lnµp aX{KÙ §sf Hcp ]pXnb coXnbn ImWp¶Xn\v AsXs¶ klm bn¨p. sUÂlnbnse {][m\ kÀÆIemimeIfnepw sse{_dn Ifnepw Cu hnjb§sf¸änbpÅ \nch[n {KÙ§fpw e`yambn cp¶p. B kuIcy§Ä D]tbmKn¨v Rm³ `KhZv KoXbv¡v Hcp k¼qÀW hymJym\w FgpXm³ Bcw`n¨p. GXm­v c­mbncw t]PpIsf¦nepw hcp¶ Hcp _rl¯mb {KÙambncn¡pw AXv Xocpt¼mÄ. Ct¸mÄ {]kn²oIcnbv¡p¶ Cu ]pkvXIw AXn 11

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

sâsbmcp apJhpcbmbn IW¡m¡mhp¶XmWv. `KhZvKoX C³UymNcn{Xs¯ F§s\ {]XnIqeambn _m[n¨p F¶pw AXpÄs¡mÅp¶ Bib§Ä F´pam{Xw {]Xntema]cam sW¶pw hyàam¡phm³ CXn F\n¡v Ignªn«ps­¶mWv Fsâ hnizmkw.

CXn D²cn¨n«pÅ kwkvIrX tÇmI§Ä km[mcW hmb \¡mÀ¡v A\mbmkamb hmb\bv¡v XSÊambn tXm¶ntb ¡mw. AhÀ¡pth­n tÇmI§fpsS KZy]cn`mjbpw AXmXp Øe §fn sImSp¯n«p­v. AXn\v {][m\ambpw Rm³ B{ibn¨n«pÅXv {io. ]n.Fw. \mcmbW³\mbcpsS hymJym\ amWv. A\zbw, A\zbmÀ°w F¶ \nebnà B hymJym\w. tÇmI¯nsâ kmcw a\Ênem¡mhp¶ coXnbmWv AXn Ah ew_n¨n«pÅXv. KoXbpsS k¼qÀ® hymJym\¯n tÇmI§ fpsS ]Zm\p]Z hnhÀ¯\w sImSp¡p¶p­v.

Cu ]pkvXIw FgpXp¶Xn\v Rm³ {][m\ambn B{ibn¨ d^d³kv {KÙ§fpsS enÌv Ahkm\w ImWmw. Hmtcm A²ym b§fpsS Ahkm\¯nepw AXmXv A²ymb§fnse d^d³ kpIfpw sImSp¯ncnbv¡p¶p. {_n«ojpImcpw `KhZvvKoXbpw `KhZvKoXbv¡v Ct¸mgpÅ {]ikvXnbpsS {][m\ ImcW§fn H¶v {_n«ojpImcmsW¶pÅXv KoXm`à·mcn ]eÀ¡pw AdnbnÃ. ]Xns\«mw iXI¯n hyhkmb hn¹ht¯¯pSÀ ¶v bqtdm¸n ]e ]pXnb Bib§fpw Xes]m¡m³ XpS§n. cmPm¡·mÀ¡pw aX¯n\psaXncmbn kwkmcn¡m³ P\§Ä XtâSw ImWn¨p. 1789þ {^m³kn hn¹hw Bcw`n¡pIbpw XpSÀ¶p {^©p N{IhÀ¯n h[n¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. CXnsâ AeIÄ {_n«\nepw F¯n. {_n«ojv tImf\nIfn C¯cw \ho\mib§Ä Xe s]m¡ptam F¶v AhÀ¡v t\ct¯Xs¶ kwibap­mbncp¶p. C³Uybn KhÀWÀ P\dembncp¶ hmd³ tlÌnwKvkv AXn\p I­p]nSn¨ amÀKw C³Uym¡msc AhcpsS ]gb aX§fnte¡v Xncn¨p hnSpIbmWv. _wKmÄ tI{µam¡n GjymänIv skmsskän XpS§nbXnsâ ]n¶nepÅ 12

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

hnImcw CXmbncp¶p. sImÂs¡m¯bn Bcw`n¨ t^mÀ«v hnÃyw tImtfPnepw C³tUmfPn¡p {]m[m\yw \ÂInbncp¶p. thZ§Ä, D]\nj¯pIÄ, ]pcmW§Ä XpS§nb `mcXob aX {KÙ§fpsS 'alXzw' ]pd¯psIm­phcp¶Xn\v {_n«ojpImÀ {ian¨t¸mÄ AXnsâ \Ãhiw am{Xta \½Ä I­ncp¶pÅq, C³Uybv¡p ]änbXv Cu aX{KÙ§fn A[njvTnXamb ]ucm WnI kwkv¡mcamsW¶pw hntZi¯p­mIp¶ ]p¯³ Nn´m KXnItf¡mÄ AXp al¯camsW¶papÅ a«nepÅ {]NcW §Ä AhÀ \S¯nbXv {^m³knepw aäpw hfÀ¶ph¶ hn¹hm ib§fpw bpànhmZNn´bpw C³Uybn {]Ncn¡cpsX¶pÅ Dt±it¯msSbmWv . AXp Ipsdsbms¡ km[n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. hntZis¯ \ho\mib§Ä¡p t\sc I®Sbv¡m³ C³Uym¡mcmb _p²nPohnIsf AXp t{]cn¸n¨p. ]t£, C³ Uy³ kwkvImc¯n AanXamb aXn¸p­m¡m³ AXp ImcW am¡n. ]n¡me¯v hfÀ¶ph¶ lnµp hÀKobX AXnsâ ^e amWv. AXns\ t\cnSm³ {_n«ojpImÀ apÉow hÀKobX Cf¡n hn«p. A§s\ C³Uy³ P\Xsb aX¯nsâ t]cn AhÀ thÀXncn¨n«mWv 1947þ C³Uy hn«Xv. {_n«ojpImcpsS t{]mÕml\w sIm­p hfÀ¶ph¶ lnµp hÀKobX `KhZvK oXbn Bizmkw Is­¯n. cmjv {Sob e£yw t\Sm³ sIme]mXIhpw h©\bpw i{Xphns\ IcntX bv¡epw BImsa¶p ]Tn¸n¡p¶ `KhZvKoX DÄs¡mÅp¶Xv, PmXn hyhØbn A[njvTnXamb Hcp aXcmjv{S¯nsâ kn²m ´amWv. Cu {KÙapÄs¡mÅp¶ XXzNn´ ChnsS hfcp¶ ]£w AXv lnµp 'sJmssa\n'amsc krjvSn¨p F¶p hcpw.

Cu A]ISw Iptdt]scsb¦nepw t_m²ys¸Sp¯m³ Cu {KÙ ¯n\v Ignªm Rm³ Xr]vX\mWv. \yqsUÂln, 30þ11þ1982.

CSadpIv

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`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

1 `KhZvKoXbpsS {]m[m\yw; Øm\w temI¯n GXm­v A³]¯©p tImSntbmfw lnµp¡Ä Ds­¶p IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p. AXn sXm®qä©p iXam\hpw C³Uybn Xs¶bmWpÅXv. ChÀ Ccp]s¯m³]Xn\mbnc ¯n ]cw DbÀ¨ XmgvNIfpÅ PmXnIfmbn thÀXncnªmWv Pohn¡p¶Xv. D¨\oNXz Nn´Ifpw ip²mip² hnNmc§fpw C hÀ¡nSbn DbÀ¶p \n¡p¶p. DbÀ¶hsc¶v A`nam\n¡p ¶ Nne PmXn¡mÀ aäp Nne PmXnIfn s]«hsc sXmSp¶tXm ImWp¶tXmhsc ]m]ambn KWn¡p¶p. Xmgv¶hcmbn IcpX s¸Sp¶ Nne PmXn¡mÀ¡v s]mXp \nc¯pIfn IqSn \S¡phm t\m s]mXpInWdpIfn \n¶v shÅsaSp¡phmt\m C¶pw A\phmZw \ÂIp¶nÃ. DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mc³ Ipf¯n Ipfn¡p IbmsW¦n Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mc\v Ipf¯n\Sp¯pIqSn t]mIm³ A\phmZanÃm¯ Øe§Ä C³Uybnep­v. PmXnt{i WnbpsS Gähpw apIfn ØnXnsN¿p¶ {_mÒWsâ ASp¯p sNÃp hm³t]mepw Nne PmXn¡msc A\phZn¡mdnÃ. B kmaqly \nbaw sXän¡p¶hÀ¡v ISp¯ in£IÄ Xs¶ \ÂIs¸«ncp ¶p. C¯cw Xo­epw sXmSoepw C¶v \nbahncp²amsW¦nepw {Kma§fn kPohambn \ne\n¡p¶Xp ImWmw. D¯tc³Uy bnse DÄ{]tZi§fnse {Kma§fn Xmgv¶sX¶p IcpXs¸ Sp¶ PmXnIfn s]«hÀ¡v ¥mÊpIfn Nmb sImSp¡phm³ IS¡mÀ X¿mdÃ. DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mcsâ ASp¯v sNcn¸n«psIm ­p sNÃp¶Xp t]mepw [n¡mcambn«mWv AhnsS KWn¡s¸Sp ¶Xv. C§s\ i{Xp¡tf¡mÄ AI¶p Pohnt¡­n hcp¶ 14

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

P\hn`mK§sfÃmw, kwkvImc¯ntem hnizmk{]amW§fn tem tbmPn¸nÃm¯hcmsW¦nepw, AhscÃmw lnµp¡fmsW ¶mWv Ct¸mÄ ]dbp¶Xv. Kh¬saâpw Cu hyXyØ P\hn`m K§sfsbÃmw Hcp aX¡mcmbn KWn¡p¶p.

PmXn¡p ]pdsa aXt`Z§fpw lnµp¡sf¶p s]mXp t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶hcpsSbnSbn D­v. ssihaXw, sshjvWh aXw, AssZzX aXw, hninjvSmssZzX aXw, ssZzXaXw, Bcy kamPw, {_ÒkamPw F¶n§sfbpÅ aX§fpw D] aX§fpw AXn NneXp am{XamWv. ChÀs¡Ãmw {]tXyIw aXhnizmk§fpw BNmc§fpw D­v. C¡q«cn ]ecpw hnhml_Ô¯ntem ]´nt`mP\¯ntemt]mepw ]ckv]cw klIcn¡mdnÃ. Bcm [\m Øe§fpw tZhotZh·mcpw hyXykvXamWv. ChscsbÃmw lnµp F¶ s]mXp kwÚbn tImÀ¯nW¡p¶Xn\p th­n bpÅ t_m[]qÀÆamb {iaw \S¡p¶p F¶p ]dªm IqSp X icnbmbncn¡pw. C¯cw Hcp {iaw hnPbn¡Wsa¦n AXn\v B[mcamb Hcp aX{KÙw thWw. {InkvXym\nIÄ¡v ss__nfpw apÉo§Ä¡v JpÀB\pw A¯c¯nÂs¸« aX{KÙ §fmWtÃm. AXpt]mse lnµp¡sf¶ s]mXpt]cn Adnb s¸Sp¶ hnhn[ PmXn¡mÀ¡pw KncnP\§Ä¡pw hnhn[ C³ Uy³ aXhn`mK§Ä¡pw Hcpt]mse kzoIcn¡mhp¶ Hcp aX {KÙsa¶ Øm\w '`KhZvKoX' IcØam¡ns¡m­nbncn¡pI bmWv. Cu {KÙs¯ tI{µoIcn¨v lnµpaXs¯ cq]s¸Sp¯m \mWv hnhn[ Xe§fn {iaw \S¡p¶Xv. KoX Hcn¡Ât]mepw hmbn¨n«nÃm¯hcpw AXnse Hcp tÇmIw t]mepw tI«n«nÃm ¯hcpw AXnsâ amlmßys¯¸än ]dªp XpS§nbncn¡p¶p. ]{X§fpw aXt\Xm¡·mcpw \nc´cambn B {KÙ¯nsâ amlmßyw hmgv¯p¶XmWv AXn\p ImcWw. BNmcy hnt\m_ `msh Hcp XnIª lnµpaX `à\pw Ko Xm hnizmknbpambncp¶p. At±lw `KhZvKoXbpsS amlmßyw C§s\ hnhcn¡p¶p:þ "KoXbpambpÅ Fsâ kw_Ôw XÀ¡mXoXamWv. amXmhn sâ ape¸mev Fsâ icocs¯ F{Xam{Xw ]pjvSns¸Sp¯nbn 15

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

«pt­m AXne[nIw KoXmZpKv[w Fsâ lrZbt¯bpw _p²ntb bpw t]mjn¸n¨n«p­v........Rm³ kmamt\y\ KoXbpsS A´co£ ¯n Xs¶bmWv ØnXn sN¿p¶Xv. KoX Fsâ {]mWX¯zam sW¶p IcpXpI. Rm³ KoXsb kw_Ôn¨p hÃhtcmSpw kw kmcn¡pt¼mÄ KoXmkap{Z¯nsâ D]cn`mK¯p \o´os¡m­n cn¡pIbmWv. Häbv¡mbncn¡pt¼mÄ B AarXkmKc¯nsâ ASnbn ap§n¡nS¡pIbmWv."1 kzman hnthIm\µsâ injyXzw kzoIcn¨ ]mÝmXy h\nX bmb knÌÀ \nthZnX (amÀKcäv t\m_nÄ, 1867þ1911) lnµpaX \hoIcW¯n\pth­n hfsc {]bXv\n¨hcn HcmfmWtÃm.

KoXsb "C³UybpsS cà¯nsâ càhpw amwk¯nsâ amwk" hpambn AhÀ Nn{XoIcn¡p¶p.2 lnµpaX {KÙ§fpsS hymJymXmhpw ]ÞnX\pambncp¶ tUm. Fkv. cm[mIrjvW³ KoXbv¡v hniZamb Hcp hymJym\ sagpXpIbpw KoXm ktµi§sf¸än hniZambn NÀ¨ sN¿pIbp ap­mbn. At±lw KoXsb Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv: "KoXm ktµi¯nsâ hym]vXn kmÀÆ{XnIamWv. P\km[m cWamb lnµpaX¯nsâ ZmÀi\nImSnØm\amWXv. hnaÀi\ t¯¡mf[nIw hnime ho£Whpw AKm[hpamb kwkvImc k¼¯papÅ BfmWXnsâ IÀ¯mhv..... FÃm D]mk\ ]²Xn Itfbpw \ntj[mßIambn ssIImcyw sN¿m\njvSs¸Sm¯, lnµp [À½¯nsâ kmc¯zs¯ hymJym\n¡m³ At±lw kÀÆYm AÀl\mbn¯ocp¶p. hnNmc¯nsâ iànsIm­pw ZqcZÀi\¯nsâ `hyXsIm­pw am{Xaà KoX \ap¡Xn{]nb ambn¯ocp¶Xv. `ànbnepÅ AXypÕmlwsIm­pw Bß`mh \bpsS am[pcywsIm­pw AXp \½fn kzm[o\iàn sNep ¯p¶p. Btßm]mk\m ]²Xn hnIkn¡m\pw {]mIrX]qPm k{¼Zmb§sf \ncmIcn¡m\pw KoX hfsc {ian¨n«ps­¦nepw aäpÅhsb JÞn¡pIbnà F¶ \ne]mSp ImcWambn Bcm[ \m ]²XnIfnse A\mNmc§Ä AXv Npc¯n¡fªnÃ; Ahbn ¶pw \ne\n¡p¶p."3 C³Uy {_n«ojpImcpsS ASnaXz¯n Bbncp¶ Ime¯v, 16

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

kzmX{´y¯n\pth­n kacw sNbv X ncp¶hcn ]ecpw KoXsb AhcpsS {]tXyI imkv{Xambn DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡phm³ {ian¨ncp¶p. Ccp]Xmw iXI¯nsâ Bcw`¯n {_n«ojpImÀ s¡Xncmbn _wKmfn hn¹h{]Øm\w Bcw`n¨p. _¦nw N{µ NtXm]m²ymb Ahcn {]apJ\mWv. At±lw FgpXp¶p: "kz[À½t_m[w \½nep­m¡pIbmWv KoXbpsS Dt±iyw. \½Ä kz[À½w F¶p ]dbpt¼mÄ hnZym`ymkapÅhÀ¡v AXp a\Ênem¡m³ {]bmkamWv. kz[À½w F¶p Rm³ ]dbp¶ Xn\p ]Icw Uyq«n (NpaXe) F¶ Cw¥ojv ]Zw D]tbmKn¨m ]ns¶ {]iv\anÃ. B NpaXe \nÀhlnt¡­Xnsâ BhiyIX KoX sXfnbn¡p¶p. FÃm a\pjyÀ¡papÅ kz[À½w H¶Ã.

Nnesc kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw AXp aäpÅhsc in£n¡pI bmWv. aäp NnecpsS kz[À½w A]ct\mSv £an¡pIbmWv. ]«mf¡mcsâ kz[À½w i{Xphns\ apdns¸Sp¯pIbmsW¦n tUmIvSdpsS kz[À½w apdnthähs\ ip{iqjn¡pIbmWv. a\p jyÀt¡mtcmcp¯À¡pw Hmtcm [À½amWv \nÀÆln¡m\pÅXv. AX\pkcn¨v Hmtcmcp¯cpw {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. FÃm kz[À½§ fnepw thZ\mP\Iw bp²w sN¿emWv. HcmÄ¡v bp²w Hgnhm ¡m³ Ignbpsa¦n bp²w sN¿p¶Xv [À½aÃ. ]t£, thZ\mI camb B kz[À½w \nÀhln¡m³ Ahs\ \nÀ_ÔnX\m¡p ¶ kmlNcyw h¶m AXp Bhiyambn¯ocpw. Hcp \mZnÀjm tbm ssSaqÀe§v t Km \n§fpsS cmPyw sImÅbSn¡m\pw XobnSphm\pw hcp¶p F¶p IcpXpI. A¯cw L«§fn ka cw sN¿m\dnbmhp¶ Hmtcmcp¯cptSbpw [À½w bp²w sN¿ emWv."4 _¦nw N{µsâ t\XrXz¯n _wKmfn cq]wsIm­ "A\p ioe³ kanXn" F¶ hn¹h kwLS\, KoXbn \n¶v {]tNmZ \w DÄs¡m­psIm­mWv {]hÀ¯\w XpS§nbXv. _dn³ tLmjv, CÃmkv¡À Z¯v, Achnµv tLmjv XpS§nbhÀ Cu {]Øm\¯n\p th­n \nch[n XymK§Ä kln¨n«pÅhcmWv. Hcn¡Â Um¡bnse 'A\pioe³ kanXn' Hm^okv Kh¬saâ v sdbnUp sNbvXt¸mÄ AhÀ ]nSns¨Sp¯Xn Hcp kvt^mSIh 17

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

kvXp KoXbpsS ]Xn\mdp tIm¸nIfmbncp¶phs{X. 5 KoXbn \n¶v BthiapÄs¡m­ asämcp kzmX{´y kac t\Xmhmbncp ¶p _meKwKm[c XneIv. _À½bnse amÞse Pbnen InS¶ Ime¯v At±lw cNn¨ "KoXm clkyw" kzmX{´y kac`S·mÀ ¡v Bthiw \ÂIn. 1925þ B {KÙw _wKmfnbnte¡v tPmXo {µ\mY SmtKmÀ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. 1918þse duf¯p I½nän dnt¸mÀ«nepw KoXbpw kzmX{´yw kac t\Xm¡fpambpÅ _ Ôw FSp¯p]dbp¶p.6 lnµpaX \thm°m\¯nsâ t\Xmhmb kzman hnthIm\ µ\pw iànbpsS DdhnSambn«mWv KoXsb ImWp¶Xv. At±lw ]dbp¶p: "Hä ]m]tabpÅp. AXmWv ZuÀ_eyw. Rm³ Hcp Ip«nbmbn cp¶t¸mÄ an«sâ ]dpZokm \jvSw hmbn¨p. AXnepÅ Hcp \à a\pjyt\mSv þ km¯mt\mSvþ am{Xta F\n¡p _lpam\w tXm¶nbpÅp. ZuÀºeyanÃm¯ Hscmä ]pWyhm³, FÃm¯nt\ bpw [ocambn t\cnSpIbpw acW¡fnbn GÀs¸Sm³ \nÝbn ¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p...... FÃm ZuÀºeyhpw ASna¯hpw shdpw `mh\IfmWv. Hscmä hm¡p ]dªm AXv A{]Xy£amIpw. ZpÀºecmIcpXv. asämcp c£mamÀKhpanÃ. Fgpt¶äp \n¡pI; iàcmhpIþ Hcn¡epw AÔhnizmk§Ä¡v ASnabmIcpXv. kXys¯ t\À¡pt\sc A`napJoIcn¡pI. acWw kw`hn¡p s¶¦nÂ,þ AXmWtÃm Gähpw hepXv,þ hcs«. \½Ä acW¡fn \S¯phm³ \nÝbn¨p Ignªp. F\n¡dnbmhp¶ Hcp aXw A Xp am{XamWv."7 C§s\ aX]cnjvIÀ¯m¡Ä¡pw kzmX{´ykac t\Xm¡ ·mÀ¡pw Bthiw \ÂInb KoX C³Uybv¡p shfnbnepw {]i kvXnbmÀÖn¨ Hcp {KÙamWv. ltcIrjvW {]Øm\¡mcpw cP\ojv B{ia¡mcpsams¡ KoX hntZi§fn h³tXmXn {]Ncn¸n¡m³ {ian¡p¶p­v.8 kzman hnthIm\µsâ `KhZvKoXm hymJym\hpw bqtdm¸n {]kn²amWv.9 ]s£, CXns\ms¡ hfsc ap¼pXs¶ bqtdm¸n KoXbpsS ]e hnhÀ¯\§fpw ]pd¯p h¶ncp¶p. C³UybpsS KhÀWÀ P\d Bbncp¶ 18

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

hmd³ tlÌnwKvknsâ \nÀt±i{]Imcw NmdÕv hn¡n³kmWv 1785þ `KhZvKoX BZyambn Cw¥ojn hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv {]kn²oIcn¨Xv. XpSÀ¶v hnhn[ `mjIfn bqtdm¸n B {K Ù¯n\v ]e hnhÀ¯\§fpw ]pd¯ph¶p. AXn {][m\s¸« Cw¥ojv XÀÖaIÄ Xmsg ]dbp¶hbmWv: hnhÀ¯I³ {]kn²oIcn¨ hÀjw F.Pn. kvIvteK 1846 sP.kn. tXmwk1855 sP. tUhnUv 1882 sI.än. sXem§v 1875 Fw.Fw. NmäÀPn 1887 C. BÀt\mÄUv 1885 Fw.F³. Z¯v 1895 FÂ.Un. _mÀsWäv 1905 C.sP. tXmakv 1931 kn. Cuizc³hpUv & {]`mhm\µm 1947 U»nbp.Un.]n.ln 1928 F^v. FUvtKÀ«1944 PÀ½³, {^©v, Cämenb³, {Ko¡v F¶o `mjIfnepw KoX bpsS hnhn[ hnhÀ¯\§Ä {]kn²oIcn¨n«p­v. KoXbpsS XmXznIhpw aX]chpamb {]m[m\ys¯¸än hn]peamb ]T\§ fpw ]e \neIfn \S¶pIgnªp. aebmf¯nÂXs¶ KoXbv¡v \nch[n hnhÀ¯\§fpw hymJym\§fpap­v.

{][m\ `mjy§Ä D]\nj¯pIÄ, {_Òkq{Xw F¶nht]msebpÅ Hcp {][m\ aX{KÙambn lnµp¡Ä \qäm­pIÄ¡p ap¼pXs¶ `KhZvKoX sb AwKoIcn¨ncp¶p. ta ]dª {KÙ§fpw KoXbpw DÄs¸ Sp¶ ]pkvXI§Ä¡v {]Øm\{Xbw F¶v s]mXpth ]dbpw. lnµpaX¯nse hnhn[ aXhn`mK§fptSbpw Nn´m{]Øm\ §fptSbpw t\Xm¡·mÀ AhchcpsS hmZKXnIÄ Øm]n ¡p¶Xn\v D]\nj¯pIÄ, {_Òkq{Xw, `KhZvKoX F¶nh AhÀ¡v Hmtcmcp¯À¡pw th­Xpt]mse hymJym\n¡pI 19

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

bmWv sNbvXn«pÅXv. AXpsIm­v ]ckv]c hncp²§fmb hym Jym\§Ä Ch Hmtcm¶n\pw D­mbn. CXn Gähpw IqSpX `mjy§Ä D­mbn«pÅXv KoXbv¡mWv. AssZzXaX Øm]I\mb {ioi¦csâ (kn.C. 788þ820) KoXm hymJym\amWv Ct¸mÄ e`yamb KoXmhymJym\§fn Gähpw ]gbXv. AXn\p ap¼pXs¶ Nne hymJym\§Ä D­mbn«pÅ Xmbn At±l¯nsâ apJhpcbnÂ\n¶v a\Ênem¡msa¦nepw AsXm¶pw Ct¸mÄ e`yaÃ. bmYmÀ°yw AYhm {_Òw Ht¶ bpÅp F¶pw H¶ÃmsX c­masXm¶nsöpamWv i¦csâ hmZw. A§s\ iàn {]]©¯nemsI Ht¶ DÅpsh¦n AXnsâ ]n¶n AXn\pwIqSn \nbaIamb Hcp ]cak¯zw D­mbncn¡Ww. AXv t_m[kzcq]amWv. AXns\ ]camßmhv, ]c{_Òw Fs¶ms¡ hyhlcn¨phcp¶p. B ]c{_Ò¯nsâ hnhn[ cq]¯nepÅ BhnjvIcWamWv {]]©hpw AXnse {]Xn`mk§fpsa¶v AssZzXw ]Tn¸n¡p¶p. Úm\w, IÀ½w F¶nh ip²ta ]ckv]c hncp²§fmsW¶pw B \nebv¡v IÀ½¯n\v Úm\hpambn Hcp _Ôhpansöpw am{XaÃ, AXv Úm\¯n\v hnLv\wIqSnbmsW¶pw i¦c³ kaÀ°n¨p. ]Xn ½q¶mw iXI¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ B\µKncn F¶ ]ÞnX\pw {io[c\pw (GItZiw kn.C. 1400) ]Xn\mdmw iXI¯n Pohn ¨ncp¶ a[pkqZ\\pw {io i¦csâ hymJym\s¯ hnIkn¸n ¡m³ {ian¨hcmWv. ]t£, {]Øm\{Xbs¯ hymJym\n¨p sIm­pXs¶ ]Xns\m¶mw iXI¯n cmam\pP³ hninjvSm ssZzXw Øm]n¨p. i¦cmNmcyÀ \nÀKpW {_Ò¯nemWv hniz kn¨ncp¶Xv. F¶m cmam\pP³ kKpW{_Òt¯¸än ]d bp¶p. AXn\v iànbpw kÀÆÚXbpw sFizcyw, tXPkv, Ir]mhmÕeyw XpS§nb KpW§fpaps­¶v At±lw hmZn¨p.

AXn\pw `KhZvKoXsb B[mcam¡n. bap\mNmcyÀ KoXmkw{K l¯n \ÂInb hymJym\amWv cmam\pP³ AXn\p]tbmKn ¨sX¶pam{Xw. Bib¯n\v ]pd¯v temIansöv Bß\njvT amb A²ymßhmZs¯ XÅn¡fª At±lw \m\mXzt¯m SpIqSnb PK¯v, {_Òwt]mse Xs¶ bYmÀ°amsW¶v hmZn¨p.

20

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Pohmßmhpw ]camßmhpw hyXykvXamsW¶mWv cmam\pPsâ hmZw. ]ckv]c hncp²amb Cu c­p Nn´mkcWnIÄ¡pw Htc ]pkvXIw Xs¶ B[mcambXn ]eÀ¡pw AZv`pXw tXm¶mw. ]t£, GXpXcw hymJym\¯n\pw hg§p¶ Hcp IrXnbmWv `KhZvKoXsb¶pÅXmWv hmkvXhw. ]{´­mw iXI¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ \nw_mÀ¡³ ssZzXmssZzXw Fs¶mcp {]tXyI kn²m´w BhnjvIcn¨p. At±lw {_Òkq{X¯n\pw, injy \mb tIih Imivaocn XXz{]IminI F¶ t]cn KoXbv¡pw Hmtcm hymJym\sagpXn. Bßmhv, PK¯v, {_Òw F¶nh Hmtcm ¶pw {]tXyIamsW¶pw Bßmhntâbpw PK¯ntâbpw {]hÀ ¯\§Ä {_Òs¯ B{ibn¨ncn¡p¶p F¶pw \nw_mÀ¡³ ]dbp¶p. ]Xn\©mw iXI¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ hÃ`mNmcyÀ ip²mssZzXw hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯Xpw Cu {KÙs¯ B[mcam¡n bmWv. am[zmNmcyÀ ssZzXaXw Øm]n¡pt¼mgpw KoXsb B[m cam¡n Nn´n¡p¶p­v. Cuizc³, Poh³, PK¯v F¶nhsbÃmw F¶pw ]ckv]c `n¶amsW¶pw Cuizc\pw Xm\pw H¶msW¶ Nn´Xs¶ sXämsW¶pw am[zmNmcyÀ kaÀ°n¨p. CXpt]mse hyXykvX apJ§tfmSpIqSnbmWv ]mÝmXy ]ÞnX·mÀ KoX sb kao]n¡p¶Xpw. Ahcn NneÀ Hcp X¯zimkv{X{KÙ sa¶ \nebn AXns\ {]iwkn¨t¸mÄ Nne anjy\dnamÀ ]mÝmXy kn²m´§fpsS shfn¨¯n AXns\ Xmgv¯ns¡ «m\pw {ian¨p. kzmX{´y kacIme¯v NneÀ AXn\v A\pKpWamb hn[ ¯nemWv KoXsb hymJym\n¨sX¶v \½Ä ap¼p I­p. ]t£, kzmX{´y¯n\ptijw ]ptcmKa\iànIÄs¡Xncmbn«mWv AXp]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. i¦c\v CXv AssZzX kn²m´Øm ]\¯n\v D]Icn¨p. F¶m ssNX\y³ Úmt\izc³ XpS§n bhÀ `àn{]Øm\¯n\v DdhnShpw CXn Is­¯n. _¦nw N{µ\pw _meKwKm[cXneIn\pw CXv kzmX{´y kac¯n\v Dt¯P\w \ÂIn. {_n«ojpImÀ KoXsb km{amPyXz¯n\v A\p Iqeamb {]NcW¯n\pw D]tbmKn¨p.10 Nne lnµphÀ¤obhmZn 21

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

IÄ apÉo§Äs¡Xncmbn hÀKobX Cf¡nhnSp¶Xn\pw KoX sb¯s¶ D]IcWam¡p¶p.11 Ft§m«pw Xncn¡mhp¶Xpw GXp hn[¯nepw hymJym\n¡m hp¶Xpamb Hcp IrXnbmbn `KhZvKoX amdp¶sX´psIm­m sW¶pw Cu {KÙ¯n\v C{Xtbsd s]mXpP\{i² ]nSn¨p ]äm³ IgnªsX´psIm­msW¶pw BfpIÄ¡v AZv`pXw tXm¶mw. KoXbpsS Ncn{X]chpw XmXznIhpamb hi§sf ¡pdn¨v hniZamb Hcp ]T\w \S¯nbm am{Xta Cu {]iv\ ¯n\v D¯cw In«pIbpÅp.

alm`mcXhpw KoXbpw `KhZvKoX F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶ {KÙw k¼qÀ®IrXn bmbn«Ã ImWs¸Sp¶Xv. cmambWw, alm`mcXw F¶o t]cpI fn Adnbs¸Sp¶ c­v CXmlmk§Ä C³Uy¡mÀ¡p­v.

AXn alm`mcXw Hcp _rlZv{KÙamWv. \nch[n ]ÀÆ(`mK) §fmbpw D]]ÀÆ (D]hn`mKw)§fmbpw A²ymb§fmbpw AXv hn`Pn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. alm`mcX¯nse Bdmas¯ ]ÀƯn\v `ojva]ÀÆw F¶mWp t]cv. \nch[n D]]ÀƧfmbn hn`Pn¡ s¸«n«pÅ B ]ÀƯnse aq¶mas¯ D]]ÀÆamWv KoXm]ÀÆw. `ojva ]ÀƯnse aq¶mas¯ D]]ÀÆamWv KoXm]ÀÆw. `ojva ]ÀƯnse ]Xn½q¶p apX \mev]¯nc­p hsc A²ymb §Ä AXn DÄs¸Sp¶p. AXnÂXs¶ Ccp]¯©p apX \mev]¯nc­p hscbpÅ ]Xns\«v A²ymb§fmWv `KhZvKoX. IÀ½ImÞw, D]mk\mImÞw, Úm\ImÞw F¶n§ s\, Bdv A²ymb§Ä hoXapÅ aq¶p `mK§fmbn KoXsb Xncn¡mdp­v. Hmtcm A²ymb§fptSbpw t]cv Xmsg sImSp¡p ¶p.

A²ymb§fpsS t]cv: IÀ½ImÞw tÇmI§fpsS F®w 1. AÀÖp\ hnjmZtbmKw 47 2. kmwJytbmKw 72 3. IÀ½tbmKw 43 4. Úm\IÀ½ k\ymktbmKw 42 22

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

5. k\ymktbmKw 29 6. [ym\tbmKw D]mk\mImÞw 47 7. hnÚm\tbmKw 30 8. XmcI{_ÒtbmKw 28 9. cmPKplytbmKw 34 10. hn`qXntbmKw 42 11. hnizcq]ZÀi\ tbmKw 55 12. `àntbmKw Úm\ImÞw 20 13. {]IrXn ]pcpjhnthItbmKw 34 14. KpW{Xbhn`mKtbmKw 27 15. ]pcptjm¯atbmKw 20 16. ssZhmkpc k¼Zzn`mKtbmKw 24 17. {i²m{Xbhn`mKtbmKw 28 18. tam£k\ymktbmKw 78 IÀ½ImÞ¯n 280, D]mk\mImÞ¯n 209, Úm\ ImÞ¯n 211þ A§s\ sam¯w 700 tÇmI§fmWv `KhZvKo XbnepÅXv.

KotXm]tZiL«w `mcXhwiPcmb Ipcp¡fpw ]m©me·mcpw X½n \S¶psh ¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶ Hcp AhImi¯À¡w CXnhr¯am¡n cNn¨ Hcp _rlZv{KÙamWv alm`mcXw. AXnse IYbpsS Npcp¡w CXmWv: [rXcmjv{Scpw ]mÞphpw ktlmZc§fmWv. `ojvaÀ Ahsc hfÀ¯ns¡m­ph¶p. P·\m AÔ\mb [rXcmjv{SÀ ¡v KmÔmcn F¶ `mcybn \qdp ]p{X·mÀ P\n¨p. Ahsc Iuch·mÀ F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. ]mÞphn\v Ip´n, am{Zn F¶p c­p `mcyamcm Wp­mbncp¶Xv. AhÀ¡p c­pt]À¡pwIqSn bp[njvTc³, `oa³, AÀÖp\³, \Ipe³, kltZh³ F¶n§ s\ A©p ]p{X·mÀ P\n¨p. Chsc ]mÞh·mÀ F¶p s]mXp th hnfn¡p¶p. ]mÞh·mcpw Iuch·mcpw lkvXn\]pcw sIm «mc¯n H¶n¨pIq«nb Ahkc¯nÂ, Iuch·mÀ bp[njvTn c\pambn \S¯nb NqXn tXmä ]mÞh·mÀ cmPyw hn«v ] {´­p hÀjs¯ h\hmkhpw Hcp hÀjs¯ AÚmX 23

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

hmkhpw A\pjvTn¡phm³ ]pds¸«p. AXpIgnªp Xncn¨p sN¶n«pw Iuch·mÀ ]cmPbs¸«p. ]mÞh·mcn aq¯bm fmb bp[njvTnc³ lkvXn\]pc¯n cmPmhmbn. CXmWv alm `mcX IYbpsS {][m\ CXnhr¯w.

Iuch·mcpw ]mÞh·mcpw X½n Ipcpt£{X¯n sh¨v bp²w \S¡p¶ Ahkc¯n ]mÞh cmPIpamc\mb AÀ Öp\sâ tXcmfnbmbn tkh\w A\pjvTn¨ {ioIrjvW³ AÀ Öp\\v \evIp¶ D]tZiamWv KoXsb¶mWv ]dbp¶Xv. ]t£, AÀÖp\\v IrjvW³ sImSp¡p¶ D]tZiw Hcp {]tXyI cq] ¯nemWv Ihn Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv. alm`mcX bp²mcw`¯n Iuchssk\y¯nsâ A[n]\mbn `ojvaÀ A`ntjIw sN¿s¸ SpIbpw At±l¯nsâ t\XrXz¯n Iuchk\yw ]mÞh tcmSv ]¯p Znhkw hsc bp²w sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp. ]¯mwZnh kw `ojvaÀ apdnthäv icib\¯n InS¶p. Cu hnhcw P\\m AÔ\mb [rXcmjv{ScmPmhns\ kRvPb³ Adnbn¡p¶p. A t¸mÄ bp²mcw`w apX AXphsc \S¶ kIe Imcy§fpw hnkvXcn¨p ]dªptIÄ¡Wsa¶pÅ B{Klw [rXcmjv{SÀ {]ISn¸n¡p¶p. [À½t£t{X Ipcpt£t{X kathXm bpbpÕh: amaIm: ]ÞhmssÝh InaIpÀhX kRvPb: (KoX 1 :1) (Hm, kRvPbm! [À½t£{Xamb Ipcpt£{X¯n bp²w sN¿m\pZypàcmbn F¯nt¨À¶ Fsâ BfpIfpw ]mÞp]p {XmZnIfpw F´p sNbvXp?) kRvPb³ bp²mcw`w apXep­mb kw`hKXnIÄ [rXcm jv{Ssc ]dªp tIĸn¡p¶p. c­p ssk\y§fpw Ccphi¯pw AWn\nc¶p. Cu kab¯v AÀÖp\\v adphi¯pÅ ssk\y §sf ImWWsa¶v B{Klw tXm¶n. c­p ssk\y§fpsSbpw \Sp¡v cYw sIm­ph¶p \nÀ¯m³ At±lw kmcYnbmb Irjv Wt\mSv Bhiys¸«p. AX\pkcn¨v IrjvW³ tXcns\ `ojva 24

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

t{ZmWmZnIfpsSbpw aäp cmPm¡·mcpsSbpw t\sc sIm­p sN¶p \nÀ¯n. AÀÖp\³ t\m¡nbt¸mÄ Ccp ssk\y§ fnepw kz´w ]nXm¡·mcpw ]nXmal·mcpw BNmcy·mcpw amXp e·mcpw {`mXm¡·mcpw ]p{X·mcpw ]u{X·mcpw aäp _Ôp¡ fpw \n¡p¶Xp I­p. AXv At±ls¯ hnjmZNn¯\m¡n.

"AÃtbm IrjvWm! bp²w sNbvhm\nÑn¨p h¶ncn¡p¶ Cu kzP\s¯ I­n«v Fsâ Ahbh§Ä Xfcp¶p."þ AÀÖp\³ ]dªp: "hmbv hcfp¶p. icoc¯n hndbepw tcmam©hpap ­mIp¶p. KmÞohw I¿n \n¶p hogp¶p. tZlamkIew Fcnbp¶p. C\n tXcnencn¸m³ Rm³ ià\Ã. Fsâ a\Êv Npgep¶Xpt]mse tXm¶pIbpw sN¿p¶p. bp²w sNbvXp kzP \s¯ sIm¶n«v Rm³ bmsXmcp \·bpw ImWp¶nÃ. Rm³ hnPbs¯tbm cmPys¯tbm kpJ§tftbm B{Kln¡p¶nÃ. \ap¡v cmPyw sImt­m PohnXw sIm­p Xs¶tbm Fs´mcp {]tbmP\amWpÅXv!" C§s\ ]eXpw ]dªv AÀÖp\³ hnÃpw A¼pw Xmsgsb dnªp. Cu Ahkc¯n {io IrjvW³ \ÂIp¶ D]tZi§Ä c­mw A²ymbw ]Xns\m¶mw tÇmIw apX ImWmw. ]e D ]tZi§Ä \ÂInbn«pw Xr]vX \mImsX h¶t¸mÄ {ioIr jvW³ Xsâ hnizcq]w ImWn¨v AÀÖp\s\ {`an¸n¡pIbpw ]n¶oSv bpt²mZyà\m¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ChnsS {ioIrjvW³ \ÂInbXmbn ]dbs¸Sp¶ D]tZi§fmWv hfsc hnes¸« Xmbn lnµp¡Ä KWn¡p¶Xv. B D]tZi§fn ]eXpw {]mNo \Imes¯ aXk¦ev]§Ä¡\pkcn¨pÅXpw ImelcWs¸ «XpamsW¶v AXp ]cntim[n¨m hyàamIpw. ]ckv]c hncp ²§fmb {]kvXmh\Ifpw AXn ImWmw. AhsbÃmw CXn F§s\ IS¶pIqSn? Chbv¡v B[p\nI ImeL«¯n F´m Wv {]kàn? CsXÃmw \ap¡v ]cntim[nt¡­nbncn¡p¶p.

KoXw cq]wsIm­ Ncn{X ]Ým¯ehpw FgpXs¸« Imehpw Hs¡ Adnªm am{Xta AXp km²yamhpIbpÅp.

25

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

References: 1. hnt\m_`msh, BNmcy þ KoXm{]hN\w, (XriqÀþ 1955), t]Pv. 1 2. \nthZnX, knÌÀ þ t{]w\mYv _PmPn\m D²cn¡s¸«Xv. The Role of Bhagavad Gita, (New Delhi, 1975) p. 290.

3. cm[mIrjvW³, tUm. Fkv. þ `mcXob ZÀi\w, tImgnt¡mSvþ 1975), hmeyw H¶v, t]Pv 479.

4. Chattopadhyaya, Bankim Chandra - Works Vol. I, "Srimad Bhagavadgita," p. 717 5. Bose, Dilip - Marxism and the Bhagavat Geeta, (New Delhi, 1982), p.55 6. Ibid.

7. Vivekananda- Thoughts on Gita, (Calcutta, 1978), p.73-74 8. Cu c­p Iq«cpw {]tXyIw KoXm`mjy§Ä {]kn²oIcn¨n«p­v.

International Society of Krishna Consciousness--sâ Øm]I\mb F.kn. `àthZm´ kzman {]`p]mZcpsS Bhagavad-Gita As It Is AXn {][m\s¸«XmWv. \yqtbmÀ¡n \n¶pw e­\n \n¶pw AXp {]kn²oIcn¨n«p­v.

10. Sardesai, S.G - Marxism and Bhagavad Geeta, (New Delhi-1, 992), p.14 11. Ibid

26

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

2 alm`mcX bp²w Hcp sI«pIY {ioIrjvW³ AÀÖp\\v KotXm]tZiw \ÂIm\p­mb kml Ncyw Ipcpt£{X¯nÂsh¨v \S¶ alm`mcXbp²amsW¶mW tÃm ]dbp¶Xv. sUÂln¡p hS¡v lcnbm\m kwØm\¯pÅ Hcp ØeamWv Ipcpt£{Xw. AhnsSsh¨v A§s\sbmcp bp ²w \S¶n«ps­¦n AXv GXp Ime¯p \S¶p F¶v Adntb ­nbncn¡p¶p. _n.kn.C 3201 apX _n.kn.C. 900 hsc hnhn[ Ime§fmWv ]ÞnX·mÀ `mcXbp²¯n\p \ÂIp¶Xv. {]apJcmb Nne ] ÞnX·mÀ CXn\v \nÀWbn¨n«pÅ Imew Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p. 1 _n.kn.C. 3201 þ ]n.BÀ a¦Sv 3102 þ kn.hn. sshZy 2500 þ ]n.kn. sk³Kp]vX 1424 þ F. I®nwKvlmw 1400 þ _¦nwN{µNmäÀPn 1400 þ _meKwKm[cXneIv 1191 þ Achnµ alÀjn 1197 þ sI. FÂ. Z^vXmcn 950 þ ]ÀPnäÀ 900 þ tdmbn Nu[cn Cu Hmtcm hmZKXn¡pw A\pIqeamb sXfnhpIÄ Hmtcmcp ¯cpw lmPcm¡p¶p­v. ]s£ alm`mcXbp²w \S¶ Hcp kw`hamsW¶ ap³hn[ntbmsSbmWv AhscÃmw Cu {]iv\w 27

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

ssIImcyw sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv. F¶m alm`mcXw shdpw Hcp k¦ev] IYbmsW¶pw AXn\v Ncn{Xhpambn bmsXmcp _Ô hpansöpw IcpXp¶ ]ÞnX·mcpap­v. t{]wNµnsâbpw _¦nw N{µsâbpw XIgnbptSbpsams¡ t\mhepIÄ t]mepÅ shdpw Iev]nX IYbmWv alm`mcXw F¶p hcmtam? AtXm kn.hn. cma³ ]nÅbpsS "amÀ¯mÞhÀ½" t]mse Ncn{X ]pcpj·msc IYm]m{X§fm¡ns¡m­p cNn¨ Hcp sI«pIYbmtWm CXv? Hcp sNdnb Ncn{X kw`h¯nsâ `mh\m]qÀ®amb hn]peoIc WamWv alm`mcXw F¶p h¶pIqsS? C¯cw \nch[n kwib §Ä C¶p \nehnep­v. AXn\p icnbmb D¯cw ImWWsa ¦n kn.C. 500þmam­phscbpÅ C³Uym Ncn{Xw ]cntim[n t¡­nbncn¡p¶p.

\mep bpK§Ä kz´w \mSnsâ Ncn{X¯n AanXambn A`nam\n¡mdpÅ NneÀ ]e Ncn{X kw`h§fpsSbpw XobXnIÄ Ignbp¶{X ]pdtIm«p sIm­pt]mIm³ {ian¨p ImWmdp­v. DZmlcW¯n\v \mep bpK§tf¸änbpÅ C³Uy³ k¦ev]wXs¶ FSp¯p t\m¡pI. IrXw (kXybpKw), t{XXw, Zzm]cw, Ien F¶n§s\ \mep bpK§Ä Ncn{X¯neps­¶pw AXn BZys¯ aq¶p bpK §Ä Ignªp F¶pw \memat¯Xpw Ahkm\t¯Xpamb IenbpK¯nemWv \½Ä Pohn¡p¶sX¶pw km[mcW ]dbm dp­v. Ct¸mgs¯ bpKamb IenbpKw Bcw`n¨Xv _n.kn.C. 3102þ (AXmbXv Ct¶¡v 5084 hÀjw ap¼v) BsW¶mWv AhÀ hmZn¡p¶Xv. IrXbpKw ]Xnt\gp e£¯n Ccp]s¯ ®mbncw hÀjhpw Zzm]cbpKw F«p e£¯n Adp]¯n\mem bncw hÀjhhpw IenbpKw \mepe£¯n ap¸¯ocmbncw hÀj hpw BsW¶v IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p.2 {ioIrjvW³ acn¨ Znh kamWv IenbpKw Bcw`n¨sX¶pw lnµpaX {KÙ§fn ImWmw.3 5084 hÀjw ap¼v IenbpKw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv F«p e£ ¯nAdp]¯n \membncw hÀjw \o­p \n¶ Zzm]cbpK¯n\p tijamWv. AXn\p sXm«pap¼pÅ t{XXmbpK¯nsâ Ahkm \¯nemWv {iocma³ Pohn¨ncp¶sX¶mWv hnizmkw.4 A¡W 28

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¡n\v {iocma³ Pohn¨ncp¶Xv Npcp§nbXv 8,69,084 hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼mbncn¡Ww. C§s\ hÀjw IW¡m¡p¶hÀ¡v Ncn{Xhp ambn bmsXmcp _ÔhpanÃ. F«pe£¯n Adp]s¯m³]Xn\m bncw hÀjw ap¼mWv hmÂaoIncmambWw FgpXnbsb¶pw A¶v kwkvIrX¯n kmlnXyw A`nhr²n {]m]n¨ncp¶psh ¶pw Bsc¦nepw ]dªm hnhcapÅhÀ Nncn¡pw. ImcWw temI¯n \mKcnIX DSseSp¯n«v GXm­v ]Xn\mbncw hÀj§tf Bbn«pÅp. AXn\p tijw F{Xtbm \qäm­pIÄ IgnªmWv a\pjy³ Fgp¯phnZy I­p]nSn¨Xv ! \mep bpK§tf¸änbpÅ k¦ev]IYIÄ s\¿p¶hÀ B Hmtcm bpK¯n\pw Hmtcm {]tXyIXIÄ \evIp¶p. IrXbpK ¯n\v kXybpKw F¶pw t]cp­v. ]pWyhm·mcmbncp¶p A¡m es¯ a\pjyscÃmsa¶pw AhscÃmw Hcp aX¡mcmbncp¶p sh¶pw AXpsIm­v AhÀ¡v IÀ½m\pjvTm\§sfm¶pw Bh iyap­mbncp¶nsöpw BWv k\mX\ lnµp¡fn NneÀ ]d bp¶Xv. A¡me¯v km¼¯nIamb DbÀ¨XmgvNIfpw D­m bncp¶nÃs{X. kXybpK¯n\v tcmK§fpw AÚmXambncp¶p.

