Vairudhyathmaka Bhouthikavadavum Yukthivadavum By Joseph Mc Cabe / Malayalam

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

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sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

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sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

Vairudhyathmaka Bhouthikavadavum Yukthivadavum (Dialectical Materialism and Rationalism)

By Joseph Mc Cabe Malayalam Translation: Sanal Edamaruku Original English title "Is the theory of Dialectical Materialism Out of Date?"

First Published in USA in 1940 First Malayalam Edition: 1985 eBook Edition: 2017 Published by Indian Atheist Publishers

Phone: (011) 41253212 For ordering this book, send SMS or WhatsApp message to : (0) 9711188940 Email: indianatheist @gmail.com

Copyright © 1985 - 2020 by Sanal Edamaruku Except brief quotations for book reviews or critical appraisals, no part of this book may be forwarded, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For permissions, contact iap@rationalistinternational.net

ISBN: 81–7374–123–9

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sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

tPmk^v a¡ms_ ]cn`mj: k\Â CSadpIv

IAP

C³Uy³ FXoÌv ]»ntjgvkv \yqsUÂln 4

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

DÅS¡w 1. slKen \n¶v XpS¡w

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Nn´bpsS temIw 12 PÀ½³ XXzNn´bpsS ZuÀ_eyw ]cnWma¯nsâ AwKoImcw 17

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2. `uXnIhmZhpambpÅ IqSnt¨À¡Â

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`uXnIhmZ¯nsâ ]p\ÀP³aw 23 ^yqbÀ_m¡nsâ Bib§Ä 26 ]pXnb ASn¯d 28

3. Pzen¡p¶ ]Ým¯ew

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cmjv{Sob kacw 32 km¼¯nI kacw 36 aX]camb kacw 40

4. imkv{Xhpw sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw UmÀhn\k¯nsâ H¶mwL«w 46 hn¹h§fpsS I­p]nSp¯w 48 Ne\mßI XXzw 51

5. Ncn{X¯n km¼¯nIimkv{X¯n\pÅ \nÀ®mbI kzm[o\w 55 amÀIvknsâ kn²m´w 57 ]pXnb Ncn{Xhpw kmlNcy§fpw 60 km¼¯nI kmlNcy¯nsâ k½À±w 63

6. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw C¶v kac¯nsâ ]p\cmcw`w 71 Bib§fpsS hy`nNmcw 73 djybnse hfÀ¨ 76

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69

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sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

v

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sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

bpànhmZ Nn´mKXn¡v kmam\yw \¶mbn thtcmSn¡m³ Ignª Hcp kwØm\amWv tIcfw. AXpsIm­pXs¶, bpàn hmZs¯ sXämbn hymJym\n¡m\pw hgnXncn¨psIm­p t]mhm \pw bpànhmZ¯nsâ i{Xp¡Ä t_m[]qÀhw {ian¡p¶Xp ImWmw. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw X½n s]mcp¯s¸Sp¯n¡fbmw F¶ hymtamlw NneÀ¡p­mb Xnsâ ]Ým¯ew AXmWv. temI{]ikvX bpànhmZn tPmk^v a¡ms_ FgpXnb Cw¥ojv {KÙ¯nsâ hnhÀ¯\amWv Cu ]pkvXIw. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ¯nsâ Ncn{Xkao]\¯nepw {]]©ho£W¯nep apÅ Aimkv{XobX Xpd¶p ImWn¡p¶ Cu ]pkvXIw kaIm enI tIcf ]Ým¯e¯n hfsc {]kàamWv. k\ CSadpInsâ hnhÀ¯\w.

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sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

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sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

1 slKen \n¶v XpS¡w \mkvXnIXz¯nsâ hfÀ¨ thK¯nemsW¶v c­p Znhk§Ä ¡p ap¼v Hcp bphXnsb Rm³ t_m²ys¸Sp¯nbt¸mÄ AhÀ Ft¶mSp tNmZn¨p: “\ncoizchmZ¯n\v, ]t£, F§s\ {]hÀ¯n ¡m³ Ignbpw?” B bphXnbpsS Asæn AtX hn[¯n Nn´n¡p¶hcpsS, kwibw efnXamWv. \qdpIW¡n\pÅ shfn¨ ¸mSpIÄ A\nhmcyamsW¶v {]Jym]n¡p¶ ssZhk¦ev]¯n \n¶v {]tNmZ\w In«msX Hcp kwLw BfpIÄ¡v F§s\bmWv P\ \·bv¡pth­n {]hÀ¯n¡phm³ IgnbpI? Cu tNmZy¯n \pÅ D¯chpw efnXamWv. AXnsâ hniZmwi§fnte¡v XpSÀ ¶pÅ NÀ¨IfneqsS \ap¡v IS¶p sNÃmw. djybnepw saIvknt¡mbnepw hensbmcfhphsc SÀ¡nbnepw \ncoizcXzw `cWXe¯n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv \½Ä I­p. Nne hÀj§Ä kvs]bn\nepw hnb¶bnepw AXv {]hÀ¯n¨Xpw \½Ä ImWpIbp­mbn. AhnsSsbms¡ \S¶ anI¨ {]hÀ¯ \hpw ^mknÌvþaXm[n]XyþcmPy§fn \S¶ hnÍn¯]qÀW hpw IpäIchpamb “]p\cp²mcW”hpw XmcXays¸Sp¯pt¼mÄ Nncn¡m\mWv tXm¶pI. \ncoizcXz¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\ hnPb sa¶pw \ncoizcXz¯nsâ ^e§sf¶pw ]dbpt¼mÄ Rm³ Dt± in¡p¶Xv B `cWIqS§fpsS ]n¶n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Hcp kwLw BÄ¡mÀþ cmjv{S¯eh³amÀ apX NpaXeIÄ hln ¡p¶hcn hensbmcp iXam\w hscþ ssZh k¦ev]s¯ k¼qÀWambpw \ntj[n¨ncp¶psh¶mWv. shdpw \ntj[w Btc bpw {]tNmZn¸n¡mdnà F¶v £am]W kz`mhnIÄ ]dtª¡mw. ]t£ ssZh k¦ev]s¯ \ntj[n¡pItbm \ncmIcn¡pItbm 9

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

sN¿p¶Xpaqew IqSpX Icp¯pä {]tNmZ\§Ä hfcpIbmWv sN¿p¶sX¶v Cu \ncoizc Kh¬saâpIfpsS A\p`hw \s½ ]Tn¸n¡p¶p. am\hnIXsb (lyqa\nkw) Hcp aXambn IW¡m¡p¶psh ¦nepw taev]dª ho£Ww hneyw kmÄ«À (William Salter) Hcp teJ\¯n IqSpX hyàam¡p¶p­v . At±lw FgpXn: “{]mÀ°\tbmsSbpw ]m]t_m[t¯msSbpw ap«pIp¯n \n ¡m\pw Xe Ip\n¡m\pamWv ]gb aX§Ä \t½mSv Bhiy s¸Sp¶Xv; ]pXnb aXamb lyqa\nkw Xe DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡m³ \½sf t{]cn¸n¡p¶p. \½Ä kz]v\w I­ Imcy§fpw C\nbpw hfsc AIsebmWv F¶v IcpXnbncp¶ e£y§fpw \½Ä, A sæn `mhn XeapdIÄ, Is­¯pIbpw km£mXv¡cn¡p Ibpw sN¿psa¶v AXv \s½ {]tNmZn¸n¡p¶p.” \mkvXnIXz¯n \n¶Ã, sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ¯n \n¶mWv X§Ä¡v amÀK\nÀtZihpw {]tNmZ\hpw In«p¶sX¶v IayqWnÌpImÀ ]dtª¡mw. \ncoizcXzw AhÀ AwKoIcn¡m dp­v. AÔhnizmk§Ä ZqcoIcn¡Wsa¶pw ssZh§fpsSbpw ]ptcmlnX·mcpsSbpw Zpxkzm[o\¯n \n¶v a\pjy a\ÊpIsf hntamNn¸n¡Wsa¶pw AhÀ k½Xn¡pw. F¶m Hcp amXrIm cmjv{Sw sI«n¸Sp¡p¶Xns\¸änbpÅ ]²XnIfpambn kl Icn¡m³ X¿mdmhp¶ HcmÄ¡v sshcp²ymßI `uXn IhmZ¯n ]cnioe\w AXymhiyamsW¶v AhÀ imTyw ]nSn ¡p¶p. BkvXnIys¯t¸mse Xs¶ XXzimkv{XÚ·mcm \ninXambn hnaÀin¡s¸«n«pÅ Hcp PohnXZÀi\s¯ {Inbm ßI {]hÀ¯\¯nsâ ASn¯dbmbn ImWp¶ k{¼Zmbw ]etcbpw [À½ k¦S¯nem¡p¶p. am{UnUnepw hnb¶mbnepw saIvknt¡mbnepw \S¶ H¶mwXcw {InbmßI {]hÀ¯\¯n `qcn]£w sXmgnemfnIfpw sshcp²ymXv a I `uXnIhmZw AwKoIcn¡m¯hcmWv F¶XmWv bmYmÀ°yw. {]tNmZ\w \ÂIm¯ Hcp hc«phmZambnt«m tkmjyenÌp {]Øm\¯nsâ BZyIme¯nsâ HmÀ½¡mbn _lpam\]qÀÆw thenbS¨p kq£nt¡­ Hcp kvamcItam Bbn«mWv AhÀ sshcp²ymßI 10

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

`uXnI hmZs¯ ho£n¡p¶Xv. AXpsIm­v, hfsc B[p\nIhpw ]ptcmKa\]chpamb A`n {]mb§Ä ]peÀ¯p¶hcpsS t]mepw hnaÀi\§Ä¡v ]m{X amb Cu XXzimkv{Xs¯bpw AhcpsS hnaÀi\§sfbpw \ap ¡v ]cntim[nt¡­nbncn¡p¶p. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ¯n sâ hnaÀiIcpw i{Xp¡fpw D]tbmKn¡p¶ `mj D]tbmKn ¡msX `uXnIhmZs¯ {]Xn¡q«n \nÀ¯msX, B XXzim kv{Xs¯ ImWm\mWv Rm³ B{Kln¡p¶Xv. Rm³ \ymboIcn ¡phm\pw {]Ncn¸n¡phm\pw ap³Is¿Sp¯n«pÅ Xcw `uXnI hmZt¯mSv AhÀ HcpXcw \nÊwKamb AI¨bmWv ImWn ¡pI. Hcp DZmlcWw ]dbmw. imkv{X¯n \n¶v anÌnknk s¯ thÀs]Sp¯p¶Xn henb ]¦phln¨ s{]m^kÀ ]mhvtem hv djy³ imkv{X¯nsâ A`nam\amWv. ]t£, ]mhvtemhnsâ `uXnIhmZs¯¡pdn¨v djy¡mÀ¡v henb A`n{]mbsam¶panÃ. s]mXpsh \nÊwKamb Hcp kao]\amWv ]mhvtemhns\¸än AhÀ ]peÀ¯p¶sX¦nepw, GXm\pw \mfpIÄ¡v ap³]v ]pXnb ^nkn Ivkv ¢mkn¡Â `uXnIhmZs¯ \ncmIcn¡p¶psh¶ Hcp {]Nc Ww h¶t¸mÄ AhÀ BËmZw Xs¶ {]ISn¸n¨p. hkvXphns\ DuÀPam¡n amämsa¶pw aäpapÅ I­p]nSn¯hpw {]]©¯nse DuÀÖ \jvSs¯¡pdn¨pÅ [mcWIfpw ¢mkn¡Â `uXnI hmZ¯nsâ XIÀ¨bmbpw sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ¯nsâ imkv{XobXbpsS sXfnhmbpw sIm«ntLmjn¡m³ Ahtcm sSm¸w `uXnIhmZ hncp²cmb ]ptcmlnX·mcpw D­mbncp¶p. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ¯nsâ s]mXphmb BapJw FÃm bvt]mgpw ‘]mc¼cy’ `uXnIhmZnIsfbpw ‘_qÀjzm’ `uXnIhmZn Isfbpw ‘tIhe’ `uXnIhmZnIsfbpw hnaÀin¨psIm­mWv Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. bmYmÀ°ys¯ DuÀÖkzehpw katcmÕp Ihpw ]ptcmKa\]chpamb H¶mbn«mWv sshcp²ymßI `uXnI hmZn ho£n¡p¶Xv; hkvXp\njvTamb H¶mbn«Ã. \nÀÖohhpw Ne\clnXhpamb Hcp t^mknens\¸än ]Tn¡pt¼mÄ AXv kPohhpw {]XnIcn¡p¶XpamWv F¶ [mcWtbmsS ho£n ¡p¶ Xcw _meniamb kao]\amWXv. t\cp ]dªmÂ, 11

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

¢mkn¡Â `uXnIhmZs¯¸änbpÅ [mcWbn FUnwKvSWv (Eddington) D­mb sXäp Xs¶bmWv sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhm ZnIÄ¡pw ]änbn«pÅXv. \nÀÖoh hkvXp, Ct\À«v Bäw (Inert atom) F¶nhsb¸änbpÅ [mcWbpsS ASnØm\¯n FUnw KvS¬ slbv¡ens\ (Haeckel)\ncmIcn¡p¶p. F¶m slbv ¡Â t\sc hn]coXambn«mbncp¶p ]dªXv F¶v C¶v \ap¡dn bmw. Iptd¡qSn {][m\s¸« asämcp hmZapJw sshcp²ymßI `uXnI hmZnIÄ¡p­v. AhcpsS ho£W¯nÂ, ¢mkn¡Â `uXnIhmZn {]]©s¯ hymJym\n¡m\pw hniZoIcn¡m\pamWv {ian¡p¶sX¦n sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZn {]]©¯n BXy´nIamb amä§Ä D­m¡phm\mWv {ian¡p¶Xv. slbv ¡epw ]mhvtemhpw AhÀ t]mb hgn¯mcbn F¯nbnSt¯m fw \ap¡v AwKoIcn¡msa¶pw AhÀ ]dªXn\¸pd¯mbn Ncn {Xt¯bpw {]hÀ¯\ km²yXIsf¡pdn¨pw IqSn \ap¡p Nn´n ¡Wsa¶pw Hcp t`ZKXn \n§Ä AhXcn¸n¨m sshcp²ym ßI `uXnIhmZnbpsS ]nSnhmin AXv AwKoIcn¨p XcnIbnÃ. icnbmb Hcp XXzimkv{Xw Hä bmYmÀ°y¯nsâ hn`mK§fm bnt« ChsbsbÃmw ImWpIbpÅq F¶pw hn`n¶ `mK§fmbn ImWp¶Xv sXämsW¶pw AhÀ iTn¡pw. Cu kao]\s¯ ¡pdn¨v IqSpX a\Ênem¡phm³, ImÄ amÀIvknsâ a\Ên Cu k{¼Zmbw F§s\bmWv cq]s¸«sX¶v Adntb­nbncn ¡p¶p.

Nn´bpsS temIw sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZt¯mSpÅ Fsâ {][m\ FXnÀ¸v “sshcp²ymßIw” F¶ hm¡v D]tbmKn¡p¶Xp sIm­mWv. AXv AÀ°iq\yhpw sXän²mcWmP\IhpamWv . Imcy§Ä a\Ênem¡p¶Xn\v IqSpX Ffp¸hpw {]IShpamb aäp ]e hm¡pIfpw AXn\p ]Icw D]tbmKn¡phm\pw Ignbpw. DZm: kvt^mS\mßIamb, ]ptcmKa\]camb apXemb hm¡pIÄ. ]pXnbXpw hn¹hIchpsas¶ms¡ hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ Cu Nn´m{]Øm\¯n bmYmØnXnIXz¯nsâbpw B[nImcnIX tbmSpÅ BZchnsâbpw e£W§Ä hyàambn ImWmw. AXv 12

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

BÀ¡pw a\Ênem¡mhp¶tXbpÅq. ASnØm\ XXz§fmbn IcpXs¸«ncn¡p¶ Nne Imcy§fn \n¶v hyXnNen¡mXncn ¡m\pw H¯pXoÀ¸pIÄ D­m¡mXncn¡m\pw th­nbpÅ Hcp ap³IcpXemWv AXv. 19þmw \qäm­nse Gähpw anI¨ Nn´I s\¶v Nne XXzimkv{X hnZymÀ°nIÄ IcpXp¶ slKensâ Nn´m k{¼Zmb¯n \n¶v ISsaSp¯ kmt¦XnI ]Z§fpw kwÚIfpsams¡bpÅ Hcp XXzimkv{Xw X§Ä¡ps­¶v ]e IayqWnÌpIÄ¡pw A`nam\ap­v. ]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm ­n Gähpw iàambn \ncmIcn¡s¸« Hcp XXzimkv{X¯n \n¶v kmt¦XnI kwÚIÄ ISsaSp¯XpsIm­p am{Xw bmYmÀ°yhmZnIÄ¡v Cu XXzimkv{Xs¯ kwibt¯msS ho£n¡m³ th­pthmfw \ymbap­v. ]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm­nsâ BZy ]IpXnbn slKens\¸än tI«n«pÅ XamiIÄ¡v Ahkm \anÃ. slKensâ {][m\ IrXn Cw¥ojnte¡v XÀÖa sNbvXp h¶t¸mÄ B\sb I­n«nÃm¯ Hcp \m«nse P\§fpsSbSp¯v BZyambn Hcp B\ F¯nb ØnXnbmWv hmb\¡mÀ¡v D­m bXv F¶mWv s{]m^kÀ amk³ hntijn¸n¨Xv. B\bpsS Xp¼nss¡bpw hmepw Ccphi¯pw I­t¸mÄ GXmWv ap³hi sa¶dnbmsX hnjan¨ BZnhmknIfpsS a\:ØnXnbmWs{X AhÀ¡v BZyw D­mbXv. Cu IY PÀ½\nbn FÃmbnS¯pw Hcp Ncn{XkXyw t]mse {]Ncn¨ncp¶p. slK acn¡p¶ Ahk c¯n ]dªpht{X; HcmÄ¡p am{Xta Cu `qapJ¯v slKen sâ XXzNn´ a\Ênembn«pÅqþ B BÄ DSs\ acn¡pIbpw sN¿pw.

F¶n«pw, Cu slKensâ XXzNn´bn \n¶mWv sshcp²ym ßIw F¶ hm¡v ISsaSp¯ncn¡p¶Xv. Ipäk½Xt¯msS Rm³ ]dbs«, slKensâ XXzNn´ ]Tn¡phm³ Rm³ \nbp à\mbncp¶ ImeL«s¯¡pdn¨pw AXn\p th­n Rm³ hnbÀ ¸p sNmcnªXns\¡pdn¨pw \jvSt_m[t¯msSbmWv F\n¡v HmÀ¡m³ Ignbp¶Xv. {Ko¡pImsc kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw, sshcp ²yhmZw (Dialectis) bpànNn´bpsS Hcp Iebmbncp¶p. t¹tämbpsS UbtemKn tkm{I«okn\v kaÀ¸n¨n«pÅhbn 13

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

\n¶v \ap¡nXv a\Ênem¡m\mhpw. \ymbhmZw (logic) Nn´bpsS imkv{Xambncp¶psh¦n sshcp²yhmZw, hmIv XÀ¡¯nse imkv{Xw, Iptd¡qSn hyàambn¸dªm Ie Bbncp¶p. ]Xns\«pw ]s¯m³]Xqw \qäm­pIfnse alm·mcmb PÀ ½³ XXzNn´I·mÀ AXv sIm­ph¶v Ahbv¡v XnI¨pw ]pXnb Xpw hnNn{Xhpamb AÀ°§Ä sImSp¯p. A¡q«¯n s]« Hcp Nn´I³þ s{]m«Ìâ v _nj¸mbncp¶ s_À¡nenþ `uXnI amb {]]©w Fs¶m¶v Cà F¶p Xs¶ Øm]n¡phm³ {ian¨p Ifªp. AXmbXv C¶p \½Ä `uXnI hkvXp¡sf¶p hnfn ¡p¶hsbÃmw Bib§Ä BsW¶pw, Ah ssZh¯nsâ a\ÊnepÅ Bib§Ä am{XamsW¶pambncp¶p hmZw. C¯cw Ac¡ndp¡³ \Ka\§fpambn XXzNn´I³amÀ hcpt¼mÄ AXp hmbn¡p¶hÀ AZv`pXs¸«v I®p Xncp½nt¸mhpItbbp Åq. Imcy§Ä C§s\bmsW¦nepw, CtX ho£Ww Xs¶ ]p eÀ¯nbncp¶ Po³kpw FUnwKvSWpw cNn¨ IrXnIÄ al¯c amsW¶v Cw¥­nepw Atacn¡bnepw XnI¨pw BßmÀ° XbnÃm¯ {]NcW§Ä \S¶p. XXzNn´m k{¼Zmb§fnse Nne A]IS§fmWv Rm³ Nq­n¡mWn¡m³ {ian¡p¶Xv. Ccp]Xp sImÃw ap¼v s_À¡nenbpsS XXzimkv{Xw tI«v \½sfm s¡ Nncn¨p. ]¯p sImÃw Ignªt¸mÄ Po³kpw FUnwKvSWpw h¶v “\ho\imkv{Xw” s_À¡nenbpsS kn²m´§Ä icnbmsW ¶p sXfnbn¨psh¶v BÄ¡msc hnizkn¸n¡p¶ coXnbn {]Ncn¸n¡m³ XpS§n. Un. knädnsâ ImelcWs¸« Nne kn²m ´§fn hymJym\¡kÀ¯p \S¯pI am{XamWv FUnwKvSsNbvXsX¶v C¶v imkv{XtemIw s]mXpsh AwKoIcn¡p¶p­v. {]mNo\ {Kokn DWÀ¶ XXzNn´tbmSpÅ Zmlw \mKcnIX bpsS Xncn¨p hcthmsS bqtdm¸n ]p\cp²cn¡s¸«p. s_À¡n enbpw lyqapw (David Hume - Bib§Ä¡¸pd¯v \ap¡v IS¶p sNÃm\mhm¯XpsIm­v a\Êv, ssZhw F¶nh Ds­¶v sXfnhn söpw lyqw hmZn¨p) DbÀ¯nb XXzNn´m]camb sshcp²yw ]cnlcn¡phm³ {ian¨Xv PÀ½³ Nn´I\mb C½m\ph Imâ v BWv. hnÚm\w GXfthmfw a\Êv ImcWamsW¶p IrXy 14

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

ambn ImWn¡phm\mbncp¶p Imânsâ {iaw. ^nt\man\ (pheno mena) F¶ Ct¸mgpw imkv{Xob Imcy§Ä¡v D]tbmKn¡ s¸Sp¶ hm¡v, At±l¯nsâ XXzimkv{X¯nsâ _m¡nbpÅ `mK§tfmsSm¸w a¬adªp t]mhm¯ Hcp AhinjvSamsW¶v kmµÀ`nIambn ]dªpsImÅs«. hnÚm\hpambn _Ôs¸« kakyIÄ¡v D¯cw \ÂInb a\pjy³ F¶ \nebn Ht¶m ct­m Zim_vZ¡met¯mfw Imânsâ XXzNn´sb bqtdm¸msI ]n³XpSÀ¶p. ]t£, hniZoIcWw A]cym]vXamhp¶ Ahkc §fn D]tbmKn¡p¶ AXn`uXnI (metaphysical) ssienbn epÅ hm¡pIfpw X³aqew At±l¯nsâ Nn´m ]²Xnbn {]ISamb Ir{XnaXzhpw hyàambtXmsS hn`n¶ XXzimkv{X§ fpsS BhnÀ`mhw Bhiyambn¯oÀ¶p. C§s\bp­mb ]pXn b `mjy§fn {]apJat{X slKensâ XXzNn´.

PÀ½³ XXzNn´bpsS ZuÀ_eyw {]iv\w Ct¸mgpw ]cnlcn¡s¸«n«nà F¶XmWv Imcyw. {]iv\ ]cnlmc¯n\pÅ Ccp]tXmfw hn^e {ia§fn H¶p am{X amWv slKentâXv. \½psS Adnhn\¸pd¯pÅ Imcy§Ä F§ s\ Adnbm\mhpsat¶m a\Ên\¸pd¯mbn asäs´¦nepw Xew Ds­¶p \ymbbpàambn sXfnbn¡msat¶m Hcp XXzÚm\n ¡pw imkv{XÚ\pw Ct¶hsc Ignªn«nsöp ]dªm A hnZKv[À¡v A¼c¸p­mtb¡mw. hn`n¶hpw ]ckv]c hncp²hp amb ho£W§Ä ]peÀ¯p¶ ]e Nn´m ]²XnIfpw (_À{Smâ v dÊ C¡q«¯nse Hcp {][m\ Nn´m ]²XnbpsS t\XmhmWv) Cu {]iv\hpambn hnPbIcaÃmsX Gäpap«nbn«p­v. izmktImi ¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\§sf¸än Adnbp¶, kq£vaambn \½psS \mUohyqls¯¸än ]Tn¡m³ Ignbp¶, Imew htcbpw Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcn¡s¸SpIbnsöpw \½n ]eÀ¡pw Adnbmw.

Xet¨mdns\¸änbpÅ imkv{Xob[mcW D]cn¹hambnt¸mepw Cà F¶XmWv Cu XXzÚm\nIfpsSsbÃmw {][m\ ]cnanXn. sshZyimkv{XÚ·mÀt¡m Xet¨mÀ hnZKv[Àt¡m am{XapÅ Imcyambn AhÀ B hnjbs¯ I­p, AXv A{]kàambn 15

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

am{Xta AhÀs¡Ãmw ImWm³ IgnªpÅq.

AXpsIm­v, hensbmcp Po\nbkv Bbncp¶psh¦nepw At± l¯nsâ ap³KmanIsft¸mse slKepw h³]cmPbambn Iem in¨p. XXzÚm\w, Ncn{Xw, Ie kmlnXyw F¶o hnjb§fn At±l¯n\v ]mÞnXyap­mbncps¶¦nepw aäp ]etcbpw t]m se slK Bib§fpsS Hcp temI¯nemWv Pohn¨Xv. kmam \yt_m[w BibhmZ¯n\p hgnamdns¡mSp¯t¸mÄ s_À¡n enbpw Po³kpw sNbvX Imcy§Ä Xs¶ BhÀ¯n¡pIbm sW¶Xn henb A]ISsam¶pw slKen\p tXm¶nbncn¡p IbnÃ.

X\n¡p NpäpapÅ temI¯nte¡v Z´tKm]pc¯n \n¶v Cd§n h¶t¸mÄ, {]Xntj[¯nsâ FÃm kvacWIsfbpw iImcn¡m³ hn¹hImcnIfpsS Cu {]]nXmal³ aSn¨nÃ. P\m[n ]Xyw, dmUn¡enkw, ]kn^nkw, F´n\v þ {_n«ojv en_denkw t]mepw iImc¯n \n¶v c£s]«nÃ. Xsâ XXzNn´bpsS Nne LSI§Ä `uXnIhmZhpambn Iq«nt¨À¯v bqtdm¸nse Gähpw ]ptcmKan¨ hn¹hImcnIÄ AhcpsS {]amWambn kzoIcn¡p ¶Xp ImWm³ slK Pohn¨ncp¶nÃ. s_Àen³ bqWnthgvknän bn slKensâ hnZymÀ°nbmbn amÀIvkv ]Tn¨ncp¶psh¶v Nne IayqWnÌv Fgp¯pImÀ sXämbn tcJs¸Sp¯n¡­n«p­v .

F¶m bmYmÀ°yw A§s\bÃ. amÀIvkn\v shdpw ]Xnaq¶p hbÊpam{Xw {]mbap­mbncp¶t¸mÄ, 1831þ slK acn¨p. slKensâ ]n³KmanbpsS IognemWv slKensâ XXzÚm\s¯ ¡pdn¨v amÀIvkv ]Tn¨Xv. A[nIImew B Nn´mk{¼Zmb¯n amÀIvkv XpSÀ¶nÃ. slKensâ XXzÚm\¯nsâ hniZmwi§fnte¡v Rm³ Cu IrXnbn ISt¡­Xps­¶p tXm¶p¶nÃ. F¦nepw Nne Imcy §Ä Npcp¡n ]dtb­Xp­v. GIm[n]XyþaXm[n]Xy hyhØ bn Fs´¦nepw amäap­mhp¶Xn\v FXncmbncp¶ slK `uXnIhmZ¯nsâ _²i{Xphpw Bbncp¶p. Nn´bpw bmYmÀ °yhpw X½nepÅ AIew At±lw CÃmXm¡nbXv, Ah c­pw X½n AIetabnà F¶p Øm]n¡m³ {ian¨p sIm­mWv. 16

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

At±l¯nsâ A`n{]mb¯n BZnbpw A´hpanÃm¯ Bßo ba\Êv F¶ ]cn]qÀWX am{XamWv Htcsbmcp bmYmÀ°yw. `uXnI {]]©s¯¡pdn¨p ]dbpt¼mÄ imkv{XÚ³amÀ Nq ­n¡mWn¡p¶ ImcyImcW _Ô§fpsS irwJe Bib§ fpsS Hcp N§ebmbn, Nn´bpsS hnImkambn, sdUnwKvS¬ hn tijn¸n¨p. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZnIÄ AhcpsS XXzimkv {X¯nsâ thcpIÄ tXSns¨Ãpt¼mÄ PÀ½³ Nn´I\mb ^nsj (Fichte)sb Is­¯pIbmhpw \ÃXv Fs¶\n¡p tXm¶p¶p. ^nsjbn \n¶mWv slK Xsâ XXzÚm\¯nse ]e ASn Øm\ Bib§fpw kzoIcn¨Xv. ^nsj BibhmZnbmbncp¶p sh¦nepw H¶m´cw a\pjyXzhmZnbpw ]ptcmKa\hmZnbpw, hen sbmcfhphsc katcmÕpI\mb Hcp tkmjyenÌpw Bbncp¶p. hÀKkac¯nsâ ZmÀi\nIamb ASn¯dbmb ‘hncp²iànI fpsS kwLÀj¯neqsSbpÅ hfÀ¨’ F¶ Bibw ^nsj bpsS kw`mh\bmWv. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ kn²m´¯n sâ ASnØm\ tcJIfn A`nam\]qÀÆw AhXcn¸n¡p¶ aq¶p L«§fmWtÃm Xoknkv, Bân Xoknkv, kn´knkv F¶nh.

Ch ^nsjbpsS I­p]nSp¯amWv. ‘Rm³’ F¶ AhØbn \n¶v ‘Rm\Ãm¯’ AhØbnte¡v (a\Ên \n¶pw hnapàamb AhØbnte¡v) DÅ hfÀ¨ C{]Imcw sshcp²ymßIamsW¶v At±lw A`n{]mbs¸«p. slK CtX AÀ°¯n¯s¶ bmWv B ]Z§Ä D]tbmKn¨Xv. hfÀ¨bpsS L«§sf¡pdn¨v `uXnIamb AÀ°¯nÂ, Bßobtam am\knItam AÃm¯ AÀ°¯nÂ, hniZoIcn¡phm³ Cu hm¡pIÄ D]tbmKn¨ t¸mÄ, AXnsâ AÀ°w Xs¶ \jvSs¸«p. IayqWnÌv XXzÚm\ ¯n\v bmsXmcdnhpanÃm¯ Hcp IS¸mSmWv CsX¶v F\n¡p tXm¶p¶p. F¶m AXp amänbm ]ns¶ Imcyamb XXzÚm \sam¶pw _m¡nbpanÃ.

]cnWma¯nsâ AwKoImcw AXv GXmbmepw Hcp sNdnb ImcyamWv. ^nsjbn \n¶v slK ente¡pw slKen \n¶v amÀIvknte¡pw ssIamäw sN¿s¸«Xv 17

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

c­v ASnØm\ XXz§fmWv . hfÀ¨, \nc´camb amäw, AhbpsS ]cnWmaw F¶nhbmWv H¶mas¯ XXzw. \ntj[w, kacw, \miw F¶nh CXn \nÀ_Ôambpw DÄs¡mÅp¶p sh¶XmWv c­mas¯ XXzw. ^nsjbpsSbpw slKensâbpw Nn´m]²Xnb\pkcn¨v a\Êv Nne Bib§sf krjvSns¨Sp ¡p¶p (Xoknkv). XpSÀ¶v B Bibt¯mSp {]XnIcn¡pIbpw AXns\Xncmbn kacw sN¿pIbpw sN¿p¶p (Bân Xoknkv). sshcp²y§fpsS sFIy¯nsâbpw s]mcp¯s¸Sentâbpw ^e ambn ]pXnb Hcp Bibw A§s\ Dcp¯ncnbp¶p (kn´knkv). s{]m^kÀamcpsS C¯cw hm¡pIÄ sIm­pw Bib§Ä sIm­papÅ A`ymkw Bbnc¡W¡n\v PÀ½³ bphm¡sf bqWnthgvknänIfnte¡v F§s\ BIÀjn¨psh¶v Ct¸mÄ \ap ¡v AZv`pXw tXm¶pw. Bßob temI¯nse hfÀ¨ Bib§ fpsS CÆn[apÅ kwLÀjw sIm­msW¶v hnizkn¡s¸«p. bphm¡fpsS Cu BthiIcamb BImw£ PÀ½³ cmjv{St\ Xm¡Ä _p²n]qÀhw t{]mÕmln¸n¨p. Kh¬saâ v kÀhokn tNcmt\m A²ym]I\mhmt\m, GIm[n]Xy¯nsâ ià\mb hàmhmb slK apJy {]XnjvTbmbpÅ s_Àen³ bqWnth gvknänbnse _ncpZw D¯a tbmKyXbmbn IW¡m¡s¸«p. hm«À eqhn\p tijapÅ ImeL«ambncp¶p AXv. bphm¡Ä hn¹hmi b§fnte¡v aS§nt¸mIp¶Xnsâ e£W§Ä FhnsSsb¦nepw Dt­msb¶v t]meokpImÀ kq£va \nco£Ww \S¯nbncp¶p.

A¡me¯v XXzÚm\w, {]tXyIn¨p slKensâ XXzÚm\w, CS¯c¡mcmb bphm¡sf ab¡nbncp¶ Idp¸mbncp¶psh¶v amÀIvkv Nq­n¡mWn¡m¯Xv AZv`pXIcambn tXm¶p¶p.

ImÄ amÀIvknsâ sNdp¸ Imes¯¡pdn¨pw kmlNcy§sf ¡pdn¨pw ]Tn¡pt¼mÄ Hcp Imcyw hyàamIpw. ]n¡me¯v amÀIvkv IcpXnb{Xbpw kzm[o\w slKensâ Nn´mKXnIÄ At± l¯n sNep¯nbncp¶ncn¡m³ hgnbnÃ. slK 1831þ BWv acn¨Xv. \mep hÀjMMÄ¡p tijw 17þmas¯ hbÊn kz´w ]nXmhns\t¸mse amÀIvkpw t_m¬ kÀÆIemimebn \nba hnZymÀ°nbmbn tNÀ¶p. icmicn hnZymÀ°nbn \n¶pw 18

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

hn`n¶\mbncp¶p amÀIvkv. Hcp {InkvXy³ blqZ\mbncp¶ B hnZymÀ°n Xsâ aX¯nsâ Imcy¯n Ak´pjvS\mbncp¶p. amÀIvknsâ ]nXmhv s{]m«Ìâp aX¯n tNÀ¶Xv AXv _nkn \Ên\p klmbIamhpw F¶p IcpXnbXp sIm­mWv. 19þmas¯ hbÊn ]nXmhn\v FgpXnb I¯pIfn Cu Ak´pjvSn \nd ªp \n¡p¶Xp ImWmw. FSp¯p ]dtb­ Xc¯nepÅ ]mIXbpw B I¯pIfn {]ISamWv. ImÄ amIvkns\¸än hnaÀin¨v FgpXmdpÅ ]¯n H³]Xp t]À¡pw, amÀIvkv k tlmZc·mcn HcmfmWv At±lw F¶p [cn¨ bphXntb¡mÄ IqSpXembn bmsXm¶pw Adnbnà F¶XmWv kXyw. Akm[mc Wamb IgnhpIfpÅ Hcp bphmhmbncp¶p amÀIvkv. GXp sXmgn enembncp¶psh¦nepw hnPbn¡m\pw k¼¯v BÀÖn¡phm\pw At±l¯n\p Ignbpambncp¶p. ITn\m²zm\nbmbncp¶ B bphmhv, t_m¬ kÀÆIemimebnepw anI¨ A²ym]IcpsS Iogn hnhn[ hnjb§fn {]mhoWyw t\Sn. AcntÌm«nens\¸än _lpam\hpw BZchpw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ At±lw GkvNnekv, Zmt´, tjIvkv]nbÀ F¶nhcpsS aqeIrXnIÄ BßlÀj t¯msS hmbn¨ncp¶p. a²yImeo\ Cämenb³ `mjbn cNn¡ s¸« Zmt´bpsS IrXnbn \n¶pÅ Hcp D²cWntbmsSbmWv aqe[\¯nsâ BapJw amÀIvkv Ahkm\n¸n¡p¶Xv. GIm[n]Xy hmgvNbpsS CW§nb DtZymKØ Zmk·mtcm s_Àen³ bqWnthgvknänbnse ]Åntbm {]Ncn¸n¨ncp¶ XXz §fpsS ASnabmbncp¶nà amÀIvkv F¶p Nq­n¡mWn¡phm \mWv Rm³ CsXÃmw hniZoIcn¨Xv. kwLÀjs¯ XpSÀ¶p Å amäw, ]gbXn \n¶v ]pXnbXnte¡pÅ hfÀ¨ F¶nhsb ¡pdn¨pÅ Bib§fmWv At±ls¯ Gähpa[nIw BIÀjn ¨Xv. B \qäm­nse BZys¯ Zim_vZ§fn {]apJ XXz Nn´ Icmb ^nsj, sjÃnwKv, slK F¶nhÀ¡p­mbncp¶ s]mXp hmb Hcp [mcWbmWnXv. ]cnWmaw, \ne\nev]n\p th­nbpÅ kacw F¶nhbpambn AXn\p _Ôsam¶panÃ. Cu Nn´I·m cpsS Bib ]²XnIfpsS Hcp Bhiyambncp¶p AXv. kmaqly ambn Nn´n¡m³ XpS§p¶Xn\p ap¼pÅ Ime¯v amÀIvkv AXn\v 19

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

Fs´¦nepw {]tXyI {]m[m\yw sImSp¯ncp¶pthmsb¶v F\n¡v kwibamWv. B XXz§sf kmaqly temIhpambn _Ô s¸Sp¯n AhXcn¸n¡phm³ ^nsjbpsSbpw slKensâbpw BßobhmZhpambpÅ _Ôw ]qÀWambpw hntOZnt¡­Xv At±l¯n\v Bhiyambn¯oÀ¶p. GXmbmepw `mKy¯n\v amÀ Ivkv s_Àen\nembncp¶ Ime¯p Xs¶ Hcp ]pkvXIw shfnbn h¶p. B ]pkvXIw amÀIvknsâ ]mZ§Ä¡p Iogn Dd¸pÅ ASn¯d \nÀ½n¡phm³ ]cym]vXambncp¶p.

20

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

2 `uXnIhmZhpambpÅ IqSnt¨c XXzÚm\nIfpsS sa¡ F¶v A¡me¯v Adnbs¸«ncp¶ s_Àen\n ImÄ amÀIvkv F¯p¶Xv Gcnbtâbpw A¯mt\ jykntâbpw Imes¯ hncp² tNcnIfnepÅ XntbmfPnIfpsS Gäpap«Â t]mse ITn\amb Hcp ImeL«¯nemWv. \mep {]apJ PÀ½³ Nn´I³amÀ¡pw AhcptSXmb A\pbmbnIfp­mbncp ¶p. kvtImSveântebpw {^m³kntebpw hnhn[ Nn´mkcWnI fpsS {]Xn²z\nIfpw AhnsS apg§nbncp¶p. “sshcp²ymßIw’ F¶ hm¡v A\pIqeamb kmlNcy§fn D­mbncp¶psh¶ Xn AZv`pXs¸Sm\nà F¶p \n§Ä ]dtª¡mw. F¶m B hm¡n\v AXnsâ bYmÀ° AÀ°w \jvSs¸«psh¶v HmÀ t¡­Xp­v. sshcp²ymßI IebpsS D¯a amXrIbmbncp¶p tkm{I«okv. Hcp a\pjy³ A`n{]mb§Ä {]ISn¸n¡p¶psh¶p IcpXpI (Xoknkv). AXns\ kzbw hnaÀin¡pItbm AXns\Xn cmbn BtemNn¡pItbm sN¿p¶XmWv ASp¯ L«w. (Bân Xoknkv). kz´w a\Êntem A\p`h¯ntem DÅ bmYmÀ°yw ImWm³ HSphn AbmÄ \nÀ_ÔnX\mbn¯ocp¶p (kn´ knkv). AXns\ kzbw hnaÀin¡pItbm AXns\Xncmbn Btem Nn¡pItbm sN¿p¶XmWv ASp¯ L«w (Bân Xoknkv). kz ´w a\Êntem A\p`h¯ntem DÅ bmYmÀ°yw ImWm³ HSp hn AbmÄ \nÀ_ÔnX\mbn¯ocp¶p (kn´knkv). PÀ½³ XXzÚm\¯nsâ `mjbn ]dªmÂ, Hcp XXzÚm\ Ncn{X Imc³ hyàam¡p¶Xpt]mse, “{]]©w XmXznIhmZ¯neqsS bmWv \nehn h¶Xv.” slKen \n¶mWv amÀIvkv XpS§p¶Xv F¶v hm¡pIfpsS AÀ°w a\Ênem¡nbn«msW¦nepw Asà 21

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

¦nepw, IayqWnÌpIÄ AhImis¸Smdp­v. Hcp ]pXnb temIw kzbw \nehn hcpsat¶m kzbw hgn¯mc sh«ns¯fn¡psa t¶m Øm]n¡m\mWv AhÀ {ian¡p¶Xv. ]t£ CXv Hcp kmZriyw am{XamWv. slKens\¸än Hcn¡epw tI«n«nÃmbncp¶psh¦n t]mepw amÀIvkv Cu \nKa\§fn ¯s¶ F¯pambncp¶p. {ZpXKXnbnepÅ hfÀ¨, Hcp L«¯n \n¶v asämcp L«¯nte¡pÅ amäw, ]pXnbXpw t`Zs¸«Xpamb Xnsâ krjvSn F¶nhsb¡pdn¨pÅ [mcWIÄ ^nsj, sjÃnwKv, slK F¶nhcn s]mXphmbn ImWmw. Ne\tam amätam CÃm ¯ temIs¯¡pdn¨mWv C½m\ph Imâ v ]dbp¶Xv. F¶m Imân\pw At±l¯nsâ ]n³KmanIÄ¡panSbn bqtdm]y³ XXzNn´bn Hcp ]pXnb LSIw h¶p tNÀ¶p. ]ptcmKXntb ¡pdn¨pw apt¶äs¯¡pdn¨papÅ [mcWbmbncp¶p AXv. thmÄ «bdptSbpw dqtÊmbpsSbpw BibhmZs¯¡pdn¨v ]T\w \S ¯ns¡m­ncp¶ {^©p \ncoizchmZnIfn \n¶mWv AXv DZv`hn ¨Xv. C¶p \½Ä ]cnWmaw F¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶ kn²m´hp ambn _Ôs¸« Bib§Ä clkyambn AhXcn¸n¨p sIm­n cp¶ _^sW (Buffon)t¸mepÅ imkv{XcwKs¯ {]mamWnIfp sS k{¼Zmb§fpw Ahcn kzm[o\w sNep¯nbncp¶ncn¡mw. {^©pImsct¸mse kmaqly ]ptcmKXnsb¸än Nn´n¨ncp¶psh ¦nÂ, Asæn {]]©w C¶s¯ coXnbnembXns\¡pdn¨pÅ ]cnWma [mcWIÄ \ÂInb _^¬, Cdmkvakv UmÀÆn³, emamÀ¡v F¶nhcn \n¶v AhÀ XXzhnNmcw XpS§nbncp¶p sh¦nÂ, Bib sshcp²y§sf kwLÀjaÃ, ]cnWmaamWv bYmÀ° temI¯nepw ASnØm\w F¶ t_m[w AhÀ¡p­m Ipambncp¶p. am\h temI¯nsâ ]ucmWnIXsb¡pdn¨pÅ t_m[tam {]IrXnsb¡pdn¨pÅ imkv{Xob hniZoIctWm AwKoIcn¡m¯ a\ÊpIÄ¡p am{Xta BXy´nI bmYmÀ°yw BßmhmWv F¶v ]dbm³ Ignbq. am\knIamb hfÀ¨bpsS Hcp hnIknX cq]w am{XamWv \½psS A\p`h taJebnepÅ {]]©w F¶v ]dbp¶Xv shdpw IpXÀ¡ambn am{Xta PohnXt¯ bpw {]iv\§tfbpw ]än Adnbmhp¶hÀ hntijn¸n¡pIbpÅq.