C¡mcWwsIms­Ãmw temI¯nse kphÀ®Imeambn IrX bpKs¯ hnizmknIÄ IW¡m¡p¶p. t{XXmbpKambt¸mÄ a\pjyÀ Ipd¨p A[:]Xn¨p. bÚ§Ä XpS§nbXv Cu bpK¯n emsW¶mWv k¦ev]w. Zzm]cbpKambt¸mÄ a\pjyÀ Iptd ¡qSn A[:]Xn¨p. At¸mgmWv thZ§Ä D­mbsX¶v AhÀ ]dbp¶p. {ioIrjvW³ Zzm]cbpK¯nsâ Ahkm\¯n Pohn ¨ncp¶psh¶pw At±l¯nsâ acWt¯msS temI¯v Gähpw tamiamb IenbpKw Bcw`n¨p F¶pamWv hnizmkw. 5 Ignªpt]mb Hcp kphÀ®Imes¯¸änbpÅ k¦ev]w F Ãm aX§Ä¡pap­v. A¯c¯n H¶p am{XamWv C³Uy³ ]pcmW§fnse kXybpKw. C³tUmþbqtdm]y³ tKm{X§fn seÃmw C¯cw km¦ev]nIbpK§tf¸änbpÅ hnhc§Ä Im Wmw. slkntbmUn F¶ {Ko¡pIhn, {Koknsâ Ncn{Xs¯ kphÀ®bpKw, cPXbpKw, Nph¸pbpKw, hocbpKw, Idp¯bpKw, F¶n§s\ A©p bpK§fmbn Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p. AhcpsS 29

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

kphÀ®bpK¯n a\pjyÀ tZh·msct¸mse Zp:J§fpw tcmK §fpw AdnbmsX Pohn¨ncp¶phs{X. ]n¶oSv {Iaambn a\pjyÀ A[:]Xn¨p Idp¯ bpK¯n F¯nsb¶mWv slkntbmUv ]dbp¶Xv.6 AbÀe³UpImcpsS sFXnly§fnepw C¯cw k¦ev]ap­v. AXv C³Uybnse bpKk¦ev]§fpambn tbmPn ¡p¶psh¶pw s{]m^kÀ Un. AÀt_mbnkv Nq­n¡mWn ¡p¶p.7 Cu k¦ev]§sfÃmw DSseSp¯Xv, AXmXp cmPy§fnse EXpt`Z§tfmSv _Ôs¸Sp¯n `mh\bv¡v \ndwsImSp¯ Ihn bpsS a\ÊnemWv. AXn\v Ncn{Xhpambn bmsXmcp _ÔhpanÃ. hÀj¯n \mep EXp¡fmWv C³UybnepÅXv. HIvtSm_dnse hnfshSp¸ns\¯pSÀ¶v BtcmKy{]Zamb ioXImew Bcw`n¡p ¶p. ]¨¡dnIfpw ]g§fpw A¡me¯v kpe`amWv. AXpIgn ªv hk´Imew hcp¶p. ioXImet¯mfw kpJIcasænepw BËmZ{]ZamWo¡mew. G{]n apX Pq¬ Ahkm\w hsc bmWv D¯tc³Uybnse DjvWImew. AXpIgnªv Pqsse amk¯n ag Bcw`n¡p¶p. ]et¸mgpw AXn`b¦camb shÅ s¸m¡hpw \mi§fpw C¡me¯v ]XnhmWv. IenbpK¯nsâ A´y¯n {]fbw D­mIpsa¶pÅ k¦ ev]¯n\v cq]w sImSp¯Xv CXmWv.8 ]ptcmlnX³amcptSbpw IhnIfptSbpw `mh\bneÃmsX C¯cw bpK§Ä bYmÀ° ¯n HcnS¯pw D­mbn«nsöv ]ÞnX\mb Un.Un. tImkmw _n Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶p.9

\mKcnIXbpsS Bcw`w e£¡W¡n\p hÀj§Ä \o­p \n¶ bpK§sf¸änbpÅ C ¯cw k¦ev]§Ä Ds­¦nepw am\h \mKcnIXbv¡v A{Xtb sd ]g¡anÃ. GXm­v ]Xn\mbncw hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼mWv a\p jy³ kwkvImc¯nte¡v ImseSp¯p Ip¯p¶Xv. Irjn sN¿m \pw arK§sf hfÀ¯m\pw ]Tn¨XmWv Cu ]pXnb bpK¯nsâ Bcw`¯n\p ImcWw.10 GXm­v A¿mbncw hÀjw ap¼p am{X amWv temI¯nse BZys¯ \mKcnIX CuPn]vXn ss\ \ZnbpsS Xoc¯v cq]w sImÅp¶Xv. A¡me¯v c­p sNdpInS 30

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

cmPy§Ä tNÀ¶v kpiàamb Hcp cmjv{Sw AhnsS DSseSp ¯p.11 A[nIw sshImsX Cdm¡v F¶v Ct¸mÄ Adnbs¸Sp¶ {]tZi¯v saks¸mt¯anb³ \mKcnIXbpw cq]saSp¯p.12 AXn\p tijamWv ]m¡nØm\nse knÔp\ZoXoc¯p asämcp \mKcnIX \nehn hcp¶Xv.13 taml³tPmZmtcm, lmc¸ F¶n hnS§fn \S¯nb DÂJ\\ KthjW§fn \n¶v AhnsS \ne\n¶ncp¶ \mKcnI kwkvImcs¯¸än GXm­v hniZamb Hcp Ncn{Xw Xs¶ \ap¡p In«p¶p­v. knÔp\ZoXS kwkvImcw cq]saSp¡p¶ Ime¯pt]mepw Bcy·mÀ C³Uybn IpSntb dnbncp¶nÃ. Ncn{XImc\mb sI.Fw. ]Wn¡À Bcy·mcpsS BKa\IY C§s\bmWv hnhcn¡p¶Xv: "taml³PZmtcmhnse e£y§fn \n¶p sXfnbp¶Xv Bcy ·mÀ BZyambn `mcX¯n {]thin¨Xv {In.ap. 2500þmamt­mSp IqSn Bbncn¡Wsa¶mWv. {InkvXphn\p ap¼v 1500þtdmSpIqSn ]©\Zw IgnªpÅ cp]mÀ apXemb {]tZi§fn lmc¸³ kwkv¡mcw AkvXan¨p F¶pÅXn\p sXfnhpIfpÅXpsIm ­pw Bcy³amÀ AhnsS {]thin¨p ]mÀ¸pd¸n¨p Ignªncp¶p F¶pÅXn\p e£y§Ä I­pIn«nbn«pÅXp sIm­pw {In.ap.

2500þmam­nt\mSSp¯mWv Bcy³amÀ `mcX¯n {]thin¨ sX¶pw {In.ap. 1500þmam­nt\mSpIqSnbmWv AhÀ {]_e·mcmb Zkyp¡sf AaÀ¯n ]©\Zw Pbn¨p bap\mXS¯n F¯nb sX¶pw \nÀ®bn¡mw."14 C§s\ _n.kn.C. 1500þ bap\mXS¯nse¯nb Bcy·mÀ, KwKmkaXew IogS¡p¶Xn\v ]ns¶bpw hÀj§Ä FSp¯p.

C³Uybnse¯nb Bcy·mÀ bap\mXS¯nse¯p¶Xn\nS bnÂ, hnhn[ Ime§fnembn«mWv thZ§Ä cNn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. AXnsem¶pw alm`mcX bp²s¯¸än ]dbp¶nÃ. _n.kn.C. 1500þ bap\mXS¯nse¯nbhÀ _n.kn.C. 3200þepw aäpw bp²w \S¯nsb¶p ]dbp¶Xv F{Xam{Xw hnUvV n¯camsW¶v {]tXyIw ]dtb­ ImcyanÃ.

thZ kmlnXyw thZ§Ä, {_mÒW§Ä, D]\nj¯pIÄ, kq{X§Ä, F¶n 31

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

§s\ Adnbs¸Sp¶ aXkmlnXy IrXnIfn \n¶pw C³Uy bnse Bcy·mcpsS BZyIme kwkvImct¯¸än \ap¡v hnhc §Ä e`n¡p¶p. _n.kn.C. 1500þ\pw 1200þ\pw CSbv¡v DÅ ImeL«¯nemWv EtKzZw cNn¡s¸«sX¶v amIvkvapÅÀ IW ¡m¡p¶p. aäp thZ§Ä _n.kn.C. 1200þ\pw 800þ\pw CSbv¡mWv FgpXs¸« sX¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶p. 800þ\pw 600þ\pw CSbv¡mWv {_mÒW§fpw BcWyI§fpw cNn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. AXn\pw tij amWv D]\nj¯pIÄ D­mIp¶Xv. AXnsem¶pw Xs¶ C§ s\sbmcp almbp²w \S¶ IYbnÃ.

EtKzZ Ime¯v Bcy kapZmbw ]Xns\m¶p tKm{X§fmbn ]ncnªmWv Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. A¡me¯v tZiobcmb aäp tKm{X §fpambn AhÀ \nc´camb bp²¯n GÀs¸«ncp¶p. Bcy tKm{X§Ä X½nepw A[oiXz¯n\p th­nbpÅ kac§Ä \S¶ncp¶p. C¯cw kwL«\§tf¸änbpÅ [mcmfw ]cmaÀi §Ä EtKzZ¯n ImWmw. ]cpjvWo \ZoXoc¯p h¨v `mcX tKm{X¯nsâ cmPmhmb kpZmk³, ]¯p cmPm¡·mcpsS kJy ssk\ys¯ tXm¸n¨Xv CXn {][m\s¸« kw`hamWv. tKm{X kmaqly k{¼Zmbw XIcpIbpw NmXpÀhÀ®y k{¼ Zmbw XÂØm\¯v iàn {]m]n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xpw C¡me ¯mWv. A¡mes¯ ssZh k¦ev]§Ä¡pw hyXymkap­m bncp¶p. kÀZmÀ sI.Fw. ]Wn¡À AtX¸än ]dbp¶Xn§ s\bmWv:þ "EtKzZw lnµpaX¯nsâ aqe{KÙamsW¦nepw lnµp¡Ä C¶mcm[n¡p¶ tZh·mÀ¡v AXn Hcp Øm\hpanÃ. hnjvWp hns\ A©p a{´§fn kvXpXn¨n«ps­¦nepw aäp tZh·m tcmSp XmcXays¸Sp¯pt¼mÄ {]m_eyw Ipdª Hcp tZh\mWv At±lw. {Xnhn{Ia IY kqNn¸n¨n«ps­¦nepw hma\mhXmc s¯tbm _entbtbm ]än {]kvXmhanÃ. C{µsâ A\pP³, C{µsâ Hcp Iq«pImc³, Cu Øm\ta hnjvWphn\pÅp. cp{Z³ Hcp tZhXbmsW¦nepw, I]À±nsb¸än {]kvXmhaps­¦nepw inhs\¸än Hcp kv XpXnbpw EtKzZ¯nenÃ. tZho ]qPbpw enwK]qPbpw EtKzZw Adnbp¶nÃ. thZ§fn Bcm[\m ]m{X 32

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

§fmb tZh·mÀ C{µ³, hcpW³, Aán, an{X³, acp¯pIÄ apXembhcmWv."15

`uXnIhmZ¯nsâ hfÀ¨ thZImeL«¯n\p tijw GXm­v _n.kn.C. 800þt\mSp IqSn {_mÒW ta[mhnXz¯n\pw sshZnI aX¯n\pw FXncmb Hcp shÃphnfn F¶ \nebn `uXnI hmZw C³Uybn Xg¨p hfÀ¶p. NmÀÆmI³, kmwJy³, _p²³, hÀ²am\ almhoc³ XpS§nb alm {]Xn`m imenIÄ Hs¶m¶mbn cwK¯p hcp¶p. _n.kn.C. 8þmw iXI¯n\pw 4þmw iXI¯n\pw CSbnemWv Chscms¡ Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. temImbX kn²m´§Ä¡pw _p² aX¯n\pw ssP\aX¯n\pw A`nhr²nbp­mbn. Cu Ime¯pw C§s\sbmcp almbp²w \S¶Xn\v sXfnhnÃ. _p²aX¡mcpsS Nne IrXnIfn \n¶v _n.kn.C. Bdmw iXI¯n Im_qÄ apX tKmZmhcn \Zo (B{Ô) Xocwhsc bpÅ Øe§fnembn ]Xn\mdv cmPy§Ä \ne\n¶ncp¶Xmbn ImWp¶p­v. Ah Xmsg¸dbp¶hbmWv. 1. AwKw (Ing¡³ _olmÀ) 2. aK[w (sX¡³ _olmÀ) 3. Imin (hmcWmkn) 4. tImkew (Hu[v) 5. {hnPn (hS¡³ _olmÀ) 6. aÃw (tKmcJv ]qÀ) 7. tNZn (bap\bv¡pw \À½Zbv¡pw CSbnÂ) 8. hÕw (D¯À{]tZinse Ael_mZv) 9. Ipcp (Xmt\izcw, sUÂln, aodäv) 10. ]m©mew (C¯À{]tZinse _doen, _pZphm³, ^dq¡m_mZv apXembh) 11. amÕyw (cmPØm\nse Pb¸qÀ) 12. kpctk\w (D¯À{]tZinse aYpc) 13. AivaIw (B{Ôbnse tKmZmhcn {]tZiw) 14. Ah´n (amÄh) 15. KmÔmcw (]mInØm\nse s]jhmÀ, dmhÂ]n­n) 33

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

16. Iwt_mPw (Imivaocnsâ sX¡p]Snªmdp `mKw) CXn ]eXpw ]n¡me¯v \mamhtijambn. aK[ Hcp km{amPyambn hfÀ¶p. _n.kn.C. Ggmw iXI¯n inip\mK s\¶ Hcp `cWm[nImcn AhnsS `cW¯n h¶p. At±l ¯nsâ ]n³Xeapd¡mc\mbncp¶p _nw_nkmc³ (_n.kn.C. 525þ500). ]mSv\bn \n¶pw 60 ssa hS¡p Ing¡pÅ cmPKrlw BØm\am¡n kpiàamb Hcp cmPyw At±lw Øm]n¨p. ssP\aX¡mc\mbncp¶ _nw_nkmc³ B aXs¯ At§bäw t{]mÕmln¸n¨p. _nw_nkmc\p tijw APmX i{Xphpw (_n.kn.C. 500þ475) XpSÀ¶v ZÀiI\pw (_n.kn.475þ450) DZb\pw (_n.kn. 450þ425) `cWw \S¯n. Cu cmPIpSpw_s¯ Øm\{` jvScm¡n. _n.kn.C. 375þ \µcmPhwis¯ tXmev]n¨v N{µKp ]vXaucy³ aucy km{amPyw Øm]n¨p. C³Uym Ncn{X¯nse BZys¯ km{amPyw CXmWv. N{µKp]vX\ptijw _nµpkmc\pw (_n.kn.C. 298þ274) XpSÀ¶v AtimI\pw (_n.kn.C. 274þ236) aucy N{IhÀ¯nIfmbn.

hntZim{IaW§Ä Bcy·mcpsS IpSntbä¯n\p tijw {]mNo\Ime¯p­mb Nne hntZim{IaW§fpw Ncn{X¯n {][m\s¸« kw`h§fmWv. sskdkv H¶ma³ (_n.kn.C. 558þ530) F¶ t]Àjy³ N{IhÀ ¯n hS¡p ]Snªmsd C³Uy B{Ian¨p IogS¡n. ]n¶oSv Ubmdkv H¶ma³ (_n.kn. 522þ486) F¶ t]Àjy³ N{IhÀ ¯nbpw C³Uy B{Ian¨p. ]©m_pw kn³Upw At±l¯nsâ \nb{´W¯nembn. Cu \ne hfsc¡mew XpSÀ¶p. _n.kn.C. 327þ {Ko¡p N{IhÀ¯nbmb AeIvkmÞdpw C³Uy B{Ian¨p. Ct¸mgs¯ ]m¡nØm³ {]tZi§fpw C³ Uybnse ]©m_pw AeIvkmÞdpsS Iognembn. Iptd¡me §Ä¡p tijw N{µKp]vXaucy\mWv B `mK§Ä hos­Sp ¯Xv.

C³Uy AtimI\p tijw aucy km{amPyw AtimI\ptijw {ItaW ZpÀºeambns¡m ­ncp¶p. Ahkm\s¯ aucy cmPmhmb {_l{ZYs\ sIm¶n«v 34

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

At±l¯nsâ tk\m\mbI\mbncp¶ ]pjyan{X³ F¶ {_m ÒW³ _n.kn.C. 184þ kpwKcmPmhns\ sIm¶v a{´nbmb hmkptZhI׳ cmPmhmbn.

GXm­v Cu Ime¯v ]Snªmsd C³Uy C³tUmþ {Ko¡p ImÀ, iI·mÀ, C³tUm ]mÀ°nb·mÀ, Ipjm\·mÀ F¶nh cpsS B{IaW§Ä¡v hnt[bambn. _n.kn.C. 189þ _mIv{Snb bnse {Ko¡p cmPmhmb sUan{Snbkv (_n.kn.C. 189þ160) ]©m _pw kn³Upw IogS¡n. XpSÀ¶v cmPØm³, DÖbn\n, kucm jv{Sw, knbmÂt¡mSv XpS§nb {]tZi§fpw AhcpsS \nb{´ W¯nembn. sUan{Snbknsâ PmamXmhmb an\m³UÀ (_n.kn.

C.160þ150) Atbm[ybpw aYpcbpw AhcpsS km{amPy¯n tNÀ ¯p. an\m³UÀ Ahkm\w _p²aXw kzoIcn¨p C³Uybn Xs¶ Xmakn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ]n¡me¯v X£ine tI{µambn asämcp C³tUmþ{Ko¡v cmPyhpw Øm]nXambn. bq{IänUkv Bbncp¶p B cmPhwi ¯nse BZys¯ cmPmhv. Cu hwi¯nse Ahkm\s¯ `cWm [nImcnbmb B³Unbm³InUkv, sshjv Wh aXw kzoIcn¨p. ]Ýna ssN\bnse kn\nb³ hÀ¤¯n s]« iI·mÀ _n.kn.C. 130þ knÔpXSw B{Ian¨v A[nImcw Øm]n¨p. {ItaW AhÀ Ingt¡m«p \o§n. ]e sNdnb cmPy§fpw Øm]n ¨p. AXn X£inebpw aYpcbpw {][m\s¸«Xmbncp¶p. \m knIv, DÖbn\n F¶nhnS§fnepw A¡me¯v iI·mcpsS cmPy §Ä D­mbncp¶p. hntZinIfmsW¦nepw iIcmPm¡·mÀ lnµpaXw kzoIcn¨v C³Uy¡mcmbn amdn. iI·msct¸mse kzm[o\iàn sNep¯m³ Ignªnsænepw hS¡p ]Snªmsd C³Uybn kn.C. H¶mwiXI¯n C³tUmþ]mÀ°nb·mcpw H¶p c­p cmPy§Ä Øm]n¨Xmbn ImWp¶p. ]mÀ°nb·msc tXmev]n¨psIm­mWv Ipjm³ hwi¡mÀ kn.C. H¶mw iXI¯n hS¡p ]Snªmsd C³Uybn Ip jm³ km{amPyw Øm]n¡p¶Xv. ssN\bnse kn\nb³ hÀ¤ ¡mcmbncp¶p Chcpw. ImUv^nskkv F¶ Ipjm³ cmPmhv 35

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Iminhsc B{Ian¨p IogS¡nsb¶p IcpXm³ \ymb§fp­v.

Cu hwi¯nse Gähpw {]_e\mb cmPmhmWv I\njvI³ (kn.C.78þ120). Ing¡v ]mSv\ hscbpw sX¡v amÄhhscbpw I \njvIsâ `cWmXnÀ¯nbn s]« Øe§fmbncp¶p. ImivaoÀ, tJm«m³, bmÀJÞv XpS§nb Øe§fpw I\njvIsâ cmPy ¯nÂs]«ncp¶p, _p²aX¡mc\mb I\njvI³ \memas¯ _u²almkt½f\w Ip´fh\¯n hnfn¨p Iq«n. AtXmSp IqSnbmWv almbm\ _p²aX¯n\v HutZymKnImKoImcw In«p ¶Xv. I\njvIsâ Imetijw {ItaW Ipjm\ km{amPyw £bn ¡m³ XpS§n. ]Xps¡¸Xps¡ ]e \mSphmgnIfpw kzmX{´yw t\Sn. C¯cw Hcp kmlNcy¯nemWv ]gb aK[ cmPy¯nsâ Øm\¯v Hcp ]pXnb km{amPyw DZbw sN¿p¶Xv. N{µKp]vX³ H¶ma³ (kn.C.320þ330) BWv Cu cmPy¯nse {]apJ\mb BZys¯ cmPmhv. At±ls¯ XpSÀ¶v kap{ZKp]vX³ (kn.C. 330þ380), N{µKp]vX hn{IamZnXy³ (kn.C. 380þ423), IpamcKp]vX³ (413þ455), kvIµKp]vX³ (455þ467) XpS§nbhÀ `cWm[nImcn Ifmbn. GXm­v c­p \qäm­pImew ChÀ D¯tc³Uysbbpw at²y´ytbbpw AS¡n `cn¨p. Cu Ime¯mWv NmÀhmI·m cptSbpw _p²þssP\aX¡mcptSbpw {ia^eambn XIÀ¶pt]m b sshZnIaXw, ]pXnb cq]¯n DWÀs¶gpt¶Â¡p¶Xv.

alm`mcXbp²¯n\v Øm\w FhnsS? kmam\yw ZoÀLambn C³UymNcn{Xw ChnsS kw{Kln¨psIm Sp¯Xv, Cu Imes¯m¶pw alm`mc¯n hnhcn¡p¶ ]mÞ hþIuchbp²w \S¡phm³ km²yXbnsöv ImWn¡phm³ th­nbmWv. Cu Ncn{X ]Ým¯ehpw aäv sXfnhpIfpw B[mc am¡ns¡m­v C³Uy³ ]pcmhkvXp KthjWhIp¸nse Hcp {]apJ ]ÞnX\mb tUm. kn.kn. kÀ¡mÀ alm`mcXbp²w Hcp Ncn{X kw`hasöv {]kvXmhn¨p. At±l¯nsâ hmZapJ §Ä Npcp¡n Xmsgs¡mSp¡mw:16 1. thZkmlnXy¯nsemcnS¯pw alm`mcXbp²t¯¸än {] kvXmhn¨n«nÃ.

36

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

2.

]ucmWnIÀ¡pt]mepw F¶mWv alm`mcXbp²w \S¶Xv F¶v AdnªpIqSmbncp¶p.

3. _n.kn.C. 4þmw iXI¯n\p ap¼pÅ Hcp kmlnXy IrXnbnepw alm`mcX bp²t¯¸än ]dªn«nÃ.

4. alm`mcXbp²w \S¶p F¶p ]dbp¶ Ipcpt£{Xs¯ Hcp bp²¡fambn thZkmlnXy§fnse§pw ]cmaÀin¡p¶nÃ.

Cu ImcW§ÄsIm­v tUm. kÀ¡mÀ A\pam\n¡p¶Xv GtXm sNdnb tKm{XhÀ¤bp²IYsb DuXnhoÀ¸n¨v hepXm ¡nbXmWv alm`mcX IYsb¶mWv. {]ikvX ]pcmhkvXp KthjI\mb tUm. F¨v. Un. k¦men bbpw tUm. kÀ¡mcnsâ A`n{]mbt¯mSp tbmPn¡p¶p. k¦m enbbpsS A`n{]mbw C§s\ kw{Kln¡mw: "alm`mcXbp²¯n\v _n.kn.C. 3100, _n.kn.C. 1400, _n.kn.C 900 F¶n§s\ hnhn[ ImeL«§fmWv ]ÞnX·mÀ \ÂIp ¶Xv. AhÀ {][m\ambpw kwkvIrX ]ÞnX·mtcm "BwsN bÀ" Ncn{XImc·mtcm BWv. Cu XobXnIfn GsX¦nepw AwKoIcn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v, AXpsIm­v AÀ°am¡p¶sX´m sW¶pw IqSn Adnªncnt¡­XmWv. Ct¸mgs¯ lcnbm\, ]©m_v, knÔv, KpPdm¯v, kucmjv{Sw, I¨v, D¯À{]tZiv, _o lmÀ, BÊmw, ImivaoÀ F¶nhnS§fn A¡me¯v henb cmPy§Ä \ne\n¶ncp¶psh¶v \½Ä IcptX­nhcpw. am{XaÃ, Cu {]tZi§fnseÃmw hnImkw {]m]n¨ kwkvImchpw \mKcn IXbpw \ne\nt¶Xocq. AhnsSbp­mbncp¶ cmPm¡·mÀ¡v Øncamb h³ ssk\y§fpw At¸mÄ D­mbncp¶ncn¡Ww. AhcpsS IrXyamb F®w IW¡m¡nbnsænepw. ]t£, A sXm¶pw A¡me¯p­mbncp¶p F¶pÅXn\v sXfnhpIfnÃ."17 saml³PZmtcmbntebpw lmc¸bntebpw P\§Ä¡v Ccp¼v AÚmXambncp¶p. _n.kn.C. 4000þtem alm`mcXbp²w \S¶p F¶p Iev]n¨m AhÀ Ccp¼mbp[§Ä D]tbmKn¨ncp¶n söp k½Xnt¡­nhcpsa¶pw tUm. k¦menb Nq­n¡mWn ¡p¶p.18 ]s£, alm`mcX bp²¯n Ccp¼mbp[§Ä D]tbm Kn¡p¶Xmbn ]dbp¶pap­v. _n.kn.C. Bdmw iXI¯n\p ap¼v 37

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Ccp¼mbp[§Ä C³Uybn [mcmfambn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶nsà ¶pw At±lw Nq­n¡m«p¶p.19 Ipcpt£{X {]tZi¯p \S¶ DXvJ\\§fn \n¶pw Cu almbp²s¯ kw_Ôn¡p¶ bm sXm¶pw In«nbn«nsöpÅXpw kvacWobamWv.

IY F§s\bp­mbn? alm`mcXbp²w Hcp Ncn{X IYbsæn ]ns¶sb§s\ Cu IY \nehn h¶p? AXv Hcp Ncn{X kw`hambn AwKoIcn ¡m³ CSbm¡nb kmlNcyw F´mWv? F´psIm­v {]mNo\ Imes¯ a\pjyÀ CXns\ Hcp kw`h IYbmbn KWn¨p? CsXm s¡ \½psS a\Ên tXm¶mhp¶ tNmZy§fmWv. N´ptat\m sâ IYbnse \mbnIbmb 'CµpteJ'bpsS Nn{Xw \½psSsbm s¡ a\Ên Ct¸mgpw X§n\nev¡p¶ntÃ? AXn\v aX]camb Hcp \ndw Bsc¦nepw sImSp¯ncps¶¦n CµpteJbpw Hcp tZhnbmbn Dbcpambncp¶p. CXpt]mse SmtKmÀ, _¦nwN{µ³, biv]m XpS§nbhÀ FgpXnb t\mhepIfnse IYm]m{X§Ä Pohn¨ncp¶hcmsW¶v Hcp¯cpw ]dbpIbnÃtÃm? Ncn{Xkw `h§fpsS ]Ým¯eanÃmsX ]e IYIfpw D­mIpsa¶pÅ Xn\v sXfnhmWnXv. sshjvWhaX¡mcmb IhnIÄ aX{]NcW ¯n\pth­n t_m[]qÀÆw FgpXpIbpw {]Ncn¸n¡pIbpw sN bvXXpsIm­mWv alm`mcX¯n\v C¶pÅ Øm\w In«nbXv. B IrXnbpsS Iemaqeyhpw {]Nmcs¯ klmbn¨p F¶p am{Xw. KmÔnPn, `KhZvKoXtbbpw alm`mcXt¯bpw ]än ]dbp¶ A`n{]mbhpw ChnsS {it²bamWv: "Rm³ KoXbpambn BZyambn ]cnNbs¸Spt¼mÄ Xs¶ A sXmcp Ncn{X IrXnbsöv F\n¡v tXm¶nbncp¶p. imcocnI bp²¯nsâ _mly`mht¯msS a\pjysâ DÅn \S¡p¶ Ahkm\anÃm¯ Zzµzbp²amWv CXn hnhcn¡p¶Xv. a\Ên \S¡p¶ Cu bp²s¯ IqSpX hyàam¡p¶Xn\p th­n bmWv imcocnI bp²¯nsâ IY sIm­phcp¶Xv. " _n.kn.C. BZyiXI§fn D¯tc³Uybn cq]wsIm­ sshjvWhaX¯nsâ {]NmcI·mÀ aX{]NcWmÀ°w FgpXnb 38

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Hcp {KÙamWv alm`mcXsa¶p ]dªm IqSpX icnbmbn cn¡pw. AXn\p Ncn{Xhpambn bmsXmcp _ÔhpanÃ. sshjvWh aX¯nsâ Ncn{Xw ]cntim[n¨m CXp IqSp X hyàamIpw. References: 1. Roy, S.B.- Date of Mahabharata Battle, (Gurgaon 1976), p. 139140 2. amWn, sh«wþ]pcmWnIv F³sskt¢m]oUnb (tIm«bw 1979), t]Pv. 249.

3. `mKhXamlmßyw 1:66, Barnett, lionel, D. Hindu Gods and Heroes, New Delhi, (1981), P.T.O. 4. amWn, sh«wþ]pcmWnIv F³sskt¢m]oUnb, t]Pv. 522.

5 . M.D.A- Indian Myth and Legend, (London. N.D) p.107, 108.

6. Ibid. p. 109 7. Ibid p. 110 8. Kosambi, D.D- The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline, (New Delhi, 1977) p. 26.

9. Ibid.

10. Coon, Carleton, S-The World Book Encyclopaedia (Chicago 1976), Vol. 4, p. 494.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid, p. 495 14. ]Wn¡À, sI.Fwþ hÅt¯mÄ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX EtKzZ kwln Xbv¡pÅ BapJw (sNdpXpcp¯n, 1955) t]Pv. 8,9 15. Ibid, p. 14, 15 16. Sircar, D.C- Quoted in Mahabharatha: Myth and Reality, (Delhi 1976), p. 4,5 17. Ibid. p.7 18. Ibid 19. Ibid 20. Gandhi, M.K, - The Teaching of the Gita, p. 18.

39

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

3 sshjvWh aXhpw alm`mcXhpw _p²aX¯ntâbpw ssP\aX¯ntâbpw Bcw`w _n.kn.C. B dmw iXI¯nemWv. AXn\p aps¼gpXs¸« thZ§fntem, D]\n j¯pIfntem {ioIrjvW³ F¶ ssZhs¯¸än ]dbp¶nÃ. hnjvWphns\¸än Npcp¡ambn Nne ]cmaÀi§Ä Ds­¦nepw A{][m\amb Hcp Øm\w am{Xta B ssZhk¦ev]¯n\pw D­mbncp¶pÅp F¶pw Ignª A²ymb¯n \½Ä I­p.

F¶m _n.kn.C. H¶mw iXIamhpt¼mtgbv¡pw hnjvWphpw {ioIrjvW\pw D¯tc´ybn Bcm[n¡s¸Sp¶Xmbn ImWp ¶p. kn.C. \memw iXIambt¸mtgbv¡pw `mKhX aXsa¶ t]cn sshjvWh aXw iàn {]m]n¨p. Cu aX¯nsâ hnImk t¯msSm¸amWv alm`mcXhpw AXnsâ `mKambn C¶dnbs¸ Sp¶ `KhZvKoXbpw cq]saSp¡p¶Xv. AXpsIm­v sshjvWh aX¯nsâ BZyIme Ncn{Xw \ap¡nhnsS ]cntim[nt¡­n bncn¡p¶p. km[mcW¡mcmb hnizmknIÄ IcpXp¶Xv IrXbpKw apX te Bcm[n¡s¸Sp¶ Hcp ssZhamWv hnjvWp F¶mWv. hnjv Wphnsâ AhXmcsa¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶ {ioIrjvW³ GXm­v A¿mbncw hÀjw ap¼v Pohn¨ncp¶psh¶pw km[mcWbmbn ]dbmdp­v. ]t£ IrjvWs\ Bcm[n¡m³ XpS§p¶Xv _n.kn.

C \memw iXIw apXemsW¶Xn\p sXfnhp­v. A¡me¯p Pohn¨ncp¶ ]mWn\n F¶ hymIcW ]ÞnX³ FgpXnb 'AjvSm²ymbn' F¶ {KÙ¯nÂ, hmkptZh, AÀÖp\m, F¶o t]cpIfn \n¶mWv 'hmkptZhIm', 'AÀÖp\Im' F¶o \ma 40

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

§Ä D­mbsX¶p ]dbp¶p. (IV, 3:98) ChÀ hmkptZht\bpw AÀÖp\t\bpw Bcm[n¡p¶hcmbncp¶s{X. 1 CXn \n¶v _n.kn.C. \memw iXI¯n {ioIrjvWs\t¸mse Xs¶ AÀ Öp\\pw ssZhambn KWn¡s¸«ncp¶p F¶v hyàamWv. N{µ Kp]vXaucysâ (_n.kn.C. 324þ300) cmP[m\nbn Aw_mkn Udmbncp¶ {Ko¡pImc\mb saKkvX\oknsâ Ipdn¸pIfn \n¶v aYpcbnse kuctk\À IrjvWs\ B Ime¯v Bcm[n ¨ncp¶psh¶v hyàamIp¶p­v.2 ]s£, D¯tc´ybpsS aäp `mK§fnsem¶pw A¶v IrjvWmcm[\ {]Ncn¨ncp¶nÃ. aYpc bnse Hcp tKm{XhÀ¤¡mcpsS tZh³ F¶ \ne am{Xta A¶p IrjvW\p­mbncp¶pÅp F¶mWXn\À°w.

A{Xtbsd A{][m\\mbncp¶ IrjvW³ F§s\bmWv \qäm­pIfneqsS kÀÆià\mb ssZhambn amdp¶Xv? IrjvW s\¸än C¶p \nehnencn¡p¶ IYIÄ F§s\bmWp­mbXv? CtX¸änsbÃmw hniZamb ]T\§Ä \S¶n«p­v. `mKhXw, hnjvWp]pcmWw, alm`mcXw, AXnsâ A\p_Ôamb lcnhw iw F¶nhbnemWtÃm IrjvWsâ IY hnhcn¡p¶Xv. Ch sbÃmw kkq£vaw ]Tn¨ Zm\ntb F¨v.F¨v. C³Km³kv F¶ ]ÞnX ]dbp¶Xv Npcp§nb ]£w aq¶p IYIÄ tNÀ¶mWv IrjvWIY cq]saSp¯sX¶mWv.3 CXn BZys¯ IrjvWIY _n.kn. C. 300þ\p ap¼pÅXmWv. bmZhcpsS tKm{XssZhamb IrjvW\mWXv. AhXmcsa¶p hyhlcn¡s¸Sp¶ IrjvW³ thsdm¶mWv. KotXm]tZiI\pw B IrjvW³ Xs¶. tKmIpe IrjvW³ aq¶masXmcp IYbpw.4 bmZhcpsS tKm{XssZhamb {ioIrjvWsâ DÛh¯n\v ] Ým¯esamcp¡nbXv A¡me¯n\p ap¼p \nehnencp¶ kqcym cm[\bmsW¶v Ncn{XImc\mb Un.kn. kÀ¡mÀ kwibn¡p ¶p.5 kqcymcm[\bpw sshjvWhaXhpambn«pÅ Cu _Ôw KoXbnse tÇmI¯n \n¶pXs¶ hyàamIp¶p­v. 6 tLmcalÀjnbpsS injy\pw tZhInbpsS ]p{X\pamb Irjv Ws\¶ Hcp k\ymknsb¸än OtµmKy D]\nj¯n ]dbp¶p ­v. AwKnckv IpSpw_¯n s]«bmfmWv tLmcalÀjn.

41

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

At±lw Bcw`n¨ `àn{]Øm\w injy³ {]Ncn¸n¨p F¶v NneÀ IcpXp¶p.7 Cu IrjvW\pw Kpcphpw kqcymcm[Icmbncp ¶p.8 OtµmKy D]\nj¯nse ]e Bib§tfmSpw `KhZvKoX ISs¸«n«ps­¶pw Nq­n¡mWn¡s¸Sp¶p. X]Êv, Zm\w, BÀ Öhw, Alnwk, kXyhN\w F¶nhbmWv c­nepw D]tZin ¡p¶ {][m\ KpW§Ä.9 AXpsIm­v AwKncknsâ injy\mb Hcp IrjvW\mWv KotXm]tZi¯nsâ aqe¯n\v cq]w \ÂIn bsX¶v tUm. kÀ¡mÀ IcpXp¶p.10 Hcp ]t£ Cu AwKncÊm bncn¡mw sshjvWh aX¯n\v ASn¯dbn«Xv.

sshjvWh aX¯nsâ DZv`hw kqcymcm[\bpw aäp Nne aXk¦ev]§fpw Iq«nt¨À¯v bmZhÀ krjvSn¨ tKm{X ssZhambncp¶p BZyIme¯v hmkptZhIr jvW³. B ssZhs¯ Bcm[n¨ncp¶hsc `mKhXÀ F¶mWv hnfn¨ncp¶Xv. `mKhXaXw kmXzXhn[n F¶pw Adnbs¸«ncp ¶p. tKm]meI\mb IrjvWs\¸änbpÅ IYIÄ bmZhcpsS sFXnly§fn \n¶pw \mtSmSn¡YIfn \n¶pw D­mbXm bncn¡Ww. hmbp ]pcmW¯nepw `mKhX ]pcmW¯nepw lcn hwi¯nepsams¡ ImWp¶ D®nIrjvWs\¸änbpÅ IYIfpw CXpt]mseXs¶ kzoIcn¡s¸«XmImw. bap\mXSw ]pcmX\ Imew apX ]ip hfÀ¯en\v {]kn²ambncp¶p. C¶pw ØnXn AXpXs¶bmWv. Cu ]Ým¯e¯n\v hnjvWphns\ kw_Ôn ¡p¶ thZIYIÄ {]tNmZ\w \ÂInsb¶pw hcmw. tKm]³ (]ip¡sf c£n¡p¶h³), tKmhnµ³ (tKm¡fpsS \mbI³), ZmtamZc³ (DZc¯n Zmaw sIm­p sI«p¶h³) F¶n§s\ bpÅ sshjvWh\ma§Ä ]n¡me¯v IrjvWsâ ]cymb§ fmbn amdn. A`ocÀ, bmZhÀ XpS§nb tKm{XhÀK¡mcpsS ]ip ]mePohnX¯nse A\p`h§fptSbpw k¦ev ] §fptSbpw kaqÀ ¯cq]amWv {ioIrjvW ³. 11 Cu IrjvW k¦ev] w hnjvWphp ambn XmZmßyw {]m]n¨t¸mgmWv sshjvWhaXw cq]w{]m]n ¡p¶Xv . ]n¶oSv \mcmbW IYbpambpw AXv tbmPn¸n¡s¸«p.

42

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

GXmbmepw _n.kn.C. c­mw iXIambt¸mtg¡pw aYpc bv¡Sp¯ {]tZi§fn hmkptZhIrjvW³ Hcp ssZhambn Bcm[n¡s¸Sm³ XpS§n. _p²aX¯ns\Xncmbn Cu aXs¯ hfÀ¯nsbSp¡m³ {_mÒWÀ¡p Ignªp. AhÀ _p²aX ¯nse ]e]e IYIfpw FSp¯v IrjvWk¦ev]¯n\v \ndwsIm Sp¯p. C¡me¯v IrjvWsâ Bcm[\ \ne\n¶ncp¶p F¶pÅ Xn\v thsdbpw sXfnhpIfp­v. AXn {][m\ambXv Kzmfnbdn\p sX¡pÅ s_kv \Kdn \n¶p In«nb Hcp inemkvXw`¯nse enJnXamWv. C³tUmþ{Ko¡v N{IhÀ¯nbmb Aânbm³knZ knsâ Aw_mknUdmbn X£inebnse Imio ]p{X`mK`{Z cmPmhnsâ cmP[m\nbn Xmakn¨ncp¶ slentbmtZmdkv BWv B [zPw Øm]n¨sX¶pw hmkptZhsâ Bcm[I\mWv At±lsa¶pw AXn ImWp¶p. DZb]pcnbn \n¶p \mep ssa AIsebpÅ LmkpÞnbn \n¶p Is­Sp¯ asämcp inemenJnXw _n.kn.C. 150þteXmWv. KPmb\³ Fs¶mcp `mK hXÀ Øm]n¨ inemt£{X¯n hmkptZht\bpw kwLÀ jWt\bpw Bcm[n¡p¶Xmbn ]dbp¶p. A¶v kwLÀjW \pw (_e`{Zcma³) ssZhambncp¶p F¶v CXnÂ\n¶v hyàam Ip¶p. IuSeob¯nepw kwLÀjW ]qP¡msc¸än ]dbp ¶p­v. hmkptZh³, kwLÀjW³, AÀÖp\³ F¶o tKm{X ssZh §fn hmkptZh³ {ItaW iàn {]m]n¡p¶Xmbn ImWmw. Ime{Ia¯n \nch[n IYIfpw ]pcmW§fpw tNÀ¯v B k ¦ev]¯n\v \ndw sImSp¯p. {_mÒWcmWv CXn\v t\XrXzw sImSp¯sX¶ Imcy¯n kwibanÃ. BZyw hS¡p ]Snªm sd C³Uybn am{Xta `mKhX aX¯n\v Imepd¸n¡m³ Ign ªpÅp. {ItaW AXv sXt¡m«pw Ingt¡m«pw {]Ncn¨p. kn.C. c­mw iXIambt¸mtg¡pw Cu aXw B{Ôbnse¯n. ]s£, H¶mw \qäm­n\p ap¼pÅ IrjvWhn{Kl§Ä H¶pw Xs¶ I­pIn«nbn«nÃ.13 `mKhXw F¶v A¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ sshjvWhaX¯nsâ {][m\ aX{KÙamb alm`mcXhpw `KhZvKoXbpw Cu aX 43

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¯nsâ hnImkt¯msSm¸w ]Xps¡bmWv cq]s¸«ph¶Xv. _p²aX ¯ns\Xncmbncp¶p Cu aXw. F¦nepw B aX¯n \n¶v ]e Bib§fpw ChÀ ]IÀ¯nbn«p­v.

alm`mcXw sshjvWh aX¡mcpsS {][m\ aX{KÙ§fnsem¶mb alm `mcXw C¶s¯ cq]¯nemIp¶Xv ]e Iq«nt¨À¡epIÄ¡pw s]mfns¨gp¯pIÄ¡pw tijamsW¶v lnµpaX]ÞnX·mÀ Xs¶ k½Xn¡p¶p. AXpXs¶ sX¡\pw hS¡\pap­v. sX t¡ C³Uybn {]Nmc¯nencn¡p¶ alm`mcXhpw hSt¡ C³Uybn {]Nmc¯nencn¡p¶ alm`mcXhpwIqSn ]cntim [n¨v ]q\bnÂ\n¶pw Hcp ]cnjvIcn¨ ]Xn¸v Cd¡nbn«p­v.

Hm tcm `mjbnepw h¶n«pÅ alm`mcX hnhÀ¯\§Ä AXmXv IhnIfpsS `mh\IqSn IeÀ¶XmWv. Fgp¯Ñsâ "alm`mcXw" AXn\v Hcp DZmlcWamWv. `mcX¯nsâ aqehpw Cu IrXn¡pw X½nepÅ hyXymkw {io. hS¡pwIqÀ cmPcmPhÀ½ C§s\ Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶p: "`mcXw aqe¯n\pw Fgp¯Ñsâ Infn¸m«n\pw Hcp {][m\ hyXymkapÅXv khntijw kvacnt¡­XmIp¶p. hymkhnc NnXamb CXnlmk¯n [À½¯n\mWv ]caamb {]m[m\yw \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. AXn `àn¡v Øm\w Iev]n¨n«p­v. AXv A{][m\w Asæn [À½¯n\v XmsgbmIp¶p. kÀh{X Kncn inJcwt]mse XebpbÀ¯n\n¶v {]tim`n¡p¶Xpw AsXm¶p Xs¶. Infn¸m«n alm`à\mb Xp©¯mNmcy³ aqe¯nsâ B ØnXn¡v Aev]w Hcp amäw hcp¯nbn«p­v."14 CXpt]mse Hmtcm IhnIfpw AhchcpsS Bhiy¯n\pth ­nbpw `mh\bv¡ ptNÀ¶ hn[¯nepw amäw hcp¯nbmWv `mcXw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXXv. AXpsIm­v alm`mcX¯nsâ aqeIrXnsb B[mcam¡n am{Xta \ap¡v apt¶m«p \o§m³ IgnbpIbpÅp. alm`mcXw F¶ AXn_rl¯mb CXnlmkImhyw apgp h³ hymk³ FgpXnbXmsW¶mWv ]cs¡bpÅ hnizmkw.

F¶m hymk³ FgpXnbXv AXnsâ BZycq]amb 'Pb' F¶ 44

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Imhyw am{XamWs{X. AXn 8800 tÇmI§Ä am{Xta D­mbn cp¶pÅp F¶v alm`mcXw BZn]ÀƯnse XmsgsImSp¡p¶ tÇmI¯nÂ\n¶v sXfnbp¶p. "\mcmbWw \akvIrXy \cw ssNh \tcm¯aw tZhow kckzXow ssNh XtXmXv PbapZoctbXv." hymk\nÀ½nXsa¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶ Cu Imhys¯ sshi ¼mb³ 24000 tÇmI§fm¡n hnkvXcns¨gpXn. At±lamWv A Xn\v '`mcXw' F¶p t]cn«Xv. P\taPb cmPmhnsâ kÀ¸k{X ¯n sh¨mWv At±lw AXv BJym\w sNbvXsX¶mWv ]mc ¼cyw. ss\animcWy¯nÂsh¨v iu\I³ BZnbmbhsc IY ]dªp tIĸn¨ kqX³ F¶ BNmcy³ `mcXkwlnXsb Ipsd¡qSn hn]pes¸Sp¯n Hcp e£w tÇmIam¡n FgpXnsb ¶pw At¸mÄ AXn\v "alm`mcXw" F¶p t]cn«p F¶pw ]db s¸Sp¶p.15 C§s\ hn]peamb aq¶p ]IÀ¯nsbgpXepIÄ `mcX¯n \p­mbn«ps­¶v bmYmØnXnI·mÀ t]mepw k½Xn¡p¶p. 16 CXn BZys¯ {KÙImcs\¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶ hymk³t]mepw Hscmä hyànbmtWm, Htc t]cnednbs¸«ncp¶ Hcp Kpcp]c¼ cbmtWm F¶ Imcy¯n A`n{]mb hyXymk§fp­v. hym k³ F¶ ]Z¯n\v {]km[I³ (Editor), kamlcn¨bmÄ, Asà ¦n kwhn[mbI³ Fs¶ms¡ AÀ°aps­¶v {]kn² C³ tUmfPnÌpIfmb amÀKcäpw ÌUvseKpw Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶p. 17 thZ§Ä kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv thZhymk\msW¶mWtÃm ]mc¼cyw. alm`mcXw FgpXnbXv IrjvWssZz]mb\ hymk³ BsW¶pw hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶p. CXns\m¶pw sXfnhnsöv amÀKcäpw ÌUvseKpw hyàam¡p¶p.18 `mcXob ]pcmW§fn Htc t]cnepÅ alÀjnamsc ]e ImeL«§fnepw ImWmw. Nnesc NncRvPohnIsf¶p t]mepw hnfn¡m³ AXv CSbm¡nbn«p­v. hnizman{X³, hymk³, IWz³, Iiy]³ XpS§nbhcmWv C§s\ ]e ImeL«§fnepw {]Xy 45

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

£s¸Sp¶Xv. \qäm­pIÄ CShn«p \S¡p¶ kw`h§fnseÃmw HcmÄ¡v ]s¦Sp¡pI km²yaÃtÃm. i¦cmNmcyÀ, t]m¸v, ]m{Xn bÀ¡okv XpS§nbh t]mepÅ Øm\\ma§fmWv IWz³, hym k³ apXembh. AXpsIm­mWv ]eIme¯pw Htc t]cpImsc ¯s¶ ImWp¶Xv.19 IrjvWssZz]mb\³, Ccp]s¯«mas¯ hymk\mWs{X. 20 bap\m\Znbnse Hcp Zzo]n P\n¨XpsIm­mWv At±l¯n\v B t]cp In«nbXv.21 CXpt]mepÅ ]e hymk·mcpw ]e Ime ¯mbn FgpXnbsXÃmw Iq«nt¨À¯p cq]s¸Sp¯nbXmWv alm`mcXsa¶ CXnlmkw. _n.kn.C. 200 apX kn.C. 400 h scbpÅ ZoÀLamb Ime¯n\nSbnemWv Cu CXnlmkw cq]w sImÅp¶Xv.22 alm`mcXw km[mcW IcpXs¸Sp¶Xpt]mse ]g¡apÅ IrXnbsöpÅXn\v asämcp sXfnhmWv _p²aXt¯¸än AXn epÅ ]cmaÀi\§Ä. Cu CXnlmk¯nse `mjbpw thZ§fn teXpt]mse {]mNo\ kwkvIrX¯neà FgpXs¸«n«pÅXv.