22

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

bqtdm¸nse c­mas¯ hn¹hXcwKw 1830þ AebSn¡pt¼mÄ amÀIvkv sIm¨p Ip«nbmbncp¶p. slKenb³ s{]m^kÀamcpsS I\¯ i_v Zw s_Àen\n amÀIvk v {ihn¨p sIm­ncp¶ Ime¯v, aq¶mas¯ hn¹hXcwK¯nsâ XpS¡w kqNn¸n¡s¸«p Ignªncp¶p. amÀIvkv kzm`mhnIambpw AkwXr]vX\mbncp¶n cn¡mw. GXmbmepw `uXnIhmZw At±l¯nsâ klmb¯n s\¯n.

`uXnIhmZ¯nsâ ]p\ÀP³aw `uXnIhmZw icnbmsW¦nepw sXämsW¦nepw icn, AXv {]tNmZ \¯n\v ImcWamhpIbnà F¶v Øm]n¡phm\pÅ Hcp {iaw Gähpw anI¨ aX{KÙImc·mÀ t]mepw \S¯mdp­v. \½Ä, `uXnIhmZnIÄ, sXämb \nKa\§fnse¯nbhcpw D]cn¹hIm cnIfpamsW¶v Btcm]n¡s¸«p. F¶mÂ, bYmÀ°¯nÂ, C ¡q«cmWv Abª Nn´bv¡pw Xn«anÃmbva¡pw ImcW¡mÀ. slKens\t¸mse Xs¶, `uXnIhmZ hncp²amb Cu Fgp¯pIm cnÂs]« {]KÛscÃmw Ccp­ taL§fn IgnbpIbpw hkvXpX IÄ¡v hfsc¡pdª {]m[m\yw \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp h¶p.

Gjymssa\dnse ]«W§fnÂ, {Ko¡p \mKcnIXbpsS H¶ma s¯ {InbmßI L«¯n `uXnIhmZambncp¶p {][m\ XXz imkv{Xw. GX³kv \Kcw AXnsâ kphÀW ImeL«¯n temIs¯ AZv`pX]cX{´cm¡nbt¸mgpw `uXnIhmZw Xs¶bm bncp¶p ASnØm\ XXzimkv{Xw. t¹tämbpw AcntÌm«nepw ]n¡me¯v h¶t¸mgpw AhÀ¡v A{Xam{Xw kzm[o\ap­m ¡m³ IgnªnÃ. \mKcnIXbpsS ASp¯ {InbmßI ImeL« ¯nÂ, H¶pw c­pw \qäm­nse {Ko¡vþtdma³ \mKcnIXbpsS Ime¯v, AXv ASnØm\ XXzimkv{Xambn XpSÀ¶p. ssN\bn Gähpw anIhpäXpw a\pjyXz]qÀWhpw {InbmßIhpamb Ime L«¯nepw AXv ASnØm\ XXzimkv{Xambncp¶p (I¬^yq jy\nkw). {^©p hn¹h¯neqsS km£mXvIcn¡s¸SpIbpw bqtdm¸nemIam\w ]ScpIbpw sNbvX \ho\ BibhmZ¯nsâ DdhnShpw AXmbncp¶p. {^m³knse `oIcXbpsS ImeL«hp ambn AXns\ _Ôn¸n¨p ImWphm\pÅ {iaw \ncmIcn¡s¸tS 23

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

­XmWv. ImcWw, `oIchmgvNbv¡v Gähpa[nIw D¯chmZnbm bncp¶ tdms_kv]nbÀ BkvXnI\pw BßobhmZnbpambncp¶p. am{Xaà Hcp \qdnc«nsb¦nepw \njvTqcamb sNbvXnIÄ ]n¡m e¯v aXhnizmk¯nsâ IpªmSpIÄ sN¿pIbpap­mbn.

Npcp¡n¸dªmÂ, Gähpw anI¨ {InbmßI {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¶bnS§fnsems¡, `uXnIhmZambncp¶p ASnØm\ XXzw. `uXnIhmZ \mKcnIXbptSbpw kwkvImc§fptSbpw Ipg¸ §sf¡pdn¨v kphntij kmlnXy¯nepw FUntämdnbepIfnepw ]c¯nb arZp`mjbn FgpXs¸« {]_Ô§fnepw ImWs¸Sp¶ “{]tNmZnX cN\” shdpw hnUvVn¯w am{XaÃ. H¶pIn AXp IpäIcamb kXykÔXbnÃmbvabmWv. Asæn Ncn{Xs¯ ¡pdn¨pÅ AdnhnÃmbvabmWv. AtX¡pdn¨v \½Ä hniZambn ASp¯ A²ymb§fn NÀ¨ sN¿p¶XmWv. Hcp Imcyw GXm bmepw Cu L«¯nepw Xd¸n¨p ]dtb­nbncn¡p¶p. FÃm¡me t¯Xpsa¶Xpt]mse 19þmw \qäm­nse `uXnIhmZ¯n\pw KpW ]camb ^e§Ä D­mbncp¶p. Bßob XXzNn´, AXp PÀ½ \nbnep­mbXmbmepw Cw¥­nep­mbXmbmepw, bmYmØnXn IXz¯nsâ Iq«mfnbmbncp¶p. s_À¡nenbptSbpw slKen tâbpw (slK Hcp hyàn ssZh¯n hnizkn¨ncp¶nsà ¦nepw) Po³kntâbpw FUnwKvSWntâbpw sshävslUntâbpw XXzNn´Isf¡pdn¨v \ap¡v £atbmsS kwkmcn¡m\mhm¯Xn sâ Hcp {][m\ ImcWw Xs¶, \½psS Gähpw hr¯nsI«Xpw hnIrXhpamb A\p`h§sft¸mepw ssZhnI Bib§fmbn Ah ZÀin¡p¶XmWv. A¯csamcp XXzimkv{Xw AwKoIcn ¡p¶bmÄ¡v bp²w, Zmcn{Zyw, {IqcX XpS§nb hr¯ntISp ItfmSv {]XnIcn¡m³t]mepw IgnbpIbnÃ. hbdpthZ\bv¡v {_m­n {]Xnhn[nbmbn sImSp¡p¶ '{InkvXy³ kbânÌn’t\ ¡mÄ IqSpXembn `uXnIamb {]Xnhn[nIÄ Chbvs¡Xncmbn \ÂIm\pw AhÀ¡v BhpIbnÃ. C¯cw BßobhmZ¯ntâbpw `uXnIhmZ¯ntâbpanSbv¡v, hkvXphntâbpw Bßmhntâbpw \ne\nev]v AwKoIcn¡phm³ {ian¡p¶ Nne XXzNn´Ifpw Ds­¶Xv icnbmWv. Ah c­pw IqSn F§s\ s]mcp¯s¸Sp 24

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

sa¶p ImWn¡phm³ B XXzNn´bpsS hàm¡Ä ITn\ambn bXv\n¡pt¼mįs¶, {InkvXz_vZ¯nsâ Ncn{Xw Nq­n¡mWn ¡p¶Xpt]mse, AXv ^eiq\yambn¯ocp¶p.

AwKoIcn¨mepw Csænepw icn, `uXnIhmZ¯nsâ Cu [mc WbmWv B[p\nI \mKcnIXsb AXnsâ ap³KmanIfmb Ime L«§sf¡mÄ {InbmßIam¡n¯oÀ¯Xv. `uXnIhmZ]ctam imkv{Xobtam Bb XXz§Ä {]mhÀ¯nIam¡mXncp¶XmWv C{Xb[nIw {IqcXbpw sX½mSn¯hpw \½n _m¡n \¡m³ ImcWw. {Ko¡v `uXnI hmZ¯nsâ ]p\ÀP³aw hensbmcp kmaq ly ]ptcmKXntbmsSm¸amWp­mbXv. ¢mkn¡Â kmlnXy¯n sâ ]p\cp²mcWt¯msSm¸w ept{Ijyknsâ “hkvXp¡fpsS {]IrXnsb¸än” F¶ IhnX shfn¨¯p sIm­ph¶p. tdma³ F]nIyqdnb³amcpsS ss__nÄ F¶v hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ B IrXn¡v 17þmw \qäm­n t]mepw \nch[n BkzmZIcp­mbn cp¶p. {]JymX lmkImc\mbncp¶ tamenbÀ (Moliere) Ahcn semcmfmWv. ]Xns\«mw \qäm­n {^m³knse ]utcmlnXy ta[mhn¯w kpJtemep]Xbnepw BÀ`mS§fnepw ap§n IgnbpIbpw a\pjyÀ Ahsb \ncmIcn¡m³ XpS§pIbpw sNbvXpXpS§nbt¸mÄ thmÄ«bdn\p tijapÅ {^©p Nn´IÀ `uXnIhmZw AwKoIcn¡pIbpw ]pXnb imkv{X¯n\v tbmPn¨ _eh¯mb Hcp ASn¯dbmbn AXns\ ImWpIbpw sNbvXp. Ncn{XImc·mcpsS A`n{]mb¯nÂ, hn¹h¯nsâ Bib§Ä¡v D¯chmZnIfmbncp¶hcn FÃmhcpw Xs¶ `uXnIhmZnIfpw Bbncp¶p. hn¹h¯nsâ _lpam\ycmb cmjv{St\Xm¡fn `qcn]£hpw `uXnIhmZnIfmbncp¶p. s\t¸mfnbsâ ]X\s¯¯pSÀ¶v dn¸»n¡³ kmlnXyw ASn ¨aÀ¯s¸«Xpt]mse `uXnIhmZ kmlnXyhpw ASn¨aÀ¯s¸«n cp¶psh¶Xv Ct¸mÄ s]mXpsh AwKoIcn¡s¸Sp¶p­v. emt¹ kns\t¸mepÅ imkv{XImc·mÀ k`bn tNcm³ \nÀ_Ôn¡ s¸«p. t¹tämbv¡v Hcp ]p\cp²m\w D­mbn. sjÃn At±l¯nsâ \mkvXnIy¯n\v sNdp¸¯nte in£n¡s¸«p. FÃmbnS¯papÅ XXzÚm\nIÄ `uXnIhmZs¯¡pdn¨v kwkmcn¡pIbpw, 25

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

C¶pw AhÀ sN¿p¶Xpt]mse, GXm\pw AÀ²hnÚm\nI fpsS GÀ¸mSmWsX¶v hnaÀin¡pIbpw sNbvXp. XXzÚm\ ¯n henb {]mhoWysam¶pansöv Ahtlfn¡s¸« an¡ {Ko¡p Nn´Icpw `uXnIhmZnIfmbncp¶psh¶v Ahcn NneÀ s¡¦nepw Adnbmsa¶p tXm¶p¶p. 18þmw \qäm­nse `uXnIhm Z¯nt·Â ]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm­nsâ BZy ]IpXnbnse Bßo bhmZw t\Snb Cu hnPbw Ncn{X¯nse Gähpw bmYmØnXn Iamb Hcp Imebfhn\p \mµn Ipdn¨p. AXnsâ Ccp­ shfn¨ ¯n ]Xn\mbnc¡W¡n\p kv{Xo ]pcpj·mÀ, am\hnIXbnep Å AhcpsS hnizmkw aqew Iim¸p sN¿s¸«p.

^yqbÀ_m¡nsâ Bib§Ä {]JymX\mb slKensâ hnZymÀ°nIfpsS Iq«¯n 1824 apX 1827þhsc Hcp ‘epUznKv ^yqbÀ _m¡v’ D­mbncp¶p. sX¡³ PÀ½\nbnse Hcp h¡oensâ ]p{X\mbncp¶ Cu bphmhv, slK ensâ I]S XXzNn´bpsS s]můcw {ItaW a\Ênem¡n. aX \ntj[]camb Hcp ]pkvXIw FgpXnbXns\¯pSÀ¶v At± l¯n\v bqWnthgvknänbnse Øm\w \jvSs¸«p. A¡mes¯ Bßob XXzNn´sb \ninXambn hnaÀin¡p¶ Hcp ]pkvXIw bqWnthgvknänbn \n¶pÅ ]n³hm§ent\msSm¸w ^yqbÀ _m¡v ]pd¯nd¡n. “{InkvXpaX¯nsâ {]IrXw” F¶ t]cn 1841þ At±lw Hcp ]pkvXIw FgpXn. 19þmw \qäm­nse `uXn IhmZnIfpsS Iq«¯n At±lw KWn¡s¸Sp¶Xv, Cu ]pkvX I¯nsâ t]cnemWv. hyàn ssZhw, hyIvXnKXamb A\izcXzw XpS§nb Bib§sf At±lw iàambn \ntj[n¨p. A\iz camb BßXz¯nsâ Xet¨mdn s\bvsXSp¯ Nne´nhe bmWv {]IrXn F¶v slK ]dªXn\p ]Icw a\pjysâ Xe t¨mdn s\bvX Nne´nheIfmWv ssZhhpw {InkvXpaXhpw F¶v At±lw kaÀ°n¨p. `uXnIhmZnsb¶v ^yqbÀ_m¡ns\ hnfn¡p¶Xv icnbmhnÃ. B t]cv At±lw F¡me¯pw \ncmI cn¨ncp¶p. Iptd¡mewþ hfsc¡pd¨p Imewþ slbv¡Â IcpXnbn cp¶Xpt]mse, {]]©¯nsâ DuÀÖs¯ Bßmhv F¶p 26

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

hnfn¡msa¶p t]mepw ^yqbÀ_m¡v [cn¨p. BßobhmZhpw `uXnIhmZhpw X½n Hcp cRvPn¸v D­m¡phm\mbncp¶p At± l¯nsâ {iaw.

Cu ]pkvXI {]Imi\¯nsâ i_vZ§Ä F¯p¶ Ime¯pw amÀIvk,v s_Àen\n hnZymÀ°nbmbncp¶p. hnaÀi\ _p²nbpÅ aäp Nne hnZymÀ°nItfmsSm¸w amÀIvkv Nne NÀ¨m kwL§Ä cq]oIcn¨p. ]t£, slKenb³ Nn´bpsS a­¯c§Ä Ahsc k¦oÀWXIfnepw {]XnkÔnIfnepw Xf¨n«p. ^yqbÀ_m¡nsâ ]pkvXIw shfn¨¯nsâ {]hmlambmWv AhpsS ap¶n F¯n bXv. AhÀ¡v kmaqlyt_m[w D­mbncp¶p. kwLÀj§fn eqsS hfÀ¨ F¶ ]gb XXzimkv{Xw kzm`mhnIambpw Ahsc BIÀjn¨ncp¶p. bYmÀ° temI¯nemWv X§Ä Pohn¡p¶ sX¶pw Acq]mhØbnepÅ Bßmhnsâ a\Ênesöpw AhÀ ¡v Adnbmambncp¶p. IrXyamb AÀ°¯n ]dªm Bßo bXtbbpw {]IrXymXoXambXns\bpw ^yqbÀ_m¡v k¼qÀW ambpw \ntj[n¨Xv AhÀs¡mcp apt¶äw Xs¶ \ÂIn. bYmÀ° ¯nÂ, kmaqly Xmev]cy§fpsS hit¯¡v ^yqbÀ_m¡p Xs¶ \o§ns¡m­ncn¡pIbmbncp¶p. “ssZhw Bbncp¶p Fsâ H¶mas¯ Bibw”- ^yqbÀ_m¡v ]n¡mes¯mcn ¡Â ]dªp: “bpàn c­mat¯Xpw, a\pjyÀ aq¶mat¯Xpw Ahkm\t¯Xpw.” “am\hnIXbpsS kmaly {]hÀ¯\w” F¶v At±lw hntijn¸n¨ imkv{X¯nte¡v ^yqbÀ_m¡v IqSp Xembn Xncnªp. bpàn t]mepw Hcp ‘kmaqly DÂ]¶’amsW¶v Ahkm\ Imeambt¸mtg¡pw At±lw ]dªp.

XXzimkv{X¯nsâ Ncn{X¯n ^yqbÀ_m¡ns\¸än A[nIw tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«nà F¶Xp Xs¶ At±l¯n\p hensbmcp AwKoImcamWv. XXzimkv{X Ncn{X¯nsâ AanX]Z {]tbmK NmXpcys¯bpw ZpÀ_eamb ImcyImcW t_m[t¯bpw At± lw Ahnizkn¡pIbpw bYmÀ°amb FÃm hnÚm\hpw hmkvXhnIXbn \n¶pam{Xw DZv`hn¡p¶psh¶v IcpXpIbpw sNbvXp. At±l¯n\v XoÀ¨bmbpw Ncn{X¯n ]n³KmanIfn semcmfmb kv { Xmhqkv (strauss) BWv {Inkv Xphnsâ IY 27

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

Ncn{X]casöv BZyambn {i²bmIÀjn¡pw hn[w ]dªXv.

]pXnb ASn¯d GXm­v C¡mew apXÂ, Bßmhv F¶p ]dbp¶Xv `mh\bpsS Hcp Xp­p am{XamsW¶v amÀIvkn\v hyàambncp¶p. aXw hfsc em`Icambn NqjWw sNbvXncp¶ Hcp X«n¸mWv AsX¶pw B ]Zw Xs¶ Hgnhm¡pIbmWv th­sX¶pw amÀIvkn\p a\Ênem bn. DuÀÖs¯ Bßmhv F¶v hntijn¸n¨v `uXnIhmZhpw BßobhmZhpw X½n s]mcp¯w D­m¡msat¶m, hkvXphpw Bßmhpw Htc bmYmÀ°y¯nsâ c­p hi§Ä am{XamsW t¶m ]dbp¶Xn AÀ°ansöpw amÀIvkv Dd¨p. Ah c­pw ]ckv]c hncp²amWv; sshcp²y§Ä¡v GIoIcn¡m\mhnÃ. slKensâ XXzÚm\s¯¡pdn¨v amÀIvkn\pw kplr¯p¡Ä ¡pw At¸mÄ shdp¸p am{Xta D­mbncp¶pÅq. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw slKenb\nk¯n \n¶mWv DZv`hn¨Xv F¶p ]dbp ¶Xv hkvXpXIsf hfs¨mSn¡emWv. hfÀ¨bpsS Asæn ]cnWma¯nsâ XXzimkv{Xw hfscthKw temIsam«msI AwKo Icn¡s¸«p hcnIbmbncp¶p. B hnjb¯n KthjWw \S¯n s¡m­ncp¶ NmÄkv UmÀÆn³, hfÀ¨bpsS {]{Inb kwLÀj ¯neqsSbpw \nehnepÅ cq]§fpsS \mi¯neqsSbpamsW¶v hyàam¡n. aäp tI{µ§fn \n¶p e`n¡m¯ Hscmä Bibw t]mepw slK a\pjyhnÚm\¯n\v kw`mh\ sNbvXnÃ. slK ensâ Bib§Ä sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ¯n\v GsX¦nepw LSI§Ä kw`mh\ \ÂInsb¶p ]dªm B[p\nI slKen b³amcpw \ntbm slKenb³amcpw AXv Dd¸mbpw \ntj[n¡pw.