KoXbpw alm`mcXhpw alm`mcX¯n\I¯mWv KoX DÄs¡mÅn¨n«pÅsX¦nepw AXv BZyw B CXnlmk¯nsâ `mKambncp¶nÃ; ]n¶oSv Iq«nt¨À ¯XmWv. AXn\pÅ {][m\ sXfnhv KotXm]tZi¯nsâ kµÀ `w Xs¶bmWv. bpt²mZypàcmbn Ccphi¯pw AWn\nc¶ncn ¡p¶ ssk\y§fpsS \Sphn \n¶v C¯csamcp D]tZiw \S¯m³ km²yaÃ. {]kn² ]ÞnX\mb SmÂt_mbnkvhoeÀ ]dbp¶p: "bp²mcw`¯nsâ H¶mwZnhkw AXnIme¯v Ccp]£t¯ bpw ssk\y§Ä AWn\nc¶v bp²\S]SnIÄ XpS§ms\mcp §n \n¡sh IrjvWmÀÖp\·mÀ Bß_p²nbnte¡v \bn ¡p¶ hnhn[§fmb D]mk\mcoXnIsf kw_Ôn¨v kpZoÀ Lamb Hcp ZmÀi\nI hnNmc¯nteÀs¸Sp¶p F¶pÅXv Akzm `mhnIamWv." 23 `KhZvKoX Hcp kzX{´IrXnbmsW¶pw ]n¶oSv alm`mc ¯n AXns\ DÄs¸Sp¯nbXmsW¶pw {]kn² C³tUmf 46

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

PnÌmb tXewKpw A`n{]mbs¸«n«p­v.24 \njv]£hmZnIfmb KthjI·mscÃmw Cu A`n{]mbamWv AwKoIcn¨n«pÅXv. ssh jvWhaX¡mÀ AhcpsS aXw {]Ncn¡p¶Xn\pth­n cNn¨ IrXnIfmWv `KhZvKoXbpw alm`mcXhpw, B Dt±iyw km[n¡p Ibpw sNbvXp. References: 1. Bahadur Mal, - Sri Krishna: His Philosophy and His Spiritual Path (Ambala, 1960) p.6 Barmett, Lionel D-Hindu Gods and Heroes, (New Delhi, 1977), p.87 2. Kalota, Narain Singh- India as described by Megasthanese (Delhi, 1978).

3. Ingalls, Daniel, H.H- Krishna Myths, Rites and Attitudes, Ed Milton Singer (Honolulu, 1966) p. 111.

4. Ibid 5. Sircar, D.C-The History and Culture of Indian People (Bombay, 1960) Vol. II, p. 433.

6. Geeta, 16:3 7. Sircar-The History and Culture of Indian People (Bombay, 1960) p.

433 8. Ibid 9. Ibid 10. Ibid 11. Ibid, 434 12. Barnett, p.88-10 13. Sircar, p. 439 14. cmPcmPhÀ½, hS¡pwIqÀþ{ioalm`mcXw (tIm«bw, 1977) t]Pv15.

15. Lal. B.B- Mahabharatha: Myth and Reality Differing Views (Eds. S.P. Gupts and K.S. Ramachandran) Delhi (1976) p. 52, 53.

16. amWn, sh«w þ ]pcmWnIv, F³sskt¢m]oUnb (tIm«bw, 1979), t]Pv 875.

17. A Dictionary of Hinduism: Its Mythology, Folklore and Development 1500 BC-AD 1500 (Delhi 1977), p. 342.

18. Ibid

47

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

19. Yati, Nitya Chaithanya - The Bhagavad Gita, (New Delhi, 1981) p.1 20. Margaret and Stutleg- A Dictionary of Hinduism: Its Mythology, Folklore and Development 1500 BCE-CE 1500 (New Delhi, 1977) p. 151 21. Ibid, 152 22. Encyclopaedia of Religion (Ed. Vergilius Ferm London, 1945) p.463 23. `mcXob ZÀi\¯n tUm. cm[mIrjvW³ D²cn¡p¶Xv. t]Pv 480.

24. Sacred Book of the East, Vol. VIII, Introduction to the Bhagavadgita, pp. 5-6.

48

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

4 KoXbpsS Imew: {KÙImc³ KoX alm`mcX¯nsâ `mKasæn ]ns¶ BcmWXnsâ IÀ ¯mhv? GXp Ime¯v AXv FgpXs¸«p? F´n\p th­nbmWv AXp alm`mcX¯n tNÀ¯Xv? F§s\ AXp km[n¨p?

CsXms¡ \ap¡dnbm³ Xmev]cyapÅ Imcy§fmWv. c­mbncw hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v C³Uybnep­mb {]tXyI kmaqly ]cnX ØnXnbnemWv KoX FgpXs¸Sp¶Xv. aucykm{amPy¯nsâ ]X \¯n\p tijw aK[bn A[nImc¯n h¶ ]pjyan{X³ _p²aX¯nsâbpw `uXnIhmZ¯nsâbpw Hcp i{Xphmbncp¶p.

At±lw A[nImc¯n h¶Xn\p tijw ]etcmSpw Xnc¡n, AtimI\v C{Xam{Xw t]cpIn«ms\´mWv ImcWsa¶v. _p² aX¯n\pth­n At±lw 84000 kvXq]§Ä \nÀ½n¨XmWv A Xn\p ImcWsa¶v NneÀ Nq­n¡m«n. Cu kvXq]§f{Xbpw X ¨pSbv¡m³ ]pjyan{X³ D¯chn«p. 1 CtXXpSÀ¶p aK[ cmPy ¯nse¼mSpw _p²aXkvXq]§fpw hnlmc§fpw XIÀ¡s¸«p. _p²k\ymknamÀ IcpWmteisat\y sImebv¡p hnt[bambn. temImbX·mÀ, `uXnIhmZnIÄ Fs¶ms¡ Adnbs¸«ncp¶ hcpw th«bmSs¸«p. PemepI³ F¶ asämcp cmPmhv Xsâ `c Wkoabnep­mbncp¶ _p²hnlmc§sfms¡ XIÀ¯p.

AhnS§fn \n¶pbcp¶ Imlf[z\n At±l¯nsâ Dd¡ ¯n\p XSÊap­m¡n F¶pÅXp am{Xambncp¶p AXn\p Imc Ww.2 Imivaocnse In¶c cmPmhv sNbvX Hcp {Iqcamb sIme ]mXI¯nsâ IY IÂlW³ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. Hcp _p²aX ¡mc³ Hcp kv{Xosb am\`wKs¸Sp¯nsb¶ Ipä¯n\v ]Ic 49

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

ambn At±lw Bbnc¡W¡n\v hnlmc§Ä ]nSns¨Sp¯p {_mÒWÀ¡p \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp.3 CXpt]mepÅ B{IaW §Ä _p²aX¯ns\Xncmbn am{Xaà \S¶n«pÅXv. temImb X·mtcmSpw CXpXs¶bmbncp¶p {_mÒWcpsS \ne]mSv. C¯ cw Hcp ImemhØ C³Uybn krjvSn¡p¶Xn\p th­n {_m ÒWcpw, Ahsc ]n´m§p¶ `cWm[nImcnIfpw {iaw \S¯n s¡m­nbncn¡p¶ ImeL«¯n FgpXs¸« KoX {_mÒW ta[mhnXz¯nsâ iàn Ac¡n«pd¸n¡m³ Dt±in¡s¸«n«p ÅXmWv. Cu Dt±i¯n\p th­nbpÅ {]Ya {iaw \S¯nbXv _mZcmbW\mWv. At±l¯nsâ '{_Òkq{Xw' Dt±in¨ ^ew sNbvXnÃ. At¸mgmWv 700 tÇmI§fpÅ `KhZvKoX cNn¡s¸Sp ¶Xv. _p²aX¡mÀ¡pw `uXnIhmZnIÄ¡pw FXncmbn, Xncn¨p hchn\p {ian¨psIm­ncp¶ {_mÒWcpsS {]amW{KÙambn AXpamdn.

B ImeL«¯nsâ a\:km£n Adnbmhp¶ Hcmfmbncp¶p {KÙImc³ F¶pÅXn\v kwibanÃ. `uXnIhmZnbmbncp¶ kmwJysâ Nn´m]²Xn¡v A¶pw P\§fpsSbnSbn kzm[o\ ap­mbncp¶p. AXpsIm­v AXnse {][m\ ktµi§Ä C Xn kzoIcn¨p. KoXbnse kmwJytbmKw F¶ c­mw A²ym bw Xs¶ AXn\p sXfnhmWv. C{µnb \n{Klw at\m\nb{´ Ww XpS§nb AwKoIrX _p²atXm]tZi§fpw kzoIcn¡m³ KoXmIÀ¯mhn\p aSnbp­mbnÃ.

C§s\ A¶p \nehnencp¶ ]e Nn´mk{¼Zmb§fn \n¶pw Bhiy¯n\p ]änbsXÃmw Iq«nt¨À¯mWv KoX \nÀ ½n¨Xv. AXpsIm­v ]ckv]chncp²§fmb ]e ZÀi\§fpw CXn IS¶pIqSn. GXp hn[¯nepw Ft§m«pw hymJym\n¡m hp¶ coXn, KoXbv¡p e`n¨Xv A§s\bmWv. U_vfnbp. Un.]n. ln F¶ ]ÞnX³ ]dbp¶p: "PmXnbpsS iànsb \nb{´n¡p¶Xns\¸än a\pjy³ Nn ´n¡m³ `bs¸«ncp¶ Hcp Ime¯mWv Cu IhnXIÄ cNn¡ s¸Sp¶Xv. aX]camb Bib§Ä kaql¯nsâ Xmsg]Snbn epÅhcpsS CSbn {]Ncn¨p h¶Imew. hnhn[ PmXnIfpsS 50

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

hn[n{]ImcapÅ sXmgnepIfn \n¶v BfpIÄ amdnbncp¶p.

IrjvW³ Ipcpt£{X¯nse AhXmcambncp¶p, IhnX cNn¨ Ime¯Ã. At±l¯nsâ PohnX ImeL«¯nse {]iv\§Ä KoXm ImeL«¯ntâXmWv. [À½w ]p\:Øm]nt¡­nbncp ¶p."4 C§s\ '[À½w' £bn¨ Ime¯v AXv ]p\cp²cn¡m\mWv IrjvW\mbn hnjvWp AhXcn¸n¡p¶sX¶v KoXbn ]dbp ¶p.5 A§s\ ssZhwXs¶ ]dª Imcy§Ä F¶ \nebn AhXcn¸n¨XpsIm­v AXn\v km[mcW¡mcpsSbnSbn Aw KoImcw In«n. hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpsS kw{Klw AXn DÅXp sIm­v ]e Xc¡mcmb BfpIÄ¡pw AXv BIÀjIambn ¯oÀ¶p. kaÀ°ambn Cu {KÙcN\ \S¯nbXmcmWv? IrjvWssZz ]mb hymk\mWv KoXm IÀ¯msh¶pÅ ]mc¼cy¯n\v bm sXmcp ASnØm\hpanÃ. _meKwKm[cXneIv, BÀ.Pn. `ÞmÀ ¡À, Fkv. Zmkv Kp]vX XpS§nb bmYmØnXnI lnµp ]Þn X·mÀ ]dbp¶Xv. KoX Hscmä {KÙImc\m hncNnXamsW ¶mWv, _meKwKm[cXneIv ]dbp¶p: "Ct¸mgs¯ alm`mcXhpw Ct¸mgs¯ KoXbpw HcmÄ X s¶ FgpXnbXmsW¶pÅXv Rm³ hyàam¡nbncp¶p. KoXbpw alm`mcXhpw HcmÄXs¶ FgpXnbXmsW¶p k½Xn¡p¶ ]£w alm`mcX¯nsâ XobXn \nÝbn¡pt¼mÄ KoXbptS Xpw AXn hcpw."6 ]s£, aäp Nne ]ÞnX·mÀ CXnt\mSv Atijw tbmPn ¡p¶nÃ. AXn {]apJÀ Pn.hn. tIXv¡dpw, Pn.Fkv. JbdpamWv. KoXbpsS Bcm[IcmsW¦nepw AhÀ ]dbp¶Xv aq¶p ImeL «§fn Pohn¨ncp¶ aq¶p {KÙImc·mÀ FgpXnbXv Iq«nt¨À ¯XmWv KoXsb¶mWv. _n.kn.C. 500 apX _n.kn.C. 200 hscbpÅ 300 hÀj§Ä¡pÅn hnhn[ {KÙImc·mÀ CXnsâ cN\bn ]s¦Sp¯p F¶v JbÀ hyàam¡p¶p. ssien, Bi bw, ZmÀi\nIhpw ssZhÚm\]chpamb kao]\w F¶nh bpsS ASnØm\¯n aq¶p `mKambn At±lw KoXsb 51

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w 7

thÀXncn¡p¶p.

H¶n IqSpX {KÙImc·mÀ CXnsâ cN\bn GÀs¸«n «ps­¶p k½Xn¡m³ hnjaapÅhÀ ]dbp¶Xv. hnhn[ Ime L«§fnembn \nch[n Iq«nt¨À¡epIÄ CXn \S¶n«p­m Ipsa¶mWv. KmÀs_bpsS A`n{]mb¯n _n.kn.C. 200þmam ­n FgpXs¸« KoXsb kn.C. 200þ ]cnjvIcn¨ cq]¯n emWv C¶p \ap¡p In«nbncn¡p¶Xv. tUmIvSÀ cm[mIrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xv `KhZvKoXbn ]e ImeL«§fntebpw IrXnIÄ DÄs¡mÅn¨n«ps­¶mWv.8 F¦n Hcp {KÙImcsâ IrXnbm WsX¶pw At±lw ]dbp¶p.9 U_vfnbp thm¬ lwt_mÄUnsâ A`n{]mb¯n KoX bpsS aqe¯n 1 apX 11 hscbpÅ A²ymb§fpw 13þmw A²ymb¯nse 63þ 78þhsc tÇmI§fpw am{Xta D­mbncp ¶pÅp.10 F._n. Io¯v F¶ ]ÞnXsâ A`n{]mb¯n KoX, izmXmtizXc D]\nj¯pt]mse BZyw Hcp D]\nj¯mbncp ¶p. ]n¶oSv AXn hmkptZh IrjvWsâ IY tNÀ¯XmWv. KmÀs_bpsS A`n{]mbw IqSpX hyàamWv. "Npcp¡¯n IrjvW aXw XmXznIambn kmwJytbmK¯n A[njvSnXamsW¶pw hyàamWv. Iq«nt¨À¶ `mK§fn thZm ´ ZÀi\amWv ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xv."11 Uu¬ln asämcp hn[¯n Cu Bibw hyàam¡p¶p: "hyXykvX ho£W§sf tbmPn¸n¡m\pÅ Cu IhnXbpsS {ia¯ns\ ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbmWv CsXmcp ]pXp¡nsbgp Xnb tcJbmsW¶p ]dbp¶Xv. Nne tÇmI§Ä¡pÅnse Bi b§Ä t]mepw ]ckv]chncp²ambn ImWp¶p."12 CXn \ns¶Ãmw hyàamIp¶Xv hn`n¶ ZÀi\§sf kw_ Ôn¨v Hmtcmcp¯À FgpXnsh¨ncp¶Xns\ Btcm hnZKv[ambn kamlcn¨v alm`mcX¯n\I¯v tNÀ¯XmWv `KhZvKoXsb ¶mWv. AXnsâ {KÙImc³ HcmfÃ. ]ckv]c hncp²§fmb Bib§ÄXs¶ AXnep­v. XpSÀ¶pÅ A²ymb§fn B hnjbw NÀ¨ sN¿p¶XpsIm­v AXv hnSp¶p.

52

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Imew KoXbpsS IÀ¯mhns\¸än F¶Xpt]mseXs¶ AsXgpXnb Imet¯¸änbpw ]ÞnX·mÀ¡nSbn A`n{]mbhyXymkap ­v. C³Uybnse bmYmØnXnIcmb Nne ]ÞnX·mÀ, alm`m cX¯nsâbpw aäpw Imcy¯nse¶t]mse Aimkv{Xobamb hn[¯n AXn]pcmX\amb Imes¯gpXs¸« Hcp IrXnbmWn sX¶v hcp¯m³ {ian¡p¶p. NnebmfpIÄ _p²aXIme¯n\v ap¼pÅ IrXnbmWnsX¶v ]dªn«p­v. PhlÀem s\lvdphpw B ]£¡mc\mbncp¶p.13 F¶m AXv sXämsW¶v ]ÞnX \mb Un.Un. tImkmw_n sXfnbn¨n«p­v. _p²aXmib§tf ¸änbpÅ AdnhnÃmsX KoXbnse c­mw A²ymbw 55 apX 72 hscbpÅ tÇmI§fpw A©mw A²ymbw 25þmw tÇmIhpw FgpXm³ km²yasöv At±lw Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶p. 14 _meKwKm[cXneIv ]dbp¶Xv `KhZvKoX cNn¨Xv _n.kn.C. \memw \qäm­nembncn¡msa¶mWv. Cu ho£WKXntbmSv G Xm­v tbmPn¡p¶hcmWv tUmIvSÀ `ÞmÀ¡mÀ, tXewKv, Nn´maWn sshZy, Zo£nXv XpS§nb ]ÞnX·mÀ. 15 tUmIvSÀ cm[mIrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xv, "KoX {InkvXphn\p A©p \qäm­p IÄ¡v ap¼msW¶p ]dªm hfsc sXäp]äpIbnsÃ"¶mWv.16 ]t£, C¡mcy¯n C³Uy³ ]ÞnX·mÀ¡v sXäp]än sb¶v ]e ]mÝmXyKthjI·mcpw Nq­n¡mWn¨n«p­v. hnâÀ \nävkpw dptUmÄ^v Hmt«mbpw IcpXp¶Xv kn.C. \memw iXI ¯nemWv CsXgpXs¸«sX¶mWv. dn¨mÀUvKmÀs_, sP.F³. ^mÀJvlmÀ F¶nhÀ AXv kn.C. c­mw iXIamsW¶v ]dbp ¶p. CXn KmÀs_bpsS ]£w KoXbpsS aqeIrXn kn.C. c ­mw iXI¯n FgpXs¸«XmsW¶pw kn.C. c­mw iXI ¯n thZm´nIfmb NneÀ AXv ]pXp¡nsbgpXnsb¶pamWv. 17 FUzn³ BÀt\mÄUmIs«, KoXsbgpXs¸«Xv aq¶mw iXI¯n emsW¶v IcpXp¶p.18 tImkmw_nbpw Cu A`n{]mbt¯mSv tbmPn¡p¶p. At±lw ]dbp¶p: "KoXbnse Bib§Ä ]gbXmWv, `àn Hgn¨p H¶n\pw ]p XpabnÃ. `mj DbÀ¶ ¢mkn¡Â kwkvIrXamWv. AXv 53

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Kp]vX ImeL«¯n\v ap¼mIm³ km²yaÃ."19 hSt¡ C³Uybn _p²aX¯nsâ XIÀ¨, AXphsc ]¯n sbmXp¡n InS¶ncp¶ {_mÒWaX¯n\v DWÀs¶gpt¶Â ¡m³ Ahkcw \ÂIn. KoX, B aX¯nsâ ktµiamWv DÄ s¡mÅp¶Xv. £{Xnb\mb IrjvWt\bpw AÀÖp\t\bpw IYm]m{X§fm¡ns¡m­v {_mÒWaX¯nsâ ktµiw {]Ncn ¸n¡pIbmWv KoXm IÀ¯mhv. At±lw Hcp {_mÒW BNmcy \mIm\mWv km²yXsb¶v t{]w\mYv _PmPv Nq­n¡mWn¡p ¶p.20

\ho\ {_mÒWaXw Zkyp¡sf tXmev] n¨v D¯tc³Uy IogS¡nb {_mÒWÀ NmXpÀ hÀWy¯n A[njv T nXhpw bÚ{][m\hpamb sshZnIaXw Øm]n¨Xmbn thZIrXnIfn \n¶v a\Ênem ¡mw. AXphsc kzX{´cmbn Pohn¨ncp¶ C³Uym¡msc kw _Ôn¨nSt¯mfw Bcy·mcpsS Cu A]cnjvIrXaXw Akl \obambncp¶p. AhÀ AXns\Xncmbn i_vZapbÀ¯m³ XpS §n. C³UybpsS hnhn[ `mK§fn Pohn¨ncp¶ \nch[n Nn´ I·mÀ sshZnI aX¯ns\Xncmbn i_vZapbÀ¯n. NmÀÆmI³, _p²³, hÀ² am\almhoc³ XpS§nbhÀ Ahcn {]apJcmWv. GXm­v _n.kn.C. 800 apX sshZnIaX¯ns\Xncmbn«pÅ {]hÀ¯\§Ä iàn {]m]n¨p. _n.kn.C. aq¶mw iXIambt¸m tg¡v sshZnIaXw XfÀ¶p hoWp. NmXpÀhÀWyw GXm­v \mamhtijambn. F§s\bpw \jvS s¸«pt]mb {]m_eyw hos­Sp¡m\mbncp¶p {_mÒWcpsS XpSÀ¶pÅ {iaw. aucy km{amPy¯nsâ A[:]X\t¯msS AhÀ¡v AXn\hkcw In«n. _p²aXkn²m´§fn \n¶pt]mepw Bib§Ä kzoIcn ¨psIm­v \ho\ {_mÒWaXw krjvSn¡phm³ AhÀ {iaw XpS§n. Cu ]pXnb {_mÒWaXw BZyw "`mKhX"sa¶pw ]n¶oSv "sshjvWhaX"sa¶pw Adnbs¸«p. ChcpsS aX{KÙamWv `KhZvKoX. X{´imenIfmb Cu aX¯nsâ hàm¡Ä £{Xnb cmb IYm]m{X§sf D]tbmKn¨pXs¶ 54

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

KoXsbgpXnbXv t_m[ ]qÀÆamsW¶v Nne ]ÞnX·mÀ Nq­n ¡mWn¡p¶p. sshZnI aX¯ns\Xncmbn kacw sNbvXhcn {]apJcmb _p²\pw, hÀ²am\almhoc\pw, AtimI\pw, I\njv I\psams¡ cmPIpSpw_mwK§fmbncp¶p. AhÀ¡p adp]Sn sImSp¡m³ k¦ev] IYm]m{X§fmsW¦n¡qSnbpw £{Xnb sc¯s¶ AhÀ D]tbmKn¨p.

KoXmcN\bv¡v AXnsâ IÀ¯mhv D]tbmKn¨ coXn, ap¼p Xs¶ D]\nj¯pIfn DÅXmWv. kwibapÅ Hcp _p²nPohn tNmZy§Ä tNmZn¡pIbpw IqSpX AdnhpÅ HcmÄ AXn\v D¯cw \ÂIpIbpw sN¿p¶ k{¼ZmbamWXv. Kpcpinjykw hmZcq]¯n C¶pw Nne sslµh ]ÞnX·mÀ FgpXmdp­ tÃm. AXpw D]\nj¯pIfn \n¶p In«nb BibamWv. `Kh ZvKoXbn kwimbpemb AÀÖp\\v adp]SnsImSp¡p¶Xv ssZ hamb IrjvW³Xs¶bmWv. IznkvXz_vZmcw`Ime¯v \ho\ {_mÒWaX¯nsâ Bib§Ä iànbmÀÖn¡m³ XpS§n.

AhnShnsS {]Xnhn¹h§fpw Bcw`n¨pIgnªncp¶p. Cu aX \hoIcW {]Øm\§Ä kn.C. \memw iXI¯n Kp]vXkm {amPy¯nsâ Øm]\t¯msS hnPbw t\Sn. B[p\nI lnµpaXw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv AhnSw apXemWv. lnµpaXw F¶v Ct¸mÄ Adnbs¸Sp¶ aXw ]ckv]c hncp² §fmb At\Iw hnizmk§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶XmsW¶pÅXv FÃmhcpw AwKoIcn¡p¶p. \mkvXnI\pw BkvXnI\pw hn{K lmcm[\¡mc\pw a{´hmZnbpw B aX¯nep­v. CXpt]mse ]ckv]c hncp²§fmb \nch[n Bib§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ Hcp {KÙamWv `KhZvKoXbpw. tUmIvSÀ cm[mIrjvW³ ]dbp ¶p: "kwkvImcs¯ apdn¨p shtÆsd \ndp¯m\njvSs¸Sm¯, aäp Å hnNmccoXnItfbpw D]mk\m]²XnItfbpw \ntj[mßI ambn ssIImcyw sN¿m\njvSs¸Sm¯ lnµp[À½¯nsâ kmc ¯zs¯, hymJym\n¡m³ At±lw (KoXmIÀ¯mhv) kÀÆYm AÀl\mbn¯ocp¶p.... {]mIrX]qPmk{¼Zmb§sf \ncmIcn ¡m\pw KoX hfsc {ian¨n«ps­¦nepw aäpÅhsb JÞn¡pI 55

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

bnà F¶ \ne]mSpImcWambn Bcm[\m]²XnIfnse AÔm Nmc§sf AXv Xpc¯n¡fªn«nÃ; Ahbn¶pw \ne\n¡p ¶p."21 lnµpaXw A¶v kzoIcn¨ X{´]qÀÆamb \ne]mSmWnXv hyàam¡p¶Xv. \ho\ {_mÒW aX¯nsâ kz`mhamWXv. AhcpsS ta[mhnXzw AwKoIcn¡p¶hÀ¡v F´p hnizmkhpw ]peÀ¯mw. GXmNmchpw XpScmw. {_mÒW ta[mhnXzs¯ F XnÀ¯mÂ, AsX{X \à kn²m´ambmepw \in¸n¡pw. {Inkv X z_v Z ¯nsâ Bcw` iXI§Ä¡p ap¼mcw`n¨ Cu B{IaW kz`mhw hfsc iXm_vZ§tfmfw AhÀ XpSÀ¶p. _p²aXt¯bpw temImbXt¯bpw ]qÀ®ambpw C³Uybn \in¸n¡m³ AhÀ¡p Ignªp.

56

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

References: 1. Thaper, Romila- Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas (London, 1961) p.200.

2. Kalhanan - Rajatarangini, 1 : 40 3. Ibid, 180 4. Hill, W. Douglas, P- The Bhagavad Gita (London, 1969), p,23.

5. KoX 4 : 7,8 6. Tilak, B.G. - Bhagavad Gita Rahasyam (Poona, 1965) p. 785 7. Khair, G.S. - Quest for the Original Gita (Bombay 1969) 8. cm[mIrjvW³, tUmIvSÀ, Fkv.þ `mcXob ZÀi\w (tImgnt¡mSv, 1975), t]Pv. 481 9. Ibid.

10. Role of the Bhagavad Gita in Indian History (Delhi, 1975), p.66 11. Ibid. p. 166 12. Hill, p. 19 13. Nehru, Jawaharlal - The Discovery of India (Bombay, 1951) p. 90 14. Kosambi, D.D. -Myth and Reality (Bombay, 1962) p. 16 15. Tilak, B.G. -Gitarahasyam, p. 799 16. cm[mIrjvW³, t]Pv. 482 17. The Role of Bhagavad Gita in Indian History, p.167 18. Arnold, Sir Edwin - The Song pf Celestial (London, 1930), p.VIII 19. Kosambi, p.16 20. Bazaz, Premnath - The Role of Bhagavad Gita in Indian History (Delhi, 1975) p. 169 21. cm[mIrjvW³, t]Pv. 479.

57

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

5 KoXbnse sshcp²y§Ä `KhZvKoX {i²m]qÀÆw hmbn¡p¶ HcmÄ¡v AXnse sshcp²y §Ä ImWpt¼mÄ AZv`pXw tXm¶mXncn¡pIbnÃ. {KÙ¯nsâ BZy`mK¯p ]dbp¶Xn \n¶v t\sc hn]coXamb Imcy§ fmbncn¡pw \Sp`mK¯v. Ahkm\amIpt¼mtgbv¡pw Chbn \ns¶ms¡ hyXykvXamb ]e Bib§fpw ]pd¯p hcp¶p.

AXpsIm­v. Xr]vXnIcambn BZy´w KoXmhymJym\sagpXp hm³ BÀ¡pwXs¶ Ignªn«nÃ.

KoXbpsS IÀ¯mhn\v A`napJoIcnt¡­nbncp¶Xv A¶v C³Uybn iàn {]m]n¨ncp¶ bpànhmZs¯bmWv. AXns\ amän thZm´¯nse anÌnknkhpw BÄ ssZh¯nepÅ AÔ amb `ànbpw hfÀ¯pIbmbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ Dt±iyw. ]ucmWnI `mcX¯n \nehnencp¶ ZÀi\§sfsbÃmw ]cn tim[n¨v AXnse IpdhpIÄ ]cnlcn¨psIm­v asämcp ZÀi\w D­m¡phm³ At±l¯n\p IgnªnÃ. t\tcadn¨v Hmtcm Nn´m [mcItfbpw kv]Àin¨p IS¶pt]mIp¶p F¶p am{Xw. DZml cW¯n\v c­mw A²ymb¯n kmwJy kn²m´t¯bpw thZm´t¯bpw ]än ]cmaÀin¡p¶p. cmjv{Sobw sIm­v AÀ Öp\\p­mImhp¶ em`\jvS§sf AXn hnhcn¡p¶p. Cu Bibw ]e {]mhiyw BhÀ¯n¡p¶p­v. `KhZv K oXbnse DÅS¡w hnjbw Xncn¨p ]Tn¨ Hcp ]ÞnX\mWv JbÀ. At±l¯nsâ A`n{]mbw, ap¸¯nc­p hnjb§fmWv KoXbn BsI ssIImcyw sNbvXn«pÅsX ¶mWv . AXn Nne hnjb§Ä c­pw aq¶pw {]mhiyw 58

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

BhÀ¯n¨p ]dbp¶p­v. F«p hnjb§Ä Btdm Gtgm {]mhiyw hoXw BhÀ ¯n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. 1 BhÀ¯\w t]mseXs¶ Hgnªpamdepw KoXbn [mcmfw ImWmw. AÀÖp\sâ FÃm tNmZy§Ä¡pw IrjvW³ adp]Sn ]dbp¶ps­¦nepw NnesXm¶pw tNmZy¯n\pÅ icnbmb D¯caÃ. Hgnªpamdns¡m­pÅ ]e adp]SnIfpw ImWmw. tIm kmw_n C§s\ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p: "{`mXrlXym]camb 700 tÇmI§fmbn«mWv KoX cNn¨ncn ¡p¶Xv. AXv F{X thZw sNmÃnbmepw Xocm³ aq¶p aWn¡qÀ thWw. B kabwsIm­v apgph³ bp²¯nepw ]cmPbw t\cn Smw. IrjvW³ ssZhwXs¶bmsW¶p ]dbp¶p. hyàambn¡m Wmhp¶ kaImeo\§fmb hnhn[ ZÀi\§sf t]cp ]dbmsX At±lw XtâXmbn Nn{XoIcn¡p¶p. FÃmw Hcp ssZh¯n \n¶mWp h¶sX¦n AXn hyXykvXX htc­ ImcyanÃ. thZ§fn \nÀt±in¡p¶ bÚhpw aXmNmchpw Aev]w ]pÑ ckt¯msS XÅn¡fªn«v Nnet¸mÄ IS¶pt]mIp¶p. PohnX ss\À½eyw, A{IacmlnXyw, AXym{KlanÃmbvI, \nkzmÀ°X F¶nhsb IrjvW³ DbÀ¯n¡mWn¡pt¼mÄ AÀÖp\³ tNmZn¨p, ]ns¶sb´n\mWv sImÃm³ \nÀt±in¡p¶sX¶v. Hgn ªpamdns¡m­v aäp Nne Imcy§fmWv At¸mÄ IrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xv. AXpt]mseXs¶ Hcp \nÀ®mbI kab¯v B Znhy ]pcpj³ Xsâ hnizcq]w ImWn¡pIbpw Xm³ FÃmän sâbpw krjvSmhpw kwlmc IÀ¯mhpw BsW¶p ]dbpIbpw sN¿p¶p."2 IÀ½^ew Bin¡Wsa¶pw ths­¶pw KoXbn Hcp `mK ¯v ]dbp¶p:IÀ½tWyhm[nImckvtX am^tejpIZmN\ am IÀ½^etlXpÀ`qÀþ amsX kwtKmkvXzIÀ½Wn. (\n\¡v IÀ½w sN¿p¶Xn\v am{XamWv A[nImcapÅXv, ^e §fn Hcn¡epanÃ. IÀ½^e§sf Hcn¡epw CÑn¡cpXv. Hcn 59

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¡epw IÀ½w sN¿mXncn¡bpacpXv.)3 AtX A²ymb¯n asämcp `mK¯v C§s\ D]tZin¡p¶p: ltXmhm{]m]vkyknkzÀ¤w PnXzmhmt`m£ytkalnw XkvamZp¯njvSIut´b! bp²mb IrX \nÝb: (AÃtbm Ip´n]p{Xm! i{Xp¡Ä \ns¶ h[n¨m \n\¡v kzÀ¤¯n t]mImw. \o i{Xp¡sf Pbn¡p¶Xmbm cmPya\p `hn¡pIbpw sN¿mw. c­mbmepw \o bp²w sN¿phm\pd¨p sIm­v Fgpt¶Â¡pI)4 BZys¯ tÇmI¯n \njv¡ma IÀ½w sN¿m³ ]dª AtX ssZhwXs¶bmWv H¶pIn cmPyw, Asæn kzÀKw F¶nhsb Iman¨psIm­v bp²w sN¿m³ ]dbp¶Xv. asämcp `mK¯pw CXmhÀ¯n¡p¶p: Xkvam Xzap¯njvT, btim e`kz PnXzm i{Xq ³ `qw£z cmPyw kar²w; (AXn\m \o bp²¯n\msbgpt¶Â¡pI. IoÀ¯n k¼mZn ¡pI. i{Xp¡sfsbÃmw Pbn¨v k¼Â kar²amb cmPys¯ A\p`hn¡pI)5 IoÀ¯n¡pw cmPyk¼mZ\¯n\pw th­n bp²w sN¿m³ D ]tZin¡p¶ AtX IrjvW³ CXn\v hncp²ambn thsdmchk c¯n ]dbp¶Xn§s\bmWv: abn kÀÆmWn IÀ½mWn kw\ymkym[ymßtNXkm \ncmioÀ¶nÀ½tam `qXzmbp[ykz hnKXPzc: (tl, AÀÖp\m! \o kÀÆIÀ½§tfbpw ]c{_Ò kzcq]n bmb F¶n kaÀ¸n¨n«v ]camßmhn a\Êpd¸n¨v Bimc lnX\pw aaXmiq\y\pambn¯oÀ¶n«v at\mhyk\aIän¡fªv bp²w sN¿pI)6

at\m\nb{´Ww a\Êns\ \nb´n¡Wsa¶v FÃmhcpw ]dbmdp­v. {ioIrjvW \pw AXv BhÀ¯n¡p¶p: PnXmß\: {]im´ky 60

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

]camßm kamlnX: iotXmjvW kpJZp:tJjp XYm am\mham\tbm: (a\Êns\ hioIcn¨h\pw Imat{Im[mZnIfnÃm¯h\pamb hsâ BßmhpXs¶bmWv ioXw, DjvWw, kpJw, Zp:Jw, am\w, A]am\w CXymZnIfnsÃÃmw Xpey\nebn hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv.) 7 a\Êns\ F§s\bmWv hioIcn¡p¶Xv? asämcp tÇmI ¯n C§s\ ]dbp¶p: _Ôpcmßmß\kvXkytb\mssßhmß\m PnX: A\mß\kvXp i{XptXz hÀt¯Xmssßh i{Xph (Bßmhp sIm­pXs¶ Bßmhns\ Pbn¨h\v Bßmhv _ÔphmIp¶p. C{]Imcw sN¿m¯h\v Bßmhv i{Xpsh¶Xp t]mse i{Xp`mh¯n hÀ¯n¡pw.)6 ChnsS Bßmhv (a\Êv)sIm­v Bßmhns\ (a\Êns\) Pbn ¡Wsa¶v ]dbp¶ps­¦nepw A`ymkwsIm­pw hnjb ssh cmKywsIm­pw AXv km[n¡msa¶v hyàam¡p¶pap­v. 9 ]t£, thsdmcp `mK¯v IrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xv, a\pjy\v Ahsâ {]hÀ ¯\§sf \nb{´n¡m³ IgnbpIbnsömWv: {]IrtX: {InbamWm\nKpssW: IÀ½mWn kÀÆi: Al¦mc hnaqVmßm IÀ¡mlanXna\ytX. ({]IrXnbpsS ImcyImcWcq]§fmb tZtl{µnbmZnIÄ F Ãm {]Imc¯nepw sN¿p¶ IÀ½§sf Al¦mcw sIm­v aqV Nn¯\mb a\pjy³ Rm³ sN¿p¶p F¶v A`nam\n¡p¶p) 10 \½Ä sN¿p¶ Imcy§Äs¡m¶pw \½Ä D¯chmZnIf söpw aämtcm \s½s¡m­v sN¿n¡pIbmWsX¶pamWtÃm CXn\À°w. A§s\sb¦n \aps¡§s\ a\Êns\ \nb{´n ¡m³ Ignbpw? Imat{Im[mZnIsf Pbn¡Wsa¶pw a\Êns\ \nb{´n¡Wsa¶pw KoXbpsSXs¶ aäp `mK§fn IrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xn\v F´mWÀ°w?

F{XXs¶ XtXzm]tZiw sNbvXn«pw A¼pw hnÃpsaSp¡m³ aSn¨ AÀÖp\s\ bpt²mZypà\m¡m³ Ahkm\w IrjvW³ 'hnizcq]w' ImWn¨psIm­v ]dbp¶ hm¡pIfpw {it²bamWv: 61

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Imtemkvan temI£bIr {]hrt²m temIm³ kamlÀ¯panl {]hr¯: EtX]n Xzmw \ `hnjy´n kÀtÆ tbhØnXm:{]Xy\ntIjp tbm[m: (`Khm³ ]dªp: Rm³ temIs¯ \ntÈjw \in¸n¡p¶ {Iqc\mb Ime\mIp¶p. Rm³ temI§sf kwlcn¸n¡m³ th­n ChnsS {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. AXpsIm­v \osbmgnsI AXm Xv ssk\y§fn ØnXnsN¿p¶ tbm²m¡fn BcpwXs¶ taen D­mIp¶XÃ)11 a\pjycnemÀ¡pw AhchcpsS Imcy§sf \nb{´n¡m³ Ign bpIbnsöpw ssZhamWv FÃmw sN¿n¡p¶sX¶pamWv Chn sSbpw hyàam¡p¶Xv. CXv k½Xn¡p¶]£w Ipä¡msc tIm SXn in£n¡p¶Xn AÀ°anÃ. a\pjyÀ ]cn{ian¡p¶Xnepw ImcyanÃ. ssZhw \nÝbn¡p¶Xpt]mse am{Xatà \S¡q ! a\p jyÀ ssZh¯nsâ ssIbnse shdpw D]IcW§Ä am{Xam sW¶pw AhÀ¡v CÑmiànt]mepw kz´ambn In«nsöpamWv Ahkm\w IrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xv: Cuizc kÀÆ`qXm\m, lrt±imÀÖp\m! XnjvTXn {`mab³ AÀÆ`qXm\n b{´mcqVm\n ambbm. (tl, AÀÖp\m! .b{´¯nteänsh¨ hkvXp¡sf b{´sa ¶h®w kIe {]mWnItfbpw kzambm iànsIm­v X¯z IÀ½§sf sN¿n¨psIm­v A´Àbmanbmb Cuizc³ kIe `qX§fptSbpw lrZb¯n ØnXnsN¿p¶p.)12 C§s\ \½psS a\Ênencp¶psIm­v Hcp b{´s¯sb¶ t]mse Cuizc\mWv \s½s¡m­v FÃmw sN¿n¡p¶sX¶p ]dªm ]ns¶ \ap¡v [mÀ½nIamb Hcp NpaXebpanÃ. a\ Ên tXm¶n¡p¶Xv Cuizc\mWv. tXm¶p¶Xpt]msesbm s¡ sN¿mw!

tam£¯n\pÅ amÀKw acWm\´c PohnX¯n hnizkn¡p¶hscÃmwXs¶ kpJ{] Zamb Hcp tam£s¯ (kzÀKs¯) kz]v\w ImWmdp­v. \· sN¿p¶hÀ kzÀK¯nepw AÃm¯hÀ \cI¯nepw t]mIpsa 62

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¶mWv hnizmkw. tam£¯nte¡pÅ hgn IrjvW³ hnhcn¡p ¶Xv t\m¡pI: {Xnhn[w \cItkyZw Zzmcw \mi\amß\: Ima: t{Im[:kvXYm tem`kvXkvamtZX{Xbw XytP (Imaw, t{Im[w, tem`w F¶nh aq¶pw \cI¯nte¡v IS¡p hm\pÅ ZzmcamIp¶p. AXn\m X\n¡v \miap­m¡p¶ Cu aq¶p Iq«t¯bpw ]cnXyPnt¡­XmWv.)13 GssXÀÆnapà: Iut´b XtamZzmssckv{XoÀ`n¶c: BNmcyXymß\: t{ibkvXtXm bmXn ]cmwKXnw. (tl! Ip´okpX! \cI¯n\v Zzmc§fmbn¯ocp¶ Cu Ima t{Im[ tem`§Ä thÀs]« a\pjy³ X\n¡v t{ibkn\pÅ {]hr¯nIÄ sN¿p¶XmWv. X¶nan¯w AbmÄ tam£s¯ {]m]n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p)14 Úm\w, IÀ½w, tbmKw F¶nhsbms¡ hyXykvX§fmb Imcy§fmsW¦nepw Hmtcm kab¯v Hmtcm¶pw tam£¯n \pÅ hgnbmsW¶pw ]dbp¶p­v. C§s\ tam£¯n\pth­n sN¿p¶ {]hÀ¯\§tfbpw A¯cw hnizmk§sft¸mepw ` Õn¡m\pw KoXmImc³ aSn¨nÃ: bmanamw ]pjv]nXmw hmNw {]Z´yhn]ÝnX: thZhmZcXm: ]mÀ°! \m\yZkvXoXn hmZn\: Imamßm\: kzÀ¤]c P·IÀ½^e{]Zmw {Inbmhntij_lpemw t`mssKizcyKXnw{]Xn. t`mssKizcy {]kàm\mw XbmhlrXtNXkmw hyhkmbmßnIm _p²n:kam[u\hn[nbsX. (AÃtbm ]mÀ°! thZ^ehmZXev]c·mcpw kzÀK¯nepw aosX asäm¶nsöv ]dbp¶hcpw Bim]qÀWamb a\tÊmSp IqSnbhcpw kzÀKw Xs¶bmWv kÀÆt{ijvTamb [À½mÀ° Imatam£§sf¶v IcpXp¶hcpamb AhnZzm·mÀ t`mssKizcy {]m]vXn¡pth­n At\Iw IÀ½§sf {]Xn]mZn¡p¶Xpw P· IÀ½^e§sf \ÂIp¶Xpw ^e clnXamb bmsXmcp hm¡n s\ ]dbp¶pthm B hm¡n\m A]lrXNn¯·mcpw t`mssK izcy§fn XpjvWbpÅhcpamb AhÀ¡v \nÝbmßnIamb 63

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

_p²n kam[nbn D­mIp¶XÃ.)15 HcnS¯v tam£¯n\pth­n {]hÀ¯n¡m³ ]dbpI. AtX ]pkvXI¯n Xs¶ tam£¯n\pth­n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶hsc aqV·mcmsW¶v hnfn¡pI! C¯cw sshcp²y§Ä KoXbnteXp t]mse aä[nIw {KÙ§fn ImWm³ IgnbnÃ.

Úm\hpw IÀ½hpw tbmKhpw Hcp `mK¯v Úm\¯n\v hfscb[nIw {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ Xmbn ImWmw. bmh\À° DZ]mt\ kÀhX: kw¹q tXmZtI Xmhm³ kÀtÆjp thtZjp {_mÒWky hnPm\X: (kv\m\]m\mZnIÄ¡p am{XapÅ sNdnb Pemib§Ä sIm ­pÅ {]tbmP\saÃmw kÀÆ Zn¡n \n¶pw Pewh¶p \ndªp \n¡p¶ almPemib¯n \n¶p­mIp¶p. AXpt]mse thZclnX§fmb kakvX IÀ½§fpw sIm­p­mIp¶ {]tbm P\saÃmw {_mÒWsâ hnÚm\¯n \n¶p­mIp¶p.)16 thZ§fn ]dbp¶ kÀÆ IÀ½§tf¡mfpw {][m\w hn Úm\amsW¶v Cu tÇmI¯n \n¶p hyàamWv . CXp ]dª {ioIrjvW³ Xs¶ asämcp tÇmI¯n tbmKs¯ Du¶n¸dbp¶p. {ipXnhn{]Xn]¶m tX bZm Øm{kXn \nÝem kam[mhNem _p²nkvXZm tbmKahmkykn (thZ]mT§fpsS {ihW¯m CfInadnªncn¡p¶ \nsâ _p²n bmsXmcp Ne\hpw IqSmsX Ft¸mÄ \nc´cambn \n ¡p¶pthm At¸mÄ \n\¡v tbmKw e`n¡pw.)17 thZ§fn hnhn[ Nn´mk{¼Zmb§fpw IÀ½m\pjvTm\ §fpw hnhcn¨n«p­v. AXpI­n«v _p²n CfInadnbp¶Xn Imcyansöpw AXns\ \nb{´n¨p tbmK¯n F¯nt¨cW sa¶pw Npcp¡w. tbmK¯nsâ amlmßyw aäp tÇmI§fnepw FSp¯p ]dbp¶p­v.

X]kznt`ym[ntImtbmKo Úm\nt`ym]natXm[nI: IÀ½n`yÝm[ntI tbmKo 64

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

XkvamtZymKo `hmÀÖp\. (tbmKn X]kznItf¡mfpw Úm\nItf¡mfpw IÀ½nItf ¡mfpw Gähpw t{ijvT\mIp¶psh¶msWsâ A`n{]mbw. ssl, AÀÖp\m! AXn\m \o tbmKnbmbn `hn¨mepw)18 CXp]dª AtX IrjvW³ Xs¶ ASp¯ tÇmI¯n ]dbp¶p. tbmKn\ma]n kÀtÆjmw aZvKtX\m´cmß\m {i²mhm³ `PtXtSm, amw kta bpàXtam aX: (F¶n a\Êpdn¸n¨p {i²m]qÀÆw Fs¶ `Pn¡p¶h³ F Ãm¯c¯nepÅ tbmKnIfnepw sh¨v t{ijvT\mWv.) 19 ChnsS tbmKt¯¡mÄ `àn¡mWv {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶Xv. ap³ D]tZi¯n\v ISI hncp²amWnXv. AÀÖp\t\mSv BZyw tbmKnbmIWsa¶v D]tZin¡p¶p. AXpIgnªv `à\mIm³ ]dbp¶p.

IÀ½nItf¡mÄ tbmKnIÄ aosXbmsW¶p ]dbp¶ "X] kzot`ym[ntImtbmKo" F¶mcw`n¡p¶ tÇmI¯nse Bib ¯ns\XncmWv XmsgsImSp¡p¶ tÇmIw. [ymt\\mß\n ]iy´n tINnXmßm\ßm\m At\y kmwtJy\ tbmtK\ IÀ½tbmtK\ Nm]tc.

(NneÀ Bßmhns\ [ym\¯m icoc¯n a\ÊpsIm­p ImWp¶p. aäp NneÀ kmJymw sIm­pw tbmKwsIm­pw IÀ½ tbmKw sIm­pw ImWp¶p.)20 IÀ½tbmKw sIm­pw Bßmhns\ ImWWsa¶pw AXn \n¶v apàn In«psa¶pw CXn \n¶p hyàamIp¶p. At¸mÄ tbmKnIÄ IÀ½nItf¡mÄ aosXbmsW¶p ]dª ap³tÇmIw AÀ°clnXambn¯ocp¶p. am{XaÃ, _p²nbpÅhÀ IÀ½s¯ FXnÀ¡cpsX¶pw IqSn D]tZin¡p¶p. \ _p²nt`Zw P\tbZÚm\mw IÀ½ kwKn \mw tPmjtb kÀÆ IÀ½mWn hnZzm³ bpà:kamNc³ (IÀ½¯nemkànbpÅ AÚm\nIfpsS _p²nsb hnZzm³ Hmtcm¶p ]dªv Cf¡n¯oÀ¡cpXv. am{Xw t]mcm; Xm³ {i²m ]qÀÆw IÀ½§Ä sNbvXpsIm­p Xs¶ Ahscs¡m­p sN¿n 65

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¡pIbpw thWw.)21 "AÚm\w IÀ½ kwKn\mw" F¶ {]tbmKw sIm­v IÀ½ kwKnIÄ aqV·mcmsW¶p hyàam¡ns¡m­pXs¶bmWv hn Zzm·mcpw IÀ½w sN¿m³ ]dbp¶sX¶pwIqSn HmÀ¡Ww. Chn sS IÀ½sa¶p ]dbp¶Xv bmKw, tlmaw, X]kv, XoÀ°mS\w, hn{Klmcm[\ apXembhbmWv. asämcn¡Â Úm\¯nsâ amlmßyw IrjvW³ FSp¯p Im«nbt¸mÄ AÀÖp\³ tNmZn¨p: Pymbkn tN IÀ½WkvtX aXm _p²nÖ\mÀ±\!

XÂInw IÀ½Wn tLmtc amw\ntbmPkn tIih. (AÀÖp\³ tNmZn¡p¶p: tl P\mÀ±\m! IÀ½t¯¡mÄ Úm\a[nIw t{ijvSamsW¶mWv A§bpsS A`n{]mbsa ¦n ]ns¶sb´n\mWv Cu tLmcIÀ½¯n (bp²¯nÂ) GÀs¸Sm³ ]dbp¶Xv?)22 AÀÖp\sâ ASp¯ tNmZyhpw {i²mÀlamWv. hymant{iWh hmtIy\ _p²nw tambkohta XtZIw hZ \nÝnXy tb\ t{itbml am]v\pbmw. (`Khm³ A§p kwibs¯ D­m¡n XoÀ¡p¶Xpt]mse bpÅ hm¡psIm­v Fsâ _p²nsb {`an¸n¡p¶Xpt]mse tXm ¶p¶p. Rms\´p sNbvXm tam£s¯ {]m]n¡ptam AXv kwib¯n\nShcm¯ a«n ]dªpXcnI)23 CXn\pt\sc Hcp¯cw ]dbmsX IrjvW³ Hgnªp amdpI bmWv: Úm\tbmtK\ kmwJym\mw IÀ½tbmtK\ tbmKo\mw. kmwJy·mÀ¡v Úm\tbmKhpw tbmKnIÄ¡p IÀ½tbmK hpw BWs{X ap¼p ]dªXv!24 KoXmImc³ tam£¯n\v C§ s\ ]ehgnIÄ ]dbp¶p. CXv AÀÖp\³ ]dbp¶Xpt]mse _p²nsb {`an¸n¡p¶ GÀ¸mSp Xs¶bmWv. A¡me¯p­m bncp¶ hnhn[ hnizmk¡mcmb BkvXnIsc kwLSn¸n¡pI F¶p am{Xta KoXm IÀ¯mhn\v Dt±iyapÅp.

F§s\bmWv Cu sshcp²y§Ä¡v hnizmknIÄ \ymboIc 66

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Ww Is­¯p¶Xv? KoXm`à·mÀ AhsbsbÃmw ka\zbn¸n ¡m³ C¶phsc \S¯nb FÃm {ia§fpw ]cmPbs¸«nt«bp Åp. tUmIvSÀ cm[mIrjvWsâ hm¡pIÄ {it²bamWv: "KoXbpsS Ime¯v [À½mNcWs¯ kw_Ôn¨ ]e A`n {]mb§fpw {]Nmc¯nep­mbncp¶p. IÀ½m\pjvTm\§sf¡p dn¨pÅ sshZnI kn²m´§Ä kXyPnÚmkm]camb D] \njZv kn²m´§Ä, kÀÆ IÀ½§tfbpw Dt]£n¡m³ \njv ¡Àjn¡p¶ _u² hnNmc§Ä, BkvXnI·mcpsS Cuizcmcm [\m ]²Xn þ C§s\ Ah hnhn[§fmbncp¶p. KoXbmIs«, ChsbsbÃmw tNÀ¯p ]ckv]c kmwKXyapÅ Hcp ]²Xnbm ¡m³ {ian¡p¶p."25 C§s\ ]ckv]c hncp²amb Nn´mKXnIsf Iq«nbnW¡m³ \S¯nb {ia¯nsâ ^eamWo sshcp²y§Ä. hn{Klmcm[\ ¡mc³ apX thZm´nhsc FÃmhÀ¡pw ]änb GsX¦nepw `mKw KoXbn \n¶v Is­Sp¡m\pw AXpsIm­p km[n¡p¶p.

Hcmib¯nepw BßmÀ°XbnÃm¯ GtXm Hcp {_mÒWt\m HcpkwLw {_mÒWtcm IqSn \nÝbn¨XmWv KoXsb¶v CsX Ãmw sXfnbn¡p¶p. ssZhamb IrjvWsâ D]tZi§Ä F¶ apJwaqSn CXnsâ IÀ¯mhv \ÂInbXmWv.

67

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

References: 1. Khair, G.S. - Quest for the Original Gita (Bombay, 1969) p. 23 2. Kosambi, D.D. - The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India (Delhi, 1977) p. 207 3. `KhZvKoX 2:47 4. Ibid, 2 : 37 5. Ibid, 11 : 33 6. Ibid, 3 : 30 7. Ibid, 6 : 7 8. Ibid, 6 : 6 9. Ibid, 6 : 35 10. Ibid, 3 :27 11. Ibid, 11 : 32 12. Ibid, 18: 61 13. Ibid, 16: 21 14. Ibid, 16 : 22 15. Ibid, 2 : 42-44 16. Ibid, 2 : 46 17. Ibid, 2 : 53 18. Ibid, 6 : 46 19. Ibid, 6 : 47 20. Ibid,13 : 24 21. Ibid, 3 : 26 22. Ibid, 3 : 1 23. Ibid, 3 : 2 24. Ibid, 3 : 3 25. cm[mIrjvW³ þ `mcXob ZÀi\w (tImgnt¡mSv 1975), t]Pv. 522.

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`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

6 NmXpÀhÀWyhpw KoXbpw C³UybpsS A[:]X\¯n\p hgnsXfn¨Xv PmXnk{¼Zmbam sW¶ Imcy¯n BÀ¡pw kwibaps­¶p tXm¶p¶nÃ. D bÀ¨XmgvNItfmSp IqSnb Cu kmaqly kwhn[m\w temI¯n asämcp cmPy¯pw CÃ. {Iqchpw a\pjyXz lo\hpamb Cu k{¼ Zmbw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv Bcy·mcpsS hcthmSpIqSnbmWv. PmXn k{¼Zmb¯nsâ DZv`hs¯¸än tUm. Fkv. cm[mIrjvW³ ]d bp¶Xv C§s\bmWv: "\mep hÀ®§fmbn lnµp kapZmbw hn`Pn¡s¸«ncp¶Xn s\¸änbpÅ BZys¯ kqN\ ]pcpj kqà¯nemWpÅXv. NmXpÀhÀWy hyhØ DZv`hn¨Xv F{X kzm`mhnIamsW¶v a\knem¡Wsa¦nÂ, C³Uybnse IogS¡s¸« hÀK§fn \n¶v cà¯ntâbpw hÀKss]XrI¯ntâbpamb hyhØI fn hntPXm¡fmb Bcy·mÀ hn`n¶cmbncp¶p F¶v HmÀt¡ ­Xp­v. BZyImes¯ Bcy·mscÃmw Htc hÀ®¯nÂs¸«h cmbncp¶p. Ahcn Hmtcmcp¯cpw ]ptcmlnX\pw tbm²mhpw hym]mcnbpw IÀjI\pambncp¶p. {]tXyImhImi§fpÅ Hcp ]ptcmlnXhÀKw A¶p­mbncp¶nÃ. F¶m PohnX¯nsâ k¦oÀWX Bcy·mÀ¡nSbn hÀWhyXymkw D­mIm³ ImcWambn¯oÀ¶p. XpS¡¯n tZh·mÀ¡p _en \ÂIp¶ Imcy¯n Hcp CS\ne¡mcsâ Bhiyw HcmÄ¡pw D­mbncp ¶nÃ. F¶m {ItaW ]ptcmlnXhÀKhpw \nÀ²\ hÀK¯n \n¶v [\nIhÀKhpw thÀXncnªp h¶p. BZyIme¯v 'hniv' (sshiy) F¶ hm¡n\v apgph³ P\§fpw F¶mbncp¶p 69

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

AÀ°w. bmK§fpsS {]m[m\yw hÀ²n¡pIbpw PohnX¯nsâ hÀ²am\amb k¦oÀWX \nan¯w {iahn`P\w Bhiyambn ¯ocpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS ]Tn¸nepw ]mÞnXy¯nepw IhnXz ¯nepw k¦ev]iànbnepw ap¶n«p\n¶ Nne IpSpw_§Ä tZhmcm[\bn aäpÅhcpsS {]mXn\n[yw hln¡m³ XpS§n. ]ptcmlnX³ AYhm ap¼n \nÀ¯s¸«h³ F¶ _ncpZw A hÀ¡p In«pIbpw sNbvXp. sshZnI aXw \nba \n_²amb {Inbm{Ia§fmbn hnIkn¨ph¶p."1 C§s\bmWv Bcy·mÀ¡nSbn {_mÒWÀ D­mIp¶Xv. ChÀ¡p Xmsgbmbncp¶p £{XnbÀ. `cWw, B[n]Xyw Fs¶m s¡bmWv £{Xw F¶ ]Z¯n\À°w. `cWw \S¯pI, bp²w sN¿pI F¶o sXmgnepIfn GÀs¸«ncp¶hÀ £{Xnbcmbn.

BZyIme¯v ChÀ¡p XmsgbpÅ P\§sfÃmw sshiycmbn KWn¡s¸«ncp¶p. ]n¶oSv Ahcn Xs¶ Hcp henb hn`mK s¯ iq{Zcmbn ]pdwXÅn. A§s\ NmXpÀhÀWyw F¶dnb s¸Sp¶ {Iqcamb PohnX k{¼Zmbw \nehn h¶p.

hÀ®m{ia hyhØ IÀi\amIp¶p hÀWk{¼Zmbw DSseSp¡p¶ Ime¯v AXv P·¯nsâ ASn Øm\¯nepÅhbmbncp¶nÃ. {_mÒWsâ aI\v £{Xnb\m bpw sshiy\mbpw amdmambncp¶p. Xncn¨pw amä§Ä km[yam bncp¶p. ]t£, {ItaW hÀWw P\\¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n am{Xambn¯oÀ¶p. bÚs¯ kw_Ôn¨ \nba§Ä hnkvXoÀ Whpw k¦oÀWhpambn amänbXpsIm­v AXn\v hnZKv[]cn ioe\w thWsa¶ \neh¶p. B ]cnioe\w t\SnbhÀ AXv AhcpsS ASp¯ Xeapdbv¡p \ÂIn. A§s\ {_mÒWyw ss]XrI hyhkmbambn¯oÀ¶p. ]ptcmlnX³ ssZh¯nsâ {]Xn\n[nbmsW¶v AhImis¸«p. iX]Y {_mÒW¯n C§s\ ImWp¶p:þ 'bYmÀ°¯n tZh·mÀ c­p Xc¯nem Wv. tZh·mÀ kzXth tZh·mcmsW¶v Dd¸mWtÃm. AhÀ Ign ªm thZhnZy ]Tn¨hcpw ]Tn¡p¶hcpamb ]ptcmlnX·mÀ a\pjycq]nIfmb tZh·mcmWv.'2 {_mÒW ta[mhnXz¯ne[njvTnXamb Cu kmaqly hyh 70

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

ØnXnbpsS icnbmb cq]w a\knem¡p¶Xn\v 'B]kvXw_ [À½ kq{X'¯nse Xmsg sImSp¡p¶ hmNI§Ä klmbn ¡pw.

1. {_mÒWs\ iImcn¨ iq{Zsâ \mhv Adp¯p thÀs]Sp ¯Ww. 2. {_mÒWsâ H¸w \S¶ iq{Zs\ N½«nsIm­Sn¡Ww. 3. iq{Z³ tamjvSn¨m Ahsâ kz¯p ]nSn¨S¡n Ahs\ sImtíXmWv. 4. Bcykv{Xosb iq{Z³ {]m]n¨m Ahsâ ]pcpjmhbhw thÀs]Sp¯n Ahsâ kz¯p¡Ä ]nSn¨S¡n Ahs\ sIm tíXmWv. 5. thZw tI« iq{Zsâ ImXn Cubhpw Ac¡pw Dcp¡nsbmgn ¡Ww. thZw D¨cn¨ iq{Zsâ \mhv Adp¯p thÀs]Sp¯Ww. 6. iq{Zs\ A[nt£]n¨m {_mÒW\v bmsXmcp in£bpw sImSp¡m³ ]mSnÃ.

7. {_mÒW³ tamjvSn¨m Ahsâ I®pIÄ c­pw sI«pI am{Xw sNbvXv Ahs\ shdpsX hn«bbv¡Ww.3 KuXa [À½ kq{X¯n ]dbp¶ Nne \nba§Ä Xmsg sImSp¡mw: "{_mÒWs\ iImcn¡pItbm tZtlm]{Zhw sN¿pItbm sNbvX iq{Zs\, AXntebv¡v AhÀ D]tbmKs¸Sp¯nb AXm Xhbhs¯ apdn¨v thÀs]Spt¯­XmWv. A\mYbmb {_mÒ Wkv{Xosb {]m]n¡p¶ iq{Zsâ ]pcpjmhbhs¯ apdn¨p thÀ s]Sp¯nb tijw kz¯p¡fpw ]nSn¨S¡Ww. `À¯r kwc£ W¯nencn¡p¶ {_mÒW kv{Xosb {]m]n¡p¶ iq{Zsâ Ah bhw apdns¨Sp¯v kz¯pw ]nSn¨S¡n sImÃpIbpw thWw."4 "{_mÒWs\ sImÃp¶ iq{Zs\ aq¶p {]mhiyambn Xobn en«p Ipd¨p Ipd¨mbn 'Nn{Xh[w' sNbvXp sImÃWw. F¶m iq{Zs\ aäpÅhÀ sIm¶m Hcp hÀjs¯ XShpw ]{´­p ]ip¡sf ]ngbmbn hkqem¡pIbpw sNbvXmÂaXn."5 CXv iq{Zsc kw_Ôn¡p¶ Imcy§fmWv. cmPm¡·mÀt]m epw {_mÒW ta[mhnXz¯n\v Iognembncp¶p. a\pkvarXnbn 71

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

\n¶v Hcp`mKw D²cn¡mw: "cmPmhv Imes¯ Fgpt¶äv BZybmbn {_mÒWs\ ]qPn bv¡Ww. thZw ]Tn¨ {_mÒWs\ cmPmhp _lpam\n¨p [\w sImSp¡Ww. B [\w Ønc\nt£]amWv. Ių hnNmcn¨m B [\w tamjvSn¡mhp¶XÃ."6 aSb\mb Hcp tIhe PmXn {_mÒW³ cmPy¯n \oXn \ymbw \S¯nbmepw sXänÃ. F¶m AtX kab¯nÂ, t{i jvT\pw ]Tn¨h\pambncp¶m¡qSn Hcp iq{Zs\ \oXn\ymbw \S¯phm³ CShcp¯p¶ Hcp cmPyw sNfnbn ]pXª ]ip hns\t¸mse kzbw \miw {]m]n¡p¶XmWv. {_mÒW\v \n[n In«nbm apgph\pw Ah\pXs¶ FSp¡mhp¶XmWv. kIe ¯ntâbpw AhImin Ah³ Xs¶bmWtÃm. cmPmhn\p \n[n In«nbm ]IpXn {_mÒW\v sImSp¯tijw _m¡n cmP `Þmc¯n tNÀ¡mhp¶XmWv."7 "{_mÒWsâ kz¯v GXp ImcWhimepw cmPmhn\v FSp ¡phm³ A[nImcanÃ. F¶m _m¡n PmXn¡mcpsS kz¯v k´m\anÃm¯]£w cmPmhn\v ]nSn¨S¡ns¡mÅmhp¶XmWv. {_mÒWÀ aSb\mbmepw ]ÞnX\mbmepw Hcpt]mse Ah³ Znhy³ Xs¶bmWv. {_mÒW KrlØ·msc ip{iqjnt¡­Xv iq{Z³ Xsâ {]Ya IÀ¯hyambn«v [cn¨psImtÅ­XmWv. kÑq {Z\mbn«v {_mÒWs\ ip{iqjn¨m B iq{Z\v ASp¯ P· ¯n PmXn¡bäw In«p¶XmWv. {_mÒWs\ iq{iqjn¡p¶ iq{Z\v CltemIkuJyhpw HSphn ]ctemI kuJyhpw e`n ¡p¶XmWv."8

bpànhmZ¯nsâ hnPbw C¯cw \nba§Ä h¨p]peÀ¯p¶ Hcp kmaqly hyhØnXn bn a\pjyXz¯n\v F´pam{Xw hnebp­mIpsa¶v Duln¡m hp¶tXbpÅp. {_mÒWÀ¡v F´pw sN¿mw. AhtcmSv Hcp¯À ¡pw H¶pw sN¿m³ ]mSnsömbncp¶p \nbaw. CXn\p ]pdta bmKw, tlmaw XpS§nb IÀ½§fpw AhÀ P\§fpsS ta sI«nh¨p. _n.kn.C. GXm­v Bbncmam­mbt¸mtg¡pw Bcy ·mcpsS ta[mhnXz¯neaÀ¶ D¯tc³Uy³ cmPy§Ä, {]mIr 72

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Xamb NmXpÀhÀWy hyhØnXnbpsS Iognembn. _lp`qcn] £¡mcmb iq{ZÀ FÃmhn[ NqjW§Ä¡pw aÀ±\¯n\pw hnt[bcmbn. C¯cw Hcp kmlNcy¯nemWv NmÀÆmI³, kmw Jy³, _p²³, hÀ²am\amlmhoc³ XpS§nb `uXnIhmZnIÄ {_mÒWta[mhnXz¯ns\Xncmbn cwK¯phcp¶Xv. {_mÒWta[mhnXz¯nsâ IÅn shfn¨¯m¡ns¡m­v C³ Uysbm«msI AhÀ \S¯nb {]NcW§Ä¡v ap¼n Bcy·mÀ ASn]Xdn. a\pjyscÃmw XpeycmsW¶ bpànhmZ Nn´mKXn ]SÀ¶p ]nSn¨p. cmPm¡·mÀt]mepw Cu amäs¯ AwKoIcn ¡m³ \nÀ_ÔnXcmbn. C§s\ {_mÒW ta[mhnXz¯ns\ Xncmbn \S¶ al¯mb kmwkvImcnI hn¹hw hnPb¯nse ¯n. _n.kn.C. 800 apX 200 hsc GXm­v 600 hÀj¡mew, bpànhmZ¯n\mbncp¶p C³Uybn Gähpw kzm[o\ap­m bncp¶Xv. C³Uym Ncn{X¯nse Hcp kphÀ®Imeambncp¶p AXv. C¡mea{Xbpw {_mÒWÀ ]¯nsbmXp¡n IgnbpIbmbn cp¶p. X¡w In«pt¼mÄ A[nImcw ]nSns¨Sp¡m\pw NmXpÀ hÀWyw ]p\:Øm]n¡m\pw AhÀ IcpXnbncp¶p. _p²þssP\ aX§sfbpw temImbX·mÀ F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ A¶s¯ bpànhmZnItfbpw tXmev]n¡p¶Xn\v AhÀ¡v Ffp¸ambncp ¶nÃ. aucy km{amPy¯nsâ A[:]X\t¯msSm¸w hS¡p ]Sn ªmsd C³Uybn IqsS¡qsS D­mbns¡m­ncp¶ hntZim {IaW§fpw D¯tc³Uysb ZpÀºes¸Sp¯n. C¯cw Hcp kmlNcy¯n {_mÒWÀ AhnShnsS Xes]m¡m³ XpS§n. aucy km{amPy¯nse Ahkm\s¯ N{IhÀ¯nsb sIm¶v ]pjyman{X³ F¶ {_mÒW³ AhnsS cmPmhmIp¶p. At±lw _p²aXs¯bpw aäpw \in¸n¡m³ \S¯nb {ia§fpsS IY Cu ]pkvXI¯nsâ BZy`mK¯v hnhcn¨n«pÅXpsIm­v Rm³ BhÀ¯n¡p¶nÃ. ]pjyman{Xs\t¸mepÅ Nne cmPm¡·mcpsS t\XrXz¯n bpànhmZn¡Äs¡Xncmbn {_mÒWÀ _n.kn.C. c­mwiXI¯nemcw`n¡p¶ IS¶m{IaWw Ahkm\w {_mÒ WcpsS hnPb¯nemWv Iemin¨Xv. Cu ImeL«¯n FgpX s¸« `KhZvKoXbpsS {][m\ ktµi§fnsem¶v NmXpÀhÀWy 73

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¯nsâ ]p\:Øm]\amWv. hfsc X{´]qÀÆw KoXmImc³ Nm XpÀhÀWy¯n\v aX]camb Hcp hymJym\w \ÂIp¶p­v. KoX hmbn¨m AXv hyàamIpw. {ioIrjvW³ ]dbp¶p: NmXpÀhÀWyw abmkrjvSw KpWIÀ½ hn`mKi: XkyIÀ¯mca]namw hn²yIÀ¯mcahybw (KpW§Ä¡pw IÀ½a\pkcn¨v. Rm\nXnsâ IÀ¯mhp Xs¶bmsW¶pw IÀ¯rXz`nam\w Xosc F\n¡nÃm¯Xn\m kq£va¯n Rm³ AIÀ¯mhpw \miclnX\pamIp¶p)9 Cu tÇmIs¯ hymJym\n¨psIm­v Nne bmYmØnXnI·mÀ ckIcamb Hcp hmZKXn AhXcn¸n¡mdp­v. NmXpÀhÀWysa ¶Xv amäs¸Sm³ ]mSnÃm¯ \nbaambn«Ã KoXbn hnhcn¡p ¶sX¶pw Hmtcmcp¯cpw sN¿p¶ tPmenbpsS KpW¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv hÀ®§Ä \nÝbn¡s¸Sp¶sX¶pw AhÀ ]dbp¶p. ChcpsS hmZKXnsb {io. Ipän¸pg IrjvW]nÅ C§ s\ JÞn¡p¶p: "PmXnhyhØbpsS Dev]¯n amlmßys¯ tLmjn¨psIm ­mWv KoXmImcsâ ]pd¸mSv. `Khmsâ krjvSnbmbm¸ns¶ AXnÂ]csamcp amlmßyw NmXpÀhÀWy¯n\v htc­Xp t­m? CXnsâ D¯cmÀ²w, A²ymßhmZ¯nse ]qÀh ]£ kam[m\¯n\pth­nbpÅ XÀ¡hnZy am{XamIbmÂ, ChnsS ]cnKWnt¡­XnÃ. 'abmkrjvSw' F¶XpsIm­v P·¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv PmXn Xncnbp¶sX¶v [z\n¡p¶p. "KpW IÀ½hn`mKi: F¶ {]tbmK¯n\v ]pXnb hymJym\w sImSp¯v P·¯n\v PmXobamb {]m[m\yansöv ImWn¸m³ Nne \ho\À ]Wns¸«n«p­v . F¶m i¦c`mjy¯n A§s\sbmcp kqN\t]m epanÃ. am{XaÃ, '{_mÒWmky apJamkoXv' F¶ ]pcpj kqàap²cn¨v {_mÒW {]mamWys¯ k{]amWam¡p Ibpw Hmtcm PmXn¡pw, C¶bn¶ KpWIÀ½§sf¶v hoXwsh¨v ImWn¡pIbpamWv `mjyImc³ sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv. kXzcPkvX tam KpW §Ä¡pw, {]tXyI IÀ½hmk\IÄ¡pw A\pkcn¨v a\pjy³ {_mÒWmZn PmXnIfmbn P\n¡p¶p F¶ Bibta 74

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

A\´c `mK§fpsS shfn¨¯nepw ChnsS kwKXamIp ¶pÅp."10 PmXn P·mSnØm\¯n Xs¶bmWv KWn¡p¶sX¶v KoX bpsS ]Xns\«mw A²ymb¯n hfsc hniZambn¯s¶ ]d bp¶p­v. "t{ibm kz[Àt½m hnKpW:]c[À½m kz\pjvTnXm kz`mh\nbXw IÀ½IÀƶm]vt\mXnInev_njw (PmXn apXembXpsIm­v DÂIrjvSt\m \nIrjvSt\m Bb A\ysâ [À½s¯ \Ãh®w A\pjvTn¡p¶Xnt\¡mÄ, F{X tbm D¡rjvSambXmWv AwKtem]w hÃXpw hcp¶Xmbmepw kz´[À½s¯ A\pjvTn¡p¶Xv. kzPmXymNmcm\pkrXamb IÀ½§sf sN¿p¶h\v X¶nan¯w bmsXmcp ]m]hpap­m Ip¶XÃ)12 kz´w PmXnbpsS IÀ½§Ä hn«v HcpImcWhimepw aäp PmXnbpsS IÀ½§Ä sN¿m³ t]mIcpsX¶mWv IrjvW³ C hnsS D]tZin¡p¶Xv. ASp¯ tÇmI¯n AsXm¶pIqSn hyàambpw Xd¸n¨p ]dbp¶p: klPw IÀ½Iut´b! kptZmja]n\XymtP kÀÆmcw`mhn tZmtjW [qta\máncnhmhrX: (tl Ip´o]p{Xm! kzm`mhnIamb IÀ½tatXm AXns\ A t\Iw tZmj§fps­¦nepw Dt]£n¨pIqSm. F´psIms­ ¶m ]cnip²amb Aán¡v ]pIsb¶t]mse kÀÆIÀ½§Ä ¡pw Hmtcm tZmj§Ä D­mImXncn¡pIbnÃ)13 'klabw' F¶v IÀ½¯n\v ChnsS hntijWw \ÂInbncn ¡p¶p. 'P·ss\thmXv]¶w' (P·t¯mSpIqSn¯s¶ D­mbn «pÅ) F¶v i¦cmNmcyÀ CXn\v hymJym\w \ÂInbn«p­v. P\ \m\´cw KpWIÀ½§Ä sIm­mWv PmXn Xncnbp¶sX¶ ]pXnb hmZw AÀ°iq\yamsW¶v CXv sXfnbn¡p¶p. P· t¯mSpIqSnbp­mb PmXnbpsS [À½w F{X tZmjapÅXmsW ¦nepw amdm³ {ian¡cpsX¶mWv IrjvWsâ D]tZiw. Hmtcm PmXnbptSbpw klPamb IÀ½sa´msW¶p Irjv W³ hyàam¡p¶p­v: 75

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

{_mÒW£{Xnbhnimw iq{ZmWmw N ]c´] !

IÀ½mWn {]hn`àm\n kz`mh {]`sshÀKpssW: (tl ]c´]! {_mÒWcptSbpw, £{XnbcptSbpw, sshiycp tSbpw iq{ZcptSbpw IÀ½§Ä kz`mh¯n \n¶p­mIp¶ kXzcPkvXtam KpW§fpsS XmcXays¯ A\pkcn¨v thsd thsd hn`Pn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p).14 Hmtcm PmXnbptSbpw IÀ½§Ä KpW§fpsS XmcXayw A\p kcn¨v thsd thsd Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p F¶mWtÃm CXn\À°w. sXmgnepIÄ¡v {]tXyI ta·bpw tZmjhpw Iev]n¡p¶ Cu k{¼ZmbamWv C³Uysb A[:]X\¯nte¡v \bn¨Xv. FÃm sXmgnen\pw aäp cmPy§fn Hcpt]mse am\yXbp­v. Nne sXmgnepIsf Xmgv¯ns¡«nbXv, B sXmgnepIÄ sN¿p¶hÀ¡v kaql¯n Øm\w e`n¡cpsX¶ Dt±iyt¯mSpIqSn¯s¶ bmWv. Cu tÇmI¯n\v i¦cmNmcyÀ cNn¨ `mjyw, PmXn hyhØ bn iq{Zs\ F{Xam{Xw Xmgv¯ns¡«p¶p F¶v sXfnbn¡p¶p. '{_mÒW £{Xnb hnimw' F¶ kamkt¯mSv iq{Zi_vZw tNÀ¡msX thdn«p \ndp¯nbncn¡p¶Xv iq{Z\v ZznPXzhpw (D] \b\ kwkvImcw) thZm[nImchpw CÃm¯XpsIm­msW¶v At±lw hyàam¡p¶p. iq{Z³ F¶ ]Z¯n\pt]mepw Xo­Â Iev]n¡p¶ KoXmImct\¡mÄ, PmXn¡pip¼³ thsdbmcm WpÅXv! XpSÀ¶v Hmtcm PmXn¡mcptSbpw "kz`mhP" amb IÀ½sa´m sW¶v IrjvW³ ]dbp¶p: itam ZakvX]: iuNw £m´ncmÀÖhtah N Úm\w hnÚm\amkvXnIy {_Ò IÀ½ kz`mhPw. (at\m\nba\w, C{µnb \nba\w, {hXw, iuNw, {]XnImtc Ñm`mhw, BÀÖhw, Úm\w, hnÚm\w, BkvXnIyw Ch sbÃmw kz`mhP\yamb {_mÒW IÀ½§fmIp¶p.)15 Cu KpW§Ä {_mÒWÀ¡v 'kz`mhP'amWv (P·kn²amWv) F¶p ]dbp¶ IrjvW³, {_mÒW ]£]mXnbmsW¶ Imcy ¯n kwibn¡m\nÃtÃm.

76

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

C\nbpw £{XnbcpsS KpW§Ä F´msW¶p t\m¡mw: iucyw tXtPm [rXnÀ±m£yw bpt² Nm]y ]emb\w Zm\aoizc`mhÝ £m{Xw IÀ½ kz`mhPw. (]cm{Iaw, tXPÊv, ss[cyw, kmaÀ°yw, bp²¯n ]n³aS §mXncn¡pI, kÂ]m{XZm\w, {]`piàn ChsbÃmw k`mP amb £{Xnb IÀ½§fmIp¶p)16 sshiysâbpw iq{Zsâbpw 'kz`mhP'amb IÀ½§Ä ASp¯ tÇmI¯n hnhcn¡p¶p: (Irjn, ]ip]cn]me\w, hmWnPyw CsXÃmw sshiycpsS kzm`mhnIamb IÀ½§fmWv. ]cnNmcnIhr¯nbmWv iq{Zsâ kz`mhamb IÀ½w)17 {_mlvWtcbpw £{Xnbtcbpw sshiytcbpw ]cnNcn¡pI am{XamWv iq{Zsâ IÀ½sa¶p ]dbp¶ IrjvW³ ASp¯v GXm \pw tÇmI§fn AXpsIm­p­mIp¶ KpWwIqSn ]dªv Pm Xn k{¼Zmbw XpScm³ P\§sf {]tem`n¸n¡p¶p. tkztkz IÀ½Wy`ncX: kwkn²nwe`tXm\c: kzIÀ½\ncX: kn²nw bYmhnµXn XÑyWp (AhchÀ¡v ({_mÒWmZn \mepPmXn¡mÀ¡v) hn[n¡s¸ «ncn¡p¶ IÀ½§fn {i²m]qÀÆw {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xmbm kXzip²nsb {]m]n¡p¶p. kzIÀ½m\pjvTm\ Xev]c\v kn²n e`n¡p¶ {]Imcs¯ \o tI«psImÅpI.)18 bX:{]hr¯nÀ`qXm\mw tb\ kÀÆanZw XXw kzIÀ½Wm Xa`yÀ¨y kn²nw hnµXnam\h: (bmsXm¶n \n¶mtWm C¡mWp¶ kIe `qX§fpw DZv` hn¡p¶Xv, bmsXm¶mtWm kIe `qX§tfbpw Hcpt]mse hym]n¨ncn¡p¶Xv B ]c{_Òkzcq]nsb AhchcpsS IÀ½ §Ä sIm­mcm[n¡p¶Xmbm XoÀ¨bmbpw kn²nsb {]m]n ¡pw.)19 AhchcpsS PmXnIÀ½§Ä \nÀÆln¡p¶XmWv henb Bcm[\sb¶pw AXv sXän¡mXncn¡p¶hÀ¡v apàn In«psa ¶pamWv IrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xv. IrjvW³ F¶ IYm]m{Xs¯ s¡m­v CXp ]dbn¸n¨ KoXmImc³ Hcp {_mÒW\msW¶p 77

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

ÅXv \nkvXÀ¡amWv. PmXymNmcm\pkrXamb IÀ½§Ä sN¿p ¶h\v ]m]ap­mIpIbnsöpw IpeIÀ½§Ä hn«v asämcp sXmgnen\v {ian¡cpsX¶pw XpSÀ¶v (18:47:48) At±lw Blzm\w sN¿p¶p. aq¶mw A²ymb¯nepw CtX D]tZiw ImWmw: t{ibm kz[Àt½m hnKpW: ]c[À½m kz\pjvTnXm³ kz[Àt½ \n[\w t{ib: ]c[Àt½m`bmhl: (kz[À½w (kz´PmXn [À½w) Aev]w Nne \yq\XItfmsS A\pjvTn¡p¶Xmbncp¶mepw hn[n{]Imcw A\y[À½w A\p jvTn¡p¶Xnt\¡mÄ t{ijvTamWv. kz[À½¯n {]hÀ¯n ¡p¶h\v acWwt]mepw t{ibÊmWv. A\y [À½m\pjvTm\w `bmhlamWv.)20 Cu tÇmI¯n kz[À½sa¶p ]dbp¶Xv Hmtcm PmXn¡pw hn[n¨n«pÅ IÀ½w Xs¶bmWv. Cu tÇmIs¯ hymJym\n¨p sIm­v kzman inhm\µ³ ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv: "kz´w [À½w Aev]w tamiambn sN¿p¶XmWv ]c[À½w `wKnbmbn A\pjvTn¡p¶Xnt\¡mÄ \ÃXv. asämcmfpsS [À½w sNbvXm \cIw t]mepÅ hn]¯pIsf t\cntS­nhcpw. £{Xn bsâ NpaXe [À½bp²¯n bp²w sN¿emWv. AÀÖp\³ bp²w sNbvtX]äq. AXmWv At±l¯nsâ [À½w. B [À½w \nÀÆln¡p¶Xn\nSbn At±lw acn¨m AXv At±l¯n\v \ÃXmWv. At±lw kzÀ¤¯n t]mIpw. asämcmfpsS [À½w At±lw A\pjvTn¨pIqSm. AXv At±l¯n\v A]ISap­m ¡pw."21 AÀÖp\³ £{Xnb\mbXpsIm­v kz[À½amb bp²w \S¯Wsa¶p ]dbp¶p. iq{Z³ taÂPmXn¡msc ip{iqjn¡p Isb¶ kz[À½hpw sN¿Ww. A§s\bÃmsX kz[À½w hn«p Bsc¦nepw sNbvXm Ahs\ A¡me¯v in£n¡pIbpw sN bvXncp¶p. AXn\pÅ sXfnhv cmambW¯n ImWmw. Xp© s¯gp¯Ñsâ 'A²ymßcmambW'¯n \n¶v Hcp `mKw Chn sS D²cn¡mw: 78

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

"A¡meatbm²ybnenÃamsbmcp hn{]³ c£n¨p \nXyw KrlØm{iaw hgnt]mse D¯abmb Xsâ KrlnWntbmSpw IqSn hÀ¯n¡pw Imeahs\{Xbp amØtbmsS ]p{X\pap­mbh\¿m­pImew sN¶p arXyptemIhpw ]p¡ms\{Xbpw IjvSw! IjvSw ]p{Xsâ ihicocs¯bpsaSp¯psImþ ­¯Â ]q­edn h¶m\tbm²ybneh³. tKm]pc Zzmc¯n¦encp¶p cmPmhns\þ ¯mt]\ ]dtªäw Zp:Jn¨p Icbpt¼mÄ \mcZhknjvTmZnap\nItfmSp cma³ 't\sc sNmÃphn\Xn ImcW'sa¶p sNm¶m³, "iw_qI\mb iq{Z³ X¶psS X]ÊpsImþ ­½lotZhmßP³ acn¨ms\¶p \q\w, sN¶h³ h[n¨mepS³ Pohn¨oSpw \nÀ®bw ZznPmßP"s\¶hccpÄ sNbvXmÀ."22 CXp tI«am{Xbn {iocma³ sN¶v iw_qIs\ sIm¶p. DS s\ {_mÒWsâ Ip«n acW¯n \n¶pw DbnÀs¯gpt¶äp sh¶pw XpSÀ¶p ]dbp¶p. iq{Z³ X]kpsNbvXm {_mÒW sâ Ip«n acn¡psa¶v ]dbpI, AXptI« DSs\, {ioIrjvWs\ t¸mse hnjvWphnsâ AhXmcamsW¶p ]dbp¶ {iocma³ sN¶v B iq{Zs\ sImÃpI! kzPmXn [À½w hn«p {]hÀ¯n ¡p¶hsc sImÃp¶Xmbncp¶p ssZh¯nsâ t]cn {_mÒ WÀ GÀs¸Sp¯nb \nba {]Imcw \à {]hr¯n. iq{ZÀ F¶dnb s¸Sp¶ ]ecpw ASp¯Ime¯v X]kv sNbvXn«pÅXv \ap¡ dnbmw. {io \mcmbWKpcphpw N«¼n kzmanIfpw A¡q«¯n s]Spw. {iocmasâbpw {ioIrjvWsâbpw `cWamWv ChnsS \S¶ncp¶sX¦n AhÀ h[n¡s¸Spambncp¶p F¶v iw_qI sâ IY sXfnbn¡p¶p. ChÀ X]kp sNbvXXpsIm­v {_mÒW cpsS Ip«nIÄ acn¡pIbpw sNbvXnÃ.

KoXbpsS asämcp `mK¯pw PmXnsb Ac¡n«pd¸n¡p¶Xn\p ]änb Nne D]tZi§Ä ImWmw: 79

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

amw ln ]mÀ°! hym]m{inXy tb ]nkyp: ]m]tbm\b: kv{Xotbm sshiymkvXYm iq{ZmkvtX]n bm´n ]cmwKXnw. (tl ]mÀ°! kv{XoItfm sshiy·mtcm iq{Ztcm \oNIpe ¯n P\n¨htcm Bcmbmepw th­XnÃ, AhscÃmw Fs¶ th­t]mse tkhn¡p¶ ]£w XoÀ¨bmbpw D¯aKXnsb {]m]n¡p¶XmWv.)23 Inw ]p\À {_mÒWm: ]pWy`àm cmPÀjbkvXYm A\nXyakpJw temIanaw {]m]y` Pkz amw (kpIrXnIfmb {_mÒWcpw `à·mcmb cmPÀjnIfpw ]n s¶ D¯aKXnbSbpsa¶p ]dbtWm? AXpsIm­v A\nXyhpw kpJlo\hpamb Cu temIs¯ {]m]n¡sIm­v \o Fs¶ `Pn¡pI)24 kv{XoIÄ, sshiy·mÀ, iq{ZÀ, \oNIpe¯n P\n¨hÀ F¶n §s\bpÅhÀ Xmgv¶hcmsW¶pw £{Xnbcpw {_mÒWcpw DbÀ¶hcmsW¶pw {ioIrjvW³ ChnsS Øm]n¡pIbmWv. \oNIpe (]m]tbm\nbn P\n¨hÀ)¯n P\n¨hsc¶pw D ¡rjvS Ipe¯n P\n¨hsc¶pw a\pjysc thÀXncn¡p¶Xv `Khm\msW¦n B `Khm³ {_mÒWcpsS `Khm³ am{Xam sW¶v hyàamWtÃm. KoXbpsS BXy´nIamb Dt±iyw hÀ Wm{ia hyhØsb ]p\:Øm]n¡pIbmsW¶v CXnÂ\ns¶ Ãmw kv]jvSamIp¶p­v.

80

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

References: 1. cm[mIrjvW³, tUmIvSÀ Fkv þ `mcXob ZÀi\w (tImgnt¡mSv, 1975) t]Pv 89 2. iX]Y {_mÒWw ii 22.6; ii. 4.3; 14 3. B]kvXw_[À½kq{Xw : IrjvWm\µkzmanbpsS hnhÀ¯\w þ C³Uybnse hÀWkacw (tImgnt¡mSv, 1965) t]Pv. 93, 94 4. Ibid, t]Pv. 95 5. Ibid.

6. a\pkvarXn 7 : 37, 82, 83þ IrjvWm\µkzmanbpsS hnhÀ¯\w : C³Uybnse hÀWkacw, t]Pv 97.

7. Ibid, t]Pv 98 8. Ibid, t]Pv 99 9. `KhZvKoX 4 : 13 10. IrjvW]nÅ, Ipän¸pgþ Ipän¸pgbpsS XncsªSp¯ D]\ymk §Ä (tIm«bw, 1969) t]Pv. 343 11. `KhZvKoX, 18 : 44 12. Ibid, 18 : 47 13. Ibid, 18 : 48 14. Ibid, 18 : 41 15. Ibid, 18 : 42 16. Ibid, 18 : 43 17. Ibid, 18 : 44 18. Ibid, 18 : 45 19. Ibid, 18 : 46 20. Ibid, 3 : 35 21. Sivananda, Sri Swami - Srimad Bhagavad Gita (Rishikesh, 1949) p.

155 22. A²ymßcmambWw (tIm«bw, 1977), t]Pv. 590 23. `KhZvKoX, 9 : 32 24. Ibid, 9 : 33

81

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

7 hÀWk¦c¯ns\Xnsc At\I PmXnIfpw D]PmXnIfpambn thÀXncnªp \n¡p¶ C³Uy³ P\Xsb H¶m¡n¯oÀ¡p¶Xn\pÅ imkv{Xob amÀ K§fn H¶mWv an{ihnhmlw F¶pÅ Imcy¯nÂ, Nn´n ¡p¶ a\pjyÀ¡mÀ¡pw FXncp­mIpsa¶p tXm¶p¶nÃ. Km ÔnPn, PhlÀem s\lr, tUm. Awt_Zv¡À XpS§nb `mc Xob t\Xm¡·mÀ an{ihnhml§sf t{]mÕmln¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. ]t£ `KhZvKoX an{ihnhml§Ä¡pw AXph gnbp­mIp¶ hÀWk¦c¯n\pw FXncmb \ne]mSmWv kzoI cn¨ncp¶Xv. Hmtcm PmXn¡mc\pw Ah\hsâ Ipe[À½ta sN¿mhq F¶v A\pimkn¡pt¼mÄ Hmtcm PmXntbbpw AXXnsâ Iq«n Xs¶ \ndp¯m\mWv KoXmImc³ Dt±in¨ncp¶sX¶v hyà amIpw. ImcWw, c­p PmXnIfn s]«hÀ hnhmlw sNbvXm D­mIp¶ k´m\w B c­p PmXnbnepw s]Sp¶Xmbncn¡p IbnÃ. At¸mÄ GXp PmXnbpsS Ipe[À½amWv AbmÄ A\p jvTnt¡­sX¶v kwibamIpw. tIcf¯nse k¼qXncnamcpw \mbÀ kv{XoIfpw X½n \S¶ph¶ kw_Ô GÀ¸mSn D­m Ip¶ Ip«nIÄ \mb·mcmbn¯s¶ KWn¡s¸«ncp¶p F¶p ÅXv hnkvacn¡p¶nÃ. ]t£, \mbÀ bphmhn\v Hcp \¼qXncn bphXnsb hnhmlw sN¿phm³ AhImiap­mbncp¶nÃ. AY hm A§s\sb§m³ \S¶pt]mbm \¼qXncnkv{Xo IpSpw_ ¯n \n¶v ]pd¯m¡s¸«ncp¶p.

82

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

AÀÖp\sâ kwib§Ä bpànhmZ¯nsâ {]Nmcs¯¯pSÀ¶v hÀWhyhØ XIcp Ibpw {_mÒWÀ DbnÀs¯gpt¶ev]n\v {ian¡pIbpw sNbvXn cp¶ L«¯nemWv KoX FgpXs¸«sX¶v ap¼p ]dªn«p­tÃm. temImbXw, _p²aXw, ssP\aXw F¶nhbv¡p {]Nmcap­m bncp¶ Ime¯v C³Uybn h³tXmXn hÀWk¦cw \S¶n cp¶p. hnhn[ PmXnIfn P\n¨hÀ PmXn Dt]£n¨v ]pd¯p hcnIbpw PmXnclnXamb hnhml§Ä Ign¨v Pohn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. ]cmictâbpw kXyhXnbptSXpapĸsSbpÅ \nch[n an{ihnhml§fpsS IY ]pcmW§fnepw CXnlmk §fnepw ImWmw. AsXms¡ B Ime¯p \S¶XmWv. ]t£, KoXbpsS Imeambt¸mtg¡pw A´co£w amdn. AÀÖp\³ {ioIrjvWt\mSp tNmZn¡p¶ Nne kwib§Ä KoXbpsS H¶mw A²ymb¯n¯s¶ ImWmw. btZy t]ytX \ ]iy´n temt`m]lX tNXk: Ipe£b IrXw tZmjw an{Xt{ZmtlN]mXIw. IYw \ tÚbakvam`n: ]m]mZkvam¶nhÀ¯nXpw Ipe£b IrXw tZmjw {]]iyZv`nÀÖ\mÀ±\!

(AXym{KlwsIm­v hnthI iq\y·mcmb ChÀ (Zptcym[ \mZnIÄ) Ipe£b¯mep­mIp¶ ]m]t¯bpw Adnbp¶n sænepw Ipe£b¯mepÅ tZmjs¯ \Ãh®adnbp¶ R §Ä Cu ]m]hr¯nbn \n¶v \nhÀ¯n¸m³ F§s\ Btem Nn¡mXncn¡pw?)1 ChnsS Ipew F¶pt±in¡p¶sX´mWv? Hcp tKm{X¯ntem {Kma¯ntem DÅ P\§sfbmWv Hcp Ipe¡mcmbn KWn¨ncp ¶Xv.2 "Ipew P\]tZ tKmt{X" F¶v taZn\otImi¯nepw AÀ °w \ÂInbncn¡p¶p. "kPmbossX: Ipew" F¶v AactImi ¯nepw ImWp¶p. Aac¯nsâ ]ctaizcn hymJym\¯n Ipew F¶ ]Z¯n\v DZmlcWw sImSp¯ncn¡p¶Xv hn{]Ipew ({_m ÒWIpew) F¶mWv. bp²w D­mbm Ipe§Ä¡v £bap­m Ipsa¶v AÀÖp\³ i¦n¡p¶p.