Ncn{X]cambn ]dªmÂ, kwLÀj¯neqsSbpw FXnÀ¸neq sSbpapÅ hfÀ¨ F¶ Bibw amÀIvkv BZyambn ]Tn¨Xv slKensâ IrXnIfn \n¶mWv. ^yqbÀ_m¡nsâ IrXnIÄ hmbn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ {Ko¡v XXzNn´Icnse an¡ `uXnI hmZnIfpw amÀIvkns\ BIÀjn¨ncp¶p. bqWnthgvknän hnZym `ymk¯nsâ Ahkm\¯nÂ, 1841þ amÀIvkv FgpXnb tUmIvS d Xoknknsâ hnjbw ‘F]nIyqdknsâ sUtam{Inäknsâbpw 28

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

{]IrXn ZÀi\¯nse ]ckv]c sshcp²y§Ä’ F¶Xmbncp¶p.

I«nbpÅ a®neqsS Xs¶bmWv At±lw NphSp sh¨Xv. {]mtbm KnI t_m[hpw AtX hgn¡pXs¶bmWv At±ls¯ \bn¨Xv. \nbaÚ\mhWsa¶ ]cn]mSn ]t­ Xs¶ amÀIvkv Dt]£n¨p.

Hcp s{]m^kÀ BhWsa¶mbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ B{Klw. ]mc¼cy \ntj[nIfmb A[ym]IÀ¡p t\sc Kh¬saâ v Zwjv{S§Ä ImWn¡phm³ XpS§nbncp¶p. amÀIvkn\pw s_À en\n At±lt¯msSm¸w D­mbncp¶ FwKÂkn\pw Iem] ImcnIfpsS a\Êmbncp¶p At¸mÄ. hfscthKw hfÀ¶psIm­n cp¶ cmjv{Sob Xo{hhmZw Ahsc BIÀjn¨p. slK t]mepw XÅn¡fbpambncp¶ XoknkvþBân Xoknkv aÕc¯n AhÀ Aenªp tNÀ¶p.

AtX¡pdn¨v \ap¡v ASp¯ A²ymb¯n NÀ¨ sN¿mw.

Rm³ Cu hkvXpXIÄ hyàam¡nbXv Hscmä Dt±i¯nemWv, sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZs¯ HcmÄ \ntj[n¡pt¼mÄ, s]mÅbmb hm¡pIÄ sIm­p \nd¡s¸«Xpw AXn\p ISIhncp²hpamb slKensâ XXzimkv{X¯n \n¶v Bi b§sfSp¯p F¶p Ipäs¸Sp¯nbm AXp icnbmhpIbnÃ.

Bib cq]§fpw ]Z{]tbmK§fpw A[nIambn slKen \n¶v amÀIv k v ISsaSp¯n«nÃ. Bib§fpsS temIs¯¡pdn¨v slK ]dªXv bYmÀY temIs¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw icnbmsW¶p amÀIvkn\p tXm¶n. ]n¡me¯v, hÀKkacs¯ ¡pdn¨pÅ Bibw hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯p Ignªt¸mÄ aps¼¶ t¯¡mfpa[nIambn amÀIvkn\v A§s\ tXm¶nbncn¡mw. hÀK kac¯n\v Hcp A¡mZanIv tae¦nbpw XXzimkv{X¯nsâ aW hpw \ÂIp¶XpsIm­v sshcp²ymß `uXnIhmZw F¶ slKenb³ ]Z{]tbmKs¯ kvt\ln¡m³ NneÀ¡v tXm¶n t¸mIpw. XXzimkv{Xs¯ aXn¡p¶ps­¦nepw imkv{X¯n\pw Ncn{X¯n\pw AXns\¡mÄ koamXoXamb {]m[m\yaps­¶v IcpXp¶ \½sft¸mepÅhÀ¡v A¯csamcp t{]cW D­mhW sa¶nÃ. amÀIvkv "sshcp²ymßIw” F¶ hm¡v D]tbmKn¨Xv k¦SIcambnt¸mbn F¶mWv Fsâ ]£w. ¢mkn¡Â `uXnI 29

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

hmZ¯n \n¶pw ]c¼cmKX `uXnIhmZ¯n \n¶pw thÀ Xncn¨p ImWn¡phm³ B hm¡pXs¶ thWsa¶mWv sshcp ²ymßI `uXnIhmZnIÄ ]dbp¶Xv. CXv hm¡pIfpsS Hcp bp²w am{XamWv. ImcWw, sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw kvt^mS\mßI amsWt¶m AÃm¯ `uXnIhmZw A§s\bsÃt¶m ]dbp¶Xv hkvXpXIÄ¡v \nc¡p¶XÃ. C¡mcy¯n Gähpw kXykÔ ambn ]dbmhp¶Xv Hcp ]t£ C§s\bmWv þ ip² `uXnIhmZw F¶Xv {]IrXnbntem a\pjy\ntem ‘Bßmhv’ Cà F¶ {]Jym] \amWv. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw CXv AwKoIcn¡p¶tXm sSm¸w Hcp km¼¯nI kn²m´w, Hcp Ncn{X kao]\w, kmaqly {]hÀ¯\¯n\pÅ Hcp \nbamhen F¶nh IqSn hn]peamb Hcp N«¡q«n DÄs¸Sp¯n tNÀ¯ncn¡p¶p.

30

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

3 Pzen¡p¶ ]Ým¯ew Pohn¡phm³ {]iv\§sfm¶panÃmXncp¶ Hcp Ncn{XImeL« ¯nÂ, Asæn PohnX hnaÀi\sa¶Xv CSs]Sm³ sImÅpI bnÃm¯ Imcyambn IcpXnbncp¶ GsX¦nepw ImeL«¯nemWv amÀIvkv Pohn¨ncp¶sX¦n At±lw slKens\ I¯n¨p If bpItbm ad¡pItbm sN¿pambncp¶psh¶v Dd¸mWv. F¶m kacw F¶Xnsâ bYmÀ° AÀ°¯n Ncn{X¯nse Gähpw katcmÕpIamb Hcp ImeL«¯nte¡v, ]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm ­nse A©mas¯ Zim_vZ¯nte¡v, At±lw IS¡pIbm bncp¶p. km¼¯nI imkv{X¯n\v Ncn{X¯nepÅ \nÀ®mbI kzm[o\w amÀIvknsâ Xsâ hfÀ¨bn Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«n«p­v. kpJkuIcy§tfmsS Pohn¡phm³ X¡ hcpam\apÅ Hcp AÑsâ aI\mbn«mWv amÀIvkv P\n¨Xv. hyhØnXnbpsS \ne \n¸neqsS Xsâ kpJkuIcy§fpw \ne\n¡Wsa¶v B ]nXmhv B{Kln¨p. “ssN\m¡mcpsS ]¶nhme³ Bßmhv” (ssN\m¡mcmb \nch[n DtZymKØ·mÀ A¡me¯v, PÀ½\n bn D­mbncp¶p) ]p\ÀP\n¨ncp¶ Hcp kÀhIemimebnte¡v At±lw aIs\ Ab¨Xv, AXpsIm­mWv. kz´w km·mÀKnIX bnepw _p²n]camb taÂt¡mbvabnepw A`nam\n¨ncp¶ B kÀÆIemimebpsS BZÀi§Ä¡v \ndw ]nSn¸n¨ncp¶Xv hfsc hyàambn cmjv{Sob km¼¯nI hyhØnXnbmWv. A¡mZanIv A²ym]\¯nsâ Gähpw efnXamb hn`mK§Ä t]mepw A[nImc {]a¯amb kzmÀ°Xsb ]n´m§nbncp¶p. blqZ {InkvXym\nsb¶ \nebnepÅ A\nÝnXXzhpw Akm[mcWamb hnaÀi\tijnbpÅ bphXzhpw IqSnbmbt¸mÄ At±ls¯ 31

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

]Tn¸n¨ BZÀi§Äs¡Xnsc, Ah ]Tn¸n¡s¸« coXnbn amÀIvkv {]XnIcn¨p. bqWnthgvknän PohnX¯nsâ Ahkm\sa ¯nbt¸mtg¡pw hyhØm]nX Øm]\§Äs¡XnscbpÅ FXnÀ¸n amÀIvkn\p ]¯p hÀjs¯ ]cnNbhpw kn²n¨n cp¶p.

A¡mZanIv temI¯v At±lw I­Xv A[nImc {]a¯X bmWv; ]{X{]hÀ¯\ temI¯nte¡p Xncnªt¸mÄ AhnsS bpw I­Xv A[nImc {]a¯XbmWv. kzmX{´y¯nsâbpw ]ptcm Ka\¯nsâbpw Kw`ocamb {]Øm\§Ä bqtdm¸nemsI Ae bSn¡p¶Xv amÀIvkv I­p. buÆ\¯nsâ cà¯nft¸msS AXn Xsâ Øm\w At±lw Is­¯n. GXm\pw hÀj§Ä ¡pÅn {]Øm\§fn ]eXpw hnPbn¨Xpw At±lw I­p. ]pXnb kmlNcy§Ä ]pXnbsX¦nepw \nÀWmbIamb sshcp ²y§Ä¡pw kwLÀj§Ä¡pw ap¶n XIÀ¶Snbp¶Xpw At±l¯n\v ImWm³ Ignªp. \jvSmhinjvS§fpsS \Sphn \n¶v A¯cw ITn\amb {]Xn_Ô§Äs¡Xnsc Xo£amb Hcp hÀK kac¯n\p th­n _m¡nbpÅ PohnXw Nnehgn¡p hm³ At±lw Xocpam\n¨p.

cmjv{Sob kacw kz´w NpaXesb¡pdn¨pw ]¦ns\¡pdn¨pw amÀIvkv Nn´n¡m³ XpS§nbt¸mÄ, {]jy (]gb PÀ½\n) bnse DincpÅ sNdp¸¡m scsbÃmw BIÀjn¡p¶ cmjv{Sob kac§Ä AhnsS \S¡pI bmbncp¶p. P\§Ä kzbw AhcpsS Imcyw t\m¡ns¡mÅp sa¶v Dd¸nÃm¯XpsIm­v AhcpsS Xmev]cy§sfÃmw kwc£n ¡p¶Xn\pth­n kÀtÆizc³ P\§fpsS GIm[n]Xnbmb {]]nXmal\mbn Xs¶ knwlmk\¯n {]XnjvTn¨ncn¡pIbm sW¶v kzbw hnizkn¨ cmPmhv. s\t¸mfnbsâ ]X\¯n\p tijapÅ ImeL«¯n hnZymÀ°nIÄ AkzØcmbncp¶p. kzmX{´y¯nsâ sImSn¡ognemWv {^©pImÀs¡Xncmb bp² ¯n AhÀ AWn\nc¶Xv. Cu kzmX{´yw F¶m F´msW ¶v k`bpsSbpw cmjv{S¯nsâbpw t\Xm¡fmbncn¡pw hymJym 32

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

\n¡pI F¶v Adnªt¸mÄ AhÀ {]Xntj[n¨p. cmPmhmIs«, asäÃm cmPm¡·mtcbpw t]mse BUw_c§fn ap§n¡gn ª Hcp \maam{X `cWm[nImcnbmbncp¶p. cmPmhntâbpw {]`p ¡³amcpsSbpw k¼¯ntâbpw, k`bptSbpw Xmev]cy§Ä kwc£n¨ncp¶Xv {]KZv`cmb Nne cmjv{S t\Xm¡fmbncp¶p. hn¹h¯nsâ BZÀi§Ä am{Xaà jnÃdpsS sdmamânIv IhnX t]mepw ad¡phm³ slKens\t¸msebpÅ D]IcW§Ä D] tbmKn¨ sNdp¸¡msc t{]cn¸n¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p AhcpsS apJyamb ]cn]mSn. PÀ½\nbpsS `mK§fmb hnhn[ {]n³kn¸m enänIfnepw {]hniyIfnepw BfpIÄ hyXykvXamb kao]\§ fmWv ]peÀ¯nbXv. alm\mb tKmbvtYbv¡p \µn, kmIvsk sshaÀ Bbncp¶p Adnbs¸« Gähpw henb kzmX{´yhmZn. slsÊ {]hniybnse `cWm[nImcn AbmfpsS IognepÅ P\§sf ITn\amb _p²nap«pIfnte¡p XÅnhn«p. 1806þ\p tijw hmÀjnI dnt¸mÀ«p kaÀ¸n¡m¯ DtZymKØ·msc AbmÄ Xcw Xmgv¯n. F¶n«pw Ahcnsemcmfpw 1816þhsc dnt¸mÀ «v kaÀ¸n¨nà F¶Xv thsd Imcyw. PÀ½\nbnse 500 hnZymÀ°n IÄ hmÀ«v _ÀKn kt½fn¨v Hcp Hm^okdpsS ASnhkv{X§fpw Nm«hmdpw 18þmw \qäm­v ]p\xØm]n¡m\pÅ {ia§fpsS {]Xo Isa¶ \nebn I¯n¨p Ifªp. satäWn¨v PÀ½³ cmPIpamc ·msc H¶n¨p hnfn¨p Iq«pIbpw AtX¯pSÀ¶v AhÀ Ccp]Xp hÀjs¯ \njvTqcamb ASn¨aÀ¯en\p hnt[bcmhpIbpw sNbvXp. GXm­v Ccp]¯nb©p hÀj¡met¯mfw hnZymÀ°nIfpw s{]m^kÀamcpw aäp sXmgnepIfn GÀs¸«ncp¶hcpw Xs¶ kacw apt¶m«p sIm­pt]mbn. AhÀ¡v AXn\pth­n henb XymK§Ä A\p`hnt¡­nh¶p. ‘PÀ½³ kac¯nsâ Ncn{Xw' F¶ ]pkvXI¯n ss_Kvtem ]dbp¶p: “{]jy³ t]meokpImcm C¡me¯v Nh«nbc¡s¸« {]apJ cmb PÀ½³ImcpsS Hcp enÌv FSp¯m kzX{´Nn´sb \nÀ ½mÀÖ\w sN¿m³ {ian¨Xp t]mse Ahscbpw k¼qÀW ambpw \nÀ½mÀÖ\w sN¿m³ eqbnkv cmÚnbpsS `À¯mhv 33

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

Dd¨ncn¡pIbmbncp¶psh¶v hmb\¡mÀ¡v a\Ênemhpw.” {]JymXcmb s{]m^kÀamcpw Fgp¯pImcpw PbneneSbv¡ s¸«p. ]ecpw Ccp]Xp hÀjt¯¡mWv Ccp¼gnIÄ¡pÅnem bXv. NneÀ cmPy{`jvScm¡s¸«p; \mSp IS¯s¸«p. Ir{Xna Pbn epIÄ¡pÅnepw tIm«Ifnepw InS¶v Bbnc¡W¡n\p hnZymÀ °nIÄ \cIn¨p. A¶s¯ {]jybn HcmÄ s{]m«ÌâpImc \msWt¶m eqXd³ BsWt¶m Chm©en¡ÂImc³ BsW t¶m kzbw hniZoIcn¡phm³ km²yaÃmbncp¶p: A¯cw hm¡pIÄ t]mepw shdp¸pw AklnjvWpXbpw krjvSn¨p. hnZymÀ°nItfbpw s{]m^kÀamtcbpw clkyambn ho£n¡m³ Nmc·mcpsS Hcp ssk\yw Xs¶ {]hÀ¯n¨p. bqWnthgvknänI sf \nb{´n¨ncp¶Xv ^e¯n t]meokpImÀ Xs¶bmbncp¶p. slK At±l¯nsâ AXo{µnb XXzÚm\w, AXnsâ tI{µ amb s_Àen\n At£m`y\mbn ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw AXns\ \ymbo Icn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. HcÀ°¯n ]dªm \áXm {]Øm\ ¯nsâ {]mcw`w At´mWn tImwtÌm¡n ImWp¶Xpt]mse Xs¶bmWv sshcp²yßI `uXnIhmZ¯nsâ {]mcw`w slK ensâ kn²m´§fn ImWm³ {ian¡p¶Xv. {^m³kntebpw t]mf­ntebpw hn¹h§Ä 1830þ ]cmPb s¸«t¸mÄ hn¹hImcnIfmb ]e {^©pImcpw t]mf­pImcpw PÀ½\nbnse IqSpX kzmX{´yapÅ Øe§fnte¡v IpSntbdn.

Ipd¨p Imet¯¡v AhcpsS {]NcW§Ä hnPbIcambncp¶p F¶p ]dbmw. Hchkc¯n 30,000þt¯mfw hcp¶ PÀ½³ kv{Xo ]pcpj·mcpsS Hcp Iq«w {]IS\w \S¯pIbpw dn¸»n¡p Øm]n ¡Wsa¶v Bhiys¸SpIbpw sNbv Xp. ]pXnb aÀ±\§Ä sI«gn¨p hnSp¶Xn\v AXv ImcWambn¯oÀ¶p. PbnepIfnepw shfnbnepw Nm«hmdpIÄ IqSpXembpw ITn\ambpw D]tbmKn ¡s¸«p. s{]m^kÀ U_vfnbp. apÅÀ At±l¯nsâ Ncn{X ¯n AtX¡pdn¨p ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv: “FÃm PÀ½³ kwØm\§fnepw cmjv{Sob {]kwK¡mÀs¡XnscbpÅ h\y amb th«bmS Bcw`n¨p.” F¦nepw ]gb hyhØnXnsb tZmj Icambn _m[n¨ amä§Ä AtX Zim_vZ¯n Xs¶ D­mbn.

34

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

cmjv{St\Xm¡Ä¡pw `cWm[nImcnIÄ¡pw AXv AwKoIcn t¡­Xmbpw h¶p. Ncn{X¯n km¼¯nI Imcy§Ä¡pÅ \nÀWmbI kzm[o\¯n\pÅ Hcp \à DZmlcWambn AXv Nq­n¡mWn¡mhp¶XmWv. sdbnÂthbpsS Hcp irwJeXs¶ cmPy¯n\p IpdpsI \nÀ½n¡s¸«p. {Kmam´c§Ät]mepw AXp ambn _Ôn¡s¸«p. Hcp ]pXnb IÌwkv bqWnb³ hnhn[ {]hn iyIsf GIoIcn¨p. ]«W§fnse hymhkmbnI hnIk\hpw hnZym`ymk¯nsâ {]Nmchpw Hcp ]pXnb Xcw sXmgnemfnbpsS krjvSn¡p ImcWambn. 1840þ ]pXnb {]jy³ cmPmhv A[n Imcw GsäSp¯t¸mÄ, Øm\mtcmlW NS§pItfmS\p_Ôn¨v cmjv{Sob XShpImÀs¡Ãmw At±lw s]mXpam¸p \ÂIn. F¦n epw At±lhpw GIm[n]Xy \b§fn ISn¨p Xq§pIbpw kacw ho­pw XpScpIbpw sNbvXp. PÀ½³ Ncn{XImc·mcpsS `mjbn ]dªmÂ, PÀ½\nbnteXpt]mse Xo ]nSn¡m³ D] bpàamb kwKXnIÄ C{Xb[nIw Ip¶pIqSn¡nS¶ asämcp cmPyhpw CÃmbncp¶p. hensbmcfhp hsc B {]kvXmh\ AXn `mhpIXzamWv. atäsXmcp cmPyt¯bpw t]mse PÀ½\nbnepw 1840þIfn Iem]¯n\pÅ A´co£w ]mIs¸«p Ignªncp¶p sh¶XmWv bmYmÀ°yw. amÀIvkv s_Àen³ hnSp¶ Ime¯pÅ s]mXp PohnX¯nsâ ØnXn C§s\sbms¡bmbncp¶p. Cu kmlNcy§fn A¡mZanIv cwK¯v Hcp Ahnizmkn¡v XpSÀ¶p {]hÀ¯n¡m³ km²yasöp I­ amÀIvkv ]{X{]hÀ¯\ cwKt¯¡p Xncn ªp. sImtfmªnbnse dmUn¡epIfpsS {]kn²oIcW¯nsâ ]{Xm[n]cmbn 1842þ amÀIvkv tPmenbn {]thin¨p. sXm«Sp¯ hÀjw B ]{Xw ASn¨aÀ¯s¸«p. At±lw ]mcokn sN¶v ]pXnsbmcp {]kn²oIcWw XpS§n. B ]{Xhpw apS§nt¸mbn. “\nehnepÅ FÃmänt\bpw ZbbnÃmsX hnaÀin¡pw” F¶v hmKvZm\w sN¿pIbpw _lpP\§tfmSpw sXmgnemfnItfmSpw DÅ klmbm`yÀ°\Isf¡pdn¨v kwkmcn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp ¶p, B {]kn²oIcWw. km¼¯nI imkv{Xs¯¡pdn¨v ]Tn ¡m³ At±lw XpS§nbtXbp­mbncp¶pÅq. ]cnhÀ¯\¯n 35

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

\pÅ ]²XnIsf¡pdn¨v A¡mes¯ hnIknX tI{µ§fnse NÀ¨Ifn amÀIv k v kPohambn ]s¦Sp¯p. FwKÂkpw At±lt¯msSm¸w tNÀ¶p. Ahscm¶n¨v “t{]mentädnb³ tkm jyenkw” (IayqWnkw) F¶v AhÀ hntijn¸n¨ kn²m´¯nsâ XXz§Ä cq]oIcn¨p. tdm_À«v Hmhtâbpw ^udnbbptSbpw ap³ tkmjyenÌp kn²m´§fn \n¶v hyXykvXambncp¶p, AXv. AtX¯pSÀ¶v ]mcokn \n¶v ]pd¯m¡s¸« AhÀ {_ kÂknte¡p Xmakw amän. IayqWnÌv eoKv F¶ Hcp sNdnb clky kwLS\bn AhnsS AhÀ AwK§fmbn tNÀ¶p. B kwLS\bnse AwK§Ä¡p th­nbmWv At±lhpw FwK kpw IqSn {]JymXamb “IayWnÌv am\ns^tÌm” cNn¨Xv. GXm bmepw cmjv{Sob kac§fpsS Imcyw \ap¡v BZyw XoÀ¡mw. s_ÂPnb¯n \n¶v ]pd¯m¡s¸« amÀIvkv 1848 s^{_p hcnbn ]mcokn aS§nsb¯n. sXm«Sp¯ amkamWv aq¶mw {^©p hn¹hw hnPbn¨Xv. PÀ½\nbnepw Imcy§Ä \o§p¶p s­¶p I­ amÀIvkv sImtfmªnte¡p t]mbn. {]hniyIÄ Hmtcmt¶mtcm¶mbn P\m[n]XyhmZnIÄ ]nSn¨S¡n. Bkv{Snb bnepw hn¹hw \S¶psh¶ hmÀ¯ h¶tXmsS {]jy hg§n. hnZymÀ°nItfmsSm¸w sXcphneqsS hnd¨psIm­v cmPmhv {]IS \¯n ]s¦Sp¡pIbpw FÃmw hmKvZm\w sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp. s_Àen\nse sXmgnemfnIÄ AhcpsS ]¦v \nÀhln¨psIm­v H¶c Znhkw ]Ss]mcpXnbtXmsSbmWv cmPm[nImcw \new ]cn imbXv. P\m[nXyw PÀ½\nbnse¼mSpw hnPbw t\Sn. ^e¯n {^m³knepw Bkv{Snbbnepw lwKdnbnepw Cäenbnepwþ apgph³ bqtdm¸nepwþ P\m[n]Xyw hnPbn¨p. tZiob ]mÀesaâ v cq]o Icn¡p¶Xn\p th­nbpÅ Hcp aoänwKv {^m¦v ^À«n kt½fn¨p.

km¼¯nI kacw CS¯c¡mÀ aäp cmPy§fnse¶Xpt]mse PÀ½\nbnepw Cu L«whscbpÅ kac§fpsS BLmXw kln¨Xv henb XymK §tfmsSbmWv. amÀIvkpw Hcp CS¯c¡mc\mbncp¶p. BZy Imes¯ t\Xm¡·mcmb FwKÂkpw ekmsÃbpw asäÃmhcpw 36

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

Xs¶ CS¯c¡mcmbncp¶p. F¶ncp¶mepw, “_qÀjmkn” s¡ Xncmbn AhÀ ]peÀ¯m³ XpS§nb FXnÀ¸pw AXns\Xncmb hÀKkacw AhcpsS kn²m´¯nsâ {][m\ LSIamsW¶ {]Jym]\hpw A{X henb AZv`pXambn IW¡mt¡­XnÃ. {^m¦v^À«v ]mÀesaânsâ XIÀ¨¡v \nch[n ImcW§Ä D­m bncp¶p. F¦nepw amÀIvkn\v {]iv\ambn tXm¶nbXv CS¯c ¡mcmb P\m[n]XyhmZnIÄ AhÀ t\Snb ‘kzmX{´yw’sIm­v Xr]vXcmbn F¶Xpw sXmgnemfnIfpsS XmÂ]cy§Ä km£mXv ¡cn¡phm³ Xbmdmbnà F¶XpamWv. P\m[n]XyhmZnIfpsS GIoIcWw {ItaW DcpInt¸mbn. GIm[n]XyhmZnIÄ Hmtcm tcm cmPy§fnembn A[nImcw hos­Sp¯p. 1849 Bbt¸mtg ¡pw GIm[nXyw 1816þse ]gb ØnXn Xs¶ hos­Sp¯p Ign ªncp¶p. 30,000þt¯mfw P\m[n]XyhmZnIÄ sImÃs¸«p. Hcp e£¯ne[nIw t]À PbnepIfnembn. \nch[n t]À cmPyw hn«v HmSnt¸mbn. amÀIvkv e­\n ØncXmakam¡n. 1883þ acn ¡p¶Xp hscbpÅ ImeL«¯n AhnsS Xmakn¡m\pw {]hÀ ¯\§Ä XpScphm\pw amÀIvkn\v A\phmZw e`n¨p.

Rm³ t\cs¯ ]dªXpt]mse _qÀjzm hncp² FXnÀ¸v 1848þ Aà XpS§nbXv. At¸mgs¯ kw`hhnImk§Ä, Iayq WnÌp am\ns^tÌmbn cq]oIcn¡s¸«p Ignª amÀIvknsâ PohnX ho£Ws¯ H¶pIqSn Dd¸n¨psht¶bpÅq. k¼¶\mb Hcp hyhkmbnbpsS aI\mbn P\n¨ FwKÂkv 1842 apX 1845 hsc am©Ìdn AÑsâ _nkn\Ênsâ {]Xn\n[nbmbn {]hÀ¯n¨p. B ^mIvSdnbpsSbpw ams©kvädnse sXmgnemfnI fptSbpw ZpxJIcamb ØnXn FwKÂknsâ a\Ên Ne\§fp ­m¡pIbpw B hnjbs¯¸än At±lw Hcp ]pkvXIw FgpXp Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]pkvXIhpw 1845þ\ptijw At±lw Cu hnjbs¯¸än amÀIv k pambn \S¯nb kw`mjW§fpw IayqWnk¯nte¡v Ahsc \bn¨ km¼¯nI hit¯m«pÅ {]tXyI XmÂ]cy¯n\v Du¶Â \ÂIn. BZÀi§sf Dt]£n ¡phm\pw kzmÀ°Xsb hfÀ¯phm\pw `uXnIhmZw t{]cn¸n ¡psa¶ s]mXphmb Bt£]w F{Xam{Xw AÀ°iq\yamsW 37

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

¶Xn\v \sÃmcp DZmlcWamWv amÀIvkv. amÀIvkns\t¸mse Hcp {]Xn`mimen (k¼¶amb Hcp Ipeo\ IpSpw_¯n \n¶v At±lw ]n¶oSv hnhmlw Ign¨p) sXmgnemfnIfpsS IjvS¸m SpItfmSpÅ A\pI¼ ]peÀ¯ns¡m­mWv cmPy{`jvSs\¶ \nebn Zmcn{Zyw A\p`hn¨p sIm­v Pohn¨Xv. IayqWnÌp am\ns^tÌm hmbn¡pt¼mÄ BÀ¡pw a\Ênem hp¶ Hcp Imcyap­v. slKen \n¶p ]Tn¨ Hcp Imcyhpw X§ fpsS kn²m´§sf Dd¸n¡phm³ tbmKyamsW¶v amÀIvknt\m FwKÂknt\m A¶p tXm¶nbncp¶nÃ. AhcpsS ]cn]Izamb Nn´bpsS FÃm kv^pcW§fpw B eLpteJbn ImWm \p­v. hÀKkacw, km¼¯nI Imcy§Ä¡v Ncn{X¯nepÅ \nÀWmbI kzm[o\w, {InkvXpaX¯nsâ t{Zml _p²n XpS§nb hsb¡pdns¨Ãmw AXn iàambn ]cmaÀin¡p¶p­v. “sshcp ²ymßItam slKtem AhnsSsb§pw ]cmaÀi hnjbw t]mep amhp¶nÃ. sXmgnemfnItfmSpÅ Hcp {]Jym]\¯n C¯cw \nKqV hnjb§Ä Hgnhm¡nbXmWv F¶v \ymboIcn¡p¶Xnepw ImcyanÃ. adn¨v PÀ½³ XXzNn´Isf \¶mbn iImcn¡p¶ Hcp `mKw AXnep­v. PÀ½³ImÀ {^©v aqeIrXnIfpsS Iogn XXz Nn´m]camb h¦¯§Ä FgpXnsb¶pw kvIqÄ Ip«nIÄ¡p tbmPn¨ AhcpsS {]mIrXamb ]Tn¸n¡epIÄ Kuchambn FSp ¯psh¶pw Bt£]n¡p¶pap­v. slKensâ Bib§fpw ]Z§fpw AhcpsS kn²m´§fn amÀIvkpw FwKÂkpw Iq«n t¨À¯Xv ]n¶oSmWv. Cu hnjb§fn Xo£Wamb KthjWw \S¯nbn«pÅ se\n³ “amÀIvkv ]Tn¸n¨ Imcy§Ä” (Teachin gs of Marx) F¶ ]pkvXI¯n sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ s¯¡pdn¨pÅ \nch[n `mK§Ä D²cn¡p¶p­v. F¶m B `mK§sfÃmw Xs¶ Ahkm\ hÀj§fn cNn¡s¸«XmWv. ‘B`mkIcamb’ `uXnIhmZhpambn ‘sshcp²ymßI’ `uXnI hmZ¯n\pÅ hyXymkw Nq­n¡mWn¡m\pÅ At±l¯nsâ hmZapJ§Ä hfsc ZpÀºeamWv. FwKÂknsâ Xmsgs¡mSp ¡p¶ D²cWn Hcp \à DZmlcWamWv: “sshcp²ymßI ZÀi\¯nsâ ImgvN¸mSn FÃm¡met¯ 38

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

¡pambn AwKoIcn¡s¸«tXm k¼qÀWambtXm ]cn]mh\amb tXm Bbn bmsXm¶panÃ. FÃm kwKXnIfnepw amä¯nsâ Hcp ap{Z AXv ImWp¶p. cq]oIcn¡s¸Sentâbpw \mi¯ntâbpw {]{InbbneqsS, XmgvNbn \n¶v DbÀ¨bnte¡pÅ A´anÃm¯ Ibä§sf bmsXm¶n\pw XSbm\mhnÃ.” \nc´camb amäw, XmgvNbn \n¶v D¶Xnentb¡pÅ apt¶ äw, Xmgv¶ cq]§fpsS \miw F¶nh FÃm hn[¯nepapÅ ]cn Wma¯nsâ A\nÀÆmcy LSI§fmWv. Cu hnjbs¯¸än amÀIvkv FwKÂkn\v 1868 P\phcn 8þmw XobXn FgpXnb I¯nse hnhc§fpsS Npcp¡w se\n³ D²cn¡p¶p­v. sshcp²ymßIw F¶ Bibw aäpÅhbn \n¶v tIaamWv F¶v ImWn¡p¶ Xn\p th­nbmWv Cu I¯v At±lw D²cn¡p¶Xv. At±l ¯nsâ A`n{]mb¯n sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw {]Xn\n[oI cn¡p¶Xv : “Ignªpt]mb L«§Ä hn`n¶amb hn[¯nÂ, Iptd¡qSn D¶Xamb Xe¯nÂ, BhÀ¯n¡p¶ Hcp hfÀ¨sbbmWv (\ntj [¯nsâ \ntj[w). B hfÀ¨ Hcp t\ÀhcbneqsSbÃ, BWn¸ncn t]mse hfªmWv; AXncpIfneqsSbpw IpXn¨pNm«§fneqsS bpw, sImSpw hn]¯pIfneqsSbpw, hn¹h§fpsSbpw Hcp hfÀ ¨; XpSÀ¨bnse CSthfIÄ; F®¯n \n¶v KpW \nehmc ¯nte¡p Hcp ]cnhÀ¯\w; sshcp²y§fn \n¶p thÀ]ncn ¡m\mhm¯ hfÀ¨¡p th­nbpÅ B´cnI tNmZ\; Hcp LS\bntem {]Xn`mk¯ntem kaql¯ntem hn`n¶ iànI fpsS kwLÀjtam {]hWtXm {]XnIcn¡p¶Xv; ]ckv]c B{i bXzw; FÃm {]Xn`mk§fptSbpw FÃm hi§fpw X½nepÅ hfscbSp¯Xpw thÀXncn¡m\mhm¯Xpamb _Ôw (Ncn{Xw FÃm¡me¯pw ]pXnb Bib§sf BhnjvIcn¡p¶p); \nbam \pkrXambn \o§p¶, GI temI¯nte¡pÅ Ne\w \ÂIp¶ Hcp ]ckv]c _Ôw þCsXms¡bmWv ]cnWma¯nsâ Hcp kn²m´sa¶ \nebn C¶pÅXnt\¡mÄ t`Zs¸« sshcp²ym ßI hmZ¯nsâ Nne e£W§Ä.”

‘B`mkIcamb’ `uXnIhmZw F¶v At±lw hntijn¸n¡p 39

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

¶ kwKXnbn \n¶pÅ hyXymk§Ä, Asæn ta³aIÄ Is­¯phm\mWv amÀIvkv CXn {][m\ambpw _p²nap«p¶ sX¶mWv \½Ä a\Ênemt¡­Xp­v. CS¯c¡mcpsSbnepw IqSpX Nn´n¡p¶ sXmgnemfnIfpsSbnSbnepw UmÀÆn\nkw {]Ncn¨p sIm­ncp¶ Hcp Ime¯mWv sshcp²ymßI `uXnI hmZw \rjv S n¡s¸SpIbpw ISp¸s¸Sp¯nsbSp¡pIbpw sNbvXXv F¶XmWv bmYmÀ°yw. cmjv{Sob hyhØnXnbnepw km¼¯nI hyhØnXnbnepw amä§Ä hcp¶Xv kmh[m\ ¯nepw, L«wL«ambpw, kam[m\ ]qÀÆamb ]ptcmKXnbn eqsSbpamWv F¶v hnizkn¨ncp¶ dn_epIfptSbpw dmUn¡ep IfptSbpw [mcWbv¡v CW§p¶ H¶mbn«mWv AhÀ UmÀÆn \nks¯ ho£n¨Xv. anXhmZ]camb tkmjyenkw AYhm sa³jhnkw (B t]cv I­p ]nSn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v), Asæn IayqWnk¯n \n¶p hn`n¶amb tkmjyenkw, XncsªSp ¸neqsSbpÅ tZikm¡cWw Chsbms¡ ]n¶oSmWp h¶Xv. "FÃm¡met¯¡pambn Øm]n¡s¸« bmsXm¶panÃ" F¶v ]n´ncn¸³amÀ HgnsIbpÅ FÃmhcpw hnizkn¡m³ XpS§nbn cp¶p. ]t£, amä¯n\p th­n ]cnWmas¯bmtWm AtXm hn¹hs¯bmtWm \mw ImtW­Xv F¶Xmbncp¶p AhcpsS Nn´. hn¹hamWv th­sX¶p ]dªhsc, 1848þse {]Xntcm[ \ncsb¡pdn¨v At¸mgpw kz]v\w ImWp¶ A£acmb Iq«amWv AhÀ F¶v Bt£]n¨hÀ¡pw thmKv S v , tamsfkv t ¨m«v , slbv ¡ Â, _¨\À XpS§nb cmjv { Sob¯n en_denÌv kao]\w ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ imkv{Xob `uXnIhmZnIÄ¡pw amÀIv k pw FwKÂkpw adp]Sn ]dªp. bmYmÀ°y¯nsâ DÖzeamb XXzimkv{ X¯n\v A\pKpWambn AhÀ {]hÀ ¯n¡p¶psh¶p am{XtabpÅpsh¶mbncp¶p amÀIvknsâbpw FwKÂknsâbpw hmZapJw. amÀIvkv Xs¶ ]dªp (se\n³ D²cn¨ncn¡p¶pþ) IayqWnk¯n\v aäp imkv{X§fpsS ta DbÀ¶p \n¡p¶ Hcp XXzimkv{Xw Bhiyanà F¶v. F¶m ]mhw sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZnbpsS hnNmcw A§s\tbtXm tIas¸« XXzimkv{XamWv ssIhiapÅsX¶mWv. 40

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

aX]camb kacw sshcp²ymßI `uXnI hmZs¯¡pdn¨v Gähpw \¶mbn a\kn em¡m\pw \njv]£ambn hnebncp¯m\pw ]änb amÀKw, AXns\ {ItaW cq]s¸Sp¯nsbSp¯ Ncn{X kwLÀj§sf¡pdn¨pw hnhmZ§sf¡pdn¨pw ]Tn¡pIbmsW¶mWv F\n¡p tXm¶p ¶Xv. kwLÀjw, \ntj[w, \miw F¶nhbmWXnsâ {][m\ LSI§Ä. slK ]cnWma¯nsâ {]{Inbsb¡pdn¨p ]dª Imcy§Ä¡v tbip{InkvXp k·mÀs¯¸än ]dªpsh¶p Icp Xs¸Sp¶ Imcy§tf¡mÄ {]m[m\yw \½fn ]ecpw Iev]n¡p ¶nÃ. \ntj[s¯¡pdn¨pw sshcp²ys¯¡pdn¨pw ]dbp¶ps­ ¦nepw slKensâ Bib§fpsS ]cnWma temI¯n hn¹h ¯n\p Øm\sam¶panÃ. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw cq]s¸«p h¶ kmlNcy§fpsS cq]tcJ, X¡mew \ap¡v Ahkm\n ¸n¡mw.

Gäpap«en\pÅ aq¶mas¯ LSIw k`IÄs¡Xncmb kacw Bbncp¶phtÃm. ]pXnb temIw ]gb hnizmk§sf Kuch ]qÀÆw shÃphnfn¡m³ XpS§nbncn¡p¶psh¶v s_Àen\n sh¨p Xs¶ amÀIvkv a\knem¡nbn«p­v. hm«Àeqhn\p tijw ]gb GIm[n]Xy `mh¯n¯s¶ cmPm¡³amsc ]p\x{]Xn jvTn¡phm³ Ignªncn¡mw. ]t£ aXs¯ AXnsâ ]gb Øm \t¯¡v Xncn¨p sIm­phcm³ BÀ¡pw IgnªnÃ. slK Xs¶ Hcp aX\ntj[nbmbncp¶psh¶v amÀIvkn\v Adnbmambn cp¶p. hyànbpsS A\izcX XpS§nb ss{IkvXhmib§Ä slK AwKoIcn¨ncp¶nÃ. At±l¯nsâ XXz§fpsS ASn Øm\¯n AsXm¶pw AwKoIcn¡m\pw \nhr¯nbp­m bncp¶nÃ. slKens\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw ssZhw F¶Xv AXn `uXnIamb Hcp AaqÀ¯Xbmbncp¶p. Hcp ss{IkvXhk` bv¡pw AXv AwKoIrXamhpIbnÃ. \£{Xm¦nXamb BImi ¯nepw km·mÀKnI \nba§fnepw “ssZhw D­v” F¶Xnsâ sXfnhpIÄ Xm³ ImWp¶p­v F¶ Imânsâ hmZapJw Hcn¡Â slbv³ slKensâ {i²bnÂs]Sp¯nbt¸mÄ At±lw adp]Sn ]dªpht{X þBImi¯nsâ apJ¯v Pzen¡p¶ IpjvTw am{X 41

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

amWv \£{X§Ä. \³a sN¿p¶Xn\pÅ {]Xn^eamWv A\izc PohnXw F¶Xn\pÅ adp]Snbmbn slK ]dªp: “tcmKnbmb A½sb ip{iqjn¡p¶Xn\pw ktlmZc\v hnjw sImSp¡mXncn ¡p¶Xn\pw \n§Ä {]Xn^ew Imw£n¡p¶p­v, CtÃ?” adp hi¯v aX]ÞnX³amÀ Xs¶ ]mc¼cy§sf \ntj[n¡p¶ Xn ]ckv]cw aÕcn¡pIbmbncp¶p. PÀ½\nbnse bqWnthgv knänIfn ss__nfnsâ D¶X \nebnepÅ hnaÀi\§Ä Gsd ]ptcmKan¨ncp¶p.

GIm[n]Xy¯n\v ]n´pW \ÂInbncp¶ cmjv{St\Xm¡fn Gdnb ]¦pw aX¯nsâ Imcy¯n kwibhmZnIfmbncp¶p.

DZmlcW¯n\v, ]mtagv̬ Hcp \mkvXnI³ Xs¶bmbncp¶p.