Ipe£tb {]Wiy´n Ipe[À½: k\mX\: 83

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

[Àt½ \jvtS Ipew IrÂkv\a[Àt½m`n` hXypX (Ipew \in¨m k\mX\§fmb Ipe[À½§Ä \in¨p t]mIpw. [À½w \in¡pt¼mÄ Ipes¯ apgph³ A[À½w _m[n ¡pw)3 A[À½m`n`hm IrjvW! {]Zpjy´n Ipekv{Xob: kv{XojpZpjvSmkp hmÀjvtWb! PmbtXhÀWk¦c: (tl IrjvWm! Ipes¯ A[À½w _m[n¨m Ipekv{XoI sfÃmw Zpjn¨p t]mIpw. tl hrjvWnhwikapÂ`qX ! kv{Xo Zpjn¨m hÀWk¦cap­mIpw)4 ChnsS Gähpw henb A]ISambn AÀÖp\³ ImWp¶Xv hÀWk¦camWv. Cu AÀÖp\sâ Xs¶ IY alm`mcX¯n hnhcn¡pt¼mÄ At±lw hÀW k¦cs¯ Imcyam¡nbncp¶n söp ImWmw. h\hmk¡me¯v KwKmXoc¯p sh¨v \mKcm Pmhnsâ aIÄ Deq]nsb At±lw hnhmlw sNbvXp. Nn{XmwK Zsâ ]p{Xnbmb Nn{XmwKZbmbncp¶p AÀÖp\sâ asämcp ]Xv\n. C§s\ kz´w Ipew hn«p hnhmlw sNbvX AÀÖp\³ F§s\bmWv hÀWk¦cw sXämsW¶p ]dbp¶Xv? alm`mc X¯n\I¯v XncpIn¡bänbXmWv `KhZv KoXsb¶ A`n{]mb s¯ CXpw km[qIcn¡p¶p. hÀWk¦cs¯ FXnÀ¡p¶ Hcp {_mÒW\mWv AÀÖp\³ F¶ IYm]m{Xs¯s¡m­v C§ s\ kwkmcn¸n¡p¶Xv. AÀÖp\tâXmbn sImSp¯n«pÅ aäp c­p tÇmI§fpw Xmsg sImSp¡mw: k¦tcm \cIm ssbh IpeLv\m\mw IpekyN ]X´n]nXtcmtlyjmw eq]vX]ntÞmZI{Inbm: (PmXn an{iXw IpelXI·mÀ¡pw Ipe¯n\pw \cIs¯ D­m¡n¯oÀ¡p¶XmWv. ImcWw IpetZzjnIfpsS ]nXr¡Ä ]ntÞmZI{InbIÄ CÃm¯hcmbn \cI¯n ]Xnbv¡p¶p) 5 tZmssjtcssX: Ipe[À½miz imizXm ImsscI: DÕmZyt´ PmXn[À½m: Ipe[À½miz imizXm. (an{iPmXnsb D­m¡n¯oÀ¡p¶ IpelXI·mcpsS 84

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

CuhI tZmj§Ä \nan¯w k\mX\§fmb PmXymNmc§fpw Ipem Nmc§fpw \in¨p t]mIp¶p)6 DÕ¶ Ipe[À½mWmw a\pjymWmw P\mÀ±\! \ctI\nXbw hmtkm `hXoXy\p ip{ipa (tl P\mÀ±\! Ipe[À½§Ä \in¨pt]mb a\pjycpsS hm kw F¶t¶bv¡pw \cI¯nemsW¶p R§Ä tI«dnªn «p­v.)7 AÀÖp\sâ Cu kwib§Ä¡v IrjvW³ t\cn«p adp]Sn ]dbp¶nÃ. t\sc adn¨v a\:kwba\t¯¸änbpw aäpapÅ D]tZi §Ä \ÂIpIbmWv.

{ioIrjvW\pw an{ihnhmlhpw KoXmImc³ PmXnk{¼Zmb¯nsâ alXzs¯¸än {ioIrjvW s\s¡m­v ]eXpw ]dbp¶ps­¦nepw alm`mcX IYbnse {ioIrjvW³ F¶ IYm]m{Xw an{ihnhml§sftbm hÀWk ¦cs¯tbm FXnÀ¯Xmbn ImWp¶nÃ. {ioIrjvW\v ]Xn\m dmbnc¯nsb«p `mcyamcp­mbncp¶p F¶mWtÃm ]pcmWw. AXn 16000 t]À {]mKvtPymXnj¯nse \cImkpcsâ ]p{Xn amcmbncp¶phs{X. Cu IY A¸msS \S¶Xsænepw AkpcPm XnbnÂs¸« kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sN¿p¶Xv sXämsW¶v alm `mcX IÀ¯mhv IcpXnbncp¶nsömWtÃm AÀ°w. {ioIrjv Wsâ aäv F«p `mcyamcn Hcmfmb Pmw_hXn Hcp Im«pcmPm hnsâ aIfmbncp¶p F¶mWv IY. C§s\bpÅ HcmÄ hÀW k¦c¯ns\Xncmbncp¶p F¶p hcm³ \nhr¯nbnÃtÃm. alm`mcX IÀ¯msh¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶ hymksâ P\\s¯ ¸änbpÅ IYbpw ChnsS kvacWobamWv. ]cmic³ F¶ {_m ÒW alÀjn¡v Imfnsb¶ ap¡ph¯nbn P\n¨ ]p{X\mbn cp¶p hymk³ F¶mWv ]pcmWw. Cu hymk\v LrXmNn F¶ tZhkv{Xobn Hcp ]p{X³ P\n¨Xmbpw ImWmw. CXn\p ]pdsa ]pcmX\Ime¯p­mbncp¶Xpw GImZi k¦chÀW§Ä F ¶ t]cn Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xpamb hnhn[ k¦c PmXnIsf¸än bpÅ hnhc§fpw ImWmw. IcW³ (iq{Z kv{Xobn sshiy\p ]nd¶h³), Aw_jvS³ (sshiykv{Xobn {_mÒW\p ]nd¶ 85

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

h³), D{K³ (iq{Zkv{Xobn £{Xnb\p ]nd¶h³), amK[³ (£{Xnbkv{Xobn sshiy\p P\n¨h³), amlnjy³ (sshiy PmXnbn £{Xnb\p P\n¨h³), £¯mhv (£{Xnb PmXnbn iq{Z\p ]nd¶h³), kqX³ ({_mÒW PmXnbn £{Xnb\p­m bh³), sshtZlI³ ({_mÒWkv{Xobn sshiy\p ]nd¶ h³), cYImc³ (iq{Zkv{Xobn sshiy\p ]nd¶hfn amlnjy \p­mb ]p{X³), ]mcih³ ({_mÒW\v iq{Zkv{Xobn ]nd¶ h³), NÞmf³ ({_mÒW kv{Xobn iq{Z\p ]nd¶h³) F¶n §s\ ]Xns\m¶p k¦c hÀ®§sf¸än ]pcmW§fn ]dbp ¶p.8 alm`mcX¯nsâ ]pcmW§fptSbpw Ime¯v [mcmfambn k¦chnhml§Ä \S¶ncp¶p F¶mWtÃm CXn\À°w. Ah sb FXnÀ¡pIsb¶Xpw KoX cNn¨ Bfnsâ Dt±iy§fn H ¶mbncp¶p.

References: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

`KhZvKoX 1 : 38, 39 Mookerji, Radha Kumud-Hindu Civilisation (Bombay), Vol. I p.96 `KhZvKoX 1 : 40 Ibid, 1 : 41 Ibid, 1 : 42 Ibid, 1 : 43 Ibid, 1 : 44 amWn, sh«w þ ]pcmWnIv F³sskt¢m]oUnb (tIm«bw, 1979), t]Pv. 216.

86

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

8 kv{XoIfpsS ASna¯hpw `KhZvKoXbpw ]pcpj·msct¸mseXs¶ _p²niànbpw Ignhpw DÅhcmWv kv{XoIsf¶ Imcy¯n kmam\y t_m[apÅh-À¡mÀ¡pw A`n{]mbhyXymkw D­mhpIbnÃ. ]t£, C¶pÅ FÃm aX §fpw kv{XoIsf Xcw Xmgv¯n¡mWphm³ t{]cW \ÂIp¶p. \qäm­pIfmbn AhÀ NqjW¯n\v hnt[bcmbn¡gnbpIbmWv. F¶m FÃm¡me¯pw CXmbncp¶nà ØnXnsb¶v kmaqly imkv{XÚ·mcpw Ncn{XImc·mcpw hyàam¡p¶p. BZyIme ¯v kv{Xobmbncp¶p IpSpw_`cW¯nsâ NpaXe hln¨ncp ¶Xv. Hcp kv{Xobpw AhfpsS ImapI·mcpw Ip«nIfpw tNÀ¶Xm bncp¶p BZys¯ IpSpw_§Ä. kv{Xota[mhnXzap­mbncp¶ B ImeL«¯nep­mb ssZh§sfms¡ kv{XoIfmbncp¶p. `KhXn, iàn, ZpÀ¤ XpS§nb tZhXIÄ A¡me¯p­mb XmWv. {ItaW kaql¯n amä§Ä D­mbn. Aán I­p]nSn ¨Xv a\pjysâ PohnXk{¼mZb§fn amäap­m¡n. Xo sISmsX kq£n¡pI Hmtcm IpSpw_¯ntâbpw Bhiyambn.

IpSpw_¯nse an¡bmfpIfpw th«bv¡pt]mIpt¼mÄ Xo sISm sX kq£n¨psIm­ncn¡phm³ Bsc¦nepw ho«nep­mhWsa ¶ ØnXnh¶p. kzm`mhnIambpw Ip«nIsf kwc£n¡m\pÅ NpaXeIqSnbp­mbncp¶ kv{Xo AXn\v \nbpàbmbn. ]pd¯p t]mIp¶hÀ¡v Blmchpw ]mIwsNbvXpsIm­v AhÄ Im¯n cp¶p. Irjn Bcw`n¨tXmsS AhÀ¡v [m\y§fpw aäpw kq£n¨p 87

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

hbvt¡­Xmbpw h¶p.

A§s\ kzImcykz¯p¡Ä D­mbtXmsS B NpaXebpw kv{XobptSXmbn. kv{XoIÄ Krl¯nte¡v HXp§phm\p­mb kmlNcyw AXmWv. ]pcpj ta[mhnXzapÅ Hcp kmaqlyhyh ØnXn {ItaW A§s\ Dcp¯ncnªph¶p. ]t£, A¡me ¯pw kv{XoIÄ¡v ASna¯sam¶pw D­mbncp¶nÃ.

C³Uybn thZImeL«¯nÂt]mepw kv{XoIÄ¡v kaql ¯n ]pcpjt\msSm¸apÅ Øm\w e`n¨ncp¶p. EtKzZ a{´ §Ä cNn¨hcnÂXs¶ NneÀ kv{XoIfmbncp¶p. ]t£, NmXpÀ hÀWy k{¼Zmbw iàn {]m]n¨tXmSpIqSn kv{XoIfpsS \ne A[:]Xn¡phm³ XpS§n. EtKzZIme¯v GI`mcymk{¼Zmb ambncp¶p \nehnencp¶Xv. F¶m AYÀhthZ¯nsâ Imeam bt¸mtg¡pw B ØnXn amdn. kv{XoIfpsS ta ]e \nb{´W §fpw D­mbn. AhÀ¡p ]e hne¡pIfpw \evIs¸«p. thZIme L«¯n\ptijw iàn{]m]n¨ bpànhmZ Nn´mKXn kv{XoI fpsS kzmX´y¯n\v IqSpX {]m[m\yw sImSp¯p. temImbX ·mcpw _p²aX¡mcpw ssP\aX¡mcpw s]mXpth Cu ho£ WamWv ]peÀ¯nbncp¶Xv. AXpsIm­v ho«nepw kaql¯nepw A¡me¯v kv{XoIÄ¡v am\yamb Øm\w e`n¨ncp¶p. thZ§Ä ]Tn¡p¶ kv{XoItf¸än ]mWn\n tcJs¸Sp¯p ¶p­v.1 'D]m²ymbn F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸«ncp¶ h\nXm A ²ym]Itc¸än ImXymb\\pw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p.2 ]Tn¡p¶Xn\p th­n AhnhmlnXcmbn IgnªpIqSnbncp¶ '{_ÒhmZn\n'I tf¸än _u²þssP\aX kmlnXy§fnepw ImWmw. Iukmw_n bnse cmPmhnsâ ]p{Xnbmb Pb´n AhnhmlnXbmbn, aX ¯n\pw XXzNn´bv¡pw th­n Pohn¨Xmbn ssP\·mÀ tcJs¸ Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. AhÀ almhoc\pambnt¸mepw XÀ¡¯n GÀs¸SpIbp­mbs{X.3 alm`mcX¯nse {Zu]Znbpw A¡me s¯ hnZym`ymkapÅ h\nXIfpsS Nn{XamWv \ÂIp¶Xv. cmjv {SobapÄs¸sS FÃm Imcy§fnepw AhÀ GÀs¸Sp¶p.

N{µKp]vX aucysâ Ime¯v (_n.kn.C. 323þ300) kv{XoIÄ ]«mf¯nepw tkh\w A\pjvTn¨ncp¶p. At±lw \mbm«n\v 88

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

t]mIp¶ Ahkc¯n Hcp kwLw kv{XoIÄ At±l¯nsâ AwKc£Icmbn tkh\w A\pjvTn¨ncp¶Xmbn saKkvX\okv tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.4 AXn NneÀ tXcpIfnepw NneÀ IpXnc ¸pd¯pw aäp NneÀ B\¸pd¯pw BWv k©cn¨ncp¶Xv. Bbp [§fpw AhÀ [cn¨ncp¶p.5 bp²¯n F¶Xpt]mse `cW¯n epw kv{XoIÄ ]¦p hln¨ncp¶p ]mÞycmPyw `cn¨ncp¶Xv A¡me¯v kv{XoIfmbncp¶p F¶v saKkvX\okv ]dbp¶p­v.6 {ItaW kv{XoIfpsS \ne tamiamIp¶Xv \ap¡v hyàambn ImWmw. _n.kn.C. c­mw iXI¯n sshjvWhaXw iàn {]m]n¡p¶tXmSpIqSn AhÀ ]n¶nte¡v XÅs¸«p. F¦nepw sshjvWhcpsS BZyImeIrXnbmb alm`mcX¯n `mKnIam bns«¦nepw kzmX{´yw A\p`hn¡p¶ kv{XoIsf ImWmw. hn[ hmhnhmlw, hnhmltamN\w XpS§nbh Ipdªp. N{µKp]vX aucysâ Ime¯v cNn¡s¸« 'AÀ°imkv{X'¯n hn[hm hnhml¯n\v A\paXn \ÂIp¶p­v. ]s£, ]n¡me¯v a\phpw bmÚhÂIy\pw kv{XoIÄ¡v B kzmX{´yw \ntj [n¨p.7 sshjvWhaXw iàn {]m]n¨tXmsS kv{XoIÄ, iq{Zs\ t¸mse Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mcmbn KWn¡s¸Sm³ XpS§n. kXn k {¼Zmb¯nsâ Bcw`hpw Cu Ime¯mWv. {Iaambn ]n³\ncbnte¡v XÅs¸Sp¶ kv{XohÀKs¯bmWv alm`mcX¯n \½Ä ImWp¶Xv. ]n¡me¯v alm`mcX ¯n tNÀ¡s¸« `KhZvKoX, kv{Xo kzmX{´yw F¶ Bib ¯nsâ ihs¸«nbn Ahkm\s¯ BWnbpw ASn¨p. ssZhamb IrjvW³ ]dbpIbmWv, amw ln ]mÀ°! hym]m{inXy tb ]cnkyp: ]m]tbm\b: kv{Xotbm sshiyØYmiq{Z kvtX]n bm´n ]cmwKXn. (tl ]mÀ°! kv{XoItfm sshiy·mtcm iq{Ztcm \oNIpe ¯n P\n¨htcm Bcmbmepw th­XnÃ. AhscÃmw Fs¶ th­Xpt]mse tkhn¡p¶]£w XoÀ¨bmbpw D¯cKXnsb {]m]n¡p¶XmWv.)8 89

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

kv{XoIÄ, sshiyÀ, iq{ZÀ, \oNIpe¯n P\n¨hÀ F¶nh scÃmw tami¡mcmsW¶mWtÃm ChnsS [z\n¸n¡p¶Xv. AhÀ ¡pt]mepw tam£w sImSp¡m³ Xm³ X¿mdmsW¶pw At¸mÄ {_mÒWÀ, £{XnbÀ XpS§nb t{ijvT PmXnIÄ¡v tam£ap t­msb¶v kwibnt¡­ ImcyansöpamWv ssZhw ]dbp¶ Xv. kv{XoIfpsS ASna¯w CtXmSpIqSn hÀ²n¨p. a\phpw aäp sslµh \nbaImc·mcpw IqSpX IÀ¡i§fmb \nba§Ä AhcpsSta ASnt¨Â¸n¨p. kv{XoIÄ ssiihIme¯v ]nXm hnsâbpw buh\Ime¯v `À¯mhnsâbpw hmÀ²IyIme¯v ]p{Xsâbpw kwc£Wbnembncn¡Wsa¶pw AhÀ kzmX{´yw AÀln¡p¶nsöpw a\p hn[n¨p. \qäm­pItfmfw B \nba amWv C³Uybn \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv. References: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

History and Culture of Indian People (Bombay, 1960) Vol.II, p.563 Ibid Ibid Megasthanese - Ancient India as described by Megastanese and Ar rian. By J.W. Mc Crinde (London, 1877) p. 72 Ibid Attekar, A.S. - Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation (Benares, 1938), p. 220 History and Culture of Indian People, Vol. II, p. 565. `KhZvKoX 9:32

90

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

9 {_mÒWaXw ]n³hmXneneqsS temImbXw, _p²aXw, ssP\aXw F¶nhbv¡v {]apJØm\w D­mbncp¶ ImeL«¯n AXns\Xnsc {]Xnhn¹hw kwLSn ¸n¡m³ {ian¨ sshjvWh {_mÒWcpsS {][m\ IrXnIfn H¶mWv KoX. A¡me¯v \nehnencp¶ ]e kn²m´§tfbpw D²cn¡pIbpw X{´]qÀÆw AXns\ ZpÀhymJym\n¡pIbpw ]n³ hmXneneqsS {_mÒW aXs¯ AI¯psIm­phcnIbpw Bbn cp¶p KoXmImcsâ e£yw. sshZnIaX¯nse Hmtcm BNmc §Ä¡pw ]p\ÀPoh³ \ÂIm\pÅ {iaw Cu IrXnbn hyà ambn ImWmw. ssZh§Ä, PmXnk{¼Zmbw, bÚw, X]Êv, IÀ½kn²m´w, ]p\ÀP·w XpS§nbsh¸änbpÅ KoXmkn²m ´§Ä AXn\p sXfnhmWv.

GIssZh hnizmkhpw _lpssZh hmZhpw

KoXbnse Hmtcm A²ymb¯nsâbpw Ahkm\¯n '`KhZv KoXmkp]\nj kp{_ÒhnZybmw' F¶p ImWp¶p­v. {]]© ¯nsâsbÃmw ]n¶nepÅ {_Òsa¶ GIssZhs¯ kw_Ôn ¡p¶ AdnhmWv Cu IrXnbnepÅsX¶v AXp ImWpt¼mÄ tXm¶mw. ]t£, _p²aX Ime¯n\p ap¼v Bcy·mÀ¡p­m bncp¶ FÃm ssZh k¦ev]§tfbpw AwKoIcn¡m\pw KoXm Imc³ X¿mdmhp¶p.

GXtZym\o\n`qXm\n kÀÆmWoXyp][mc b Alw IrÕv\ky PKX: {]`h: {]fbkvXYm (NcmNcmßm¡fmb FÃm `qX§fpw Fsâ c­p Xc¯n epÅ {]IrXnbn \n¶p­mbhbmIp¶p. AXn\m Rm³ 91

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

kIe temI¯nsâ Dev]¯n¡pw eb¯n\pw ImcW`qX\m Ip¶p.)1 kÀÆXpw D­mbXv hnjvWphn \n¶msW¶mWv {ioIrjv W³ ]dbp¶Xv. At±lw XpScp¶p: a¯: ]cXcw \m\y In©nZkvXn [\Úb! abn kÀÆanZw t{]mXw kqt{X aWn KWm Ch. (tl, [\Úbm! Ft¶¡mÄ t{ijvTamb Hcp hkvXphpanÃ.

NcSn aWnIÄ F¶h®w Cu PK¯v F¶n tImÀ¡s¸«ncn ¡p¶p)2 C§s\ FÃmäntâbpw B[mcamWv Xms\¶p ]dbp¶ hnjv Wp XpSÀ¶p Nne tÇmI§fn kzbw alXzw hÀ®n¡p¶p­v.

F¦nepw Ahkm\w Hcp hn«phogvNbv¡p XbmdmIp¶p. GXp ssZhs¯ Bcm[n¨mepw Ipg¸ansömWv ]n¶oSpÅ \ne]mSv. _lpssZhhnizmks¯ I®paS¨v AwKoIcn¡p¶hbmWv tÇm I§Ä. NneXv ChnsS D²cn¡mw: tbmw tbmw tbmw bmwX\pw `à: {i²bmÀ¨nXpanOXn XkyXXymNemw {i²mw Xmtah hn²maylw.

(GtXXp `à·mÀ GtXXp cq]s¯ {i²m]qÀÆw AÀ¨n¡m \nÑn¡p¶pthm B `à·mcpsS B cq]¯nepÅ {i²sb¯ s¶ Rm³ Øncam¡n¯oÀ¡p¶p.)3 k Xbm {i²bm bpà kvXkymcm[\ aoltX e` tXN X: Imam³ assbh hnlnXm³ loXm³. (Øncamb {i²tbmsS B `à³ B kzcq]s¯ Bcm[n ¡p¶p. kÀÆm´cymanbmb Rm³Xs¶ D­m¡n¯oÀ¡p¶ B A`ojvS hkvXp¡sf B tZhXm kzcq]¯n \n¶v Ah\p In«pIbpw sN¿p¶p.)4 C§s\ _lpssZh ]qPsb \ymboIcn¡pIbpw AXn\p ^eap­mIpsa¶p k½Xn¡pIbpw sNbvXXn\p tijw KoXmIm c³ GtIizcthZ¯nte¡v ho­pw hcp¶p.

Alw {IXpclw bÚ: kz[mlalauj[w at´ml altahmPyalánclw lpXw. (Aánkvt XmahmZnbmb {IXp¡fpw kv arXnhnlnXamb 92

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

]©bÚ§fpw {im²mZnIfpw Huj[§fpw thtZmàa{´ §fpw LrXmZntlma {Zhy§fpw AánIfpw tlmahpw FÃmw Rm³Xs¶bmIp¶p.)5 ]nXmlaky PKtXm amXm[mXm ]nXmal: thZyw ]hn{Xtam¦mc EIv kma bPqtchN. (Cu PK¯nsâ ]nXmhpw amXmhpw ]nXmal\pw IÀ½^e ZmXmhpw Adnbs¸tS­ hkvXphpw ]cnip² hkvXphpw Hm¦m chpw EtKzZhpw kmathZhpw bPqÀthZhpw Rm³ Xs¶bmIp ¶p.)6 KXnÀ`À¯m {]`p: km£o \nhmk: icWw kplr {]`h: {]eb: Øm\w \nZm\w _oPahybw. ({]m]yØm\hpw `cW IÀ¯mhpw \nb´mhpw {]Xy£ ¯n I­dnbp¶h\pw hmkØm\hpw c£I\pw lnXImcn bpw krjvSnIÀ¯mhpw kwlmcIÀ¯mhpw ]me\IÀ¯mhpw {]fbØm\hpw \miclnXamb aqeImcWhpw Rm³Xs¶bm Ip¶p.)7 krjvSn ØnXn kwlmc§fpsSsbÃmw IÀXrXzw X\n¡m sW¶v {ioIrjvW³ ChnsS AhImis¸Sp¶p. At±ls¯ ` Pn¡p¶hÀ¡v kzÀK{]m]vXnbp­mIpsa¶pw ]n¶oSv Nq­n¡m Wn¡p¶p.8 C{Xbpw ]dªp Ignªn«v ho­pw Hcp XInSwadn ¨nemWv. aäp tZh·msc `Pn¡p¶hsc ]nW¡cpXtÃm ! tb]y\y tZhXm `àm bPt´ {i²bm\znXm: tX]n amtah Iut´b! bP´yhn[n]qÀÆIw. (tl Ip´o]p{Xm! {i²tbmsS A\ytZhXIsf Bcm[n¡p¶ `à·mÀ hn[n{]ImcaÃmsX Fs¶¯s¶bmWv Bcm[n¡p ¶Xv.)9 ]t£, B Bcm[\bv¡v Hcp Ipg¸aps­¶v ASp¯ tÇmI §fn Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶Xp t\m¡pI. Alw ln kÀhyÚm\mw t`màm N {]`ptch N \ Xp ama`nPm\´n Xt¯m\mXÝyh´n tX. (FÃm bÚ§tfbpw A\p`hn¡p¶h\pw Ahbv¡pÅ ^es¯ \ÂIp¶h\pw Rm³Xs¶bmIp¶p. A§s\bncn 93

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¡p¶ Fs¶ ]camÀt°\ AhÀ Adnbp¶nÃ. AXpsIm­v AhÀ ]p\ÀÖ·s¯ {]m]n¡p¶p.)10 Ahkm\w FÃmw ]qÀ®ambn X¶n AÀ¸n¡Wsa¶pw IrjvW³ AÀÖp\t\mSp ]dbp¶p. _lpssZhhnizmks¯ \ntcm[n¡msX Xs¶ kIe ssZh§tfbpw hnjvWphn GIo Icn¡m\mWv KoXmImcsâ {iaw. Ahkm\w ssZh¯n\v ]cn]qÀ ®amb IogS§epw IqSn Bhiys¸Sp¶p. a\pjy\v kzX{´am bn H¶pw sN¿m³ Ignhnsöpw FÃmw ssZh klmb¯nemWv \S¡p¶sX¶pw KoXmImc\p kaÀ°nt¡­nbncp¶p. CÃm¯ ssZh¯n\v HcmÄ ]qÀ®ambn IogS§pI F¶ph¶m AXn \À°w, B ssZh¯nsâ {]mXn\n[yw AhImis¸Sp¶ {_mÒ W\p IogS§pI F¶pXs¶bmWv. ]n³hmXnen IqSn lnµpa Xs¯ AI¯p IS¯nhnSpI am{XamWv {_mÒW\mb KoXm IÀ¯mhnsâ e£yw.

bÚhpw CXc IÀ½§fpw sshZnI {_mÒWÀ tZh·msc ]qPn¡p¶Xn\pth­n \nch[n bmK§Ä \S¯nbncp¶p. Aizta[w, \cta[w, ]p{XImtajvSn XpS§nbh AXn NneXp am{XamWv. Ahtbmtcm¶pw \S¯p hm³ henb sNehp­mbncp¶p. ssZh§sf {]oXns¸Sp¯p hm³ th­n arK§tfbpw ]£nItfbpw am{XaÃ, a\pjys\ t¸mepw A¶v sh«n _enIgn¨ncp¶p. lnwkbn A[njvTnX amb Cu BNmc§sf A¡mes¯ bpànhmZnIÄ ITn\ambn FXnÀ¯ncp¶p. Ahcn {]apJ\mb NmÀÆmIsâ hnaÀi\w C§s\ bmbncp¶p: "kzÀ¤tam A´yapàntbm ]ctemI¯v GsX¦nepw Bßm thm CÃ. \mep hÀW¡mcpsS IrXy§fpw {Ia§fpw aäpw hn[n¡p¶ XpsIm­v bYmÀ°amb ^esam¶panÃ.

Aántlm{Xw, aq¶pthZ§Ä, X]kznbpsS {XnZÞ§Ä, `kvaw]qi ChsbÃmw {]IrXnbm Úm\iq\ycpw ]ucpj lo\cpamb hyànIfpsS D]Poh\kma{Knbm¡s¸«p. tPymXnjvtSmabmK¯n sImÃs¸Sp¶ arKw t\cn«v kzÀKw 94

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

]qIpsa¦nÂ, bmPIs\´psIm­v DSs\ Xsâ ]nXmhns\ b Ú¯n _enbÀ¸n¡p¶nÃ? {im²wsIm­v acn¨pt]mbhÀ¡v Xr]vXnbmIpsa¦n Cu temI¯nepw bm{Xt]mIp¶ ]YnI·mÀ¡v `£Ws¨ehn\v `£Wkma{Kn sIm­pt]mtI­ Bhiyap­mIcpXv.12 NmÀÆmI·mcpw _p²aX¡mcpw iànbmbn bmK§tfbpw P´plnwktbbpw FXnÀ¯ncp¶p. AhÀ¡v {]m_eyap­mbn cp¶ Ime¯v Ah s]mXpsh CÃmXmbn. bmK§sf ]p\:cp²cn t¡­Xv \ho\ {_mÒW aX¯n\v Bhiyambncp¶p. KoXsb AXn\pIqSn AhÀ D]tbmKn¨n«p­v. {ioIrjvWsâ t]cn KoXmIÀ¯mhp ]dbp¶p: klbÚm: {]Pm: krjvSzm ]ptcmhmN {]Pm]Xn: At\\ {]khnjy [ztajthmkvXznjvS Ima[pIv. ({_Òmhv ]­v bmK¯n\[nImcnIfmb {_mÒWsc krjvSn ¨p. \n§Ä Cu bÚwsIm­v ta¡pta hÀ²n¨p sImÅp hn³. Cu bÚw \n§Ä¡v A`ojvSmÀ°§sfsbÃmw \ÂIp ¶Xmbn Xocs«, F¶p Iev]n¨p.)13 tZhm³ `mhbXmt\\ tX tZhm `mhb´ph: ]ckv]cw `mhb´: t{ib: ]cahm]vkyY (Cu bÚwsIm­v \n§Ä C{µmZntZh·msc c£n¨mepw.

B tZh·mÀ ag apXembXpsIm­v \n§sfbpw c£n¡s«.

C§ s\ \n§Ä CcpIq«cpw At\ym\y kwc£Ww sN¿Ww. F ¶m \n§Ä¡v t{ijvTamb t{ibkp e`n¡pw) 14 CjvSm³ t`mKm³ ln thm tZhm Zmkyt´ bÚ`mhnX: ssXÀ±¯m\ {]Zmssbt`y tbm `qwtàkvtX\ Gh k: (bÚwsIm­v Bcm[n¡s¸« tZh·mÀ \n§Ä¡v A`ojvS §fmb kIew t`mK§fpw Xcpw. AhÀ Xcp¶ t`mK§sf A hÀ¡v bmKw apXembhaqew \ÂImsX A\p`hn¡p¶h³ IÅ \mIp¶p)15 bÚinjvSmin\: kt´m apNyt´ kÀÆInev_nssj: `qRvPtX tX XzLw ]m]mtb ]N´ymßImcWmÂ. (tZhbÚw sNbvXp XÑnjvSs¯ A\p`hn¡p¶ k¯p 95

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¡sf kÀÆ]m]§fpw hns«mgnbp¶p. F¶m X§fpsS hbÀ \ndbv¡m³ am{Xambn ]mIwsNbvX `£n¡p¶ ]m]nIfmIs« ]m]s¯¯s¶bmWv `pPn¡p¶Xv.)16 C§s\ bÚw sN¿m³ {]Xy£ambn Blzm\w sN¿p¶ KoXm IÀ¯mhnsâ Dt±iyw \in¨pt]mb sshZnIaXs¯ ]p\ cp²cn¡pIbmbncp¶p F¶p hyàamWtÃm. A§s\ bÚw \S¯nbmepÅ {]tbmP\hpw At±lw KoXbn hnhcn¡p¶p ­v. bÚinjvSmarX`ptPmbm´n {_Òk\mX\w \mbw temtImkvXybÚky ItXm\y Ipcpk¯a.

(C{]ImcapÅ bÚw A\pjvTn¨tijw AarXXpeyamb hnlnXm¶s¯ `£n¡p¶h³ imizXamb ]c{_Òs¯ {]m]n¡p¶p. tl, Ipcpk¯a! bÚm\pjvSm\w sN¿m¯h\v Cu temIw IqSnbnÃ. ]ns¶ ]ctemIw D­mIptam?)17 IÀ½ImÞs¯¸än ]dbp¶ thZ§Ä Imay IÀ½y^ e§ sf {]Xn]mZn¡p¶hbmsW¶pw AXpsIm­v kwkmc¯n \n¶v hn«p\n¡Wsa¶pw c­ma²ymb¯n AÀÖp\s\ D]tZin¨ AtX IrjvW³Xs¶bmWv thZt{]mà§fmb bmK§Ä sN¿Wsa¶v ]dbp¶Xpw. ]Xns\«mw A²ymb¯n KoXmImc³ kÀÆ\nb{´W§fpw hn«v bÚ§fpsS hàm hmbn Nabp¶p: Imaym\mw IÀ½Wmw \ymkw k¶ymkw IhtbmhnZp: kÀÆIÀ½^eXymKw {]mlpkvXymKw hnN£Wm: (Imay§fmb (Hmtcm A`nemj§tfmSpIqSn sN¿p¶ Aizta [mZnIfmb) IÀ½§fpsS ]cnXymKamWv k\ymksa¶v Nne ]ÞnX·mÀ ]dbp¶p. aäp Nne hnZzm³amÀ \nXy ss\an¯nI §fmb kakvX IÀ½§fptSbpw ]cnXymKamWv k\ymksa¶v ]dbp¶p.)18 XymPyw tZmjhZntXytI IÀ½{]mlpÀ½ \ojnW: bÚZm\X]: IÀ½\XymPyanXnw Nm]tc.

(NneÀ lnwkm tZmjs¯ D­m¡n¯oÀ¡p¶ kÀÆ IÀ½ §fpw Dt]£n¡s¸tS­XmsW¶v ]dbp¶p. Nne aoamwkI 96

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

·mÀ bÚw, Zm\w, X]Êv F¶o IÀ½§Ä XyPn¡s¸tS­ hbsöpw ]dbp¶p.)19 \nÝbw {iWp ta X{X XymtK `cXk¯a XymtKm ln ]pcpjhym{L {Xnhn[: kw{]IoÀ¯nX: (tl `cXk¯a! Cu XymKhnjb¯n F\n¡pÅ ZrVm`n {]mbs¯ \o tI«psImÅpI. tl ]pcpj t{ijvTm ! Cu XymKw aq¶p hn[¯nemsW¶v XXzÚm\nIÄ hyàambn ]dªn «p­v.)20 bÚZm\]:IÀ½ \ XymPyw Imcytah X btÚmZm\w X]ssÝh ]mh\m\n a\ojnWw. (bÚw, Zm\w, X]Êv F¶o IÀ½§Ä XyPn¡s¸tS­h bÃ. sN¿s¸tS­hXs¶bmWv. bÚhpw Zm\hpw X]Êpw hnthInIsf ]cnip²·mcm¡n¯oÀ¡p¶hbmWv.)21 ^emiIqSmsX Chsbms¡ sN¿Wsa¶pw ASp¯ tÇmI ¯n D]tZin¡p¶p­v.22 C{Xbpsams¡ hmbn¡pt¼mgpw C¶s¯ hmb\¡mc³, thZIme¯v \ne\n¶ncp¶ bÚmZn IÀ½§fpsS `oIcXsb¸än Adnbm¯XpsIm­v CXn\v A{X Kuchw \ÂImdnÃ.* ssZhw krjvSn¨XmWv PohnIsfsbÃmsa¶mWv hnizmknIÄ ]dbp¶Xv. AXv icnbmsW¦n B ssZhs¯ {]kmZn¸n¡m³ a\pjyÀ PohnIsf sIm¶v bmKw \S¯p¶sX´n\v? ssZh¯n\v krjvSn Isf aäpÅhÀ sImÃp¶Xn kt´mjamtWm? \½psS ]m] ¯nsâ ]cnlmc¯n\pth­n H¶padnbm¯ arKs¯ sIm¶m aXntbm? \½psS hncen hnjw X«nbm thsdmcmfpsS hnc apdn¨m t]mctÃm. ]ns¶sb´mWv Cu bmK¯nsâ AÀ°w? bmK¯nsâ t\XrXzw hln¡p¶Xv ]ptcmlnX\mWv, ssZhaÃ. ]ptcmlnXsâ X{´§fmWv bmK¯nsâ ]n¶n {]hÀ¯n ¡p¶Xv. *bmK§sf¸än IqSpX AdnbWsa¶pÅhÀ "thZ§Ä: Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w" F¶ ]pkvXIw hmbn¡pI.

97

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

bmKwt]mse ssZh¯n\njvSapÅ asämcp ImcyamWv X] sʶpw KoXbn ]dbp¶p. Hcp t\cw D­pw Xosc ]«nWnInS ¶pw {hX§ÄsIm­v tZls¯ timjn¸n¨pw Hs¡bmWv k \ymknamÀ X]Êv sN¿p¶Xv. C¯cw X]Ênt\bpw KoXmImc³ FXnÀ¡p¶p: Iib´: icocØw `qX{KmaatNXk: amss©hm´: icocØw Xm³hn²ymkpc \nÝbm³.

(GXp P\§Ä lrZb¯nencn¡p¶ Ft¶bpw ]©`qXab amb icoct¯bpw apgph³ timjn¸n¨psIm­v Úm\imkv{X k½XaÃm¯ tLmc X]Êp sN¿p¶pthm Ahsc Akpckz`m hnIfmbn AdnbpI.)23 ]ns¶ bYmÀ° X]sÊ´mWv? AXpw At±lw hnhcn¡p ¶p­v. tZhZznPKpcp {]mÚ]qP\w iuNamÀÖhw {_ÒNcyalnwkm N icocw X] DNytX. (tZh·mÀ Kpcp¡·mÀ {]mÚ·mÀ {_mÒWÀ F¶nhsc ]qPn¡Â, _mlym`y´cip²n, \njvI]SX, {_ÒNcyw, Alnw k F¶nh icocwsIm­p sN¿s¸Sp¶ X]ÊmIp¶p.) 24 KoXmImcsâ Dt±iyw Cu tÇmI¯n \n¶pw hfsc hyàam Ip¶p. {_mÒW ]qPbpw tZh]qPbpw hfÀ¯pIbpw AXphgn {_mÒW aXs¯ ]p\ÀÖohn¸n¡pIbpamWv At±l¯nsâ e£yw.

98

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

References: 1. `KhZvKoX 7 : 6 2. Ibid. 7 : 7 3. Ibid. 7 : 21 4. Ibid. 7 : 22 5. Ibid. 9 :16 6. Ibid. 9 :17 7. Ibid. 9 :18 8. Ibid. 9 : 20 9. Ibid. 9 : 23 10. Ibid. 9 : 24 11. Ibid. 9 : 25 12. `mcXob ZÀi\w, t]Pv, 256 13. `KhZvKoX, 3 : 10 14. Ibid. 3 :11 15. Ibid. 3 :12 16. Ibid. 3 :13 17. Ibid. 4 : 31 18. Ibid. 18 : 2 19. Ibid. 18 : 3 20. Ibid. 18 : 4 21. Ibid. 18 : 5 22. Ibid. 18 : 6 23. Ibid. 17 : 6 24. Ibid. 17 :14

99

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

10 `KhZvKoXbpw imkv{Xhpw `KhZvKoXbpsS amlmßys¯¸än ]dbp¶hÀ ]et¸mgpw Ah Imis¸Smdp­v, B[p\nI imkv{X kn²m´§fpsS ]eXntâ bpw _oPm¦pcw AXn ImWmsa¶v. hnizknIÄ ]dbp¶Xp t]mse {]]©s¯ \nb{´n¡p¶ Hcp ssZhamWv KotXm] tZiw \ÂInbsX¦n AXp icnbmImw. ]t£, `KhZvKoX {i²m]qÀÆw ]e {]mhiyw hmbn¨t¸mÄ B[p\nI imkv{X kn²m´§Äs¡Xncmb ]eXpw AXn F\n¡v ImWm³ Ign ªp. Bbnc¯dp\qdp hÀjw ap¼v, A¶s¯ AdnhpIÄ am{Xw sh¨psIm­v FgpXs¸Sp¶ Hcp ]pkvXI¯n C¶s¯ imkv {X¯n\v FXncmbXp ]eXpw ImWpI kzm`mhnIamWv. AXn AZv`pXs¸Sm\nÃ. ]s£ ssZhamWv CXp ]dªsX¶v Bsc ¦nepw ]dbpt¼mÄ am{Xsa \ap¡v A`n{]mb hyXymkap­mhp IbpÅp.

B[p\nI imkv{XÚm\¯n\v FXncmbn KoXbn ImWp ¶ Nne ]cmaÀi§Ä ChnsS FSp¯p ImWn¡mw.

Pe¯nse 'ckw'

shÅsa¶p \½Ä km[mcW ]dbp¶ {ZmhIw ssl{UP\pw HmIvknP\pw IqSnbp­mIp¶XmsW¶v Ct¸mÄ GXp sIm¨p Ip«n¡pw Adnbmw. H2O F¶mWv Pe¯nsâ imkv{Xob \maw.

C§s\ ssl{UP\pw HmIvknP\pw IqSnt¨À¶p­mIp¶ ip² Pe¯n thsdsbm¶panÃ. ]t£, KoXbnse IrjvW³ ]dbp ¶Xv, At±lw Pe¯nepÅ ckamsW¶mWv. (ctkm la]v kp). 1 Hcp ]t£, KoXbpsS {KÙIÀ¯mhv Pohn¨ncp¶ 100

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Øe¯p e`yambncp¶ shÅw GsX¦nepw [mXp¡Ä IeÀ ¶Xmbn cp¶ncn¡mw. AXv Pe¯nse 'ck'amsW¶v At±lw sXäp[cn¨p F¶phcmw.

N{µsâ {]Imiw!

Pe¯n\p ckaps­¶p ]dªXpt]mse asämcp A_² {]kv Xmh\bpw AtX tÇmI¯n¯s¶ ImWmw. '{]`mkvan iin kqcytbm:'2 (N{µ kqcy·mcnepÅ {]Imiw) F¶v Xs¶¸än ¯s¶ IrjvW³ ]dbp¶p. tPymXn imkv{Xw hnIkn¨n«nÃm¯ Ime¯v `qanbn \n¶p t\m¡pt¼mÄ N{µ³ {]Imin¡p¶ H cp hkvXphmbn tXm¶nbncn¡mw. AXpsIm­v N{µs\ {]Imin ¡p¶ Hcp hkvXphmbn ]e aX {KÙ§fnepw hnhcn¨n«p­v. bYmÀ°¯n `qansb Npänk©cn¨psIm­ncn¡p¶ B D] {Kl¯n\v kzbw {]ImianÃ. kqcy{]Imiw AXn X«nbp­m ¡p¶ {]Xn^e\w am{XamWv N{µsâ {]Imiambn \½Ä sXäp [cn¡p¶Xv. B sXäp[mcW ssZhamb {ioIrjvW\pw D­msb ¦n At±lw ssZhasöpÅXv XoÀ¨bmWv. Asæn {ioIr jvW³ F¶ IYm]m{Xs¯ krjvSn¨ Ihn¡v A{Xtb A¡m cy¯n Adnhp­mbncp¶pÅp.

bÚhpw agbpw {]mNo\Imes¯ a\pjysc kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw agbpw CSnbp sams¡ F§s\bmWp­mIp¶sX¶pÅXv AÚmXamb Hcp clkyambncp¶p. AXpsIm­v AhÀ agbpsS tZh\mbn hcpW s\ k¦ev]n¨p. EKvthZ¯nse kÀÆià\mb ssZh§fn HcmfmWv hcpW³. agbv¡pth­n A¡me¯v BfpIÄ hcpW tZht\mSp {]mÀ°n¡pIbpw B tZh\v hgn]mSpIÄ \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. ag s]¿p¶Xv hcpWsâ A\p{Klambpw hcĨ hcpWsâ im]ambpw BfpIÄ KWn¨ph¶p. KoXmImc\pw Cu AÔhnizmk¯n\Snabmbncp¶psh¶v XmsgsImSp¡p¶ tÇmI§fn \n¶p hyàamIp¶p. klmbÚm: {]PmkrjvSzm ]ptcmhmN {]Pm]Xn At\\ {]khnjy[ztaj thmkvXnjvSIa[pIv, tZhm³ `mhbXmt\\ tX tZhm `mhb´p h: 101

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

]ckv]cw `mhb´: t{ib: ]ca hm]vkrY. ({_Òmhv ]­v bmK¯n\[nImcnIfmb {]PIsf krjvSn¨v \n§Ä Cu bÚw sIm­p ta¡pta hÀ²n¨p sImÅphn³, Cu bÚw \n§Ä¡v A`ojvSmÀ°§sfsbÃmw \ÂIp¶Xm bn¯ocs« F¶p]dªp. Cu bÚw sIm­v \n§Ä C{µmXn tZh·msc c£n¨mepw. B tZh·mÀ ag apXembXpsIm­p \n§tfbpw c£n¡s«. C§s\ \n§Ä CcpIq«cpw At\ym\yw kwc£Ww sN¿Ww).3 A`ojvSmÀ°§sfsbÃmw bÚw \ÂIpsa¶p ]dbp¶Xp Xs¶ Aimkv{XobamWv. bÚw sNbvXm hnNmcnbv¡p¶ sXms¡ km[n¡pambncps¶¦n C³Uy temIcmjv{S§fpsS ap³]´nbn \n¡pambncp¶p. P¸m³, PÀ½\n, Atacn¡, djy XpS§nb cmPy§fpambn XmcXays¸Sp¯pt¼mÄ hymh kmbnIambpw aäpw \½Ä hfsc ]n¶nemWv. C¯cw AÔhn izmk§fmWv \½psS ]ptcmKXnsb XSÊs¸Sp¯nbXv. bÚwsIm­p ag s]¿psa¶p ]dbp¶Xv F{Xtbm henb hnÍn¯camsW¶v Cs¶ÃmhÀ¡pw Adnbmw. _olmÀ, Xangv \mSv XpS§n ]e Øe§fnepw ASp¯Ime¯v hcĨbp ­mbn. _olmdn ag In«p¶Xn\pth­n NneÀ bÚw \S¯n sb¶v ]{X§fn hmbn¨p. ]s£, agbp­mbnÃ. Xangv\m«nepw CXnt\mSp kam\amb Nne aXIÀ½§Ä \S¯nt\m¡n ]cm Pbs¸«Xpw ASp¯ Ime¯p \S¶ kw`h§fmWv. bÚw sNbvX m agbp­mIpambncps¶¦n cmPØm\nse XmÀ acp`qan \ap¡v ^ek¼pjvSamb {]tZiam¡phm³ Ignbpam bncp¶p!

A¶¯n \n¶p {]mWn! Pohsâ DÛhs¯¸än {]mNo\Ime¯v ]e AÔhnizmk§fpw \nehnencp¶p. AXnsem¶v ssZhw Ahsb krjvSn¨p F¶p ÅXmWv. Ipd¨pIqSn kq£va ]cntim[\ \S¯nbhÀ I­p]nSn ¨p, tNmdv, NmWIw XpS§nbhbn \n¶v Poh\pÅ {]mWnIÄ kzbw D­mbn hcp¶psh¶v. Cu c­maXp ]dª hn[¯nem Wv Poh\p­mIp¶sX¶v ASp¯ Ime¯pt]mepw imkv{Xt_m 102

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

[anÃm¯hÀ hnizkn¨ncp¶p. tNmdpw aäpw Xpd¶psh¨ncp¶m Ipsd¡gnbpt¼mÄ AXn Nne ]pgp¡Ä D­mIp¶Xv AhÀ I­ncp¶p. NmWI¯nsâ Imcy¯nepw AhÀ¡v AXv ImWm³ Ignªp. Cu¨ apXemb PohnIÄ AXn ap«bnSp¶XpsIm ­mWv ]pgp¡Ä D­mIp¶sX¶v a\Ênem¡phm³ AhÀ¡v Agnªncp¶nÃ. km[mcW Hcp a\pjy\v C¯cw sXämb Hcp hnizmkw D­mbm AXv B a\pjysâ AdnhpIpdhpsIm­m sW¶v \ap¡v a\Ênem¡mw. ]t£, kÀÆtemI¯nsâbpw \mY\msW¶v kzbw AhImis¸Sp¶ IrjvW³ "A¶m `h ´n `qXm\n" (A¶¯n \n¶v {]mWnIÄ D­mIp¶p) F¶v ]dbpt¼mÄ \ap¡v B ssZh¯nsâ Adnhp Ipdhn klXm ]w tXm¶pw.