F¦nepw k`bpsS hi¯p\n¶v GIm[n]Xy¯n\v ]n´pW \ Ip¶ hnjb¯n c­`n{]mbap­mbncp¶nÃ. hnPbIcamb Hcp P\m[n]Xyapt¶äw kvs]bn\ntem sX¡³ Cäenbntem D­m hpt¼mÄ Nne ]ptcmlnX·mÀ AXn\p ]n´pW \ÂInsb¶p hcmw. bmYmØnXnIXz¯n³ Iogn Ahcn NneÀ _p²nap«n ¨n«pap­v. F¶m FÃm k`IfptSbpw t\Xm¡³amÀ hm«Àeq hn\p tijw bqtdm¸nemsI \nehn h¶ IncmX `cW¯n\v GIIWvTamb ]n´pW \ÂIn. Cw¥­nse anXhmZ]camb cmjv{Sob ]cnhÀ¯\ {ia§sf Gähpw IqSpXembn FXnÀ¯Xv {_n«ojv _nj¸pamcmWv . It¯men¡m bqtdm¸nemhs«, “bpàn¡pth­n Hcp A`yÀ°\” F¶ ]pkvXI¯n Rm³ hniZam¡nbn«pÅXpt]mse, {]mIrXcmb GIm[n]XnIÄ¡v k` FÃmbnS¯pw ]n´pW \ÂIn. P\ t\Xm¡sfÃmw Xs¶ H¶pIn {InkvXym\nIfÃm¯ BkvXnItcm, Asæn \mkvXn Itcm Bbncp¶p.

AXnsâ ^eambn cmjv{Sob LS\IÄ¡pw km¼¯nI LS\ IÄ¡pw FXncmb kacw aX]camb LS\IÄ¡pw IÀ¡iambn FXncmbncp¶p. djy³ amÀIvknÌpIÄ “aXs¯ k¼qÀWambn \in¸n¡m\pÅ” bp²¯n GÀs¸«ncn¡pIbmWv F¶p tI«¸mÄ ]eÀ¡pw tXm¶nb BËmZw XnI¨pw kzm`mhnIam bncp¶p. djy³ k` IncmXamb GIm[n]Xy¯n\v ]n´pW \ 42

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

InbXnsâ Ncn{X hkvXpXIÄ \nc¯n hbv¡pI am{XamWv ka tcmÂkpIcmb \mkvXnIÀ¡v sNt¿­n h¶Xv. P\§Ä AtX ¯pSÀ¶v AhcptSXmb P\Iob kacw XpS§n. k`bpambn kÔn sN¿msX, \mkvXnIcmsW¶v Xpd¶Sn¨p ]dbp¶hsc¶ Øm\w CSXp]£ {]Øm\§fn IayqWnkw F¶ AXnsâ imJbv¡p am{XtabpÅq. k`IÄ ^mknkhpambn kJyw sN bvXXv AhcpsS \b§sf Dd¸n¨p. aXw Ct¸mgpw a\pjys\ ab¡p¶ Idp¸v Xs¶bmWv. Bkv{Snbbnepw kvs]bn\nepw Iem]§Ä Hcp amkt¯mfw ASn¨aÀ¯s¸«t¸mÄ `cW Imcy§fn ]ptcmlnX³amÀ Xnc¡p ImWn¨p. Asæn Nph ¶ Unkv{SnIvSpIfn IqSpX hn]peamb hn[¯n AXv \S ¯m³ {ia§Ä XpS§n. Bkv{SnbbpsS ta AkwkvIrX Bib§Ä ASnt¨Â]n¨ GIm[n]Xy¯nsâ ]mhbmb ÌmÀ slw_ÀKn\v ]p©ncntbmsS AhÀ ]n´pW \ÂIn. {Ko¡pIm cpsS ta Hcp cmPmhns\ ASnt¨Â¸n¨ hr¯nsI« ssk\nI ¡mfbmb tIm³Snemkn\pw k` ]n´pW sImSp¯p.

43

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

4 imkv{Xhpw sshcp²yßI `uXnIhmZhpw ‘IayqWnÌv am\ns^tÌm’ {]kn²oIcn¨Xv 1848þemWv. UmÀhnsâ ‘PohnhÀK§fpsS DZv`hw’ {]kn²oIcn¨Xv 1859þepw. IayqWnÌv XXzimkv{X¯nsâ Bcw`¯n\v UmÀÆn\nkw Hcp ImcWambn cp¶nÃ. bqtdm]y³ Ncn{X¯nse hn¹h§fpsS ImeL«w 1859þ\p ap¼mWv D­mbXv (1789þ\pw 1859þ\pw at²y 20 hn¹h§Ä \S¶p). hn¹h§fpsS XpS¡w UmÀÆn\nkamWv F¶ aX¡mcpsS hmZ apJw icnbÃ. t\sc adn¨v Ignª \qäm­nsâ BZy Zim_vZ¯n epw, UmÀÆn³ tkmjyenÌv hncp²\mWv Fs¶mcp Btcm]Ww Xs¶ D­mbncp¶p. hyànIÄ¡nSbnse PohnXkacw ]ptcmK Xn¡v ImcWambn¯ocpsa¶v ]dbp¶XpsIm­v, kzImcytaJ bnse hyhkmb aÕcw ]ptcmKXn¡p ImcWamIpw F¶Xn\p XpeyamWsX¶v IcpXs¸«p. B hmZ¯n bmsXmcp Ig¼panÃ. a\pjysâ kmaqlyPohnX¯nse ]ptcmKXn¡v Bhiyamb LSI§sf¸änbà UmÀÆnsâ ]T\w {i² sNep¯nbXv. {]Ir XymXoX Imes¯ ssPh kz`mhs¯¡pdn¨pÅ ]T\¯nemWv UmÀÆn³ apgpInbXv. Fsâ kplr¯mb slbv¡Â hg¡p­m ¡mt\m XÀ¡n¡mt\m DÅ UmÀÆnsâ ssha\kys¯¸än sNdpNncntbmsS Hcn¡Â Ft¶mSp ]dbpIbp­mbn. AÔhn izmknIfptStbm ]n´ncn¸·mcptStbm Ahtlfn¡en\p ap¶n UmÀÆn³ hÃmsX Npcp§nt¸mbncp¶p. Hcn¡Â am{Xta UmÀÆn³ ISp¸apÅ `mj D]tbmKn¨Xmbn At±lw HmÀ¡p¶pÅq. Hcn ¡Â s{]m^kÀ hnÀt¨mhv kz´w a\xkm£ns¡Xncmbn ]ckyambn UmÀÆn\nks¯ hnaÀin¨p. kzImcyamb ho£W ¯n UmÀÆn\nkw icnbmsW¶ ]£¡mc\mbncp¶psh¦nepw, 44

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

AXv tkmjyenk¯nte¡v \bn¡pw F¶p [cn¨mWv UmÀÆns\ At±lw ]ckyambn hnaÀin¨Xv. UmÀÆn³ adp]Snbmbn ]dª ‘ISp¸apÅ’ hm¡pIÄ C§s\bmWv. “At±l¯nsâ {]hr¯n eÖmIcamWv.” amÀIvkv At±l¯nsâ XXzimkv{Xw hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ Ime ¯v Cw¥­nembncp¶p Xmakw. Häbncp¸n\v GXm\pw aWn¡q dpIÄ t]mepw XpSÀ¨bmbn tPmen sN¿m³ km[n¡pIbnÃm bncp¶p. UmÀÆn³ F´psIm­mWv bmYmØnXnIXz¯ns\ Xncmbn Gsd kwkmcn¡mXncp¶Xv F¶p amÀIvkn\v Adnbpambn cp¶ncn¡Ww. F¶m At±lhpw FwKÂkpw slKens\¡p dn¨v Gsd ]dbpIbpw UmÀÆns\¡pdn¨v hfsc¡pd¨p am{Xw ]dbpIbpw sNbvXXn\v asämcp ImcWap­v. ]ptcmKXn F¶ Bibw temIs¯ AwKoIcn¸n¡p¶Xn\v `uXnIhmZ]camb ]cnWma kn²m´¯n\v hensbmcp ]¦p­v. UmÀÆn\nktam Asæn atäsX¦nepw Xc¯nepÅ ]cnWmatam AwKoIcn¡p ¶ HcmfpsS \ne]mSpXs¶bmWv sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ s¯¡pdn¨pÅ FwKÂknsâ t\cs¯ sImSp¯ D²cWnIfn \n¶v hyàamIp¶Xv. Ime{ItaWbpw kmhImi¯nepapÅ sNdnb amä§fpsS kzcq]n¡eneqsS {ItaWbmWv Pohn hÀK §Ä¡v ]cnWmaw D­mhp¶Xv F¶mWv ]cnWma \nbaw hniZo Icn¡p¶Xv. CXp amÀIvknk¯n\v ISI hncp²ambncp¶p. bqtdm ¸nse bmYmØnIÀ t]mepw kmaqly hyhØnXnbn ]ptcmKXn bp­mhWw F¶v AwKoIcn¨ncp¶ Hcp ImeamWv AXv. A¡q «cpsS Bib§Ä¡pw kzmX{´yhmZnIÄ¡pw Hcp t]mse UmÀÆn\nkw s]mcp¯s¸Spsa¶ \ne h¶p. UmÀÆn\nks¯ \ymboIcn¨ncp¶hcn Gdnb ]¦pw ‘_qÀjzm’ kzmX{´yhmZnI fmbncp¶p. ¥mUv̬, Xotbgvkv, _nkvamÀ¡v F¶nhscms¡ AhcnÂs¸Sp¶p. AXpsIm­v, ]cnWmahpambn _Ôs¸« imkv {X]T\w GsX¦nepw hn[¯n sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ¯n\v FXncmtWm AtXm AXn\v sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw cq]oI cn¡p¶Xn hà ]¦pw Dt­m F¶v \½Ä Adnªncn¡Ww. AXp hfsc {][m\s¸« Hcp kwKXnbpamWv. ImcWw, \½Ä 45

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

sshcp²ymßI hmZs¯¡pdn¨v kwkmcn¨mepw Csænepw, kXysa¶Xv imkv{Xobamb hkvXpXItfbpw bmYmÀ°y§ tfbpw am{Xw B{ibn¨mWv \nesImÅp¶Xv. XXzÚm\nIfpsS shfn]mSpIsfbà AXn\v \½Ä B{ibnt¡­Xv.

UmÀÆn\nk¯nsâ H¶mw L«w Pohsâ ]cnWmas¯¡pdn¨v UmÀhn³ ]dª Imcy§Ä kmaq ly hyhØnXnsb¡pdn¨v ]Tn¡p¶ Hcmsf _p²nap«nt¡­ kwKXnbÃ. BÄ¡pc§pItf¡mÄ DbÀ¶ Xe¯nepÅ Pohn hÀK§sf¡pdn¨v, ‘PohnhÀK§fpsS DZv`hw’ F¶ {KÙ¯n UmÀhn³ NÀ¨ sN¿p¶tXbnÃ. asämcp hn[¯n ]dªmÂ, t_m[]qÀÆaÃmsXtbm AÀ² t_m[t¯msStbm e£¡W ¡n\p hÀj§fneqsS PohnhÀK§Ä \S¯nb PohnX kac ambncp¶p At±l¯nsâ ]T\ hnjbw. aXhpw cmjv{Sobhpambn _Ôs¸« XÀ¡§fn \n¶v At±lw FÃmbvt]mgpw Hgnªp amdn. Znt\mkdpIfptStbm s^entUbptStbm ]cnWma¯n\mh iyamb {]{Inb D¶X kmaqlyLS\bpsS hnImk¯n\v Bh iyaà F¶v,AtX¡pdn¨v Bsc¦nepw At±lt¯mSv A`n{]mbw Xnc¡nbmÂ, UmÀÆn³ ]dbpambncp¶psh¶v F\n¡v Dd¸p­v. ]cnWma¯nsâ Bcw`L«¯n th­nh¶ At_m[]qÀÆamb kac§tfm kmaqlyLSItam kam[m\]camb klhÀ¯nXz tam ]n¡me¯v IqSpX {]kàamWv F¶ hmZs¯ Ignª \qäm­nsâ Ahkm\Ime¯p Xs¶ hmekpw t{Imt]mXvIn\pw iàambn \ncmIcn¨ncp¶p. Cu \ntj[w amÀIvknÌpIÄ¡v A{X kpJIcambncp¶nÃ. UmÀÆn³ Pohsâ ]cnWmas¯¡pdn ¨v hyàam¡nb \nba§sf tkmjyenkhpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯m \mhnà F¶v, CtX¯pSÀ¶v amÀIvknÌpIÄ k½Xn¨p.

Cu NÀ¨bn ]s¦Sp¯psIm­v F\n¡v hyàam¡m\pÅ efnXamb kwKXn CXmWv: ssPh ]cnWma¯nsâ Cu kn²m´ §sfm¶pw kmaqlyþkm¼¯nI ]cnhÀ¯\hpambn _Ôs¸« hbÃ. Imcy§Ä F§s\bmbncn¡cpXv F¶mWv Ah ImWn¨p X¶Xv F¶p thWsa¦n hmZn¡mhp¶XmWv. UmÀÆnsâ kn²m 46

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

´¯nÂt¸mepw HcmÄ¡v thWsa¦n slKensâ kq{XhmIyw BhnjvIcn¡matÃm. AhnsS Xoknkv D­v (]pXnb PohnhÀK¯n sâ BhnÀ`mhw), Bân Xoknkv D­v (kacw), kn´knkpw D­v (D¶X cq]§fpsS BhnÀ`mhw, Asæn ]gb cq]§ fpsS \miw). A¯csamcp kq{XhmIyap­m¡nbm kPoh amb GXp kwKXnbnepw AXp tNÀ¡mw. F¶m CXv At_m[ ]qÀÆamb ]cnWmaamWv. Pohsâ ]cnWma¯n ]IpXn Zqctam AXne[nItam ]n¶n«Xn\ptijw \½Ä t_m[w F¶p hnti jn¸n¡p¶ AhØbpsS a§nb Xnf¡w Xet¨mÀ {]Imin¸n¨p XpS§nbt¸mgpw, a\pjy¡pc§pIfpw {]mIrX a\pjycpw BhnÀ`hn¨t¸mgpw B {]{InbbmsI At_m[]qÀÆambncp¶p. \mKcnIXbpsS ]cnWma¯nsâ D¶Xamb Hcp L«¯nse¯nb t¸mgmWv \nehnencn¡p¶ hyhØnXnIsf AXnepw t`Zs¸« BZÀihyhØnXnIfpambn a\pjy³ XmcXays¸Sp¯m³ XpS §nbXv. BZÀi§fnse D¶X hyhØnXnIfn F¯nt¨cm\m hpsa¶pw AXn\p Nne Ipdp¡p hgnIfps­¶pw Ah\dnªp.

Cu kXy¯nsâ anI¨ DZmlcWamWv km¼¯nI temIw. km¼¯nI cq]§Ä¡pw LS\IÄ¡pw hfÀ¨bp­mhpI Xs¶ sNbvXp. Hcp Zim_vZw ap¼pt]mepw Ahsb bpàn_Ô am¡Wsa¶v \½Ä ]dªp. AXp kzm`mhnIambpw GI]£ob amb Hcp ho£WambXpsIm­v Nne Ipg¸§fp­mbn. Dev]m Z\¯nse AanXamb hÀ²\hv ]pXnb {]iv\§Ä krjvSn¨p. hmWnPyþhyhkmb cwK¯v Gähpw Npcp§nbXv Hcp A¿mbncw hÀjs¯ ]cnNbw t\Sn¡gnªt¸mÄ \½Ä Bkq{XWs¯ ¡pdn¨v ]dbm³ XpS§n. t_m[apÅ {]IrXn¡v, AYhm \mKcnI\mb a\pjy\v , t_m[anÃm¯ {]IrXn Hcp amXrIbÃmXmbn¯oÀ¶p. {]IrXnsb Bcm[n¡p¶ ]Xnhv \ne\n¶ncp¶p. {]IrXnbn Acq]amb Hcp `uXnI a\kv \nehneps­¶v hnizkn¡p¶ Hcp tÌmbnIv {]IrXymcm[\bpsS `mj D]tbmKns¨¶p hcmw. F¶m B[p \nI a\pjys\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw, “{]IrXnbpsS km·mÀKnI \nba§Ä¡v hncp²amWv” F¶ \ymbw ]dªv amÀ]m¸ tkmjy 47

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

enks¯ XÅn¸dbp¶pt]mse _meniamWv CXv. {]mIrX ImeL«¯nse AÚm\nbpw Kplmhmknbpamb {]IrXnbpsS Nn´sb (a\pjys\)bmWv {]IrXymcm[\¡mc³ {]Xn\n[oIcn ¡p¶Xv. \ap¡v, Asæn {]IrXn¡v, C¶v A¶t¯¡mÄ e£¡W¡n\nc«n Imcy§sf¡pdn¨v Adnbmw.

hn¹h§fpsS I­p]nSp¯w Pohsâ ]pXnb cq]§fpsS BhnÀ`mhw hfsc kmhImi¯nepw {ItaWbpÅ {]tXyI e£W§fpsS hfÀ¨bpambn _Ôn¸n ¨mWv ]cnWmahmZn ImWp¶Xv. A¡mcWwsIm­v, kmaqly hyhØnXnbnse amähpw ]gbXn \n¶v hfsc kmhImi¯nepw {ItaWbpta BImhq F¶p ]dbp¶Xv ip² a­¯camWv. \n§Ä¡v thWsa¦n hn¹hIcamb amäw D­mhpIbnsöv hmZn¡mw. F¶m B hmZ¯n\v “{]IrXn\nba”§fpamtbm ]cnWmahmZhpamtbm bmsXmcp _ÔhpanÃ. ]cnWma¯nsâ \nba§Ä¡v FXncmWv sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw F¶v Bt£]n¡p¶hÀs¡Xncmb sshcp²ymßI¡mcpsS adp]Sn Rm\dnªnSt¯mfw \ymboIcn¡mhp¶XmWv. F¶m Cu \qäm­nsâ Bcw`t¯msS ]cnWmahmZ¯nsâ ]T\¯n Nne hyXnbm\§fpw amä§fpw D­mbn. Hcp Pohn hÀK¯n \n¶v asäm¶nte¡pÅ]cnWmaw kmhImi¯nepw {ItaWbpaà D­mbsX¶v sZ{hokv imkv{ XtemI¯nse hensbmcp hn`mKs¯ AwKoIcn¸n¨p. Hcp {]tXyI L«¯nse ¯pt¼mÄ Hcp PohnhÀK¯n\v P³aw \ÂIpat{X! C¯cw Nne kwKXnIÄ UmÀÆnsâ Xs¶ {i²bn s]«n«p­v. ]cnWma \nba§fnse Nne bmZrÑnI hyXnbm\§sf¶v UmÀÆn³ hyàam¡nb {]IrXnZ¯amb XncsªSp¸v F¶ k{¼Zm b¯n\v hniZoIcn¡m\mhm¯ ]eXcw ]cnWma§fpaps­¶v Nne imkv{XÚÀ a\Ênem¡nbncp¶p. A¡q«sc imkv{Xob hniIe\§fneqsSbÃmsX Xs¶ thKw BIÀjn¡p¶Xn\v sZ {hokn\p Ignªp. A¡q«À ]pXnb ]cnWma kn²m´s¯ hf scsbfp¸w kzmKXw sNbvXp. kv{XoIfpsS hkv{X§Äs¡¶Xp 48

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

t]mse imkv{X¯n\pw AXntâXmb Nne ^mj\pIfp­v. Ah cn `qcn]£hpw sa³tUenÌpItfm ayqt«j\nÌpItfm Bbn. Hcp PohnhÀK¯n \n¶v HäbSn¡v ASp¯ PohnhÀK¯nte¡v D­mhp¶ ]cnWma¯n\v ayqt«j³ F¶p ]dbp¶p. sNÌÀ« s\t¸mepÅ hnhcw sI«hÀ UmÀÆn³ acn¨psh¶v {]Jym]n¡p Ibpw imkv{X¯nse hn¹hs¯¡pdn¨v kwkmcn¡pIbpw sN bvXp. s]mSnsbÃmw HXp§nbtÃm. Ct¸mÄ \½sfÃmw FhnsS bmWv \n¡p¶sX¶v \ap¡dnbmw. Ct¸mÄ Hcp ssPh imkv{XÚ\pw ‘ayqt«j\nÌv’ BsW¶v kzbw hntijn¸n¡m dnÃ. A¯cw amä§Ä A]qÀÆamtb D­mhmdpÅq. sP\ änIvknsâ imkv{X¯n sa³tUenkw ebn¨p tNÀ¶p. {]IrXn Z¯amb XncsªSp¸pw P\änIv XXz§fpw H¶n¨mWv {]hÀ¯n ¡p¶sX¶p an¡ Pohimkv{XÚ·mcpw AwKoIcn¨p Ignªp. ]pXnb PohnhÀK§fpsS DZv`h¯n\v H¶v _mly kzm[o\amWv sNep¯p¶sX¦nÂ, atäXv B´cnI kzm[o\amWv sNep¯p ¶Xv. {]IrXnsb AhcpsS kq{XhmIy¯nt\mSv ASp¯psIm­ph cp¶XpsIm­phcp¶XpsIm­v Nne sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhm ZnIÄ sa³tUenks¯ ]pIgv¯n¸dªncp¶p. ]t£, slK ensâ t^mÀape c­p kn²m´§fnÂt·epw s]mcp¯s¸Sp¯m hp¶XmWv. GXm­v Ccp]Xp hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v imkv{XÚ ·mcn ]ecpw hn¹hs¯¡pdn¨v ]dbm³ XpS§nsb¶Xv {it² bamWv. IgnªImes¯ ssPh ]cnWma¯nsâ hniZmwi§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯p¶Xv ]menbt´mfPn am\phenemWv. Cu am\ph ensâ cNbnXm¡Ä `qKÀ` imkv{XÚ·mcptSbpw Pohn imkv {XÚ·mcptSbpw {i²bn s]tS­ Nne ssPh hn¹h§sf¡p dn¨v FgpXn. Cu `uaþssPh hn¹h§Ä¡nSbv¡pÅ tImSn¡ W¡n\p hÀj§fneqsS kmhImiw \S¶ ]cnWmat¯¡mÄ henb amäw Hcp `uaþssPh hn¹h ImeL«¯n am{Xw D­mb Xmbn AhÀ ]dªp, kzm`mhnIambpw lnabpK ImeL«¯n \nch[n ]gb ssPh cq]§Ä a®SnªXnt\¡pdn¨pw ]pXnbh BhnÀ`hn¨Xnt\¡pdn¨pw AhÀ ]dbp¶p. DZmlcW¯n\v, 49

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

s]Àanb³ lnabpK Ime¯v A¶p­mbncp¶hbn sXm®qdp iXam\w ssPh cq]§fpw þ arK§fpsS kky§fpwþ \in¡p Ibpw D¶X cq]¯nepÅh BhnÀ`hn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AXp t]mse, Ahkm\s¯ lnabpK¯nsâ Ahkm\ L«¯n a\pjyhwiw Ahsâ ]cnWma hfÀ¨bn hfsctbsd apt¶ dpIbp­mbn.