Pohsâ \ne\nev]ns\ kw_Ôn¨ Hcp {]tXyI kn²m´w Xs¶ Cu KoXmÇmI¯n ImWm\p­v.

A¶m `h´n `qXm\n ]ÀÖ¶ymZ¶kw`h: bÚm `hXn ]ÀÖt\ymbÚ: IÀ½kapÛh: IÀ½{_tÒmÛhw hn²n{_Òm£ckapÛhw Xkvam kÀÆKXw {_Ò \nXyw btÚ {]XnjvTnXw. (A¶¯n \n¶v {]mWnIfpw hrjvSnbn \n¶v A¶hpw bÚ¯n \n¶v hrjvSnbpw IÀ½¯n \n¶v bÚhpw thZ ¯n \n¶v IÀ½hpw ]camßmhn \n¶v thZhpw D­mIp¶p.

AXpsIm­v kÀÆ{X hym]n¨p InS¡p¶ ]camßmhv F¶pw bÚ¯nemIp¶p ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv)5 {_Òw, thZw, IÀ½w, bÚw, hrjvSn, A¶w, {]mWn C§s\ apdbv¡v D­mIp¶p F¶mWtÃm CXnsâ kmcw. CXv {_mÒWÀ {]Ncn¸n¨ Hcp aXkn²m´amWv. AXn\p ap¼pXs¶ C¯cw A_²hnizmk§sf bpànhmZnIÄ tNmZyw sNbvXncp¶p. ]t£, imkv{Xt_m[¯nepw bpànNn´bnepw A[njvTnXamb kn²m´§tf¡mÄ C¯cw AÔhnizmk§Ä km[mcW¡m cpsSbnSbn {]Ncn¡m³ Ffp¸ap­v. KoXmImc³ ]dbp¶ Cu kn²m´wXs¶ a\pkvarXnbnepw ImWmw: "bRvPkab¯v Aánbn AÀ¸n¡p¶h kqcy\n F¯n 103

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

t¨cp¶p. kqcy\n \n¶v agbp­mIp¶p. AXv bÚ¯nsâ ^eamWv. agbn \n¶v `£Whpw `£W¯n \n¶v Poh\pw D­mIp¶p."6 CtX ho£Ww alm`mcX¯nepw ImWmw.7 ssX¯cntbm] \nj¯nemIs« Ipd¨pIqSn hniZambn Cu Dev]¯n¡Y hnh cn¡p¶p. "]camßmhmWv BZyw D­mbXv; AXn \n¶v hmbp, Aán, `qan F¶nh H¶n\p tijw H¶mbn D­mbn; `qanbn \n¶v sNSnIfpw sNSnIfn \n¶v a\pjy\pw D­mbn."8 Cu k¦ev]¯n\pw imkv{Xobamb ASn¯dsbm¶pansà ¶pw a\pjysâ shdpw `mh\ am{XamsW¶pw C¶v GXp sIm¨p Ip«n¡pw Adnbmw.

Aimkv{Xobamb {]]© ho£Ww {]]©t¯¸än Ignª GXm\pw iXI§Ä¡pÅn hfsc hniZamb ]T\§Ä \S¶n«p­v. AXn \n¶v ]e ]pXnb hnhc§fpw e`n¡pIbpw sNbvXn«p­v. AsXms¡ 1600 hÀjw aps¼gpXnb ]pkvXI§fn D­mIWsa¶v _p²nbpÅhcmcpw ]dbpIbnÃ. ]t£, B ]gb {KÙ¯n ]dbp¶Xp am{XamWv icnsb¶v AÔambn hnizkn¡p¶hÀ C¶pap­v. AXpsIm­v KoXbnse {]]© ho£Ww ChnsS hyàamt¡­nbncn¡p¶p.

AhyàmZo\n `qXm\n hyàa[ym\n `mcX !

Ahyà \n[\mt\yh XX{\ Im ]cntZh\m. (tl, `mcX! kIe icoc§fpw BZnbn Ahyà§fmIp ¶p. a[yIme§fn am{Xw hyà§fmbn¯ocp¶p. Ahkm\ ¯nepw Ahyà§Ä Xs¶ Bbn¯ocp¶p. At¸mÄ ]ns¶ ´mWv hyk\n¸m\pÅXv.)9 aäp ]e Imcy§fnepsa¶Xpt]mse ChnsSbpw ssZ\wZn\m \p`h§fn \n¶pÅ Hcp ]mTamWv asämcp hn[¯n AhXcn ¸n¡p¶Xv. Znhkw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv a§nb {]Imit¯msSbmWv. D¨bmIpt¼mÄ kqcy{]Imiw iàamIpw. ]n¶oSv {ItaW {] Imi¯nsâ iàn Ipdªv AkvXan¡pw. CXpt]msebmWv PohnXhpsa¶v KoXmImc³ ]dbp¶p. Hät\m«¯n AXp icnbmWv. PohnIsfÃmw s]mXpsh ssiihw, buÆ\w, hmÀ 104

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

²Iyw F¶n§s\bpÅ PohnX L«§Ä IS¶mWv t]mIp¶Xv. hmÀ²Iy Imes¯¸än 'PohnX kmbmÓw' F¶v ]dbp¶Xpw Znhks¯ PohnXhpambn XmcXays¸Sp¯ns¡m­mWv. a\pjyPohnXs¯ Znhkhpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n Nn´n¨ t¸mÄ AhcpsS `mh\bn Hcp ]pXnb Bibw DSseSp¯p.

Znhk§Ä F¶pw BhÀ¯n¨psIm­ncn¡p¶p. Hmtcm Znhk ¯nsâbpw A´y¯n cm{Xnbp­mIp¶p. cm{Xn¡ptijw ]Iepw. Ignªpt]mb Znhk¯n D­mbncp¶hÀ cm{Xnbn Dd§nbXn\p tijw ho­pw {]`mX¯n DWÀ¶phcp¶p.

CXpt]mse PohnX§Ä BhÀ¯n¡p¶p F¶v AhÀ k¦ev ]n¨p. amdnamdn hcp¶ EXp¡fn \n¶v bpK§tf¸änbpÅ `mh\IÄ cq]oIcn¨Xpt]mse Zn\cm{X§fpsS BhÀ¯\ ¯n \n¶v asämcp {]]© ho£Ww hmÀs¯Sp¯p. kl{kbpK]cy´alcyZv {_ÒtWmhnZp: cm{Xnw bpKkl{km´mw tXtlmcm{XhntZmP\m: AhyàmZzàbm: kÀÆm: {]`h´ylcmKta; cm{XymKta {]eobt´ Xss{XhmhyàkwÚtI. `qX{Kma: k Ghmbw `qXzm `qXzm {]eobtX cm{XymKtahi: ]mÀ°, {]`hXylcmKta. ({_Òmhnsâ Bbncw bpK§Ä IqSnb ]Ient\bpw Bbncw bpK§Ä IqSnb cm{Xntbbpw tbmK_ewsIm­dnbp¶hÀ A tlmcm{X§sf Adnbp¶hcmIp¶p. {_ÒZn\¯nsâ Bcw`¯n kq£va {]IrXnbn \n¶v kÀÆNcmNcm {]]©§fpw DZv`hn¡p¶p. {_Òcm{XnbpsS B cw`¯n Ahyàsa¶p ]dbs¸« B kq£va {]IrXnbn Xs¶ kÀÆ {]IrXnIfpw ebn¨ncn¡p¶p. tl ]mÀ°! ap³ Iev]¯nep­mbncp¶ B {]mWn kaqlw Xs¶ ho­pw ho­pw P\n¨v cm{XnbpsS Bcw`¯n ebs¯ {]m]n¡p¶p. ]ns¶ ]Iemcw`n¡pt¼mÄ kzIÀ½him Akz X{´ambn XocpIbm ho­pw P\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.) 10 bpK§Ä, Iev]§Ä, {]fb§Ä F¶nhtb¸änbpÅ lnµpa Xk¦ev]§Ä Adnªm CXv IqSpX hyàamIpw. {io alm 105

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

`mKhXw XrXob kvIÔ¯n CXp hfsc hniZambn ]dbp¶p ­v.11 krjvSnIÀ¯msh¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶ {_Òmhn\pt]mepw P\\hpw acWhpaps­¶v AXn hyàam¡nbncn¡p¶p. Hcp {_Òmhv P\n¨v acn¡p¶Xn\nSbv¡pÅ Ime¯n\v almIev]w F¶p ]dbpw. B {_Òmhnsâ \mi¯nep­mIp¶ {]fbamWv alm{]fbw. IrXbpKw, t{XXmbpKw, Zzm]cbpKw, IenbpKw F¶nh IqSp¶ NXpÀbpKw 282 Ignbpt¼mÄ Hcp a\z´camIpw. A§s\bpÅ ]Xn\mep a\z´c§Ä Ignbpt¼mÄ {_Òmhnsâ Hcp ZnhkamIpw. B Znhk¯nsâ A´y¯n BZy krjvSn bmb {]]©w \in¡pw. {_Òmhn\v 120 hbÊv BbpÊp­v. ap ¼p ]dªXpt]mepÅ 43200 ZnhyZn\§fpsS A´y¯n Hmtcm {]fbw hoXw. Hcp {_Òmhnsâ PohnXIme¯v 43200 {]fbw kw`hn¡p¶p. {_Òmhnsâ Bbpc´y¯n alm{]fbw D­m Ipas{X! Ime§tfbpw bpK§tfbpw kw_Ôn¨pÅ a\pjysâ shdp samcp `mh\sb¶Xn Ihnªv CXn\v imkv{Xobamb Hcp sXfnhpanÃ. C§s\ alm{]fb¯n {_Òmhv \in¡psa¦nepw hnjvWp A\´\mbn XpScpsa¶mWv sshjvWh aXk¦ev]w. `mh\miànbpÅ BÀ¡pw CXpt]mse ]eXpw FgpXmw. hnjv Wphnsâbpw {_Òmhnsâbpw Øm\¯v atäsX¦nepw ssZh¯n sâ t]cptNÀ¯v CXpt]mepÅ IYIÄ FgpXm³ BÀ¡pw hn jaanÃ. Ggmw iXI¯n Atd_ybn Pohn¨ncp¶ apl½Zp \_nbpsS P\\s¯¸än "XmcnJp CÉmw" F¶ {KÙ¯n ]dbp¶Xv CXn\pZmlWamWv. AXnhnsS D²cn¡mw: "A\mZy\pw Acq]\pamb AÃmlp X Bem Ah³ th­pI sh¨X\pkcn¨v, Ahsâ XncpZqX·mcn A´na\mbn Cltem I¯v BKX\mb apl½Zp\_nXncpta\nbpsS kmckzcq] {]Im is¯ Ahsâ kXyt{]mÖze \nkvXpe{]Imi¯n BZy ambn krjvSn¨p. A\mZy´\pw kÀÆØnX\pw kZmPmKcqI\pw kÀÆm[n]\pw kÀÆÚ\pw krjvSmhpw c£I\pw in£I\pw \nb´mXmhpw kÀÆÚ\pw hÀ®\mXoX KpWKW§fpsS DSabpamb AÃmlp Ahsâ al¯mb KpW§fm ]bv¡s¸«p 106

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

apl½Zp \_nbpsS {]Imis¯ AXy´w kvt\ln¡pIbpw "Beap IpZqkv' F¶ ]hn{X Øm\s¯ þ AÃmlphnsâ Xncpk¶n[nbn þ Xmakn¡pIbpw kvXpXnIfm _lpam\n ¡pIbpw sNbvXp." "XmcnJp CÉmw" XpScp¶p. "\½psS sImïn\p Xpeyamb ]Xn\mdpe£¯n Fgp]Xn \mbncw hÀj¡mew B \nebn Xmakn¸n¨ tijw Xncp\ _nbpsS Hfnhns\ ap¯p¨n¸n t]mepÅ Hcp sN¸n At\I Imew \nhkn¸n¨p. AXn\ptijw AÃmlp Ahsâ al¯mb tXPÊpsIm­v Fgp]Xn\mbncw adIsf þ bh\nIIsf þ ]S bv¡pIbpw B Hmtcm adbnepw Fgp]Xn\mbncw hÀjw hoXw Hmtcm adbnepw Xmakn¨psIm­v Fgp]Xn\mbncw adItfbpw AXnPohn¨t¸mÄ Xncp\_nbpsS Hfnhv Hcp hoÀ¸p hn«p. B hoÀ¸v \mep On¶§fmhpIbpw B On¶§fm AÀiv, JpÀZv, eulv, Jew F¶nh ]Sbv¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. XZ\´cw ]´ocmbncw hÀj¡mew Hfnhp Xmakn¨p. AXns\ XpSÀ¶v AÃmlphnsâ Pem F¶ ho£Ww B Hfnhn ]XnbpIbpw At¸mÄ B Hfnhv t{]mÖzen¨v AXn \n¶p I\nhnsâ Nne XpÅnIÄ Cänäp hogpIbpw Nne {]Imi civanIÄ DbcpIbpap ­mbn. B {]Imi civanIfm A¼nbmtâbpw aqÀkepIfptS bpw ae¡pIfptSbpw Bßm¡Ä ]Sbv¡s¸«p. ]n¶oSv t{]aw F¶ kt¦X¯n ]Xn\mbncw hÀj¡mew Xmakn¨psIm­v kvXpXnIÄ \S¯n. AÃmlphnsâ Pam F¶ ho£Ww ]Xn ¨t¸mÄ DZv`hn¨ I\nhpIfm a\pjycptSbpw Pn¶pIfptSbpw Bßm¡Ä BImi`qanIfpw kqcyN{µ\£{XmZnhm\tKmf §fpw ]Sbv¡s¸«p. AXn\ptijw `b`ànIfpsS kt¦X¯n Xncpta\nbpsS Hfnhns\ ]´ocmbncw hÀj¡mew AÃmlp Xmakn¸n¡pIbpw A`yk\w \ÂIpIbpap­mbn. AhnsS B Hfnhn\v ]cn]qÀ®Xzw F¶ A\p{Klw kn²n¨p. B ISm£ ¯nsâ ^eambn Úm\w, hW¡w, c£, DZ¡w F¶nh DZv` hn¨p. ]ns¶ alnamhv F¶ kt¦X¯n ]´ocmbncw hÀj ¡mew Xncpta\nbpsS Hfnhp IgnªpIqSn. AhnsS\n¶p 107

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

kn²n¨ ISm£§fm \·Xn·IÄ kzÀK\cI§Ä XpS§nb kIeXpw ]Sbv¡s¸«p. A\´cw, hn\bw. ]ucpjw, eÖ, Ir], kvt\lw, HXp¡w, Úm\w, XtâSw, klnjvWpX, £a, kXyw, ZmÀVyw F¶n§s\ ]{´­p adIsf AÃmlp ]S¨p.

Hmtcm ¶nepw Bbncw hÀj§Ä hoXw ]{´­p adIfnembn ]´ocmbncw hÀj¡mew B Hfnhp Ignªp IqSpIbpw hnhc WmXoXamb \ne]mSpIsf hnhcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Hfnªpw sXfnªpw ØnXnsN¿p¶ ]Xns\®mbncw F¶p IW¡m¡ s¸« temI§fpw Ahbv¡p ]pdsa adhnsâbpw adhn ØnXn sN¿p¶ F®aä temI§fpw Xncpta\nbpsS Hfnhmbn cq]wsIm ­p."12 `mKhXhpw JpÀ B\pw Hs¡ FgpXs¸Sp¶Xv GXm­v Hcp Ime¯mWv. Ime§tfbpw kab§tfbpw ]änbpÅ a\pjysâ `mh\IÄ Hmtcm Øe¯pw Hmtcm cq]¯nemWv hnImkw {]m ]n¨Xv. Cu k¦ev]§Äs¡m¶pw imkv{Xhpambn _ÔanÃ. Úm\w, XtâSw, klnjvWpX, kXyw, ZmÀVyw XpS§nb KpW§sf 'ad'Ifmbn«mWv XmcnJp CÉman hnhcn¡p¶Xv. KoXbnepw CXnt\mSv kam\amb Nne {]kvXmh\IÄ ImWmw. `qancmt]m\tem hmbp:Jw at\m_p²ntch N AlwImc CXobw ta `n¶m {]IrXncjvS[m.

(Fsâ Cu {]IrXn Xs¶ `qan, Pew, Aán, hmbp, BImiw, a\Êv, _p²n, Al¦mcw F¶n§s\ F«phn[¯n hn`Pn¡ s¸«ncn¡p¶p.)13 {]IrXnbpsS DZv `hs¯¸än `KhZvKoXbnepw XmcnJp CÉmanepw ImWp¶ `mh\m\nÀ½nX§fmb kn²m´§Ä, Ip«n IfpsS b£n¡YIÄ¡p am{Xw ]änbXmWv. KoXmImc\p ]änb asämcp A_²hpw KoXm]ÞnX\mb Pn.Fkv. JbÀ Nq­n¡m Wn¡p¶p. "kmJyw, thZm´w, `àn F¶nhbpambn _Ôs¸« kn²m ´§Ä KoXbpsS H¼Xmw A²ymb¯nse 7,8,10 tÇmI§fn IeÀ¶p InS¡p¶p. Ah ]ckv]cw XmZmßyw {]m]n¡m¯Xp sIm­v hmb\¡mcpsS DÅn kwibw P\n¸n¡p¶p. ....Cu 108

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

aq¶p kn²m´§sf tbmPn¸n¡m³ hymJymXm¡Ä {ian¨n«p s­¦nepw Ahbnse sshcp²yhpw hyXykvXXIfpw kqcy{] Imiw t]mse sXfnªp ImWp¶p."14

hmbp \ap¡v ImWm³ Ignbm¯ hmXI§fpsS Hcp an{inX cq]amWv hmbp. AXn {][m\s¸« hmXI§Ä ss\{SP\pw HmIvknP \pamWv. CuÀ¸anÃm¯ hmbphn 78 iXam\w ss\{SP\pw 21 iXam\w HmIvknP\pamWv. _m¡nbpÅ Hcp iXam\¯n A[nIhpw BÀK¬ (argon) BWv. \ntbm¬, loenbw, {In]v täm¬, skt\m¬, ssl{UP³, Hmtkm¬, ImÀ_¬Utbm IvsskUv, ss\{Skv HmIvsskUv, ansYbn³ F¶nhbpsS sNdn sbmcp Awihpw hmbphnep­v. Cu hmbphmIs« `qansb Npän \mev ASp¡pIfmbn ØnXnsN¿p¶p. t{Smt¸mkv]nbÀ, {Ìmtäm kv]nbÀ, satkmkv]nbÀ, sXÀtamkv]nbÀ F¶n§s\ imkv{X Ú³amÀ AXns\ hnfn¡p¶p. AXn\¸pds¯ iq\ymImi ¯n hmbp F¶v \½Ä ]dbp¶ hmXIanÃ. CsXms¡ im kv{Xw sXfnbn¨n«pÅ Imcy§fmWv. ]t£, `KhZvKoXbn {io IrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xv bYmImiØntXm \nXyw hmbp:kÀÆ{X tKmalm³ XYm kÀhmhWn `qXm\n aÂØm\oXy][mcb.

F¶mWv. kÀÆ{X hym]n¨p ]cn]qÀ®ambncn¡p¶ hmbp Ft¸mgpw F{]ImcamtWm kwKsam¶pw IqSmsX BImi¯n ØnXn sN¿p¶Xv, A{]ImcamWv kÀÆ`qX§fpw F¶n hkn ¡p¶Xv" F¶v kmcw.15 kÀÆÚ\mb ssZhamWv Cu ]dbp¶ sXt¶mÀ¡Ww. A´co£¯n\v apIfnepw JchkvXp¡fnepw hmbphnsöv Cu ssZh¯n\dnbnÃ!

KoX FgpXnbXv Hcp a\pjy\msW¶v k½Xn¨m hmbphn s\¸änbpÅ sXämb Cu k¦ev]w ]dªXn B a\pjys\ Ipäs¸Spt¯­XnÃ. ImcWw kn.C. 1600 hsc temI¯nepÅ an¡bmfpIfpw hnizkn¨ncp¶Xv hmbp Ft´m Znhyiànbm sW¶mWv. C³Uym¡mÀ Hcp tZh\mWv hmbpsh¶v IcpXnbn cp¶p. emän³ `mjbnepÅ A\nam (anima) F¶ ]Z¯n\v a\p 109

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

jymßmhv, izmkw, Imäv F¶n§s\ AÀ°§fp­v. AXv B {]tZi¯v hmbphns\¸än \nehnep­mbncp¶ hnizmk§ fnte¡v hncÂNq­p¶p. kn.C. 1643þemWv Chms©evÌm tSmdn skÃn F¶ bphimkv{XÚ³ hmbphn\v `mcaps­¶pw AXn\v \ne\n¡m³ Øew Bhiyaps­¶pw Øm]n¨Xv. XpSÀ¶n t§m«pÅ ImeL«§fn hmbphns\ kw_Ôn¨v \nch[n KthjW§Ä \S¶p. AXnsâ ^eambn \ap¡v In«nb hnhc§ sfm¶pw KoX FgpXnb Bfn\v Adnbmhp¶Xmbncp¶nÃ. AXp sIm­mWv hmbp kÀÆ{X hym]n¨p InS¡p¶XmsW¶v At± lw ]dªXv. Ct¸mÄ Hcp ¥mkv PmdnÂ\n¶v hmbphns\ apgph³ \ap¡v ]pds¯Sp¯v Ifbmw. Bhiym\pkcWw Øeap­m ¡m\pw a\pjy\v Ignbpw. hmbp kÀÆ{X hym]n¨p InS¡p¶p F¶ KoXmhN\w F{X Aimkv{XobamsW¶v CXn \ns¶ Ãmw sXfnbp¶p.

\£{X§fpw N{µ\pw DuÀÖhnIcWw aqew kzbw {]Imin¡p¶ tPymXnÀtKmf §fmWv \£{X§Ä. tImSm\ptImSn \£{X§Ä {]]©¯n ep­v. AhsbÃmw I¯nPzen¨psIm­ncn¡pIbmWv. \ap¡v Gähpw ASp¯pÅ \£{XamWv kqcy³. AXpXs¶ BImi KwKbnse tImSn¡W¡n\v \£{X§fn XmcXtay\ sNdp XmWs{X. `qanbn \n¶v 14þ95 tImSn IntemaoäÀ AIsebmWv kqcy³. kqcy³ F¶ B \£{X¯n\v Npäpw {`aWw sN¿p¶ {Kl§fn XmcXtay\ A{][m\amWv `qan. B `qansb Npän k©cn¡p¶ Hcp sNdnb D]{KlamWv N{µ³. `qan, N{µ³ XpS §nbhbvs¡m¶pw kzbw {]Imi iànbnÃ. kqcy{]Imiw N{µ \n X«nbp­mIp¶ {]Xn^e\¯n\mWv \½Ä \nemhv N{µnI Fs¶ms¡ ]dbp¶Xv. C{Xbpw {]mYanIamb hnhc§Ä C¶v ss{]adn ¢mÊpIfn ]Tn¡p¶ Ip«nIÄ¡phsc Adnbmw. ] t£, KoXbn temI{kjvSmhmb hnjvWp ]dbp¶Xv. CXn \ns¶ms¡ hnXykvXambn«mWv: BZnXym\malw hnjvWpÀtÖmXnjmw chncwiqam³ acoNnÀ½ cpXmakvan \£{XmWmalw iio.

110

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

(BZnXy·mcnÂsh¨v hnjvWp Rm\mIp¶p. tPymXnÊpIfn sh¨v civanItfmSpIqSnb kqcy³ Rm\mIp¶p. amcpX·mcn sh¨v acoNn Rm\mIp¶p. \£{X§fnÂsh¨v N{µ³ Rm\mIp ¶p.)16 ChnsS BZnXy·mÀ, amcpX·mÀ, acoNn Fs¶ms¡ ]dbp¶Xv Hmtcm tZhXIfmWv. Ahtb¸änbpÅ ]ucmWnI k¦ev]§ sfbmWv KoXmImc³ kzoIcn¡p¶Xv. Øe]cnanXnaqew Ah sbÃmw Rm³ hnSp¶p. ]s£, "\£{XmWmalw iio" (\£{X §fnÂsh¨v N{µ³ Rm\mIp¶p) F¶p ]dbp¶Xv F{X Aim kv{XobamsW¶v hmb\¡mÀ¡pXs¶ Nn´n¡mhp¶XmWv. IqSpX {]ImiapÅ tKmfambn \át\{X§Ä¡v ZriyamIp¶ N{µs\ B \nebn am{Xta IrjvW`Khm\pw ImWm³ Ign ªpÅp F¦n B ssZh¯nsâ {]]©t_m[w F{Xtbm sNdp XmWv! N{µs\¸än `KhZvKoXbnepÅ asämcp ]cmaÀi\hpw ckI camWv: KmamhniyN `qXm\n [mcbmayl tamPkm ]pjvWmanNuj[:kÀÆm: tkmtam`qXzmckmßI: (Rm³ Fsâ iànsIm­v `qansb {]thin¨v kIe NcmNc §sfbpw [cn¨psIm­ncn¡p¶p. ckkzcq]\mb N{µ\mbn kI ehn[ Huj[§tfbpw Rm³ \Ãh®w hÀ²n¸n¡p¶p.) 17 N{µ\pw Huj[§fpw X½n F´mWv _Ôsa¶v hmb\ ¡mÀ¡v kwibwtXm¶mw. \nÀÖoh {Klamb N{µ\v Huj[§ fn F´p sN¿m³ Ignbpw? kky§fpsS hfÀ¨bpw N{µ\p ambn bmsXmcp _ÔhpanÃ. t\tc adn¨mWv kqcysâ IY. an¡ hmdpw sNSnIsfÃmw kqcy{]Imi¯nsâ klmbt¯msSbmWv \ne\n¡p¶Xv. ]pcmX\Ime¯v \ne\n¶ncp¶ Nne AÔhn izmk§fmWv IrjvW³ F¶ IYm]m{Xt¯s¡m­v KoXmIÀ ¯mhv hnf¼n¡p¶Xv. N{µs\ Hcp tZh\mbn ]pcmX\ Imew apX k¦ev]n¨p t]m¶ncp¶p. lcnhwi¯n N{µ\v Huj[ iàn In«nbXnt\¸än Hcp IYbp­v.18 ]rYp N{IhÀ¯nbpsS `cWIme¯v `qantZhnsb ]iphm¡n \ndp¯ns¡m­v ]rYphpw 111

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

alÀjnamcpw tZh·mcpw aäpw hn`h§Ä Ids¶Sp¯phs{X. A¶v N{µ³ ]ip¡nSmhmbn\n¶v tkh\w A\pjvTn¨p F¶pw AXn\p {]Xn^eambn {_Òmhv N{µs\ Huj[§fptSbpw \£{X§fptSbpw cmPmhm¡nsb¶papÅXmWv B IY. Cu ap¯Èn¡YtbbmWv KoXm IÀ¯mhpw B{ibn¡p¶Xv ! kq£vaambn ]cntim[n¨m CXpt]mse Aimkv{Xob§ fmb ]eXpw C\nbpw KoXbn \n¶v FSp¯pImWn¡m³ Ign bpw. Øe]cnanXnsIm­v Rm³ AXn\v apXncp¶nÃ. {]mNo\ §fmb atäXv {KÙt¯bpw t]mse B ImeL«¯nse Adn hpIfpw AdnhptISpIbpw KoXbpw DÄs¡mÅp¶p F¶v a\Ên em¡m³ apIfn sImSp¯ DZmlcW§Ä [mcmfw aXnbtÃm.

References: 1. `KhZvKoX 7 : 8 2. Ibid, 3 : 10, 11 3. Ibid, 3 : 14 4. Ibid, 3 : 14 5. Ibid, 3 : 14, 15 6. Manu, 3 : 76 7. alm`mcXw, im´n]ÀÆw 262 : 11 8. ssX¯ncob D]\njXv, 2 : 1 9. `KhZvKoX, 2 : 28 10. Ibid, 8 : 17, 18, 19 11. {ioalm`mKhXw, XrXobkvIÔw, (A²ymbw 11) 12. XmcnJpÂCÉmw (XriqÀ, 1980), t]Pv 1,2 13. `KhZvKoX, 7 : 4 14. Khair, G.S - Quest for the Original Gita (Bombay, 1969), pp. 70, 71 15. `KhZvKoX, 9 : 6 16. Ibid, p. 15 : 13 18. lcnhwiw 4 : 2

112

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

11 ]p\ÀP³a kn²m´hpw Bßmhpw a\pjy\v icoc¯n \n¶v `n¶amb Bßmhps­¶pw hkv{X §Ä amdp¶Xpt]mse Bßmhv icocw amdns¡m­ncn¡pIbm sW¶papÅ lnµpaX k¦ev] ¯n ASnbpd¨p\n¶psIm ­mWv `KhZvKoX cNn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. {ioIrjvW³ ]dbp¶p: \ tXzhmlw PmXp \mkw \ Xzw t\ta P\m[n]m: \ ssNh \ `hjyma: kÀtÆ hbaX: ]cw. (\obpw Rm\pw C¡mWp¶ cmPm¡·mscÃmhcpw Hcp Ime ¯pw CÃmbncn¡pIbp­mbn«nÃ. Cu icocw \in¨pt]mbXn\p tijhpw \mamcpw CÃmsXbmhpIbpanÃ.)1 tZlnt\mkvan³ bYm tZtl Iuamcw buh\w Pcm XYm tZlm´c {]m]vXnÀ²ockvX{X \ aplyXn. (tZlØ\mb Bßmhn\v Cu tZl¯n GXv F{]Imc amtWm _meyw, buh\w, hmÀ²Iyw F¶o AhØIfp­m Ip¶Xv. A{]ImcwXs¶bmWv tZlm´c{]m]vXnbpap­mIp¶ Xv. C¡mcy¯n Úm\nIÄ H«pwXs¶ hyk\n¡p¶XÃ.) 2 \ PmbtX {anbtX hm IZmNnþ ¶mbw `qXzm `hnXm hm \ `qb: AtPm\nXy: imiztXmbw ]pcmtWm \ l\ytX l\yamt\ icotc.

(Bßmhv Hcn¡epw P\n¡p¶panÃ, acn¡p¶panÃ. D­mbn«v ]ns¶ CÃmsXbmIp¶XpanÃ. AXv P\\anÃm¯h\pw \nXy \pw Fs¶¶papÅh\pw ]pcmW\pw Cu icocw \in¨mepw \in¡m¯h\pamIp¶p.)3 113

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

thZmhn\min\w \nXyw b G\aPahybw IYw k ]pcpj: ]mÀ° Iw LmX bXn l´n Iw. (AÃtbm ]m°: Cu Bßmhns\ GsXmcph³ hr²n£b §Ä CÃm¯h\mbpw P\\ acW§Ä CÃm¯h\mbpw Adn bp¶pthm Ah³ Bscsb¦nepw sImÃpItbm sImÃn¡pItbm km²yamtWm?)4 hmkmwkn PoÀ®m\n bYm hnlmb \hm\n KrlvWmXn \tcm]cmWn XYm icocmWn hnlmb PoÀ®mþ \y\ym\n kwbmXn \hm\ntZlo. (a\pjy³ F{]ImcamtWm PoÀ®hkv{X§sf Dt]£n¨v ]pXnb hkv{X§sf ssIs¡mÅp¶Xv A{]Imcw Xs¶bmWv Bßmhv PoÀ®tZl§sfsbÃmw ssIshSnªv aäv ]pXnb tZl §sf ssIs¡mÅp¶Xv.)5 ss\\w Onµ´n ikv{XmWn ss\\w ZlXn ]mhI: \ ssN\w t¢Zb´ymt]m, \ timjbXn amcpX:.

(Cu Bßmhns\ Bbp[§Ä¡v tOZn¡phm\pw Aán¡v Zln¸n¡phm\pw Pe¯n\v \\bv¡phm\pw hmbphn\v Npcp¡p hm\pw Ignbp¶XÃ.)6 AtÑtZymbaZtlym bat¢tZymtimjp GhN \nXy: kÀÆKX: ØmWpcNtembw k\mX\: (Cu Bßmhv tOZn¡s¸S¯¡h\pw Zln¸n¡s¸Sp¶h\pw t¢in¡s¸S¯¡h\pw timjn¸n¡s¸S¯¡h\paÃ. ImcWw AXv \nXy\pw kÀÆ{X hym]n¨p InS¡p¶h\pw cq]m´cs¯ {]m]n¡m¯h\pw ]qÀÆcq]s¯ XyPn¡m¯h\pamIp¶p.) 7 AhytàmbaNnt´ymbahnImtcym bapNytX XkvamtZhw hnZnssXz\w \m\ptimNnXpaÀlkn.

(AXv ]t©{µnb§Ä¡pw IÀt½{µnb§Ä¡pw Adnb¯ ¡XÃ. AXns\ ImWphm\pw Nn´n¡phm\pw t`Zs¸Sp¯phm \pw km[n¡p¶XÃ. CsXÃmw Adnªm \n\¡v hyk\n¸m³ AhImianÃ.)8 AY ssN\w \nXyPmXw \nXyw hm a\ytk arXw 114

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

XYm]n Xzw almt_mtlm ss\hw timNnXpaÀlkn.

(AÃtbm alm]cm{Iao, AÀÖp\m! \o Bßmhns\ kZm P\n¡p¶h\pw acn¡p¶h\pamsW¶v hnNmcn¡p¶Xmbmepw C{]Imcsam¶pw hyk\n¸m³ AhImianÃ.)9 tZlo \nXyaht[ymbw tZtl kÀÆkv. `mcX !

Xkvam kÀhmWn `qXm\n \Xzw timNnXp aÀlkn (tl, `mcX Iptemev]¶\mb AÀÖp\m! kIe PohnIfp tSbpw tZl¯nencn¡p¶ Bßmhns\ BÀ¡pw Hcn¡epw h[n ¡phm³ km[n¡p¶XÃ. AXn\m Hcp {]mWnsb¸änbpw \o hyk\nt¡­ BhiyanÃ.)10 `KhZvKoXbpsS aäp Nne `mK§fnepw ]p\ÀÖ·kn²m´ ¯n\v hniZoIcW§Ä \ÂIp¶p­v. AhsbÃmw ChnsS D²cn t¡­ BhiyanÃ. {ioi¦mcmNmcyÀ "hnthINqVmaWn"bnepw "kÀÆ thZm´ kn²m´ kw{Kl"¯nepw Xmsg sImSp¡p¶ {]Imcw hÀ®n¨n«p­v. "kzkzcq]wsIm­v \nXy\mbpw Rm³ F¶ hyhlmc¯n\v B{ibambpw Hcp ssNX\y`mhw D­v. Ah³ Pm{KX, kz]v\w, kpjp]vXn F¶ aq¶hØIÄ¡v km£nbpw A¶abw, {]mW abw, at\mabw. hnÚm\abw, B\µabw F¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶ A©p tImi§fnÂ\n¶v hyXncnà\pamIp¶p."11 "\o Cu tZlaÃ, Cu {]mW\paÃ; C{µnb kaql§fpw \ob Ã. tl! hnZz³, ChbpsS kwLmXhpw \obÃ. \njvIf¦ambpw Chbvs¡Ãmw km£nbmbpw tim`n¡p¶ bmsXmcp XXzapt­m AXmWv \osb¶v [cn¨mepw."12 CXnÂ\ns¶Ãmw hyIvaXmIp¶Xv a\pjycpsS icoc¯n \n¶v `n¶amWv Bßmsh¶pw HcmÄ acn¡pt¼mÄ Bßmhv ]pXnb icocs¯ {]m]n¡psa¶pamWtÃm. HcmÄ hkv{Xw amdp ¶Xpt]msebmWv Bßmhv icoc§sf amdp¶sX¶v Hcp `mK¯v ]dªncn¡p¶Xpw \½Ä ImWpIbp­mbn.

Bßmhv ssZhmwitam? a\pjyicoc¯n\v Poh³ \ÂIp¶Xv BßmhmsW¶pw Bßm hv icocs¯ Dt]£n¡pt¼mÄ B BÄ acn¡p¶p F¶pamWv 115

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

km[mcW hnizmkw. Cu Bßmhv F´mWv? KoXbpsS Hcp `mK¯v ]dbp¶Xv ]camßmhnsâ (ssZh¯nsâ) `mKamWsX ¶mWv. assahmwtim PohtemtI Poh`qX: k\mX\: a\: jjvTm\o{µnbmWn {]IrXnØm\nIÀjXn. (Fsâ Xs¶ Awihpw k\mX\hpamb Pohmßmhv {]IrXn bnÂXs¶ ØnXnsN¿p¶Xpw {]IrXn hnImc§fmb A©v Úmt\{µnb§tfbpw Bdmas¯ C{µnbamb a\Ênt\bpw X¶nÂXs¶ BIÀjn¨p tNÀ¯psImÅp¶p.)13 ]t©{µnb§sft¸mepw \nb{´n¡p¶Xv BßmhmsW¶pw AXv Hcp icocs¯ hn«pt]mIpt¼mgpw asämcp icoc¯n {]th in¡pt¼mgpw B Úmt\{µnb§sf, IqsSsIm­pt]mIp¶p F¶p XpSÀ¶p ]dbp¶p: icocw bvZhm]vt\mXn b¨m]yp {ImaXoizc: KrlossXXzm\n kwbmXn hmbpÀ¤Ôm \nhmibmÂ.

(Cu icoc¯n\[oi\mbncn¡p¶ Bßmhv Hcp icoc¯n {]thin¡pt¼mgpw icocs¯ Dt]£n¡pt¼mgpw hmbp ]pjv] §fpsS A´À`mK¯p\n¶v KÔs¯sb¶t]mse ChIsf (C{µnb§tfbpw a\Ênt\bpw) {Kln¨psIm­pt]mIp¶p)14 hnjbkpJ§sf A\p`hn¡p¶Xpw Cu Bßmhp Xs¶bm sW¶v ASp¯ tÇmI¯n ImWmw: t{im{Xw N£p:kv]Ài\w N ck\w {LmWtah N A[njvTmb a\Ýmbw hnjbm\p]tkhtX. ({ihtW{µnbw, t\t{X{µnbw, XzKn{µnbw, ckt\{µnbw, {Lm tW{µnbw, a\Êv F¶nhsb B{ibn¨psIm­v Cu Pohmßmhv i_vZw, kv]Àiw, cq]w, ckw, KÔw, kpJw, Zp:Jw apXemb hn jb§sf A\p`hn¡p¶p.)15 a\pjysâ Bßmhv, ]camßmhnsâ Awiw am{XaÃ, a\pjym ßmhns\ \bn¡p¶Xpt]mepw B ]camßmhs{X. KoXbn IrjvW³ ]dbp¶p: kÀÆkyNmlw lrZn k¶nhnjvtSm a¯: kvarXnÚm\at]ml\w N 116

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

thssZÝ kÀssÆcltah thtZym thZm´ IrtZzZ hntZh Nmlw.

(Rm³ kÀÆ {]mWnIfptSbpw lrZb¯n ØnXn sN¿p¶p.

AhÀ¡v kvacWbpw, Úm\hpw, hnkvarXnbpw F¶n \n¶v Xs¶bmWp­mIp¶Xv. kÀÆ thZ§fmepw Adnbs¸tS­h³ Rm\mIp¶p. thZm´s¯ {]hÀ¯n¡p¶h\pw thZ§sf Adn bp¶h\pw Rm³ Xs¶bmIp¶p.)16 a\pjysâ Úm\w, HmÀ½ XpS§nbhbpsSsbÃmw D¯chm Zn¯w X\n¡msW¶v ChnsS IrjvW³ hyàam¡p¶p. AXv icnbmsW¦n temI¯nepÅ apgph³ Ipg¸§Ä¡pw \· IÄ¡pw At±lw Xs¶btà D¯chmZn? [À½w £bn¡ps¶ ¦n AXpw At±l¯nsâ Ipäw Xs¶. ]ns¶sb´n\v [À½w c£n¡m³ AhXcn¡p¶p? a\pjy\v Ahsâ Imcyw \nb{´n ¡m³ IgnhnsömWv CXn\À°w. ssZh¯n \n¶v hyXykvX ambn kz´amb HmÀ½tbm Úm\tam Ah\nà F¶tà ]dbp ¶Xv? {]IrXnbpsS ImcyImcW cq]§fmb tZtl{µnbmZnIÄ sN¿p¶ IÀ½§Ä Xm³ sN¿p¶hbmsW¶v A`nam\n¡p¶Xv aqV·mcmsW¶v {ioIrjvW³ Xs¶ ]dªn«pÅXv.17 Cu {KÙ ¯nsâ asämcp `mK¯v D²cn¨n«p­v.

Bßmhnsâ BßlXy ]camßmhnsâ Awi§fmWv a\pjys\¶p ]dbp¶Xnt\mSv tbmPn¡m¯ lnµpaX ]ÞnX·mcp­v. KoXbn Xs¶ tam £amÀ¤§sf¸än ]dbpt¼mÄ asämcp BibamWv [z\n¡p ¶Xv. \nÊwKXzt¯mSpw k¡½\njvTtbmSpw `àntbmK ¯nsâ ]caImjvTbmb ]cm`àntbmSpw ssZhÚm\t¯mSpw IqSn {]hÀ¯n¨m am{Xta tam£w In«pIbpÅp F¶pw KoXbn ]dbp¶p. A¯c¡mÀ P·§Ä Ahkm\n¨v ]c{_Ò ¯n ebn¡pas{X. Hcp IW¡n CXv Bßmhnsâ Bßl XybmsW¶p hcpw. kz´w hyànXzw \in¨v ]c{_Ò¯nsâ `mKambm Ah\nÃmXmIp¶p F¶ÃmsX F´p KpWamWp ÅXv? CXp icnbmsW¦n tam£¯n\pÅ amÀ¤§Ä A\p jvTn¡m Xncn¡pIbmWv _p²n. P·m´c§fn IqSn Ah\v 117

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Pohn¡m³ IgnbpatÃm.

Bßmsh¶ sI«pIY KoXbnepw CXc aX{KÙ§fnepw ]dbp¶ Cu Bßmhv F´mWv? aXhnizmknIÄ ]dbp¶Xv icoc¯n \n¶p `n¶ amWv Bßmsh¶pw, Bßmhv icocs¯ hn«pt]mIpt¼mgmWv a\pjy³ acn¡p¶sX¶pamWv. acWt¯mSpIqSn \½psS t_m [w \in¡p¶p. icocw Nobm³ XpS§p¶p. CXv FÃmhÀ¡pw Adnbmhp¶ ImcyamWv. a\pjysâ Poh³ F¶p ]dbp¶Xv BßmhmsW¦nÂ, Cu icoc¯n\p­mhp¶ sNdnb tISpIÄ Pohs\ _m[n¡p¶sX§s\bmWv? t¢mtdmt^mw F¶ hkvXp aW¸n¨m \ap¡v t_m[£bw D­mIpw. Xet¨mdnsâ {]hÀ ¯\s¯ t¢mtdmt^mw _m[n¡p¶XpsIm­mWv t_m[ £bap­m¡p¶sX¶mWv imkv{Xw \s½ ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xv. Po h³, icoc¯n \n¶p `n¶amb BßmhmsW¦n t¢mtdm t^mw aW¯m F§s\ t_m[£bw D­mIpw? asämcp DZmlcWw t\m¡mw. IqSpX kabw Hcmsf shůn ap¡n ¸nSn¨m AbmÄ acn¡p¶Xmbn ImWp¶p. shůn ap§n ¡nS¡pt¼mÄ HmIvknP³ izkn¡m³ Ignbm¯XpsIm­mWv AbmÄ acn¡p¶Xv. BßmhmWv Pohs\¦n AXn\v HmIvkn Psâ Bhiysa´v? Bßmhn\v F´psIm­v hmbphnÃm¯nS ¯p Pohn¨pIqSm? CsXms¡ sXfnbn¡p¶Xv Poh³ F¶p ]dbp¶Xv icoc ¯n \n¶p `n¶asömWv. cmk{]hÀ¯\ ^eambp­mIp¶ Hcp {]tXyIXcw DuÀÖamWv Poh³. hkvXp¡Ä Fcnbpt¼mÄ Ah A´co£¯nse HmIvknP\pambn kwtbmPn¡mw. Cu cmk{]hÀ¯\ ^eambp­mIp¶ DuÀÖw, Xm]w, {]Imiw F¶o cq]§fn ]pd¯p hcpw. \½psS icoc¯nse tImi §Ä HmIvknPs\ kzoIcn¡pIbpw kmh[m\¯nepÅ Zl\w \S¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. CXmWv izmtkmÑzmksa¶ imcocnI {]hÀ¯\w. CXnsâ ^eambp­mIp¶ DuÀÖamWv Poh³.

F.än.]n. F¶ cmkhkvXphmWv Poh\SnØm\amb tImiaÀ ½w AYhm t{]mt«m]vfmkw \nÀ½n¡p¶ hkvXp. Poh\pÅ 118

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

t{]mt«m]vfmk¯n\v HmIvknP³ e`n¡p¶XpsIm­mWv AXp Pohn¡p¶Xv. izmtkmÑzmk¯nsâ ]cnkam]vXnbmWv acWw. GsX¦nepw hn[¯n tImi§Ä¡v HmIvk nP³ In«msX h¶m a\pjy³ acn¨pt]mIpw. HmIvknPt\msSm¸w tImi§ fpsS \nÀ½nXn¡mhiyamb t]mjI hkvX p¡fpw Pehpw In«nbm a\pjy³ Pohn¡pw. F¶mepw ZoÀLImewsIm­v icoc¯n\p aäp hn[¯nepÅ tISp]mSpIÄ D­mIpw. AXp ]cnlcn¡phm³ Ignbm¯XpsIm­v a\pjyscÃmw acn¡p¶p. aäp PohnIfptSbpw ØnXn AXp Xs¶. am\knI {]hÀ¯\§ fpsSÃmw ASnØm\w Xet¨mdn \S¡p¶ `uXnIhpw cmk]c hpamb amä§fmWv akvXnjvI¯nsâ Hcp {][m\ IgnhmWv HmÀ½iàn. ssdt_m \yq¢obIv BknUv F¶ cmkhkvXp hnsâ X·m{XIfmWv kvacWbv¡SnØm\ambn hÀ¯n¡p¶ sX¶pw sXfnbn¡s¸«n«p­v. acWt¯mSpIqSn akvXnjvIhpw Cu X·m{XIfpw \in¡p¶p. acWtijw HmÀ½ \ne\n¡p sa¶p ]dbp¶Xn ASnØm\ansöv CXn \n¶p hyàam Ip¶p.

Cu imkv{Xt_m[anÃmXncp¶ Ime¯mWv a\pjyÀ Bßm hns\¸änbpÅ hnhn[ k¦ev]§Ä ]Sp¯pbÀ¯nbXv. ]p\À Ö·s¯¸änbpÅ IYIfpw a\pjysâ `mh\bn \n¶v Dcp ¯ncnªXmWv.

]p\ÀÖ·hnizmk¯nsâ DZv`hw KoXbn hfsc Xd¸n¨p ]dbp¶ ]p\ÀÖ· kn²m´w EtKzZ ¯n HcnS¯pw Xs¶ ImWp¶nÃ. C³Uybn IpSntbdn¸mÀ ¡p¶ Ime¯v Bcy·mÀ¡v Cu hnizmkw D­mbncp¶nsöm Wv AXn\À°w. D]\nj¯pIfpsS hnhÀ¯I\pw kwkvIrX ]ÞnX\pamb tdm_À«v GWÌv lyqw C§s\ tcJs¸Sp ¯p¶p: "]p\ÀÖ·t¯¸än EtKzZ¯n Hcp ]cmaÀi\hpansöp ÅXv {]tXyIw {i²nt¡­XmWv. Cu hkvXpX OtµmtKym] \nj¯nse 5. 3 ØncoIcn¡p¶p. {]kvXpX D]\nj¯nsâ 6.1, 2þ ]dbp¶Xv ]{´­p hÀjw thZw ]Tn¨bmfmWv tizXtIXp 119

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

F¶mWv. At±ltam ]nXmhpw Kpcphpamb KuXat\m Cu kn ²m´s¯¸än tI«ncp¶nÃ. F¶m AhÀ AXp ]Tn¡pt¼mÄ Iq«¯n ]dbp¶Xv Cu kn²m´w ]«mf¡mcmb £{XnbcptS XmsW¶mWv. At¸mÄ BZyambn Hcp {_mÒW hn`mK¯n\v CXv shfns¸Sp¯s¸Sp¶p. acWw, A´yhn[n, acWm\´c PohnXw F¶n§s\bpÅ AhØm´c§tf]än EtKzZ¯n ImWp¶ hnizmkw hyànbpsS tZhtemI¯ps­¶p ]dbs¸ Sp¶ A\izc PohnXamWv. ]p\ÀÖ· kn²m´¯nsâ BZy cq]w ImWp¶Xv AYÀh thZ¯nemWv. F¶m AXv hfsc hyàambn iX]Y {_mÒW¯n am{Xta {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p Åp. F¶mepw ]n¡me¯p \nehn h¶ ]p\ÀP·kn²m ´¯nsâ cq]w D]\nj¯pIfn ImWm\nÃ."18 thZImet¯m D]\nj¯pIfpsS Imet¯m CÃmXncp¶ Cu ]pXnb kn²m´w ]n¶oSv F§s\bmWv h¶ptNÀ¶Xv? AXv a\ÊnemIWsa¦n temI¯nsâ atäsX¦nepw `mK§ fn C¯cw hnizmk§Ä D­mbncpt¶m F¶v AdnbWw. {Kokn ss]¯tKmdkpw (_n.kn.58/?) HmÀ^nIvkpw (_n.kn.C. Bdmw iXIw) GXm­v CXn\p kam\amb Hcp kn²m´w AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶p. a\pjysâ P\\¯n\p ap¼p­mbncp¶Xpw acWtijw XpScp¶Xpamb Bßmhns\¸än AhÀ ]dbp¶p­v. t¹täm (_n.kn.C. 427þ347) CXn\v Hcp Xm¯znImSnØm\w \ÂIn.19 C§s\ {Kokn hfÀ¶ph¶ Cu ]p\ÀP· kn²m´w ]n¡me¯v C³Uybnte¡v kw{Ian¨XmIm\mWv hgn. t¹täm bpsS Ime¯n\p tijamWv _n.kn.C. 325þ AeIvkm­À C³Uy B{Ian¡p¶Xv. AtX XpSÀ¶v hS¡p ]Snªmsd C³ Uybn \qäm­pItfmfw ]e {Ko¡p cmPIpSpw_§fpw `cWw \S¯nbncp¶Xv c­mw A²ymb¯n Rm³ Nq­n¡m«nbn «p­v. Ahcn \n¶mWv sshjvWhÀ Cu Bibw ]IÀ¯nb sX¶v \ymbambpw A\pam\n¡mw. ]n¡me¯mWv sshjvWh aXw cq]wsIms­sX¶pÅXpw kvacWobamWv. Nne {Ko¡p ImÀ sshjvWh aX¡mcmhpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p.

120

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

{]mIrXamb hnizmkw t¹tämbpw ss]¯tKmdkpw XpS§n KoXmImc³ hscbpÅhÀ cq]s¸Sp¯nb ]p\ÀP· kn²m´w {]mIrXcmb tKm{XhÀ¤ k¦ev]§fn \n¶v Dcp¯ncnªp h¶XmsW¶v Ncn{XImc ·mÀ kaÀ°n¨n«p­v. {]]©¯nse FÃm hkvXp¡Ä¡pw þ Poh\nÃm¯hbv¡v IqSn þ Bßmhps­¶p IcpXp¶hsc PUm ßhmZn (Animist) IÄ F¶p ]dbpw. {]mIrX a\pjycpsSbnSbn emWv C¯cw hnizmkw D­mbncp¶Xv. D]{Zhn¡mXncn¡p¶ Xn\p th­n AhÀ A¯cw Bßm¡sf Bcm[n¨ph¶p. C¯ cw Bßm¡Ä¡v hkvXphn \n¶p amdm\pw asämcp hkvXphn IpSntbdm\pw Ignbpsa¶pw AhÀ IcpXn. GjybpsS ]e `mK §fnepw ]kn^n¡nepw B{^n¡bnepw DÅ ]e tKm{X§fpw C¶pw C¯cw hnizmk§Ä sh¨p ]peÀ¯p¶p­v.

B{^n¡bpsS Ing¡p hi¯pÅ aeKmkn dn¸»n¡nse Nne tKm{XhÀK¡mÀ IcpXp¶Xv acWm\´cw a\pjyÀ arK§ fmbn cq]m´cs¸Spsa¶mWv. ]m¼v, No¦®n, a\ªn XpS §nb PohnIfn ]tcXmßm¡Ä Pohn¡p¶p F¶v AhÀ hniz kn¨p t]mcp¶p. kpfp tKm{X¡mcpsS hnizmkhpw CXn \n¶p `n¶aÃ. acn¨pt]mbhcpsS Bßm¡Ä ]eXcw kÀ¸§fnepw ]Ãn Ifnepw Pohn¡p¶p F¶mWv AhÀ IcpXp¶Xv. CXnt\mSv kam\§fmb hnizmk§Ä ]peÀ¯p¶ ]e tKm{X§fpw B {^n¡bnep­v. Bkvt{Senbbnse tKm{X hÀK¡mÀ lnµp¡tf t¸mse ]p\ÀÖ·¯n Xs¶bmWv hnizkn¡p¶Xv. Hmtcm ]p\ÀÖ·¯nepw enwKamäap­mIpsa¶pw Ahcn Hcp Iq«À hnizkn¡p¶p. ]nXr¡Äs¡¶p k¦ev]n¨v Im¡bv¡pw hÆm en\pw Xoä sImSp¡p¶ AÔhnizknIfmb C³Uym¡mcpw Cu {]mIrX tKm{X§fpw Htc am\knI \nehmc¯nepÅh cmsW¶pÅ Imcy¯n kwibanÃ.

121

References:

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

1. `KhZvKoX, 2 : 12 2. Ibid, 2 : 13 3. Ibid, 2 : 19 4. Ibid, 2 : 21 5. Ibid, 2 : 22 6. Ibid, 2 : 23 7. Ibid, 2 : 24 8. Ibid, 2 : 25 9. Ibid, 2 : 26 10. Ibid, 2 : 30 11. {ioi¦cmNmcyÀ þ hnthINqVmaWn, 127 12. {ioi¦cmNmcyÀ þ kÀÆthZm´kn²m´ kw{Klw, 773 13. `KhZvKoX, 15 : 7 14. Ibid, 15 : 8 15. Ibid, 15 : 9 16. Ibid, 15 : 15 17. Ibid, 3 : 27 18. Hume, Robert Ernest - The Thirteen Principal Upanishads : Translated from the Sanskit with an outline of the Philosophy of the Upa nishads (London, 1977). p. 54 19. Chambers Encyclopaedia (London, 1950), Vol. XI, p. 577.

122

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

12 `KhZvKoX þ NqjW¯nsâ XXzimkv{Xw GXp cmjv{S¯n\pw, cmjv{Sob iàn¡pw Hcp XXzimkv{Xw IqSntb Ignbq. P\§sf tbmPn¸n¨p \nÀ¯m\pw \nba kam[m \w \ne\nÀ¯m\pw AXmhiyamWv. P\§Ä AwKoIcn¡p¶ A¯cw Hcp cmjv{Sob kn²m´¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n cq]sa Sp¡p¶ Kh¬saâpIÄt¡ \ne\n¡phm³ Ignbq. tKm{XhÀ K§fpsS Ime¯v tKm{X¯nepÅhscÃmw cà_ÔapÅhcm bncp¶p. cmP`cWambt¸mÄ cà_ÔanÃm¯ \nch[n tKm{X §sf H¶n¨p \nÀ¯m³ {]bmkambn. cmPmhv ssZh¯nsâ {]Xn\n[nbmWv F¶ Bibw B ImeL«¯ntâXmWv. `cWm [nImcnIÄ B Bibw {]Ncn¸n¡m³ Z¯{i²cmbncp¶p. ssZ ht¯mSpw cmPmhnt\mSpapÅ \nÊoaamb `ànbmWv Gähpw henb KpWsa¶mbncp¶p A¶p ]Tn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. C³Uybn `uXnI hmZs¯ ASn¨p XIÀ¡pIbpw NqjW¯n A[njvTn Xamb Hcp kmaqly hyhØnXn Icp¸nSn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Xn\pth­n ]ptcmlnXhÀKw \nÀ½n¨ \nch[n aX{KÙ§fn H¶mWv `KhZvKoX. am\knIambpw km¼¯nIambpw a\pjys\ NqjWw sN¿p¶Xn\p th­n ]e kq{X§fpw AXn D] tbmKn¨n«p­v.

tKm{X kwkv¡mc¯ns\Xnsc tKm{XkwkvImc¯nsâ ta ssItbäw \S¯p¶ cmPm[nImc ¯nsâ Nn{Xw `KhZvKoXbn \ap¡v hyàambn¡mWmw. {ioIr 123

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

jvW\pw AÀÖp\\pw X½nepÅ kw`mW¯nsâ Bcw`¯n _Ôp¡fmb Iuch·msc sImÃp¶Xn AÀÖp\³ hnjaw {]ISn¸n¡p¶p. kz´w tKm{X¯n s]«hsc sImÃp¶Xns\ FXnÀ¯ncp¶ A¶s¯ kmaqly a\:ØnXnbmWv AÀÖp\³ F¶ IYm]m{X¯n sXfnªp \n¡p¶Xv. tbjmaÀt° Imw£nXw t\m cmPyw t`mKm: kpJm\n N X CtahØnXm bpt² {]mWmwkvXyàzm [\m\n N. ANmcym: ]nXc: ]p{XmkvXss[h N ]nXmalm: amXpem: izipcm: ]u{Xm: kymem: kw_Ôn\kvXYm. (BÀ¡pth­n CÑn¡p¶pthm B BNmcy·mÀ, ]nXm¡·mÀ, ]p{X·mÀ, a¨p\·mÀ, ap¯Ñ·mÀ, A½mh·mÀ, ]u{X·mÀ A{] Imcw Xs¶ aäp _Ôp¡Ä F¶nhscÃmw {]mW§tfbpw [\ §tfbpw ]cnXyPn¨v bp²k¶²cmbn t]mÀ¡f¯n CXm h¶p\n¡p¶p.)1 AÀÖp\³ XpScp¶p: bZyt]yX \ ]iy´n temt`m]lX tNXk: Ipe£bIrXw tZmjw an{Xt{Zmtl N ]mXIw IYw \ tÚb akvam`n: ]m]mZkvam¶nhÀ¯nXpw Ipe£bIrXw tZmjw {]hiyZv`nÀÖ\mÀ±\!

(AXym{Klw sIm­v hnthI iq\y·mcmb ChÀ Ipe£b ¯mep­mIp¶ tZmjt¯bpw kzP\t{Zml¯mepÅ ]m]s¯ bpw Adnbp¶nsænepw Ipe£b¯mepÅ tZmjs¯ \Ãh® adnbp¶ R§Ä Cu ]m]{]hr¯nbn \n¶p \nhÀ¯n¸m³ F§s\ BtemNn¡mXncn¡pw?)2 Ipe¯nsâ (tKm{X¯nsâ) \mis¯¸än ho­pw AÀÖp \³ kwkmcn¡p¶p. bp²hpw B{Ia§fpw Hs¡ tKm{Xkap Zmb¯nepap­mbncp¶p. ]s£, tKm{X¯n\I¯pÅhsc t{Zm ln¡p¶Xv sXämsW¶mbncp¶p AhcpsS hnizmkw. aäp tKm{X §sftbm tKm{X§fn s]«hsctbm B{Ian¡p¶Xn tKm{X hÀK¡mÀ sXäp I­ncp¶nÃ. C³Uybn tKm{XhÀK kwkvIm cw hfsc \qäm­pItfmfw \ne\n¶ncp¶p. \µ cmPhwi¯n tâbpw aucykm{amPy¯ntâbpw Ime¯v henb cmPy§Ä \ne 124

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

hn h¶ncp¶psh¦nepw tKm{XkwkvImcw XIÀ¡s¸SpIbp ­mbnÃ. kn.C. \memw iXI¯n ]mSv\bn A[nImc¯n h¶ Kp]vXcmPm¡·mcpsS Ime¯mWv AXv ]qÀ®ambpw XIÀ ¡s¸«Xv. A[nImc¯n\pw iàn¡pw th­n kz´w ktlmZc ·msct¸mepw sImÃp¶Xn sXänsöp ]dbp¶ {ioIrjvW³, cmPmhn kÀÆ A[nImchpw tI{µoIcn¨ncp¶ Kp]vXcmPm¡ ·mcpsS ssZhamWv. alm`mcX IYbn bp[njvTnc\mWv `cn ¡p¶sX¦nepw At±ls¯t¸mepw D]tZin¡pIbpw klmbn ¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xv ssZhamb IrjvW\mWtÃm. cmPmhpw ]p tcmlnX\pw X½nepÅ Iq«psI«mWnhnsS hyàamIp¶Xv. ]e tKm{XssZh§fpw hnjvWphnsâ AhXmc§fmbn KWn ¡s¸«p. aÕyw, IqÀ½w, hcmlw, \cknwlw XpS§nbh enOzn, sshimen XpS§nbh t]mepÅ tKm{X§fmWv. B tKm{X§ sfms¡ ]qPn¨ncp¶ ssZh§Ä hnjvWphnsâ AhXmc§fmb tXmsS tKm{X§fpsS sFIy¯n\p hgnsbmcp¡s¸«p. KW§fp sS A[n]\mbncp¶ a\pjy\mb KW]Xn (tKm{X¯eh³) bpsS Øm\¯v ssZhamb KW]Xn DbÀ¶ph¶p. FÃm {]mIr X k¦ev]§tfbpw Iq«nbnW¡ns¡m­v \ho\ {_mÒWaXw Kp]vXkm{amPy¯n\p hgnsbmcp¡n.

KoXbnse Gähpw iànbmb {]tab§fnsem¶v `ànbmWv. tNmZysN¿epw kwibn¡epanÃ. ]cn]qÀ®amb IogS§Ä. A XmWv iàamb Hcp km{amPyw Bhiys¸«Xv. BÀ.kn. aRv PpwZmcpw F¨v.kn. dmbn Nu[cnbpw sI. Z¯mbpw IqSn FgpXnb C³UymNcn{X¯n AhÀ C§s\ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p: "Kp]vXImeL«w km[mcWbmbn {_mÒW aX\hoIcW ¯nsâ Imeambn KWnbv¡s¸Sp¶p. {_mÒWaX¯n\v A¡m e¯v km{amPy¯nsâ kwc£Ww In«nsb¶pÅXn\v Hcp kwi bhpanÃ. hfsc¡me§fmbn \n¶pt]mbncp¶ bmYmØnXnI aXIÀ½§Ä ]p\cp²cn¡s¸«Xmbn ]e `cWm[n]·mcpw AhImis¸«p. Cu AhImihmZw A£cmÀ°¯n FSp¡m³ ]mSnÃ. Hcp \hoIcWw F¶Xnt\¡mÄ AXnsâ ]qÀWcq] ¯nse¯nb Imesa¶v ]dbp¶XmWv icnsb¶v ]IzaXnbmb 125

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Hcp \nco£I³ Nq­n¡mWn¨n«p­v. KwKmXS¯n {_mÒW aXw ]pjyman{Xsâ Ime¯pXs¶ ]p\:cp²cn¡s¸«ncp¶p. F ¶m sXt¡ C³Uybn hmPt]bw, Aizta[w XpS§nb thZ IÀ½§Ä BhÀ¯n¨p \S¯p¶Xv ]e cmPIpSpw_§fpw A`nam\ambn IcpXn. kpwKcptSbpw Kp]vX·mcptSbpw CSbv¡p Å ImeL«¯nse C³UymNcn{X¯n {][m\ Øm\apÅ hcpw hnPbIcambn D¯tc´ybn `cWw \S¯nbhcpamb hntZi `cWm[nImcnIfn NneÀ ssihaXw, sshjvWhaXw (`mKhXaXw) F¶o c­p sslµhaX aXhn`mK§fntem A sæn thZ k{¼Zmb¯nepÅXp bmK]camb aX¯ntem AwK§fmbncp¶p."3 `àn{]Øm\¯nsâ hnImkambncp¶p Cu ImeL«¯nsâ asämcp khntijX. hnjvWp, ImÀ¯ntIb³, kqcy³ XpS§nb tZh·mÀs¡Ãmw t£{X§Ä ]Wnbs¸«p. _p²\pw XoÀ°¦ c\pw C¡meambt¸mtg¡pw ssZhambn DbÀ¯s¸«pIgnªp.4

\njvIma IÀ½w

ss__nfn Hcp hmNIap­v, "]pgphpw Xpcp¼pw sISp¡bpw IÅ·mÀ Xpd¶p tamjvSn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Cu `qanbn \n§Ä \nt£]w kzcq]n¡cpXv; ]pgph\pw Xpcp¼pw sISp¡msXbpw IÅ·mÀ Xpc¶p tamjvSn¡msXbpancn¡p¶ kzÀK¯n \n t£]w kzcq]n¨p sImÄho³."5 CXv tdmamkm{amPy¯nse km[mcW¡mÀ¡v AhnSps¯ [\hm·mÀ tbip{InkvXp F¶ IYm]m{X¯neqsS \ÂInb D]tZiamWv. N{IhÀ¯n¡pw {]`p¡·mÀ¡pw CXv _m[Iambn cp¶nÃ. asämcp `mK¯v "[\hm³ kzÀKcmPy¯n IS¡p¶Xn t\¡mÄ H«Iw kqNn¡pgeneqsS IS¡p¶Xv Ffp¸w."6 F¶pw ]dªn«p­v. [\hm\v kzÀKcmPyw In«pIbnsöpw AXv ]mh s¸«hÀ¡mbn dntkÀhv sNbvXncn¡pIbmsW¶pw AÀ°w hcp ¶ ]e hmIy§fpw CXpt]mse ss__nfnep­v. Cu hmNI §Ä [\hm·mÀ FgpXnsh¨XmsW¶ Imcy¯n kwibanÃ. `cW¯nsâ Gähpw apIfn N{IhÀ¯n, AXn\p Xmsg kma ´³, AhÀ¡p Xmsg {]`pþ C§s\ DbÀ¨ XmgvNItfmSpIqSnb Hcp kaql¯nsâ Gähpw Xmtg¡nSbnembncp¶p IÀjIs¯m 126

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

gnemfnbpw aäp sXmgnemfnIfpw. ChÀ km¼¯nIamb ASna¯w am{XaÃ, PmXobamb ASna¯hpw IqSn A\p`hn¨ncp¶p. CXn s\m¶pw FXncmbn {]Xntj[n¡cpsX¶mWv KoX ]dbp¶Xv. ImcWw, Ct¸mgs¯ AhØbv¡v ImcWw Ignª P·¯nse {]hr¯nIfmWv. C\nbpw IqSpX \¶mbn P\n¡Wsa¦n FÃmw kln¨p IgnªpsImÅWw. IrjvW³ D]tZin¡p¶Xv t\m¡pI: XkvamZkà: kXXw Imcyw IÀ½ kamNc Aktàm lymNc³ IÀ½]cam]vt\mXn ]qcpj: (\o ^emt]£ IqSmsX FÃmbvt]mgpw IÀ¯hyamb IÀ½ s¯ \Ãh®w sN¿pI. \njvImaambn IÀ½w sN¿p¶h³ tam £s¯ {]m]n¡pw.)7 {_mÒWmZn aq¶p PmXn¡mscbpw ^emt]£ IqSmsX ip{iq jn¡pIbmWv. iq{Zsâ (sXmgnemfnbpsS) tPmensb¶pw `K hm³ t\cs¯ ]dªn«p­v.8 kzm`mhnIamb B IÀ½whn«v a säm¶pw sN¿cpsX¶pwIqSn D]tZin¡m³ At±lw ad¶nÃ.9 iq{Z³ F¶p ]dªp Xmgv¯n \ndp¯nbncn¡p¶hcn Bsc ¦nepw {_mÒWtâtbm £{Xnbsâtbm sXmgn sN¿m³ XpS §nbmep­mIp¶ A]ISs¯¸änbpw At±l¯n\v t_m[ap ­mbncp¶p F¶mWv CXn\À°w.

[\hm³ GsX¦nepw hn[¯nepÅ NqjWw sIm­ÃmsX Hcp¯À¡pw [\hm·mcmbn¯ocm³ km²yasöv \ap¡dnbmw. ]t£, KoX bn ]dbp¶Xv Ignª P·¯n sNbvX ]pWyw sIm­mWv HcmÄ [\hm\mIp¶sX¶mWv. {]m]y]pWyIrXmw temIm\pjnXzm imizXo; kam; ipNo\mw {ioaXmw tKtl tbmK{`jvtSm`nPmbtX. (tbmK{`jvS³ ]pWyw sN¿p¶hsc¯nt¨cp¶ temI¯n hfsc¡mew Xmakn¨Xn\ptijw kZmNmc\ncX·mcmb [\ hm·mcpsS `h\¯n ho­pw P\n¡p¶p.)10 A§s\bmWv [\hm·mcp­mIp¶Xv! At¸mÄ AhÀs¡Xncmbn Nn´n¡p ¶Xp Xs¶ tZmjamIpw! 127

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Nmthäp]S kw`cn¡p¶p aucy km{amPy¯nsâ ]X\¯n\ptijw \nc´c bp²§fptS bpw ]Stbm«§fptSbpw Hcp ImeL«¯neqsSbmWv C³Uy IS¶pt]mbXv. hS¡p]Snªmsd C³Uy IqsS¡qsS hntZi B{IaW§sf t\cntS­nh¶p. C¯cw Ipg¸w \ndª Hcp ImeL«¯nsâ A´y¯nemWv kn.C. 320þ N{µKp]vX³ N{IhÀ¯nbmIp¶Xv. At±lhpw ]p{X\mb kap{ZKp]vX\pw henb ZznKznPb§Ä \S¯n. C³UybpsS H«pan¡ `mK§fpw B{Ian¨v AhÀ Iogvs]Sp¯n. Cu bp²¯ns\ms¡ [mcmfw ]«mf¡mÀ Bhiyambncp¶p. AhcpsS a\Ên\v Bthiw \ Im³ ]änb Hcp {KÙambncp¶p KoX. bp²w sN¿pIsb¶Xv £{Xnbsâ IÀ½amsW¶v AXv ]Tn¸n¡p¶p. am{Xtam? icocw \in¨mepw Bßmhv \in¡pIbnÃ; AXv ]ns¶bpw P\n¡pw !11 At¸mÄ acn¡ms\´n\v t]Sn¡Ww? A{Xam{XaÃ, bp²¯n acn¨m kzÀKcmPyhpw e`n¡pw. Pbn¨mtem em`ap­mhpIbpw sN¿pw.12 Ipcnipbp²¡me¯v amÀ]m¸ ]m]hntamN\¨o«pambn ]S bmfnIsf bp²¯n\b¨Xpt]msebmWnXpw ]p\ÀÖ·kn²m ´w ]SbmfnIÄ¡v Bizmkw \ÂIp¶ Hcp Bibambncp¶p.

Kp]vXcmPm¡·mÀ KoXbv¡v {]Nmcap­m¡m³ {ian¨Xnsâ ImcW§fn H¶nXmWv.

am\knIamb ASna¯w ASna¯hpw ASna¡¨hShpw C³UybpsS am{Xw {]tXyIX bÃ. temI¯n ]e Øe¯pw Ah \ne\n¶ncp¶p. ]t£, ASna¯w kpJamsW¶pw AXnÂ\n¶p tamN\w t\Sm³ {ian ¡p¶Xp ]m]amsW¶pw P\§sf ]dªp hnizkn¸n¡m³ A hÀ¡mÀ¡pw IgnªnÃ. F¶m IÀ½tbmKkn²m´w hgn _lp`qcn]£w C³Uym¡mtcbpw Xeapdbmbn ASnaIfm¡m \pw B ASna¯s¯ acWm\´cw D­mIpsa¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶ asämcp P·¯n\p th­n cpNntbmsS BkzZn¡m³ ioen¸n¡p hm\pw C³Uybnse ]ptcmlnX hÀK¯n\p Ignªp. AXn\v Ahsc klmbn¨Xv KoXbpw AXpt]mepÅ {KÙ§fpamWv. 128

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

References: 1. `KhZvKoX 1 : 33, 34 2. Ibid, 1 : 38, 39 3. Majumdar, R.C, Raychaudhary, H.C & K. Datta - An Advanced History of India (London, 1960) p. 199.

4. Ibid, pp 200, 201 5. a¯mbnbpsS kphntijw, 6 : 19, 20 6. Ibid, 19 : 24 7. `KhZvKoX 3 : 24 8. Ibid, 18 : 44 9. Ibid, 18 : 48 10. Ibid, 6 : 41 11. Ibid, 2 : 12 12. Ibid, 2 : 37

129

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

13 bpànhmZnIÄs¡XnscbpÅ ]Sl[z\n _n.kn.C. F«mw \qäm­p apX _n.kn.C. c­mw \qäm­p hscbpÅ Adp\qdp hÀj¡mew `mcX¯n bpànhmZ¯nsâ ImeL«ambncp¶p F¶v ap¼p hyàam¡nbn«p­tÃm. temIm bX·mÀ F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ bpànhmZnIÄ, BPohnIÀ, _p²a X¡mÀ, ssP\aX¡mÀ XpS§nbhcmbncp¶p A¶v kmaqlya\: km£nsb \nb{´n¨ncp¶Xv. hn`n¶ kwkvImc§Ä klhÀ ¯nXzt¯msS A¶p Ignªp IqSn. ]ptcmlnX·mÀ¡v Nne sNdnb tI{µ§fneÃmsX s]mXpPohnX¯n Øm\ap­mbncp ¶nÃ. Iebpw kmlnXyhpw imkv{Xhpw A`nhr²ns¸«p. C³Uym Ncn{X¯nse kphÀW ImeamWXv. A[nImcw \jvSs¸« ]ptcmlnX hÀKw ({_mÒWÀ) AsX §s\bpw hos­Sp¡m\pÅ {ia¯nembncp¶p. AXn\v AhÀ ]e amÀK§fpw Bkq{XWw sNbvXp. thZImeL«¯n \n¶v hyXykvXambn B Ime¯n\v ]änb Nne kn²m´§Ä Bhnjv Icn¨XmWv AXnsem¶v. _p²aX¯n \n¶pw ssP\aX¯n \n¶pw Nne Bib§Ä AhÀ kzoIcn¨p. cmPIob klmbap ­mbncp¶XpsIm­v B aX§Ä¡I¯pw NqjI·mÀ IS¶p IqSn. _p²n]qÀÆamb Nne 'AUvPÌpsaâp'IÄ D­m¡m³ A hÀ _p²aX¡mscbpw ssP\aX¡mscbpw t{]cn¸n¨p. _p² t\bpw almhoct\bpw ]Xps¡ ssZh§fpsS ]Zhnbnte¡v AhÀ DbÀ¯n. km[mcW P\§Ä¡v hnZym`ymkw \ÂIp¶ 130

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Imcy¯n {ItaW `n£p¡Ä Aekcmbn. ]ÞnX·mcnepw ]ÞntXmNnXamb NÀ¨Ifnepw am{Xambn AhcpsS {i². km[mcW¡mcpsS `mjbmb ]menbnembncp¶p BZyIme _p²aXIrXnIÄ. F¶m ]nev¡mes¯ _p²aXIrXnIÄ kwkvIrX¯n cNn¡s¸Sp¶Xmbn ImWp¶p. AtXmsS km [mcW¡mcpw _u²kmlnXyhpambpÅ _Ôw Ipdªph¶p.

GXm­v Cu Ime¯mWv hS¡p]Snªmsd C³Uybn XpSÀ ¨bmbn hntZim{IaW§Ä D­mIp¶Xv. AXv D¯tc´ysb cmjv{Sob inYneXbnte¡v \bn¨p. a\pjykmtlmZcy¯nepw Alnwkbnepw A[njvTnXamb _p²aX¯n\pw ssP\aX¯n \pw B{IaWImcnIÄs¡Xncmbn ]Ssh«m\pÅ t{]cW \ÂIp hm³ km²yambncp¶nÃ. \nc´cw bp²¯nteÀs¸tS­nh¶ cmPm¡·mÀ ]«mf¡mÀ¡v Bthiw \ÂIm³ ]änb tKm{Xk¦ ev]§sf t{]mÕmln¸n¡m³ XpS§n. AÀÖp\³, kwLÀj W³, hmkptZhIrjvW³, ZpÀ¤ XpS§nbh A¡me¯pbÀ ¶ph¶ ssZh§fmWv. {ItaW AXn hmkptZhIrjvW\pw AÀÖp\\pw {]mapJyw t\Sn. ]«mf¡mÀ¡pw cmPm¡·mÀ¡pw Cu IYIÄ BthiIc§fmbn. XIÀ¶pt]mb {_mÒWaX s¯ ]p\cp²cn¡m³ CXv ]änb kabamsW¶v {_mÒWÀ I ­p. ]pXnb ]Ým¯e¯n AhÀ c­p aX§Ä¡v cq]w \ÂIn. sshjvWhaXhpw ssihaXhpamWh. hS¡p]Snªmsd C³Uybn sshjvWhaXw {ItaW iàn{]m]n¨p. ]e cmPm ¡·mcpw B aX¯n ,tNcpIbpw cmPIobamb t{]mtÕml\ §Ä AXn\v e`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. {_mÒWÀ Cu kuIcyw icn¡v D]tbmKn¨p. AhcpsS i{Xp¡fmbncp¶ bpànhmZnIÄ, _p²aX¡mÀ, APohIÀ, ssP\aX¡mÀ XpS§nbhÀs¡Xn cmbn AhÀ kacw Bcw`n¨p. Cu kac¯nsâ ]Sl[z\nbpw \ap¡v `KhZvKoXbn hyàambn ImWmw.

ISp¯ ]I i{Xp kz´w ktlmZc\msW¦nepw ap¯Ñ\msW¦nepw ]p{X \msW¦nepw IcpWtbm klXm]tam IqSmsX bp²w sNbvXv Ahsc tXmev]n¡Wsa¶mWv IrjvW³ D]tZin¡p¶Xv. A[n 131

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Imc¯n\pth­n \n¡p¶hÀ¡v am{XaÃ, BibcwKs¯ i{Xp¡Ä¡pw CXv _m[Iambncp¶p. {ioIrjvW³ i{Xp¡tf ¸än ]dbpt¼mÄ D]tbmKn¡p¶ hm¡pIÄ {]tXyIw {i²nt¡ ­XmWv. Zpjv¡À½nIÄ, lqXP\§Ä (_p²nbnÃm¯hÀ), aqVÀ, kwibmßm¡Ä, AtNXÀ (a\Êm£nbnÃm¯hÀ), \jv Smßm¡Ä, ssZw`nIÀ (Al¦mcnIÄ) AkpcÀ, cm£kÀ Fs¶ms¡bmWv Bib¯nsâ i{Xp¡sf¸än ]dbpt¼mÄ D]tbmKn¡p¶ hm¡pIÄ. CXn\À°w ISp¯ ]ItbmsSbmWv Ahsc ho£n¨ncp¶sX¶mWtÃm. lnµpaXw At§bäs¯ klnjvWpX CXc aX§tfmSpw Nn´mKXnItfmSpw {]ISn¸n ¨ncp¶p F¶p ]dbp¶Xn HcÀ°hpansöv CXv sXfnbn ¡p¶p.

bpànhmZnItfmSv XÀ¡n¡cpXv bpànhmZnItfmSv XÀ¡n¡m³ t]mIcpsX¶pw AXv hnizm k¯IÀ¨bv¡v ImcWamIpsa¶pw Ct¸mgpw aXhnizmknIÄ ]dbmdp­v. KoXmImc\pw B A`n{]mb¡mc\mbncp¶p: {]IrtXÀ¤pWkwaqVm: kÖa´KpWIÀ½kp Xm\Irkvt\hntZmaµm³ IrÂkv\hn¶hnNmetb ({]IrX KpW§fm aqVcmbhÀ C{µnb§fnepw k¡À ½§fnepw A`nam\n¡p¶p. Aev]Ú·mcmb B aµ_p²n Isf ]qÀWÚm\apÅhÀ Hmtcm¶p ]dªv Cf¡cpXv.) 1 C{µnb§Ähgn am{Xta a\pjy\v Adnhv In«p¶pÅp F¶pw C{µnb§fpambn _Ôs¸« IÀ½§fmWv a\pjyÀ sN¿p¶ sX¶pw A¡me¯v ]dªncp¶hÀ temImbX·mÀ F¶dnb s¸«ncp¶p bpànhmZnIfmWv. Aev]Úcpw aµ_p²nIfpsa¶v IrjvW³ Ahsc A[nt£]n¡p¶ps­¦nepw Xsâ A\pbm bnIÄ Ahcpambn kwkmcn¡cpsX¶v hne¡p¶p. B hne ¡n t]mepap­v {_mÒWX{´w. ]qÀ®Úm\apÅhÀ Ah sc Hmtcm¶p ]dªv Cf¡cpsX¶mWv D]tZiw. Ahsc Cf ¡m³ sN¶m BcpsS BibamWv CfIp¶sX¶v KoXbpsS IÀ¯mhn\v \¶mbn Adnbmambncp¶p. AXpsIm­v bpàn hmZnIfpambn XÀ¡n¡m³ t]mImsX hnizmkt¯mSpIqSn 132

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

IÀ½§Ä A\pjvTn¡m³ ]dbp¶p. tb ta aXanZw \nXya\pXnjvT´n am\h: {i²mht´m\ kqbt´m apNyt´ tX]n IÀ½`n: (Fsâ Cu A`n{]mb¯n hnizmkt¯mSpIqSnbpw F¶n tZmjmtcm]Ww sN¿msXbpw Fsâ Cu aXs¯ A\pjvTn¡p ¶hÀ kIe ]pWy]m] IÀ½§fnÂ\n¶pw tamNn¸n¡s¸Spw.)2 hnaÀi\tam kwibtam IqSmsX IrjvWsâ aXs¯ A\pjv Tn¡m\mWv ChnsS Bhiys¸Sp¶Xv.

icWw {]m]n¡m¯ \cm[a·mÀ

"Poh\pÅnSt¯mfw Imew kpJambn Pohn¡Ww. Hcn¡Â ico cw Np«p Nm¼embn¡gnªm aS§nhcp¶sX§s\? icocw hn«pt]mIp¶hÀ ]ctemIt¯¡v t]mIps¶¦n AbmÄ Xsâ _Ôpan{XmZnIsf ImWm³ sImXn¨v Ct§m«pXs¶ aS§nhcm ¯sX´v? {_mÒWÀ X§fpsS D]Poh\¯n\pth­n sI«n¨a ¨p­m¡nbXmWv acn¨hÀ¡pth­nbpÅ {InbIsfÃmw. aänS s¯m¶pw AXpsIm­v ^esam¶panÃ. ]ÞnX·mcpsS FÃm a{´§fpw PÀ^cnXÀ^cn apXembhbpw Aizta[¯n dmWn ¡pth­n hn[n¨ FÃm AÇoeIÀ½Iem]§fpw hnZqjI·m cpsS I­p]nSn¯§fmWv."3 A¶s¯ bpànhmZnIÄ {]Ncn¨ncp¶ Nne Bib§fm Wnh. Cu Nn´mKXnbpsS kzm[o\¯nÂs]«hÀ, {_mÒWcpsS ]pXnb aX¯n\v FXncmbncp¶p. A¯c¡msc¸änbmWv KoX bnse Xmsg sImSp¡p¶ tÇmIw: \ amw ZpjvIrXnt\m aqVm: {]]Zys´ \cm[am: ambbm]lrX Úm\m Bkpcw`mham{iXm: (]m]ioe·mcpw aqV·mcpw ambbm A]lcn¡s¸« Úm \t¯mSpIqSnbhcpw Akpc`mhw {]m]n¨ncn¡p¶hcpw \cm[a ·mcpw Fs¶ `Pn¡p¶nÃ.)4 IrjvWs\ `Pn¡m¯hscms¡ \cm[\·mcpw Akpc`mhn Ifpw aqV·mcpamWs{X!

kwibmßm¡Ä kwibn¡pI, At\zjn¡pI, bmYmÀ°yw I­p]nSn¡pIþ FÃm 133

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¡met¯bpwt]mse A¶t¯bpw bpànhmZnIfpw C§s\ D]tZin¨ncp¶p. t\tc adn¨mWv aX¯nsâ \ne. FÃmw I®paS ¨p hnizkn¡m\pw aXt\Xm¡·mÀ ]dbp¶ IÀ½§Ä A\pjv Tn¡m\pw AhÀ Bhiys¸Sp¶p. kwibn¡p¶htc¸än KoX bn ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv: AÚÝm{i±[\mÝ kwibmßmhn\iyXn \mbw temtImkvXn \ ]tcm \ kpJw kwibmßm¡fpw (AÚ·mcpw hnizmkanÃm¯hcpw kwibmßm¡fpw \in ¨pt]mIpw. AhÀ¡v Cu temIhpanÃ; ]ctemIhpanÃ; kpJhp anÃ.)5 hnizmkanÃm¯hÀ¡pw kwibmßm¡Ä¡pw Cu temI ¯nÂt]mepw kpJw In«pIbnsöpw AhÀ \in¨pt]mIpsa ¶pw ]dbp¶Xv F´SnØm\¯nemsW¶v kwibw tXm¶mw.

Ahsc H¶S¦w \in¸n¡psa¶pXs¶bmWv KoXmImc³ Chn sS kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. XpSÀ¶v \S¶ Ncn{Xkw`h§Ä AXv sXfn bn¨n«p­v. AXv asämcp `mK¯v hniZoIcn¡p¶XmWv. IrjvW³ D]tZiw XpScp¶p: XkvamZ Úm\kw`qXw lrÂØw Úm\kn\mß\: OnssXz\w kwibw tbmKþ amXnjvtTm¯njvT `mcX! (tl, `mcX! AXpsIm­v \o AÚm\w \nan¯ap­mb kwibs¯ Úm\amIp¶ hmÄsIm­v sh«napdn¨pIfªv tbmKa\pjvTn¡pI. \o Fgpt¶ev¡pI.)6 kwibn¡p¶hÀ¡v C¯cw \miap­mIpt¼mÄ Cuizc hn izmknIfpsS \ne hfsc kpc£nXambncn¡psa¶pw KoXmIm c³ ]dbp¶p. A§s\bpÅhsc Hcp IÀ½_Ô§fpw _m[n¡p IbnsöpIqSn ]dbm³ At±l¯n\v aSnbnÃ.)7

{_mÒW IÀ½§Ä ]ÞnX·mcpsS ({_mÒWcpsS) a{´X{´mZnIsfÃmw BfpI sf NqjWw sN¿p¶Xn\p th­n D­m¡nbXmsW¶v temImb X·mÀ (bpànhmZnIÄ) {]Ncn¸n¨ncp¶p. ssZhw FÃm a\pjy 134

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

tcbpw Hcpt]mse kvt\ln¡p¶ps­¦n CSbv¡v Hcp a[y س IqSmsX BfpIÄ¡v ssZht¯mSp {]mÀ°n¡pItbm hgn ]mSpIÄ \ÂIpItbm sN¿matÃm. AÀÖp\\pw Cu kwibw Xs¶ tNmZnbv¡p¶p: tb imkv{Xhn[naÂkrPy bPt´ {i²\m\znXm: tXjma \njvTmXpIm IrjvW! kXzamtlm cPkvXa: (tl IrjvWm! imkv{Xhn[nsbm¶pw IqSmsX hnizmkt¯m sS Bsc¦nepw bÚw \S¯nbm AhcpsS ØnXnsb´mWv? AXp kmXznItam cmPktam Xmaktam?)8 kmXznIkhpw cmPkhpw bmK§sf¸än hniZamb Hcp hnh cWw Xs¶ CXn\p adp]Snbmbn IrjvW³ \ÂIp¶p. bmKw \St¯­sX§s\sbÃmsa¶pw At¸mÄ Fs´Ãmw sN¿W sa¶pw Hs¡ At±lw hnkvXcn¡p¶p. bmK§Ä \St¯­ Xnsâ BhiyIX sXfnbn¡p¶Xn\p th­nbpÅ {iaamWXv. Ahkm\s¯ {]Jym]\w IqSpX {i²bÀln¡p¶p. hn[nlo\akrjvSm¶w a{´lo\aZ£oWw {i²mhnclnXw bÚw Xmakw ]cnN£tX. (hn[n{]ImcaÃmsXbpw {_mÒW§fnepÅ hn[nIfmWv C hnsS Dt±in¡p¶Xv) A¶w Zm\w sN¿msXbpw a{´anÃmsXbpw sN¿s¸Sp¶ bÚw XmakamIp¶p)9 Cu tÇmIs¯ hymJym\n¨psIm­v kzman inhm\µ³ C§ s\ ]dbp¶p: "Hcp Xmaknbm \S¯s¸Sp¶ bmKw Hcn¡epw \nÀ±njvS hn[ntbm \nbatam A\pkcnt¨m at{´m¨mcWt¯m sStbm Bbncn¡pIbnÃ. \n§Ä¡v Cu bÚ¯n FÃm Ir XyanÃmbvabpw ImWmw. {_mÒWÀ¡v `£Ww \ÂInbncn¡pI bnÃ. Z£nWtbm \nÝnX ^otkm ]ptcmlnX·mÀ¡p \ÂIp IbnÃ. a{´§Ä icn¡pw sNmÃnbn«p­mhpIbnÃ. AhnsS hn izmkhpw ImWpIbnÃ. HcmÄ C§s\ Hcp XmakbÚw \S ¯nbm Hcp {]tbmP\hpw In«p¶XÃ."10 bÚw, thZ]T\w XpS§nbh NmXpÀ hÀWy¯n {_mÒ WÀ¡p am{Xw hn[n¡s¸«n«pÅXmsW¶pw aäpÅhÀ¡v AXp sN¿m³ A[nImcansöpw _meKwKm[c XneI³ At±l 135

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¯nsâ hymJym\¯nepw Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶p­v.11 {_mÒW ta[mhnXzw ]p\:Øm]n¡pIbmWv KoXbpsS Dt±iysa¶v CXn \n¶v hyàamIp¶p.

\mkvXnIÀs¡Xnsc Xpd¶ B{IaWw {_mÒW ta[mhnXzs¯ ]p\:Øm]n¡m\pÅ {ia¯n\v Gä hpw iànamb FXnÀ¸v sshjvWhÀ¡p t\cntS­n h¶Xv bpànhmZn(\mkvXnIÀ)Ifn \n¶mWv. ]Xn\mdmw A²ymb ¯n KoXmImc³ AhÀs¡Xnsc Xpd¶ B{IaWw Xs¶ \S¯p¶p: AkXya {]XnjvTw tX PKZmlpc\oizcw A]ckv]c kw`qXw Ina\y ImasslXpIw. (AhÀ Cu temIw kXyan¯mXmsW¶pw hyhØbpÅX söpw Cuizc\nsöpw kv{Xo]pcpj kwkÀ¤w sIm­p am{X amWv PohnIfp­mIp¶sX¶pw Imaw Xs¶bmWXn\p ImcW sa¶pw ]dbp¶p. asä´msW¶pw AhÀ tNmZn¡p¶p)12 C¶s¯ bpànhmZnIfpw CsXms¡ ]dbp¶p­v. t\sc adn¨mWv hnizmknIfpsS \ne. kzman inhm\µ³ Cu tÇmI ¯n\p \ÂIp¶ hymJym\hpw IqSn {i²nt¡­XmWv. "{]]©¯n\v bmsXmcp ASnØm\tam Xmt§m A\izc amb ASnØm\iàntbm Csöv AhÀ IcpXp¶p. NmÀÆmIÀ, `uXnIhmZnIÄ (temImbXÀ) XpS§nb \mkvXnIcpsS A`n {]mb§fpsS hniZoIcWamWnXv. Cu temI¯nÂt]mepw Hcp Cuizc\ps­¶v AhÀ k½Xn¡pIbnÃ. AhÀ ]dbpw: \½Ä bYmÀ°¯nepÅhcÃ. AXpsIm­v Cu temIhpw AbYmÀ °amWv. kXyw shfns¸Sp¯p¶ hnip² {KÙ§fpw AbYmÀ °amsW¶v AhÀ ]dbp¶p. Imaw am{XamWv temI¯n\p Imc Wsa¶pw AhÀ ]dbpw. ssewKnI hnImcamWv FÃm PohnIÄ ¡pw ImcWw. IÀ½imkv{X¯n ]dbp¶sXm¶pw icnbÃ."13 NmÀhmI·mscbpw CXc `uXnIhmZnItfbpw]än ]dbp t¼mÄ AkpcÀ, cm£kÀ Fs¶ms¡ AÀ°w hcp¶ ]Z§ fmWv KoXm `mjy§fnseÃmw D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. FXmw ZrjvSnahjvS`y \jvSmßmt\mev] _p²b: 136

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

{]`h´yp{K IÀ½mW: £bmb PKtXmlnXm: (C§s\bpÅ A`n{]mb§sf (\mkvXnIXzw) Ahew_n ¡pIbm Aev]_p²nIfmb ChÀ Bßmhns\ \jvSs¸Sp ¯pIbpw {IqcIÀ½§Ä sNbvXpsIm­v temI¯n\p hntcm[n Ifmbn AXns\ \in¸n¡m³ {ian¡p¶p.)14 bpànhmZnIsfms¡ {Iqc·mcpw Aev]_p²nIfpamsW¶pw AhÀ temIs¯ \in¸n¡m³ {ian¡pIbmsW¶pw ]dbp¶ KoXmImc³ ChnsS hnhcanÃm¯ shdpw \m«n³]pd¯pImc \mb ImcWhcpsS \nebnte¡v XmgpIbmWv. ChnsS KoXm Imc\v bpànhmZnIÄs¡Xncmbn ]dbm³ Hcp hmZKXnbpanÃ.

D¯cwap«nb Hcp Inghs\t¸mse IrjvW³ ]dbp¶p: Ima{inXy Zpjv]qcw Zw`am\aZm\znXm: tamlm KrloXzmk {Kmlm³ {]hÀ¯t´ip Nn{]Xm: (F{X BkzZn¨mepw Xr]vXnhcm¯ Imas¯ B{ibn¡p Ibm `wKw, Zpc`nam\w, KÀÆw F¶nhtbmSpIqSn AhÀ sXäm b Bib§fpsS ^eambn Aip²amb Imcy§Ä sN¿p¶p). 15 "Imaw GsshI ]pcpjmÀ°w F¶ _rlkv]XnbpsS kn²m ´s¯bmWv KoXmImc³ ChnsS FSp¯v A]lkn¡p¶sX ¶p tUmIvSÀ cm[mIrjvW³ Nq­n¡m«p¶p. 16 EtKzZa{´§Ä cNn¨hcn HcmfmWv Cu _rlkv]Xn. C³Uybnse, Hcp ]t£ temI¯nse Xs¶, BZys¯ Adnbs¸Sp¶ \mkvXnI\mbn cp¶p _rlkv]Xn alÀjn. C³Uybnse, Hcp ]t£ temI ¯nse Xs¶ BZys¯ Adnbs¸Sp¶ \mkvXnI\mbncp¶p _rlkv]Xn alÀjn. A`nemj§Ä (Imaw) km[n¡pIbmWv ]pcpjmÀ°sa¶v A¶v At±lw {_mÒWscbpw £{Xnbtc bpaà ap¼n I­ncp¶Xv. A`nejn¡p¶Xpw AXne[nIhpw In«m³ AhÀ¡v kuIcyap­mbncp¶p. km[mcW¡mc³ A`n emj§fnÃm¯h\mIWsa¶p am{Xta KoXmImc\v B{Klap Åp. PohnXm`nemjapÅhcmIm³ P\§sf DZvt_m[n¸n¡p¶ bpànhmZnIsf Akpc·mÀ F¶v {ioIrjvW³ hnfn¡p¶Xnsâ ImcWw CXmWv. {]]©w Zp:JmßIamsW¶pw ^teÑbnÃmsX am{Xta 137

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

IÀ½w sN¿mhq F¶pw ]dªncp¶ thZm´nIsf FXnÀ¯p sIm­v NmÀhmI·mÀ (bpànhmZnIÄ) ]dªncp¶Xv C§ s\bmWv: XymPyw kpJw hnjb kwKa P· ]pwkm.