Cu I­p]nSp¯w `uXnI ]cnWma¯nsâ Imcy¯nepw icn bmbn tbmPn¡pw. C¯cw hn¹h§sf¡pdn¨v ap¸Xp hÀj¡m et¯mfw Rm³ XpSÀ¨bmbn FgpXnbn«p­v. Ccp]Xp hÀj§Ä ¡pap¼v, {^©v hn¹hhpw `uahn¹h§fpw X½nepÅ kmZriy s¯¡pdn¨v Rms\mcn¡Â FgpXnbncp¶p. 1789, 1830, 1848 F¶o hÀj§fn \S¶ {^©p hn¹h§sf s]Àanb³, s{Iämjykv, Izm«Às\dn F¶o aq¶v `ua hn¹h§fpambn XmcXays¸Sp¯m hp¶XmWv. Cu `ua hn¹h§Ä `qanbpsS apJw ip²oIcn¡p Ibpw D¶X ssPhcq]§fpsS BhnÀ`mh¯n\v hgnsbmcp ¡pIbpw sNbvXp. amÀIvknb³ AÀ°¯nepÅ hn¹hhpambn CXn\p t\cnb _ÔtabpÅq. \½Ä a\knem¡nbnSt¯mfw Hmtcm lnabpK¯n\pw e£¡W¡n\p hÀj§fpsS ssZÀ Lyap­v. lnabpKImes¯ e£¡W¡n\p hÀj§fneqsS \S ¶ ]cnWma¯n\v AXn\p ap¼pÅ tImSn¡W¡n\p hÀj§ fneqsS \S¶ ]cnWmat¯¡mÄ thKX IqSpXembncp¶p F¶ XpsIm­mWv lnabpKw ssPh hn¹h Imeambn \½Ä hntijn ¸n¡p¶Xv. lnabpK§Ä¡nSbn \S¶ hn]peamb, AtXbhkc¯n ¯s¶, A{][m\amb amä§sf kw_Ôn¨pw Cu XXzw icn bmWv. `qXe¯n\pw \nc´camb amä§Ä D­mbn«p­v. IcbpsS Hcp thens¡«v XIcpIbpw ImbepIfnte¡pw Xmgv¶ Icbn te¡pw IS XÅn¡bdpIbpw sNbvXt¸mÄ aäp Nne Øe§ fn ]pXnb {]Xe§Ä DbÀ¶ph¶p. ]ÀÆX§Ä DbÀ¶p h¶Xpw kap{Z¯nse Hgp¡pIfpsS KXnhnKXnbn amä§Ä D­mbXpw XpSÀ¨bmbn Xm]\nebnepw CuÀ¸¯nepw amä§Ä D­m¡n. C¯cw amä§Ä ]cnWma {]{Inb¡v thKX Iq«p 50

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

¶Xn CXc amä§tf¡mÄ {][m\s¸« ]¦p hln¨p.

Rm\n¸dªsXÃmw {]mYanIamb imkv { X]mT§fmWv .

CsXm¶pw sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZntbbpw AXÃm¯ `uXn IhmZntbbpw X½n thÀXncn¡p¶ Imcy§fÃ. FhnsSbmWv hyXymk§Ä F¶p Du¶n¸dbphm\mWv Rm\m{Kln¡p¶Xv. Asæn Cu NÀ¨¡v AÀ°anÃtÃm. hfÀ¨bpsS {]{Inbsb ¡pdn¨pÅ [mcWIfn F¬]Xp iXam\w Imcy§fnepw sshcp²ymßI¡mcpw \½fpw X½n hyXymk§fnà F¶p I­phtÃm. hyXymk§Ä CÃm¯Xnsâ ImcWhpw hyàam ¡mw. hfÀ¨bpsS {]{Inbsb¸än \ap¡dnbmambncp¶ Imcy§ sfÃmw imkv{Xt_m[¯n \n¶mWv Dcp¯ncnªph¶Xv. slK enb³ ]Z{]tbmK§fpambn s]mcp¯s¸Sp¶pt­m CÃtbm F¶Xnsâ ASnØm\¯n imkv{X]T\s¯ hnebncp¯m³ BhnÃ. imkv{X]T\w \ÂIp¶Xnt\¡mÄ IqSpXembn NneXp IqSn Iq«nt¨À¡Wsa¶v Bsc¦nepw IcpXnbm AhÀ¡v ]gb anÌnIv k{¼Zmb¯nepÅ shfn]mSpIsf B{ibnt¡­nhcpw.

Ne\mßI XXzw

Npcp¡n¸dªmÂ, “tIhe” `uXnIhmZs¯¡pdn¨v AhÚ bpsS `mjbn kwkmcn¡pt¼mįs¶ Hcp sshcp²ymß `uXnIhmZn kz´w XXz§tfmSv kXykÔX ImWn¡p¶nÃ. djy³ a\ximkv{XÚ\mbncp¶ ]mhvtemhv Nne CâÀhyqIfn hyàam¡nbncp¶p þ djybpsS cmjv{Sob PohnX¯n At±lw bmsXmcp XmÂ]cyhpw {]ISn¸n¡p¶nsöv. At±lw djy³ cmjv{Sob¯n Xmev]cyw ImWn¡Wambncp¶p F¶p thW sa¦n BÀ¡pw ]dbmw. F¶m A¡mcWwsIm­v, At±lw AwKoIcn¨ncp¶ `uXnI PohnX ho£Ww icnbmbncp¶nsöv ]dbp¶Xn Ig¼nÃ. slbv¡Â -- _nkvamÀ¡nb³ en_d ho£Ww AwKoIcn¨ncp¶ Bfpw, tkmjyenk¯nsâ i{Xphpw Bbncp¶p. F¶mÂ, A¡mcWwsIm­v, “dnUn Hm^v Zn bqWnthgvk”v F¶ ]pkvXI¯n At±lw AhXcn¸n¨ncn¡p¶ `uXnI XXzNn´ AkXyamIp¶nÃ. Cu c­pt]cpw AhcpsS 51

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

]T\ taJebn AXyp¶Xcmbncp¶ Ahkc¯nemWv Poh tâbpw a\kntâbpw `uXnIkn²m´w AhXcn¸n¨Xv. AXnsâ k¯bmIs« hfsc efnXhpamWv þ {]IrXnbn Bßmhv Fs¶mcp kwKXntbbnà F¶mbncp¶p CcphcptSbpw kn²m ´§Ä hyàam¡nbXv. {]]©s¯¡pdn¨v AhÀ¡p­mbncp¶ [mcW “bm{´nI”am sW¶pw sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZnbpsS [mcW “Ne\mßI” amsW¶pw ]dbp¶Xv AwKoIcn¡m\mhnÃ. kÀ BÀXÀ FUnw Kv S¬ s]mXpP\§fpsS a\kv taLIepjnXam¡p¶Xn\p hfsc ap¼p Xs¶ sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZnIÄ Cu hyXym kw Nq­n¡mWn¨ncp¶p. AhÀ At±l¯nsâ ]n´pW kzoIcn ¡ptamsb¶v F\n¡v kwibap­v. {]]©w “Bib§fpsS LS\” Bbn«mWv At±lw ImWp¶Xv. bm{´nI [mcWIÄ¡p ]Icw Ne\mßI [mcWIsf amän {]XnjvTn¡m\mWtÃm Po³ kntâbpw FUnwKvStâbpw {][m\ {iaw. Umen InwKv At±l ¯nsâ IYIfnsem¶n ]dbp¶Xpt]mse “£oWnX\mb Hcp btlmhsb em_d«dnbpsS ]n³hmXneneqsS sIm­phcm\pÅ {iaw” BWXv. C¯cw kwKXnIÄ AwKoIcn¡p¶ a\pjysc Is­¯p¶XpXs¶ GsXmcmÄ¡pw Hcp ap¶dnbn¸mWv. sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZn imkv{X taJebn Fs´¦nepw I­p]nSn¯w \S¯nsb¶p IcpXp¶Xv auVyamWv. AXnsâ ASnØm\ [mcWIÄ bm{´nIamtWm AtXm Ne\mßIamtWm F¶p \nivNbnt¡­Xv imkv{XthZnbnemWv. FUnwKvS tW ¡mÄ Adnhp­mbncp¶ ¹m³Iv ]dbp¶Xv \ho\ ^nknIvkn t]mepw \½psS [mcWIÄ bm{´nIXbn \n¶v hnapàaà F¶mWv. bYmÀ°¯n \ho\ ^nknIvknsâ Gähpw ]pXnb hn`mK§fnsem¶v XcwK bm{´nIXbmWv. bmYmÀ°y¯nsâ {]IrXaÃ, temI¯nsâ s]mcp¯amWv AXn {]iv\ambn«p ÅXv. CeIvt{SmWpIfpw tdUntbj\psams¡ I­p]nSn¡p¶ Xn\v hfsc ap¼pXs¶ sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw Cu hyXym k§sfms¡ Is­¯nbncp¶psh¶mWv \n§Ä ]dbp¶sX ¦n DuÀÖX{´ imkv{XÚ·mcpsS ]pXnb XÀ¡§sf¡pdn 52

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

¨v \n§Ä hnjant¡­ ImcytabnÃ. Ignª \qäm­n Gähpw D]cn¹hambn Nn´n¨ `uXnIhmZw ]dªp, hkvXphnsâ amäamWv amäanÃm¯ bmYmÀ°ysa¶v. AXv Htc kabw bm{´nIhpw Ne\mßIhpamWv. F¶m D¯chmZnXzapÅ Fgp¯pImÀ, amä¯n\v Hcp ImcWap­mbncn¡psa¶v AwKoIcn¨p. Ne\mß IambXpw bm{´nIambXpw X½nepÅ hyXymkw Ahyàhpw kwibmßIhpamWv. C¯cw Imcy§fn km[mcW imkv{X] T\¯n \n¶v H«pw hyXnNent¡­ ImcyanÃm¯ `uXnIhmZn, hkv Xphns\ DuÀÖhpamtbm iànbpamtbm _Ô¸n¨p.

AtXmsS ]cnWmas¯¡pdn¨pÅ [mcW Ne\mßIambn¯ocp Ibpw sNbvXp. “tIhe” `uXnIhmZhpw sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw X½n epÅ hyXymkambn Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶ sXämb Hcp DZmlcWw ]ptcmKXnbpsS KXnsb¡pdn¨mWv. ]ptcmKXn Hcp t\Àhcnbneq sSbmsW¶v “tIhe `uXnIhmZn” ]dbpt¼mÄ, AXv Nm{InI ambn ]ncn]ncnbmbn«msW¶v sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZn ]dbp ¶phs{X! C§s\ Nq­n¡mWn¡s¸Sp¶ Cu hyXymk¯n t¸mepw Ft´m Ir{Xnaaps­¶v s]s«¶v a\knem¡mw. ssPh ]ptcmKXntbm, Ncn{XmXoXImes¯ ]ptcmKXntbm Ncn{X¯n se ]ptcmKXnsb Bhs« þ AsXÃmw imkv{X¯nsâtbm Ncn{X ¯nsâtbm AwKoIrX ]T\amWv. sshcp²ymßI¡mc\Ãm¯ \nch[n Fgp¯pImcpw Nm{InIamb ]ptcmKXnsb¡pdn¨v t\c s¯ Xs¶ ]dªn«p­v. F¶m AXv FÃmbvt¸mgpw icnbmbn cp¶nÃ. C³Uy, ssN\, CuPn]vXv XpS§nb \mKcnIXIsf ¡pdn¨v ]Tn¡pt¼mÄ hyàamIp¶ H¶p­v. t\tc apIfnte¡v B kaqlw Hcp {]tXyI Imebfhn ]ptcmKan¡p¶Xp Im Wmw. AtX¯pSÀ¶v Xncn¨v {]mIrXmhØbnte¡v aS§nt¸mIp ¶Xpw ImWmw. CXv Bcpw tNmZyw sNbvXn«nÃm¯ Hcp Ncn{X bmYmÀ°yamWv. A³]Xv ASn DbcapÅ XncameIfpÅ IS eneqsS Hcp sNdnb I¸Â apt¶m«p \o§p¶XmWv At¸mÄ HmÀ½ hcnI. sX¡³ kap{Z¯n Hcp t\mÀÆoPnb³ ]mbv¡ ¸Â Hcn¡Â Rm\§s\ I­n«p­v. Ncn{X ImeL«¯nse 53

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

am\h ]ptcmKXnsb¡pdn¨v At¸mÄ Rm³ HmÀ¯pt]mbn. ]ncn ]ncnbmbn hfª Hcp hÅnbntem, Nm{InIamb tKmhWnbntem hogvNIsfm¶panÃ. FÃmbvt¸mgpw apIfnte¡v IbdpIbmWv AXn sN¿p¶Xv. Pohtâbpw a\pjytâbpw ]cnWma¯n \nSbnÂ, \ntÝX\amb, ]ptcmKXnbnÃm¯, A\mhiy ZniIfn te¡pÅ thÀXncnhpIfptSXmb \nch[n ImeL«§fp­v. arK temI¯nsâ hwimhen hr£w ]cntim[n¨m t\ÀhcnbneqsS apt¶m«p am{Xw ]ptcmKa\hpw AXns\ \bn¡p¶ Hcp iànbpw F¶ [mcW CuizchmZnIÄ¡p am{Xta AwKoIcn¡m\mhpI bpÅq. km[mcW `uXnIhmZhpw sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw X½n bmsXmcp hyXymkhpansöv hmZn¡phm\à Rm\m{K ln¡p¶Xv F¶v BhÀ¯n¨v hyàam¡ns¡mÅs«. F¶m hyXymksa¶p ]dªv Nq­n¡mWn¡s¸Sp¶hbn an¡Xpw `mh\m hnemk§fpw sshcp²ymßI hmZ¯n\v taÂt¡mbva bp­v F¶p hcp¯n¯oÀ¡phm³ t_m[]qÀÆw, Ir{Xnaambn sI«n¨a¨hbpamWv. “F®¯n \n¶v KpW¯nte¡pÅ ]cnhÀ¯\w” sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw am{Xta AwKoIcn¡p¶pÅq F¶ AhImihmZw ]cntim[n¨pt\m¡mw. CXp c­pw X½nepÅ ASnØm\ hyXymkw Hcp `uXnIhmZn¡pw AwKoIcn¡m\m hnÃ. bYmÀ°¯n Ah c­pw X½n auenIamb bmsXmcp hyXymk§fpw CÃ. Poh\nÃm¯hbn \n¶mWv Poh³ D­mbsX¶pw, Xet¨mdnÃm¯ temI¯n \n¶mWv a\kv hnImkw {]m]n¨sX¶pw, Ie, _p²nssh`hw F¶nh Ncn{XmXoX Imes¯ {]mIrXXz¯n \n¶mWv Dcp¯ncnªp h¶sX¶pw FÃmhcpw AwKoIcn¡patÃm. CXv F®¯n \n¶v KpW¯n te¡pÅ Hcp hfÀ¨bmtWm F¶p \n§ÄXs¶ H¶v Btem Nn¨p t\m¡pI. \n§Ä Hcp Bßob hymJym\w BhnjvIcn¡p Itbm Asæn Hcp sshcp²ymßI XXzimkv{Xw {]tbmKn¡p Itbm sNbvXv kzbw Xr]vXns¸Sm\à B{Kln¡p¶sX¦n imkv{Xob hniZoIcW§Ä t\Sm³ \n§Ä \nÀ_ÔnX\mWv. 54

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

XXzimkv{X¯n\v sshäan\pIfpsS {]hÀ¯\s¯¡pdn¨v hni ZoIcWw \ÂIm\mhm¯Xpt]mse C¯cw Imcy§sf¡pdn¨pw hniZoIcW§Ä \ÂIm\mhnÃ.

55

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

5 Ncn{X¯n km¼¯nI imkv{X¯n\pÅ \nÀ®mbI kzm[o\w taÂs¡mSp¯ `mK§fnsem¶pw sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ s¯ hnaÀin¡m\à Rm³ apXnÀ¶Xv. IayqWnÌpIÄ hmin tbmsS Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶ GsXms¡ hyXymk§fmWv bYmÀ °¯n “tIhe” `uXnIhmZhpw sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ hpw X½nepÅXv F¶v hyàambn Adnbm\mWv Rm³ {ian¨Xv. slbv¡Â amÀIvknÌv hncp²\mbXpsIm­v Abmsf shdp¡p ¶p F¶v Hcp amÀIvknÌv ]dbpt¼mÄ F\n¡Xp a\knem¡m³ Ignbpw. slbv¡ensâ `uXnIhmZ ]T\w imkv{Xob hniZoIc W§Ä¡v Xr]vXnIcambXpsIm­v AwKoImcyamWv F¶ bm YmÀ°yw AbmÄ amÀIvknÌv hncp²\mWv F¶XpsIm­p am{Xw XÅn¸dbp¶Xp icnbÃ. apXemfn¯t¯mSv A\p`mh apÅbmfm¡n, Asæn AXnt\mSv henb FXnÀt¸m A\p `mhtam CÃm¯ Bfm¡n Hcmsf \ne\nÀ¯p¶ `uXnIhmZw icnbmb `uXnIhmZasömWv IayqWnÌv hmZapJw. slbv¡ ensâ `uXnIhmZs¯ kw_Ôn¨p ]dbpIbmsW¦nÂ, At±l¯n\v apXemfn¯t¯mtSm tkmjyenkt¯mtSm DÅ B`napJy¯nsâ {]kàntb DÅq. `uXnIhmZhpw Cu kmaqly Bib§fpw X½n _Ôsam¶panÃ. Ah c­pw hn`n¶ kwKXnIfmWv. {]]©¯ntâbpw Pohtâbpw ]cnWmaw AwKo Icn¡phm³, Nn´n¡p¶ Btcbpw \nÀ_Ôn¡p¶ Nne imkv{Xob \ymb§fp­v. Ncn{X¯n km¼¯nI imkv{X ¯n\pÅ \nÀWmbI kzm[o\w, hÀKkacw, an¨aqey kn²m´w, Dev ] mZ\¯ntâbpw hnXcW¯nsâbpw D]IcW§sf 56

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

kmaqlyh¡cn¡pI F¶o Bib§sf AwKoIcn¡phm³ \s½ \nÀ_Ôn¡p¶ GsX¦nepw imkv{Xob \ymb§fpt­m?