Zp:tJm] krjvSnanXn aqÀJ hnNmcssWjm {holo³ PnlmkXn kntXm¯a XÞpemVym³ tIm \ma t`mkvXpj ItWm]lnXm³ lnXmÀ°o (Zp:JkrjvSsa¶p IcpXn hnjbkpJw XyPn¡Wsa¶p ]d bp¶Xv shdpw aqVhnNmcamWv. Danbps­¶p IcpXn H¶m´cw AcnbpÅ s\Ãv Bsc¦nepw Dt]£n¡mdpt­m?) sshZnIaXs¯ AXncq£amb `mjbn NmÀhmI·mÀ hnaÀ in¨ncp¶p. Hcp DZmlcWw t\m¡pI: Aántlm{Xw {XtbmthZmþ kv{Xn]pÞw `kva KpWvT\w _p²n]ucpj lo\m\mw PohntIXn _rlkv]Xn: (Aántlm{Xw, thZ§Ä Xncp{Þw `kvam]te]\w apXem bh _p²nbpw ]ucpjhpanÃm¯hcpsS hbdp]ng¸n\pÅhbm Wv.) C{X iàambpw bpànbpàambpw C³Uybnse P\kmam \y¯nsâ hnNmc hnImc§Ä {]ISn¸n¨ncp¶ NmÀhmI·mtcmSv KoXmImc\pÅ shdp¸v Xmsg sImSp¡p¶ tÇmI§fn hyà ambn ImWmw: Al¦mcw _ew ZÀ¸w Imaw t{Im[wNkw{inXm: amamß ]ctZtljp {]Zznjt´m`ykqbIm: (Al¦mcw, _ew, KÀÆw, Imaw, t{Im[w F¶nhsb B{i bn¨n«v AkqbmIp£nIfmb B Akpckz`mhnIÄ ]ctZl§ fn hÀ¯n¡p¶ Fs¶ tZzjn¡p¶p.)17 Xm\lw ZznjX: {Iqcm³ kwkmctcjp \cm[am³ £n]may P{kaiq`m\m kpcotjzh tbm\njp, (Fs¶ tZzjn¡p¶ {Iqc·mcmb Cu \cm[a·msc kwkmc §fn Akpc tbm\nIfnÂXs¶ F¶pw hogv¯p¶XmWv.)18 138

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

ASp¯ P·¯n Cu "\cm[·m"sc ISphm, knwlw XpS §nbhcpsS tbm\nIfn P\n¸n¡psa¶mWv "Akptcjp tbm \ojp" F¶Xn\v kzman inhm\µ³ AÀ°w \ÂIp¶Xv.19 C{X bpwsIm­pw IrjvWsâ {]XnImcw Xocp¶nÃ. At±lw XpScp ¶p: Akpcow tbm\na]¶m aqVm P·\n P·\n ama{]mss]yh Iut´b! XtXmbm´y [amwKXn (tl Ip´n]p{Xm! B aqV·mÀ P·wtXmdpw Akpctbm\n sb¯s¶ {]m]n¨v Hcn¡epw Fs¶ {]m]n¸m\nShcmsXI­v HSphn AXnepw A[aamb P·s¯ {]m]n¡p¶p.)20 "F§s\bmWv Iotgm«pIotgm«pÅ P·§Ä D­mIp¶sX¶v kzman inhm\µ³ hnhcn¡p¶p­v: hym{Ltbm\nbn \n¶pw AhÀ kÀ¸tbm\nbn {]thin¡pw. AhnsS\n¶pw IoS]XwK tbm\nbnepw ]n¶oSv acambpw AhÀ P\n¡pw."21 a\pjysâ `mh\ CXn IqSpX ImSpIbdp¶sX§s\?

Cu k¦ev]§Äs¡ms¡ F´mWv sXfnsh¶p tNmZn¨m KoXmImc\pw {ioIrjvW\pw D¯canÃ. Aimkv{Xobamb C¯ cw {]e]\§Ä tI«v `bs¸Sp¶hcpambncp¶nà bpànhmZnIÄ.

AXpsIm­v ImbnIambn¯s¶ Ahsc t\cnSm\mbncp¶p {_mÒWcpsS ASp¯ {iaw. Ignbp¶nS§fnseÃmw \mSphmgn IfpsS klmbt¯msS AhÀ bpànhmZnIÄ¡pw _p²aX¡mÀ ¡pw ssP\aX¡mÀ¡pw FXncmb B{Iaw Agn¨phn«p. AÔ Imc\n_nUamb Hcp bpK¯n\v A§s\ Bcw`w Ipdn¨p.

139

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

References: 1. `KhZvKoX 3 : 29 2. Ibid, 3 : 31 3. NmÀÆmI³: tUmIvSÀ cm[mIrjvWsâ D²cWn þ `mcXob ZÀi\w, t]Pv 256.

4. `KhZvKoX, 7 : 15 5. Ibid, 4 : 40 6. Ibid, 4 : 42 7. Ibid, 4 : 41 8. Ibid, 17 : 1 9. Ibid, 17 : 13 10. Sivananda, Sri Swami - Srimad Bhagavad Gita (Rishikesh, 1949), p. 742 11. Tilak, Bal Gangadhar - Srimad Bhagavad Gita. Rahasya (Bombay, 1857) Vol. II. p. 1163, 1164.

12. `KhZvKoX, 16 : 8 13. Sivananda, Swami Sri, p.p. 698, 699 14. `KhKvZoX, 16 : 9 15. Ibid, 16 : 10 16. Radhakrishnan, Dr. S.-The Bhagavad Gita (London, 1948), p. 337 17. `KhZvKoX, 16 : 18 18. Ibid, 16 : 19 19. Sivananda, Swami Sri, p. 714 20. `KhZvKoX 16 : 20 21. Sivananda, Swami Sri. p. 715

140

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

14 C³UymNcn{X¯nse AÔImcbpKw A[À½¯ns\Xncmbn \S¶ [À½bp²¯nsâ {]Xncq]mß Iamb IYbmbn ]ecpw alm`mcX IYsb hymJym\n¨p tIÄ ¡mdp­v. [À½m[À½§fpsS Gäpap«en [À½¯n\v hnPbw e`n¨ Øe sa¶ \nebn 'Ipcpt£{Xw' Hcp ssienbmbn¯ s¶ amdn¡gnªncn¡p¶p. Nne D¯tc´y³ tKm{XhÀK¡m cpsSbnSbn \nehnencp¶ Hcp \mtSmSn¡Ybv¡v s]mSn¸pw sXm§epw sh¨v \qäm­pIfneqsS hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ alm`mcX IYbv¡pw AXn ]nev¡me¯v Iq«nt¨À¯ `KhZvKoXbv¡pw Ncn{Xhpambn bmsXmcp _ÔhpanÃm¯Xpt]mseXs¶ [À½ hpambpw _ÔanÃ. t\sc adn¨v [À½m[À½Nn´ IqSmsX NmÀ ÆmI·mÀ, APohÀ, _p²aX¡mÀ F¶nhsc Iq«s¡mesN¿m³ t{]cW \ÂIp¶ Hcp {KÙamWv KoX. alm`mcX¯nsâ Dt± iyhpw AXpXs¶bmWv. `qcn]£¡mcmb Iuch·mcpsSta \yq\]£¡mcmb ]mÞh·mÀ¡v hnPbw t\Sm³ Ignbpsa¶v sXfnbnt¡­Xv {_mÒWcpsS Bhiyambncp¶p. ImcWw A¶v {_mÒWÀ \yq\]£hpw bpànhmZnIÄ `qcn]£hpambn cp¶phtÃm. Iuch·msc tXmev]n¡p¶Xn\v ]mÞh·mcpsS D]tZjvSmhmb IrjvW³ ]e X{´§fpw D]tbmKn¡p¶p. Nne DZmlcW§Ä am{Xw ChnsS sImSp¡mw. alm`mcX bp²¯nsâ ]¯mwZnhkw Iuch tk\m]Xn bmb `ojvaÀ ictaäv ]S¡f¯n hogp¶p. BWpw s]®paÃm ¯ inJÞnsb ap³\ndp¯ns¡m­mbncp¶p A¶s¯ bp²w. tKm{XhÀKImes¯ kmaqlyt_m[¯n\v ]cm{Ianbmb Hcp 141

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

£{Xnb³ Hcp kv{Xosb sImÃp¶Xnt\¸än Nn´n¡m³ Ignbp ambncp¶nÃ. AXv \¶mbn Adnbmhp¶ IrjvW\mWv `o£va cpsS ap¼nte¡v inJÞnsb Abbv¡p¶Xv. AbmfpsS Akv{X taät¸mÄ `ojvaÀ ]dbp¶ hm¡pIfpw {it²bamWv: "sImÃp¶nà ]mÞhsc c­pImcWtamÀ¯p Rm³ ]mÞh·mÀ¡h[yXzw inJÞn kv{XoXzsa¶Xpw." Iuch ]£s¯ asämcp bp²hoc\mbncp¶p t{ZmWÀ. ]m Þh·mcpsSt]mepw KpcphmWt±lw. B ]cm{Iaimensb h[n ¡m³ BÀ¡pw km[yasöp a\Ênembt¸mÄ {ioIrjvW³ asämcp D]mbw I­p]nSn¡p¶p. t{ZmWcpsS ]p{X\mb Aiz°m amhv acn¨p F¶v Bsc¦nepw At±lw tIÄs¡ ]dbWw. AXp tI«t¸mÄ PohnXmi \in¨ t{ZmWÀ Bbp[§Ä hens¨dnbpw. ]t£, BcmWnXp ]dbpI? C¯cw Hcp NXn \S¯p¶Xv bp² \nba§Äs¡Xncmbncp¶p. F¶v Adnbmhp¶hÀ AXns\ F XnÀ¯p. IrjvW³ \ymbhmZw sIm­v AXv t_m²ys¸Sp¯n.

Ahkm\w B ]¨¡Åw ]S¡f¯n sh¨p ]dbp¶Xv [À½n jvT\mb bp[njvTnc³ Xs¶bmWv. "Aiz°mam lX:" F¶v [À½]p{XÀ ]dbp¶Xp tI«t¸mÄ t{ZmWÀ {]Xo£n¨Xpt]m se sNbvXp, bmsXmcp aSnbpw IqSmsX ]mÞh·mÀ At±l s¯ h[n¨p. ]mÞh ktlmZc·mcpsS Xs¶ kz´w ktlm Zc\mb IÀ®s\ tXmev]n¡m\pw AhÀ X{´§Ä D]tbmKn ¨p. bp²¡f¯n sh¨v {ioIrjvWsâ NXn{]tbmKw sIm­m Wv IÀ®sâ tXÀN{Iw sNfnbn ]pXbp¶Xv. Cu kabw t\m¡n At±lt¯bpw AhÀ sIm¶p. bp²mhkm\¯n\Sp¯p \S¶ asämcp NXnbpsS IYbpw alm`mcX¯n ImWmw. `oa \pw Zptcym[\\pw X½nepÅ Zzµzbp²w \S¡pIbmWv. F{X {ian¨n«pw Zptcym[\s\ ]cmPbs¸Sp¯m³ `oa\p IgnªnÃ.

Cu Ahkc¯n B Zzµzbp²w ho£n¨psIm­p \n¶ {ioIr jvW³ `oa\v Hcp \nÀt±iw sImSp¯p. AX\pkcn¨v Zptcym[ \sâ XpSbv¡v `oa³ KZsIm­Sn¨p. Zzµzbp²¯n Acbv¡p 142

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Xmsg ASn¡m³ ]mSnsömbncp¶p A¶s¯ \nbaw. AXp sXän¡psa¶p IcpXmXncp¶ Zptcym[\³ KZbSntbäp hoWp. C³Uybnse ]pWyØe§Ä kµÀin¨v Ipcpt£{X¯nse ¯nb _e`{Zcma³ Cu NXn I­p sR«n. At±lw AXns\Xn cmbn kwkmcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ]t£, {ioIrjvW³ AXns\ \ymboIcn¡pIbmWv sNbvXXv. [À½kwØm]\mÀ°w Ah Xcn¨p F¶v AhImis¸Sp¶ Cu ssZhw CXpt]mse A[mÀ ½nI§fmb ]e {]hr¯nIfpw sN¿p¶Xmbn alm`mcX¯n Xs¶ hnhcn¡p¶p­v. hrµmh\¯n sh¨v AhnsSbpÅ FÃm tKm]nIamcpambpw ImatIfn \S¯p¶Xn Cu ssZhw sXäpI ­nÃ. Cu tKm]nIamcn ]ecpw aäpÅhcpsS `mcyamcpambn cp¶p. {ioIrjvWsâ ImapInamcn {]apJbmb cm[ Xs¶ cm ]mW³ Fs¶mcmfpsS `mcybmbncp¶p. Nne ]pcmW IYIÄ A\pkcn¨v Cu cm]mW³ {ioIrjvWsâ A½mh·mcn Hcm fmWv. A¡W¡n A½mhsâ `mcysbbmWv At±lw ImapIn bm¡nbXv. AhcpÅt¸mÄ Xs¶ aäp \nch[n bphXnIfpambpw IrjvW³ _Ôw ]peÀ¯n. CXn\p ]pdta ]e hnhml§fpw \S¯n. AXnepsam¶pw [mÀ½nI \oXnsbm¶pw ]men¡m³ IrjvW³ XbmdmbnÃ. hnZÀ` cmPmhmb `ojvaI³ kz]p{Xnsb inip]me³ Fs¶mcp cmPmhn\v hnhmlw sNbvXpsImSp¡m sa¶v ]dªp. AX\pkcn¨v BtLmj§Ä \S¶p hcp¶ ka b¯mWv IrjvW³ AhnsS {]Xy£s¸«v B bphXnsb X«n s¡m­p t]mIp¶Xv. [À½kwØm]\mÀ°w h¶ Cu ssZhw ImWn¨ amXrI C¶s¯ a\pjyÀ ]n´pSÀ¶m F´mbncn ¡pw ØnXn?

iànbmWv icn A©mas¯ thZamWv alm`mcXsa¶p ]dbmdp­v. C³Uy bnse lnµp¡fpsSbnSbn Gähpw {]NmcapÅ aX{KÙamWXv. Cu {KÙ¯n `ojvtam]tZiw Fs¶mcp `mKap­v. Ipcpt£{X bp²w Ignªv icib\¯n InS¶ `ojvasc bp[njvTnc\pw ktlmZc·mcpw IqSn sN¶p I­v D]tZiw Bcmªt¸mÄ A t±lw ]dª Nne A`n{]mb§fmWv B `mKw. 143

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

"iàn icntb¡mÄ D¶XamWv. iànbn \n¶mWv icn ]pds¸Sp¶Xv. PohnIÄ¡v `qansb¶t]mse icn¡v iànbpsS ]n³_ew e`n¡p¶p. ]pI Imäns\sb¶t]mse iànsb icn A\pKan¡p¶p.

BÚmiànsIm­v icn \in¸n¡s¸«p F¶phcmw. ac¯n hÅnsb¶t]mse icn, iànbn ]nSn¨p Ibdp¶p. ià·mcpsS ssIbnemWv icnbpsS Øm\w. iànbpÅhÀ¡v H¶pw Xs¶ Akm²yaÃ. ià·mÀ sN¿p¶sXÃmw ]cnip²amWv."1 "ap¡ph³ aÕys¯sb¶t]mse a\pjysc sImÃm³ \n §Ä¡p Ignbp¶nsæn h³ hnPb§Ä t\Sm\pÅ Bi Dt]£n¡Ww."2 `mcXbp²¯nsâ [À½m[À½§fpw sXäpw icnbpw \nÀ® bn¨ XXzimkv{Xw Cu hmNI§fn AS§nbncn¡p¶p. Ncn {Xw \nÀ½n¡p¶Xv ]et¸mgpw hnPbnIÄ¡v A\pIqeambn«m Wv. Cu XXzw \¶mbn Adnbmhp¶hcmbncp¶p C³Uybnse {_mÒWÀ. IcpWmteisat\y _ÔpP\§sf sImÃm³ \nÀ t±in¡p¶ IrjvW³, AhcpsS a\Ênsâ krjvSnbmWv. IrjvW t\s¡m­v KoXmImc³ ]dbn¡p¶Xp t\m¡pI: assbsshtX \nlXm: ]qÀÆtah \nan¯am{Xw `hkhykmNn³.

(Rm³ ap¼pXs¶ Cu i{Xp¡sf \nl\n¨p Ignªncp¶p. \o i{Xpl\\¯n Hcp ImcWam{X\mbn¯oÀ¶m aXn.) 3 ssZhamWv bYmÀ°¯n bp²w \S¯p¶sX¶pw a\pjy³ ssZh¯nsâ ssIbnse shdpw D]IcWw am{XamsW¶pamWv 144

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

ChnsS hyàam¡p¶Xv. A[nImcnIÄ F´p sNbvXmepw ssZh ¯nsâ t]cp ]dªv c£s¸Smw. asämcp tÇmI¯nepw CtX hmZw BhÀ¯n¡p¶p: bky\mlwIrtXm `mthm _p²c¿ky \en]ytX lXzm]n k Cam³ temIm³ \l´n\ \n_²ytX. (Xm³ IÀ¯mhmsW¶v A`nam\anÃm¯h³ IÀ½§fn BkàaÃm¯ _p²ntbmSpIqSnbh³ F¶nhÀ Cu temI¯n epÅ kÀÆ {]mWnItfbpw sImÃp¶Xmbpw kz´w ZrjvSym t\m¡p¶Xmbm Ah³ Bscbpw sImÃp¶nÃ; X¶nan¯w XÂ^e§Ä Ahs\ _Ôn¡p¶panÃ.)4 i{Xp¡sf \njvIcpWw sImesN¿msa¶pw AXns\mcp Zqjyhpansöpw ]Tn¸n¡p¶ Cu kn²m´w, bpànhmZIme L«¯nse C³Uybv¡v A]cnNnXambncp¶p. Alnwkbv¡pw A{IacmlnXy¯n\pw a\pjyXz¯n\pambncp¶tÃm A¶p {]m[m\yw. {_mÒWÀ hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ Cu sIme]mXI kn ²m´w Nne D]\nj¯pIfnepw ImWm\p­v.

"Bßmhv CXpaÃ, AXpaà (t\Xn t\Xn) AXv BIrXnbp ­mIm³ ]mSnÃm¯Xpw BIrXnbnÃm¯XpamWv. AXv XIÀ ¡m³ ]mSnÃm¯XmbXpsIm­v \in¸n¡s¸Sphm\pw \nhÀ¯n bnÃm¯XmWv. H¶nt\mSpw _Ôs¸Sm³ \nhÀ¯nbnÃm¯Xp sIm­v AXn\v H¶pambpw _ÔanÃ. AXn\v AfhnÃ. AXn\v tcmKw _m[n¡pItbm apdnth¡pItbm CÃ. CXp a\Ênem ¡p¶ BÄ¡v "Rm³ sXäp sNbvXp" Asæn "Rm³ icn sNbvXp." F¶ hnNmcw D­mhpIbnÃ. AXns\ c­nt\bpw AbmÄ IogS¡n Ignªp. AbmÄ F´p sNbvXp, sNbvXnà F¶pÅXv Abmsf _Ôn¡p¶nÃ."5 OtµmtKym]\nj¯nepÅXmWv Xmsg sImSp¡p¶ hmNIw. "AánbpsS apIfn shbv¡p¶ apf I¯n Nmcambn amdp¶p.

Aántlm{XbmKw \S¯p¶hsâ FÃm sXäpIfpw AXpt]mse Zln¨pt]mIpw."6 thsdmcp D]\njZv hN\w IqSn {i²n¡pI: "C{µ³ ]dªp: Fs¶ a\Ênem¡pI. Fs¶ a\Ênem¡p¶ 145

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

a\pjyÀ¡v Rm³ At§bäw klmbw sN¿pw. Xzkv{XnbpsS aq¶p XebpÅ aIs\ Rm³ sIm¶p. BdpapJsâ k\ymkw Rm³ Im«p]«nIÄ¡p \ÂIn. At\I bp²§fn AXn{Iaw ImWn¨v {]ËmZsâbmfpIsf BImi¯nepw ]utemasc A´ co£¯nepw ImfIm©sc `qanbnepw kvXw`n¸n¨p \ndp¯n.

At¸msgm¶pw Fsâ Hcp tcma¯n\pt]mepw tISp ]änbnÃ.

AXpt]mse Fs¶ a\Ênem¡p¶ HcmÄ¡v `qanbnse Hcp {]hr¯n sIm­pw apdnhv D­mhpIbnÃ. tamjvSn¡pItbm KÀ `On{Zw \S¯pItbm kz´w A½sb sImÃpItbm AÑs\ sImÃpItbm sNbvXmepw B {]hr¯nsIm­v AbmfpsS apJ¯v Hcp `mht`Zhpw D­mhpIbnÃ.7 {Iqchpw ss]imNnIhpamb Cu {_mÒW kn²m´§sf ]p\chXcn¸n¡pIbmbncp¶p KoXmImc³. tKm{X§tfbpw \mSpItfbpw IogS¡n kÀÆm[n]XnIfmbn¯oÀ¶ Kp]vXcm Pm¡·mÀ¡pw aäp `cWm[nImcnIÄ¡pw tbmPn¨Xpw Xr]vXnIc hpamb Hcp kn²m´w! CXv AhÀ \S¸nem¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

\mkvXnIXz¯ns¶Xnsc sFIyap¶Wn GXp hn[¯nepw Icp¯mÀÖn¡pI, Icp¯·mÀ sN¿p¶sX Ãmw icnbmbn¯ocpw F¶pXs¶bmbncp¶p {_mÒWcpsS hn Nmcw. _p²aXw, ssP\aXw XpS§nb `uXnIhmZ¯ne[njvTn Xambncp¶ aX§Ä¡pw NmÀhmI·mÀ, BPohnIÀ, temImb XÀ, \mkvXnIÀ Fs¶ms¡ Adnªncp¶ bpànhmZnIÄ¡pw {]apJØm\ap­mbncp¶ Btdgp \qäm­p Imet¯mfw {_mÒ WÀ¡v P\§sf NqjWw sN¿m³ IgnªnÃ. GXp hn[¯nepw kzX{´ Nn´tbbpw `uXnIhmZ¯n ASnØm\am¡nbpÅ PohnX k{¼Zmbs¯bpw XIÀ¡m³ AhÀ ¹m\n«p. alm`mcX hpw KoXbpsams¡ FgpXnbXv AXn\pth­nbmWv. _p²aX ¯ns\Xncmbn Hcp kam´caXs¯ þ sshjvWhaXs¯ þ h fÀ¯ns¡m­ph¶Xpw AXn\pth­n¯s¶. FÃm hnizmk {]amW§Ä¡pw Bcm[\mcoXnIÄ¡pw lnµpaX¯n Øm\ aps­¶p ]dbmdp­tÃm. ]ckv]c hncp²§fmb Bib§sf tImÀ¯nW¡ns¡m­pt]mIm³ lnµpaX¯n\pÅ Akm[mc 146

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Wamb Ignhns\ ]e Ncn{XImc·mcpw apàIWvTw ]pIgv¯nbn «pap­v. ]t£, hnimeamb Cu aXw F´psIm­v _p²aX¡mÀ ¡pw NmÀhmI·mÀ¡pw aäpsaXncmbn AXnITn\§fmb ka c§Ä \S¯nb IY AhÀ hnkvacn¡p¶p. Bcy]mc¼cy¯n\p ]pd¯pÅ {]mIrX ssZh§sfsbÃmw lnµpaXw AwKoIcn¡p Ibpw Ahbv¡v aX¯n Øm\w sImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp F¶v tUmIvSÀ cm[mIrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xpw {it²bamWv. At±lw XpScp¶p: "CXv (lnµpaXw) FÃm ssZh hnizmknItfbpw H¶n¨p sIm ­ph¶p. hfsc hyXykvX§fmb hnizmk§Ä ]peÀ¯p¶ ]e hn`mK§Ä lnµpaX¯n IgnªpIqSp¶p." `uXnIhmZnIÄs¡Xncmbn FÃm¯c¯n s]« ssZhhn izmknItfbpw H¶n¨psIm­phcnIbmbncp¶p {_mÒWcpsS e£ysa¶v CXn \n¶p hyàamIp¶p. Hcn¡Â `uXnIhmZ Nn´sb XIÀ¯p Ignªm {ItaW aäp hn`mK§fpsS ta B[n]Xyw Øm]n¡pIbpw NqjWw XpScpIbpw sN¿msa¶v {_mÒWÀ¡v Adnbmambncp¶p. AXpsIm­v hÀKi{Xp¡fmb `uXnIhmZnIÄs¡Xncmbn AhÀ H¶n¨pIqSn. Kp]vXcmPm¡ ·mÀ AXn\v apIfn \n¶v BioÀÆmZw \ÂIn. Cu Bhiy¯n\p ]änb hn[¯n Kp]vXImeL«¯n lnµpaX {KÙ§fn an¡Xpw Xncp¯nsbgpXpIbpw amänsbgp XpIbpw sNbvXp. \nch[n ]pcmW§fpw C¡mes¯gpXs¸«p.

Chsbms¡ H¶nt\msSm¶v hyXykvX§fmWv. a\pjyÀ acWm \´cw ho­pw P\n¡psa¶mWtÃm KoXbn ]dbp¶Xv. F ¶m ]pcmW§Ä kzÀKt¯bpw \cIt¯bpw ]än hnhcnbv ¡p¶p. BZyImes¯ ]pcmW§fn GgpXcw \cI§tf¸än bpÅ {]kvXmh\IÄ ImWmw. F¶m `mKhX ]pcmWamb t¸mtgbv¡pw \cI§fpsS F®w 84 e£ambn! bmsXmcp \nb {´WhpanÃm¯ C¯cw `mh\ \ndª IYIfpambn {_mÒW anj\dnamÀ \mSmsI Npän¯ncnªp. cmPIob klmbap­mbn cp¶XpsIm­v Cu ]pXnb aX¯n\v ]e Øe§fnepw Imepd ¸n¡m³ Ignªp.

147

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

NmÀhmI³amsc Aán¡ncbm¡p¶p temImbX ZÀi\¯nsâ {]apJ hàmhmb NmÀhmI³ _p² \pap¼mWv Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. F¦nepw alm`mcX¯nse Hcp IYm ]m{Xambn At±ls¯ AhXcn¸n¨n«p­v. alm`mcXw im´n ]ÀƯnse 38, 39 A²ymb§fn hnhcn¡p¶ B IYbpsS Npcp ¡w C§s\bmWv: Zptcym[\sâ CjvStXmg·mcn Hcmfmbncp¶p cm£k\mb NmÀhmI³. IrXbpK¯n _Zcym{ia¯n Ccp¶v At±lw {_Òmhns\ X]Êp sNbvXp. {_Òmhv Ahkm\w NmÀÆmI\v {]Xy£\mbn. "kÀÆ`qX§fn \n¶pw A`bw e`n¡pw" F¶ hcw At±lw {_Òmhn \n¶p hm§n. AXn\ptijw {_mÒ Wsc t{Zmln¨psIm­v temIw apgph³ Npän. KXnap«nb {_mÒ WÀ {_Òmhns\ A`bw {]m]n¨p. ASp¯ P·¯n NmÀhmI³ Zptcym[\sâ kvt\lnX\mbn¯ocpsa¶pw A¶v {_mÒWcpsS t{Im[mánbn Zln¡psa¶pw {_Òmhp ]dªp. A§s\ Zzm]cbpK¯n NmÀhmI³ Zptcym[\sâ tXmg\mbn. `mcXbp ²w Ignªv [À½ ]p{X³ k]cnhmcw lkvXn\]pc¯n {]th in¨t¸mÄ Bbnc¡W¡n\p {_mÒWÀ sN¶v At±ls¯ BioÀhZn¨p. Cu kab¯v NmÀhmI³ Hcp {_mÒWsâ thj ¯n AhnsSs¨¶v [À½]p{Xsc hwit{Zmlnbpw NXnb\pam sW¶p ]dªv i]n¨p. tIm]njvTcmb {_mÒWÀ cm£k\mb NmÀhmIs\ Xncn¨dnbpIbpw lp¦mcwsIm­v Zln¸n¨p IfbpI bpw sNbvXp. alm]ÞnX\pw Nn´I\pambncp¶ NmÀhmI alÀjnsb cm£k\mbn Nn{XoIcn¡pI am{XaÃ, {_mÒWÀ At±ls¯ Zln¸n¨p Ifªpsh¶p ]dbp¶Xv {i²nt¡­XmWv. cmPIob klmbt¯msS NmÀhmI·mÀs¡Xncmbn \S¯nb Iq«s¡me IfmWv ChnsS kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. Ahsc¸nSn¨v Aán¡ncbm ¡pIbpw AhcpsS {KÙ§Ä I¯n¡pIbpw sNbvXpsIm­mWv {_mÒWÀ ]Iho«nbXv . AhcpsS i{Xp¡fmb {_mÒWÀ NmÀhmI·msc JÞn¡m³ th­n FgpXnb ]pkvXI§fn ImWp¶ D²cWnIfn \n¶p am{Xta C¶v \ap¡v Ahsc¸än 148

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Adnbm³ Ignbp¶pÅp.

Igpthän¯ncphngm Kp]vXkm{amPy¯nse Gähpw ià\mb `cWm[nImcn kap{Z Kp]vX³ (kn.C. 330þ380) Bbncp¶p. At±lw sX¡p I\ymIp amcn hscbpÅ cmPy§Ä B{Ian¨p IogS¡n.10 {ioe¦ B{I an¡m³ t]mepw At±lw Hcp¡pIq«nbXmWv. AhnSs¯ cmPmhv X{´]qÀhw AsXmgnhm¡pIbmbncp¶p.

Ncn{XImc\mb BÀ.kn. aPqwZmÀ Cu ImeL«t¯¸än tcJ s¸Sp¯p¶Xv C§s\bmWv: "AtimI³ _p²aXs¯ C³Uybnse {][m\ aXam¡nb Xns\ XpSÀ¶v A[:]Xn¨p t]mbncp¶ {_mÒWaXw At±l ¯nsâ (kap{ZKp]vXsâ) Ime¯v AXnsâ ]gb {]Xm]hpw t{]cWmiànbpw hos­Sp¯p F¶pÅ Imcy¯n kwib anÃ. cmPmhv a\pjycq]¯nepÅ ssZhamsW¶pÅ \ho\ {_m ÒW aX¯nsâ kn²m´w Ael_mZv imk\¯n {]Xn^en ¡p¶p. a\pjycpsS CSbn IÀ½§fpw BNmc§fpw \S¸nem ¡p¶Xn\p th­n \izcamb cq]¯n `qanbn AhXcn¨ ssZhamWv kap{ZKp]vXs\¶mWv AXn ]dbp¶Xv. sshjvWh aX¡mc\mbncp¶p At±lw. B aX¯nsâ {]Nmc¯n\pth­n At±lw ipjv¡m´ntbmsS {]hÀ¯n¨p. {_mÒWÀ¡v h³tXmXn Zm\§Ä \ÂIn. At±ls¯ XpSÀ ¶ph¶ Kp]vXcmPm¡·mcpw lnµpaXs¯ At§bäw t{]mÕm ln¸n¨p. _p²aXw \ntcm[n¡s¸«nsænepw AXp £bn¡m³ XpS§n. PmXnk{¼Zmbw cq£ambXv s]s«¶v Hcp A`nhr²n apIfnse X«nepÅhÀ¡v ssIhcp¯m³ klmbIcambn. iq{Z cpw NÞmfcpw IqSpX IqSpX ]WnsbSp¡m³ \nÀ_Ôn Xcmbn F¶XpsIm­mWXv. CXv ASna¸Wntb¡mfpw IjvSX cambncp¶p. hnfhnsâ ]¯nsem¶p am{XamWv AhÀ¡p Iqen bmbn sImSp¯ncp¶Xv. AtXkabw _p²aXm{ia§tfmS\p_ Ôn¨pÅ Øe§fn A©nsem¶p Iqen ]gbXpt]mse \ Int¸m¶p.12 Iqenbn h¶ Ipdhpw sXmgnemfnIÄ IqSpX ASna¯¯nte¡v Bgv¶Xpw sNdpInS `q{]`p¡Ä¡v kt´mjw 149

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

\ÂIn. t£{X \nÀ½mWw Bcw`n¨XmWv Cu ImeL«¯nse asämcp khntijX. AXn{Iqcamb aÀ±\apdIÄ D]tbmKn¨v ASnaIsfs¡m­mWv Ah ]Wnbn¨Xv. ]ucmWnI `mcX¯n sâ t\«§fmbn \½Ä DbÀ¯n¡mWn¡p¶ ]e inev]§fp tSbpw ]n¶n e£¡W¡n\p sXmgnemfnIfpsS IYbps­¶v \½Ä HmÀ¡mdnÃ. kn.C. Aªqdmamt­mSpIqSn awtKmfnb hÀK¯n s]« lqW·mÀ hS¡p]Snªmsd C³Uy B{Ian¨p IogS¡n. ]©m _v, amÄh, cmPØm³ XpS§nb Øe§Ä AhcpsS \nb{´W ¯nembn. kn.C. 511þ AhnsS `cWm[nImcnbmb anlncIpe³ XnIª Hcp tkzOm[n]Xnbmbncp¶p. At±lw _p²hnlmc §Ä sImÅbSn¡pIbpw `uXnIhmZnIsf AXn{Iqcambn aÀ±n ¡pIbpw sNbvXp. kZmNmc\njvT At§bäw XIÀ¶p. AÔhn izmk§Ä¡v {]Nmcw IqSn. Cu lqW·mÀ {ItaW {_mÒW aX¯nsâ kwc£Icpw hàm¡fpambn. {ItaW Kp]vXkm{amPyw XIÀ¶p. B Øm\¯v ]e sNdnb cmPy§fpw \nehn h¶p. Cu cmPy§fnse `cWm[nImcn IsfsbÃmw {_mÒWÀ¡v Ffp¸¯n kzm[o\n¡m³ Ignªp. {InkvXz_vZw Bdv, Ggv iXI§fn C³Uysbm«msI¯s¶ bpànhmZnIfpw _p²aX¡mcpw ssP\aX¡mcpw sImesN¿ s¸«p. CXn Xangv\m«n \S¶ Hcp Iq«s¡me IqSpX Ip{] kn²nbmÀÖn¨XmWv. ioÀImcn¡mc\mb kw_ÔaqÀ¯n F¶ {_mÒW³ ]mÞycmPmhns\ t{]cn¸n¨X\pkcn¨v Hscmä Znhkw Xs¶ F®mbncw _p²`n£p¡sf ]nSn¨psIm­ph¶v sshKm\ \ZoXoc¯v IgpthäpIbp­mbn. XangnepÅ 'tXhmcw' F¶ {KÙ¯n CtX¸än {]Xn]mZn¡p¶p­v. Cu `oIc sIme ]mXI¯nsâ HmÀ½bv¡mbn sshZnI {-_mÒWÀ a[pcbn h¨v 'Igpthän¯ncphngm' (IgpthänbXnsâ Xnc DÕhw) \S¯n hcp¶p. CXpt]mepÅ Iq«s¡me]mXI§Ä A¶v C³Uybn ]e`mK¯pw \S¶ncp¶p. _p²aX¡mcpsS t£{X§fpw hnlmc §fpw {_mÒWÀ It¿dn. _p²þssP\ t£{X§Ä ]eXpw A¡me¯v sslµht£{X§fmbn amäs¸«p.

150

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

tIcf¯nse sImSp§ÃqÀ, tNÀ¯e XpS§nb t£{X§ fn \S¶ph¶ ]qc¸m«pw ImhpXo­epw _p²aX¡msc Iq« s¡me sNbvXXnsâ HmÀ½bv¡ pth­n XpS§nbXmWv. C t¸mÄ tIcf¯n {]Nmc¯nepÅ Xmes¸menbpw Cu sIme ]mXI§sf HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶p. _p²hnlmc§Ä B{Ian¨v `n£p ¡sf sIm¶Xn\p tijw AhcpsS sh«nsbSp¯ XeIÄ Xme ¯nte´ns¡m­v t£{X¯n\p ap¼n AWn\nc¶ncp¶ I\y IamcpsS \SphneqsSbmWv {_mÒWt\Xmhv hnlmcw ssIhi s¸Sp¯m³ t]mbncp¶Xv. Xmes¸men FSp¡phm³ \mfntIc ¯nsâ I®pÅ `mKamWv Xme¯n shbv¡p¶Xv. Xme¯n shbv¡p¶ Nph¶ ]q¡Ä cà¯nsâ {]XoIhpamWv.

AÔImcbpKw Bdv, Ggv \qäm­pIfn C³Uybn \ho\ {_mÒWaXw kÀÆ iàambn. AtXmSpIqSn C³Uybn AÔImcbpKw Bcw`n¨p. sXmgnemfnIÄ IqSpX IqSpX ]oUn¸n¡s¸«p. s]mXp\nc ¯nÂIqSn AhÀ¡v \S¡m³ ]mSnsöph¶p. DbÀ¶ PmXn¡m sc¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶hcpsS ASp¯pt]mepw sNÃm³ AhÀ¡v AhImianÃmXmbn. kv{XoIfpsS kzmX{´yhpw \ntj[n¡s¸ «p. hn[hm hnhmlw \nbahncp²ambn. kXn BNmcw kÀÆ{X {]Ncn¨p. s]¬Ip«nIsf F«phbkn\p ap¼v hnhmlw sN¿W sa¶pÅ \nbaw \S¸n h¶p. hntZibm{X ]m]amsW¶pÅ {]NcWhpw AXns\Xncmb hne¡pw GXm­v Cu Ime¯pXs¶bmWv h¶Xv. {_mÒW ta[mhnXz¯n¶Snbn InS¡p¶ P\§Ä¡v ]pd¯p\n¶v kzm X{´y¯nsâ Hcp shfn¨hpw In«cpsX¶p am{XamWv AhÀ B{Kln¨Xv. Ct¸mÄ {]Nmc¯nencn¡p¶ ]ip ]qP XpS§nb Xpw C¡me¯mWv. t£{X§tfmS\p_Ôn¨v h³tXmXn hnip² hy`nNmcimeIÄ Bcw`n¡m\pw AhÀ ad¶nÃ. tZh ZmknIÄ F¶mWv t£{XthiyIÄ Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv.

{ioi¦csâ kw`mh\ H³]Xmw iXI¯nsâ Bcw`¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ {ioi¦c³ (kn.C.788þ820) Cu AÔImcbpK¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ Hcp ZmÀ 151

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

i\nI\mWv. Kp]vXImeL«¯n Bcw`n¨p hfÀ¶ \ho\{_m ÒWaX¯n\v XmXznIamb Hcp ASn¯dbp­m¡phm³ {ian¨ hcn {]apJ\mWv At±lw. `KhZvKoXbv¡v At±lw Hcp `m jyw cNn¡pIbp­mbn. D]\nj¯pIÄ, thZm´ kq{X§Ä F¶nhbpw At±lw hymJym\n¨p. aäp \nch[n kzX{´ IrXnI fpw {ioi¦ctâXmbn«p­v. AXnkaÀ°\mb Hcp kwLmSI³ IqSnbmbncp¶p At±lw. C³UybpsS \mep aqeIfn F¶p ]db¯¡h®w \mep hnZqcØe§fn At±lw aT§Ä Øm]n¨p. Cu aT§Ä ]n¡me lnµpaX¯nsâ hnImk¯n henb ]¦p hln¨p.

PmXn k{¼Zmbs¯ \ymboIcn¡phm\pw At±lw ad¶nÃ. {ioi¦c\v Gähpw {]tNmZ\w \ÂInb {KÙw `KhZvKoXbm sW¶v AXn\v At±lw FgpXnb hymJym\w Xs¶ sXfnhmWv. AXn \n¶v Bthiw sIm­n«mhmw, At±lw PmXnsb \ymbo Icn¡phm³ apXnÀ¶Xv. "iq{Z\v thZm²ymb\anÃm¯XpsIm­v hnZyIÄ¡[nImcan Ã"þ i¦c³ ]dbp¶p: thZm²ymb\w Ign¨v thZmÀ°w {Kln¨h s\bmWv sshZnI hnjb§fn A[nImcapÅh\mbn IW¡m ¡p¶Xv. thZm²ymb\¯n\pap¼v D]\b\w ss{XhÀ®nI hnj bamWv... iq{Z\v kwkvImcanÃ. iq{Z³ \memas¯ hÀ®amWv. iq{Z³ ss{XhÀ®nItct¸mse ZznPmXnbÃ, GI PmXnbmWv. iq{Z\v D]\b\ansöp kmcw."

C\n asämcp `mK¯v ]dbp¶Xn§s\bmWv: "iq{Zsâ thZ{ihWt¯bpw thZm²ymb\t¯bpw thZmÀ ° {]lWt¯bpw thZhnjbm\pjvTm\t¯bpw kvarXn {]Xn tj[n¡p¶XpsIm­pw iq{Z\v hnZyIÄ¡[nImcanÃ. thtZm¨mc Ww tIÄ¡p¶ iq{Zsâ IÀ®§fn Cubhpw em£bpw Dcp ¡nsbmgn¨v \ndbv¡Wsa¶XmWv {ihW {]Xntj[w. 'iq{Z³ ]mZbpàamb Hcp ivaim\amWv, AXpsIm­v iq{Zkao]¯n sh¨pt]mepw A²yb\w sN¿cpXv... thZw D¨cn¡p¶ iq{Zsâ \mhp apdn¨pIfbWsa¶pw AXns\ ad¡msX {Kln¨n«pÅ hsâ icocw IodWsa¶pw ]dbp¶p­v. AXpsIm­pXs¶ 152

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

iq{Z\v thZmÀ° {KlWhpw thZmÀ°m\pjvTm\hpw \ntj[n¨ Xmbn h¶pIqSp¶p. 'iq{Z\v thZmÀ° Úm\w \ÂIcpXv, ss{X hÀ®nI·mÀ¡mWv A²yb\ Úm\Zm\§Ä' F¶p kv]jvS ambn FSp¯p]dªn«pap­v...'\mep hÀ®§tfbpw tIĸn¡p I' F¶n§s\ CXnlmk]pcmWÚm\w \mep PmXn¡pw A[nImcapÅXmsW¶v kvarXn ]dbp¶p. thZ]qÀÆIamb A[n Imcw iq{ZÀ¡nà F¶v CXpsIm­pw Øm]n¡s¸Sp¶p."13

KoXbpsS kw`mh\ {io i¦ctâXpt]mepÅ `mjy§fptSbpw Ncn{X kw`h§fp tSbpw shfn¨¯nÂ, `KhZvKoXsb ]p\:]cntim[\m hnt[bam ¡pt¼mÄ In«p¶ Nn{Xw H«pw sa¨aÃ. AXn{Iqcamb NmXpÀ hÀWy k{¼Zmbhpw bmKmZn IÀ½§fpw {]Nmc¯nencn¡p¶ Hcp ImeL«¯n AXns\Xncmbn ]Ss]mcpXnbXv temImbX ·mÀ (bpànhmZnIÄ), BPohIÀ, _p²aX¡mÀ XpS§nbhcm bncp¶p. N{µKp]vX aucy\pw AtimI\pw B kphÀ®ImeL« ¯n C³Uysb `cn¨ncp¶hcmWv. PmXnbpw hÀ®m{ia [À½ hpw ]ptcmlnX ta[mhnXzhpw A¶p­mbncp¶nÃ. \in¨pt]mb X§fpsS {]m`hw hos­Sp¡m³th­n {_mÒWÀ FgpXnbp ­m¡nb Hcp sI«pIYbmWv alm`mcXIY. AXn ]n¡m e¯v Iq«nt¨À¡s¸« `KhZvKoX sIme]mXI¯n\v \ymboI cWw \ÂIp¶ Hcp {KÙw am{XamWv. ]ckv]c hncp²§fpw {]Xntema]chpamb Bib§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ Cu {KÙw C³Uym Ncn{X¯n Hcp AÔImcbpKw krjvSn¡phm³ t{]c W \ÂIn. tkzOm[n]XnIfpw {Iqc·mcpamb `cWm[nImcnIÄ, Cu {KÙ¯n\v {]NcWw \ÂInbXv AhcpsS NqjW§sf AXv \ymboIcn¡p¶p F¶pÅXpsIm­p am{XamWv. `KhZvKoX Hcp hnip² {KÙaÃ, AXn ]ptcmKa\]camb HcmibhpanÃ. AXnKl\§fmb XXzNn´bmWv AXpÄs¡m Åp¶sX¶p ]dbp¶Xv {_mÒWcpsS shdpw X«n¸p {]NcW amWv.

153

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

References: 1. Quoted from Mahabharatha by Heinrich Zimmer Philosophies of India (London, 1952), p. 124.

2. Ibid.

3. `KhZvKoX, 11 : 33 4. Ibid, 18 : 17 5. _rlZmctWym]\nj¯v 4 : 4-22 6. OmtµmtKym]\nj¯v, 5 : 24-3 7. IujoSIn D]\nj¯v, 3 : 1 8. Panickar, K.M. - Essential Features of Indian Culture (Bombay, 1964) p. 10 9. Radhakrishnan, Dr. S.- Hindu View of Life (London, 1940), p. 37 10. Thaper, Romila - Asoka and the Decline of the Maurias (London, 1961), p. 168.

11. Majumdar, R.C - The History and Culture of Indian People (Bomabay, 1960), Vol. III, p. 15 12. Ibid., p. 561.

13. sI. ZmtamZc³ D²cn¡p¶Xv þ C³UybpsS Bßmhv (tIm«bw, 1959), t]Pv 202, 203.

154

`KhZvKoX Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

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Lillies, Arthur; Buddha and Early Buddhism (London, 1851) Macfie, J.M; The Laws of the Manu (Madras, u.d) Mackenzie, Donald A; Indian Myth and Legend (London, n.d) Majumdar, R.C, Rajchaudhari, H.C & Datta, K; An Advanced History of India (London, 1960) Margarett and Stuleg, James; A Dictionary of Hinduism. Its Mythology, Folklore and Development 1500 B.C,E - 1500 A.D. Mc Crindle, J.W; Ancient India as described bh Megasthanses and Arrian (Calcutta, 1926).

Mookerji Radha Kumud; Hindu Civilisation Part I & II (Bombay, n.d) Mueler, Max; History of Ancient Sanscrit Literature (London, 1860).

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Panikkar, K.M; Essential Features of Indian Culture (Bombay, 1964).

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Rajgapalachari. C; The Mahabharata, (Bombay, 1962).

Raychandhary, H.C; Political History of Ancient India (Calcutta, 1953).

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157

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aebmf ]pkvXI§Ä Fgp¯Ñ³, Xp©¯v, B²ymß cmambWw (tIm«bw, 1977) Fgp¯Ñ³, Xp©¯v; {ioalm`mcXw (tIm«bw, 1977) IrjvW¡pdn¸v, Xncph§mSv, tIcfNcn{Xw ]cipcma\neqsS (tIm«bw, 1962) IrjvW]nÅ, Ipän¸pg, Ipän¸pgbpsS XncsªSp¯ D]\ymk §Ä (tIm«bw, 1969) IrjvWm\µkzman; C³Uybnse hÀ®kacw (tImgnt¡mSv, 1965) Nt«m]m²ymb, tZ_n{]mkmZv, `mcXob XXzNn´ (XriqÀ) ZmtamZc³, sI. C³UybpsS Bßmhv (tIm«bw, 1959) \mcmbW³ \mbÀ, ]n.Fw; {ioaZv `KhZvKoX (Be¸pg, 1978) _meIrjvW³, hn; H³]Xp D]\nj¯pIÄ (tIm«bw, 1974) amWn, sh«w; ]pcmWnIv F³sskt¢m]oUnb (tIm«bw, 1979) cm[mIrjvW³, tUmIvSÀ. Fkv; `mcXob ZÀi\w (c­p `mK §Ä), (tImgnt¡mSv, 1975) hnt\m_`msh, BNmcy; KoXm{]hN\w (XrÈnht]cqÀ, 1955) {io[ctat\m³, F; C³UymNcn{Xw (tIm«bw, 1975)

158