FÃm {]iv\§Ä¡pw Häaqenbmbn ]cnlmcw \nÀt±in¡p¶ Hcp kq{XhmIyhpw Cà F¶v \½Ä I­p Ignªp. A§s\ sbm¶v D­m¡m³ {ian¡p¶Xv ]gb XXzÚm\ Zn\§fpsS Ncn{XmhinjvSamWv. A¡me¯v ‘AXn`uXnI¡mc\mb C{µn bmXoXÚm\n’ imkv{Xobt_m[apÅ a\pjys\¡mÄ tIa\m sW¶v kzbw IcpXnbncp¶p. bmYmÀ°ys¯ ]cn]qÀWXbmbn IcpXpIbpw AXpambn _Ôs¸« kXy§Ä shfn]mSpIÄ aptJ \ e`yamIpsa¶pw AhÀ IcpXn. C¯cw ‘AdnhpIÄ’ ]cntim[n ¡s¸« hkvXpXIfpsS kmam\yh¡cW¯neqsS kzcq]n¡ s¸« imkv{Xob \nKa\§fn \n¶v hn`n¶ambncp¶p. \ap¡v e`yambncn¡p¶ c­p kq{XhmIy§fn H¶mat¯Xmb “ssh cp²ymßIw” A{X {i²m]qÀÆw XncsªSp¡s¸« Hcp hntij WÃ. c­mat¯Xpw kzbw hniZoIcn¡p¶Xpamb kq{XhmIy ¯n ]dbp¶, XoknkvþBân Xoknkvþkn´knkv F¶o aq¶p LSI§fneqsSbpÅ hDÀ¨ F¶ kn²m´w Adpapjn¸³ {]kvXmh\bmWv. {Ko¡p `mjbnse Cu hm¡pIÄ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXm AXnsâ kmcw GXm­v \nÀ½mWwþGäpap«epw kachpwþ]p\À\nÀ½mWhpw \mihpw F¶mWv . ]cnWma imkv{X¯nse ]gb Hcp [mcWbmWXv. {^©v hn¹h¯ntâbpw kzmX{´y hmZ¯nsâ DZb¯ntâbpw ImeL«¯n¯s¶, HcpIme¯v ssPhtemI¯n D­mbXp t]mepÅ ]cnWma §Ä cmjv{SobþkmaqlycwK¯pw D­mhWsa¶v B{Kln¨ncp ¶hÀ B kn²m´w AwKoIcn¨ncp¶p. asämcp hn[¯n ]d ªm sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw Fs¶mcp {]m]©nI ZÀ i\w CÃ. s]mXphmb ]cnWmaþ`uXnIhmZ imkv{X]T\t¯mSv Nne B[p\nI km¼¯nI kn²m´§Ä Iq«nbnW¡m\pÅ {iaw Hcp h¼³ ]cmPbhpamWv. AXn`uXnI¡mcpsS kq{X hmIyw t]msebmWv Cu Iq«nbnW¡Â {iaw. AXns\ XÅn¸d bpIbmWv th­Xv. km[mcW `uXnIhmZw {]]©¯ntâbpw sshbànI cq]¯nepÅ a\pjytâbpw bpàn`v{Zamb Hcp 57

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

hniIe\amWv. Ncn{X ]cnWma¯nsâ hniIe\sa¶ \nebnepw AXv k¼qÀWambpw bpàn`{ZamWv. ImcWw, Bßob hnZyIfp tSbpw kq{XhmIy§fptSbpw klmbanÃmsXbmWv AXv Ncn{X ]T\w \S¯p¶Xv. AXpsIm­v “tIhe” `uXnIhmZw F¶v Bt£]n¨v sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ¡mÀ bYmÀ° `uXnI hmZnItfmSv shdp¸v {]ISn¸n¡p¶Xn\v bmsXmcp ASnØm\ hpanÃ. amÀIvknkw Hcp km¼¯nI kn²m´tam ]cn]mSntbm BWv. Cu ZmÀi\nI kq{XhmIy¯n \n¶v AXn\v {]tXyI iàntbm AwKoImctam In«p¶nÃ.

amÀIvknsâ kn²m´w apXemfn¯ hyhØnXntbmSpÅ kao]\¯nemWv sshcp²ym ßI `uXnIhmZnbpw km[mcW `uXnIhmZnbpw X½nepÅ hyXymkw Ccn¡p¶Xv F¶Xv IÅ{]NcWamWv. hfÀ¨bpsS {]{Inbsb¡pdn¨pÅ AaqÀ¯amb kq{XhmIy§Ä amän \nÀ ¯nbm amÀIvknk¯nsâ \mev ASnØm\ LSI§Ä hyà amIpw. Ncn{X¯n k¼¯n\pÅ \nÀ®mbI kzm[o\w, an¨ aqeykn²m´w, hÀKkac¯nsâ kphntijw, ]cnhÀ¯\¯n sâ hn¹hIcamb BZÀiw F¶nhbmWv Ah. AXn BZy t¯XmWv ChnsS ]cntim[\m hnt[bam¡m³ Dt±in¡p¶Xv. Ct¸mÄ \ap¡dnbmhp¶ hnhc§Ä sh¨psIm­v, Ncn{X¯n amÀIvknsâ hymJym\w F{Xam{Xw icnbmsW¶v \ap¡v ]cntim [n¡mw. BNmcy·mÀ A{]amZnXzw DÅhcà F¶v HmÀ¡Ww. Ncn{Xw Ignª Hcp \qäm­p ap¼v C¶¯{Xbpw imkv{Xob hpambncp¶nÃ. Ncn{X¯n amÀIvkv Hcp hnZKv[\Ãmbncp¶p sh¶v ]dªv hnjbw XÅn¡fbp¶Xn ImcyanÃ. At±l ¯nsâ IrXnIÄ, {]tXyIn¨pw aqe[\w F¶ ]pkvXIw, amÀIv kn\v Ipdª]£w kao]Ime Ncn{X¯nse¦nepw \à ]mSh ap­mbncp¶psh¶v kwibanÃmsX sXfnbn¡p¶p­v. ]t£, Hcp kn²m´w a\kn ap³Iq«n h¨psIm­v Ncn{Xw hmbn¨m D­mImhp¶ A]IS§sf¸än \ap¡dnbmw. {InkvXy³ Ncn{X Imc·mÀ FgpXpt¼mÄ Ignª 15 \qäm­pIfn AhcpsS 58

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

aX¯n\p­mb h³ hnPb§sf¸än am{Xta ap³Xq¡w sImSp¯v FgpXq. Imamkàn D­m¡nbn«pÅ kmaqly\mi¯n\v ap³ Xq¡w sImSp¯psIm­v am\h Ncn{X¯nsâ Hmtcm t]Ppw kZmNmcs¯ ]pÂIp¶Xp am{Xta ]yqcnä·mÀ Ncn{X¯n Im WpIbpÅq. XXzÚm\ Ncn{XImc·mcpw tZmssjI ZrjvSnI fmb Ncn{XImc·mcpsaÃmw AhchcptSXmb kn²m´§Ä Ncn {X¯neqsS Øm]n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶psh¶v kzbw Is­¯mdp­v. amÀIvknsâ kn²m´w an¡t¸mgpw hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv “`uXnIhmZ]camb Ncn{Xw” F¶mWv. B \nebn `uXnIhmZn Ifmb \aps¡Ãmw AXv AwKoIcn¡mhp¶XmWv. ImcWw, hkv XpXIfpsS icnbmb hniIe\w `uXnIhmZ]cw Xs¶bmWv. amÀIvkv ]et¸mgpw B ]Zw D]tbmKn¡p¶ps­¦nepw se\n³ At±l¯nsâ “amÀIvknsâ kn²m´§Ä” F¶ ]pkvXI¯nÂ, amÀIvknsâ Bib§fpsS Npcp¡w “Ncn{X¯nsâ `uXnIhmZ ]camb [mcW” F¶ Xes¡«n\v Xmsg hniZoIcn¡p¶ Imcy §Ä ]e `uXnIhmZnIÄ¡pw kzoImcyaÃ. kmaqlyimkv{X s¯ `uXnIhmZ]camb ASn¯dbpambn s]mcp¯s¸Sp¯p hmt\m, Asæn AXn ASn¯dbv¡p ]änb hn[¯n ]p\À \nÀ½mWw \S¯mt\m BWv se\n³ {ian¡p¶Xv. At±l¯nsâ kn²m´¯nsâ KpW§Ä hyàam¡m\pÅ se\nsâ AhImi hmZ§Ä \ndsb AXn`mhpIXzamWv. t\cs¯ FgpXpIbpw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvX Ncn{X¯nse c­p sXäpIÄ AXv Xncp ¯p¶psh¶v se\n³ ]dbp¶p. a\pjysâ Ncn{X]camb {]hÀ ¯\§fnse Bib]camb D¶§sf am{Xta \mfnXphsc Ncn {Xw ]Tn¨ncp¶pÅq. Cu Bib]camb D¶§sf (aXw, BZÀi hmZw XpS§nbhsb) krjvSn¨ kmlNcy§sf¡pdn¨v Ncn{Xw ]Tn¨ncp¶nà F¶XmWt{X H¶mas¯ sXäv. _lpP\§fpsS PohnXt¯bpw {]hÀ¯\§tfbpw Ncn{XImc·mÀ hnkvacn¨p sh¶XmWv c­mas¯ sXäv . ASp¯Imew hsc Ncn{Xw ss{IkvXh ]mc¼cy§fpsS kzm[o\¯nembncp¶psh¶pw, aX§fptSbpw BZÀi§fptSbpw DZv` hs¯¡pdn¨v AXp sXämb hnhc§fmWv \ÂInbsX¶pw sXmgnemfn {]Øm\§fp 59

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

tStbm P\m[n]Xy]camb DWÀÆntâtbm ImeL«¯neÃmsX _lpP\ PohnXs¯¡pdn¨v Ncn{Xw kvacn¨nà F¶pw se\n³ ]dªncps¶¦n F\n¡v a\knem¡m\mhpambncp¶p. CXn BZys¯ sXäv Ncn{X ]T\¯n Ct¸mgpw ImWmhp¶XmWv. AXnsâ ImcWw ]utcmlnXy `ojWnIfmWv. c­mas¯ sXäv Xncp¯s¸«p Ignªp. F¶m C¡mcy¯n amÀIvk nsâ kw`mh\ Xptemw XpÑamsW¶Xv ]cs¡ AwKoIcn¡s¸« bmYmÀ°yamWv. amÀIvkv F´mWv {]tXyIambn Dt±in¨sX¶v hyàam¡p¶ At±l¯nsâ Gähpw aqeyh¯mb Hcp hmNIw C§s\bmWv: “PohnX¯n\v Bhiyamb `uXnI D]IcW§fpsS DÂ]mZ\ k{¼ZmbamWv PohnX¯nsâ kmaqlyþcmjv{Sobþ_u²nI {]{InbIsf s]mXphmbn \nÀ®bn¡p¶Xv.” At±lw Cu \ne]mSv kzoIcn¨Xv F´psIm­msW¶v FÃmhÀ¡pw Adnbmw. “Bßo b LSI”¯nsâ {]m[m\ys¯¡pdn¨v B ImeL«¯nep­m bncp¶ s]mXp kwkmc¯ns\Xnsc `uXnIhmZ¯nsâ s]mXp kXy¯n\v Du¶Â sImSp¡pI am{Xaà At±lw sNbvXXv. `u XnIhmZnIfmb kzmX{´yhmZnIfpambn At±l¯n\v ]et¸mgpw Gäpapt«­nh¶p. \nehnencp¶ kmaqlyhyhØnXnbpsS tZmj §Ä AwKoIcn¨ncp¶ AhÀ IcpXnbXv, Bib§fpsS kzm[o\ ¯m {ItaW amä§Ä D­m¡msa¶mWv. Ahsc t\cnSm³ th­nbmWv, Bib§Ä `uXnI kmlNcy§sf amäpIbn söpw adn¨v `uXnI kmlNcy§fmWv Bib§sf krjvSn¡p ¶sX¶pw amÀIvkv ]dªXv. {]jybnse Chm©en¡Â k`bpw, {^m³kntebpw kvs]bn\ntebpw Cäenbntebpw tdma³ It¯m en¡m k`bpw \oXniq\yhpw {Iqchpamb hyhØnXnIÄ¡v ]n´pW \ÂIp¶Xp am{Xaà amÀIvkv I­Xv. slKens\t¸mse ip² BibhmZnIfmbncp¶hcpw AtX hyhØnXnsb AwKo Icn¡p¶Xv At±lw I­p. Bib§Ä Xnc¯p¼s¯ shÅ ¸Xt]msebmWv. XncIsf krjvSn¡p¶ t{]cIiàn AXÃ.

Hmtcm ImeL«¯nepw Bib§Ä amdn amdn hcpw. km·mÀKnI shfn]mSpIfn \nt¶m shfns¸Sp¯s¸« kphntij§fn 60

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

\nt¶m BWv Ah Dcp¯ncnªXv F¶p ]dbp¶Xv ip² a­¯ camWv . Hmtcm ]pXnb ImeL«§fpw ]pXnb Bib§sf sIm­ph¶p. Cu amä§fpsS ImcWsa´mWv F¶t\zjn¨ amÀIvkv Dev]mZ\ k{¼Zmb§fntem Dev]mZ iànIfnt·epÅ \nb{´W¯ntem hyXymkw D­mbn«ps­¶v {i²n¨p. \aps¡Ãmw Adnbmhp¶Xpt]mse, Cu shfn¨¯n At± lw Ncn{X¯nse ]cnhÀ¯\ ImeL«§Ä ]cntim[\am hnt[ bam¡n. AtX¯pSÀ¶v amÀIvkv At±l¯nsâ IrXnIfn Ncn{X]camb ASnØm\ hnhc§fpw kao]Ime hnhc§fn ØnXn hnhc¡W¡pIfpw \nd¨p. B hnjbs¯¡pdn¨v hniZ ambn NÀ¨ sN¿m³ ChnsS Øetam AXnsâ Bhiytam CÃ.

Ignª GXm\pw \qäm­pIfpsS amÀIvknsâ hymJym\w F´m sW¶v AXv hyàam¡p¶p. ^yqUenk¯nÂ\n¶v “B[p\nI _qÀjzm kaql”¯nte¡pÅ ]cnhÀ¯\hpw sXmgnemfnhÀKw C¶s¯ kaql¯ns\Xnsc DbÀ¯p¶ `ojWnbpw AXn DÄs¸Sp¶p. AXn ]cnWmat¯¡mÄ IqSpXembn hn¹h§ fpsS Hcp XpSÀ¨bmWv DÅXv. amS¼namcptSbpw `q{]`p¡fptS bpw \njvTqc `cW¯ns\Xnscbpw B kmaqlyhyhØnXn \ne \nÀ¯p¶Xn\mbn AhÀ DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨ Bib§Äs¡Xnscbpw CS¯c¡mÀ Iem]w \S¯n. Cu CS¯c¡mcpsS \njvTqc `c W¯ns\Xnscbpw AhcpsS {]hmNI·mÀ AhÀ¡v A\ptbm Pyambncp¶ 19þmw \qäm­nse kmaqly hyhØnXn¡v ]änb hn[¯n km·mÀKnImwKoImcw \ÂInb Bib§Äs¡Xn cmbpw, sXmgnemfnhÀKw DbÀ¶p. temI¯nsâ ]ptcmKXn hÀK kac§fneqsSbmWv \½Ä ssIhcn¨Xv F¶mWv amÀIvknsâ kn²m´w.

]pXnb Ncn{Xhpw kmlNcy§fpw CXnsâ hn]peamb AÀ°¯nepÅ kXyw BÀ¡pw DÄs¡m Åmhp¶tXbpÅq. AXnsâ hniZmwi§fnte¡v Ct¸mÄ \½Ä IS¶p sNtínbncn¡p¶p. Ncn{XhkvXpXIÄ icnbmbn a\kn em¡p¶Xn\v AXn`uXnI k{¼Zmb¯nepÅ Nne BZÀi§ 61

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

fpsS ASn¯d AXn\v \ÂtI­ Bhiysa´msW¶v AZv`pXw tXm¶nt¸mIpw. “`uXnIhmZ]camb ImgvN¸mtSmsS Ncn{X”s¯ ImWm\pÅ hnimeamb Hcp ImgvN¸mSv amÀIvkn\v D­mbncp¶ Xn \ap¡v At±lt¯mSv \µnbp­mth­XmWv. slKepw At± ls¯t¸mepÅhcpw injy·mcn ASnt¨Â¸n¨ Ncn{X ho£ Ws¯ CXpt]mse A{Iamkàambn \ntj[nt¡­Xv, Ncn{Xw imkv{Xobamhp¶Xn\pw, am\h PohnX¯n\v amÀKZÀiIamhp ¶Xn\pw ap¼v A\nÀhmcyambncp¶p. slKensâ kn²m´§Ä, \nch[n ]cnjvImc§Ä¡v hnt[bambn«mWv C¶v \ne\n ¡p¶Xv. \mKcnIXbpsS ØncXbptSbpw ]ptcmKXnbptSbpw ]n¶n “Bßob LSIw” F¶v AhÀ hntijn¸n¡p¶ Hcp kwKXnbps­¶mWv \ntbm slKenb·mcpsS t]mepw ]£w.

Ncn{X¯n\v anIhpä Hcp hymJym\tam kmaqly ]p\À\nÀ½m W¯n\v Dd¨ Hcp ASn¯dtbm \ÂIp¶Xn\p ap¼v B anYysb \ncmIcnt¡­Xmbn hcp¶p. ]mÝmXy \mKcnIXbpsS hfÀ¨bpsS ]n¶nse apJyiàn {InkvXpaXamsW¶pw Ing¡t\jy³ \mKcnIXbpsS hfÀ ¨bv¡p \nZm\w _p²aXamsW¶pw ]Snªmd³ GjybptSbpw hS¡³ B{^n¡bptSbpw \mKcnIX apl½Z\nk¯n \n¶m Wv D­mbsX¶papÅ sXämb [mcW Xncp¯pIbmWv BZyw sNt¿­Xv. tImSn¡W¡n\v P\§fptSbpw AhcpsS IrXnI fptSbpw ta B[n]Xyw ]peÀ¯nb s]mÅbmb k¦Â]am hmaXv. \½psS hnZymk¼¶cn `qcn`mKw t]mepw kmlnXy ¯n s]mÅbmb k¦Â]¯nsâ Zpxkzm[o\w F´pam{X aps­¶v a\knem¡nbn«nÃ. Cu almaX§Ä hfÀ¯nsbSp¯p sh¶v AhImis¸Sp¶ \mKcnIXbpsS bYmÀ° Ncn{X hkvXpXIÄ kXykÔambn hniZoIcn¡pI am{Xw sNbvXm AhbpsS s]můcw P\§Ä¡v hyàamhpw. sNIp¯m·m cnepw ‘]cnip² {XnXz’¯nepw hnizkn¨nsæn \mKcnIX¡v F´mWv ]äpIsb¶v djy¡msc Nq­n¡mWn¨psIm­v DbÀ ¯p¶ hnhmZw, CXv shdpsamcp "A¡mZanIv" {]iv\asöv hyàam¡p¶p.

62

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

Bßob LSI¯nsâ Bhiys¯¡pdn¨v I®oscmgp¡p¶ Ncn{XImc·mcpw XXzÚm\nIfpw, hfÀ¶p h¶ ]mÝmXy \mKcn IXbv¡v {InkvXpaXw AwKoIcn¨Xn\p tijw D­mb apcSn¡ ens\¡pdnt¨m, BNmcm\pjvTm\§fn Gjym¡msc Xf¨ncp¶ Xn _p²aXw hln¨ ]¦ns\¡pdnt¨m, apÉow temIs¯ aX{`m ´pw AklnjvWpXbpw Iogvs¸Sp¯nbXns\¡pdnt¨m, H¶pw ]dbmdnà F¶Xv \½Ä {i²n¡Ww. _p²nssh`hhpw XmÂ]cy §fpw hnImc§fpw hfÀ¯nsbSp¡p¶ am\knI LSIw am{X ambn “BßobX”sb IW¡m¡p¶ aXþXXzÚm\ Fgp¯p Imcpw D­v. CXv sXän²mcWmP\Ihpw hm¡pIfpsS hfs¨mSn ¡epamsW¶v \ap¡dnbmw. \½Ä ssZh¯ntem Bßmhntem hnizkn¨nsæn \mKcnIX Xs¶ A]IS¯nemhpsa¶v C¯ cw aXkmlnXyw hmbn¡p¶ hnizmkn [cn¡p¶p. \½ptSXpt]m epÅ Hcp ImeL«¯nÂ, B ]Z¯nsâ bYmÀ° AÀ°w hyàam¡p¶tXmsS “BßobX”bnsemcp XÂ]cyw Cf¡n DbÀt¯­ Bhiyw Ipdbpw. Rm³ t\cs¯ Nq­n¡mWn¨Xp t]mse Ncn{X¯n ASnt¨Â]n¡s¸Sp¶ C¯cw XXzÚm\ §sfÃmwXs¶ hkvXpXIfpsS sXämb hnhcW¯nemWv ASn bpd¸n¨ncn¡p¶Xv. Imamkàntbm km³amÀKnI ]X\tam BWv AhcpsS kwkvImc§sf XIÀ¯p IfªXv F¶v AhÀ shdp sX Bizkn¡pIbpw sN¿pw. s_tÃm¡ns\t¸mepÅ {]NcW¡mtcm tImtfPv ssKUpIÄ FgpXp¶ c­mwInS Fgp¯pImtcm AÃm¯ bYmÀ° Ncn{X Imc·mÀ Ncn{X¯nsâ `uXnIhmZ]camb hymJym\s¯ AwKo Icn¨psIm­mWv apt¶m«p t]mhmdpÅXv. Hcp hwi¯nsâ kz`m hw F¶v \½Ä s]mXpsh hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv ]cnXØnXnbpw kmlNcyhpambn _Ôs¸« H¶mWv F¶ AwKoImcw Ncn{X cN\bn C¡gnª ]Xnäm­pIfn D­mb Hcp hfÀ¨bmWv. GsX¦nepw Hcp hwis¯sbSp¯n«v AXn\v Hcp {]tXyI kz`mh hntijWw \ÂIp¶ ]Xnhv \½psS Ncn{XImc·mÀ GXm­v Ahkm\n¸n¨p Ignªp. CuPn]vXpImcpsS AXn`uXnIt_m[w _m_ntemWnb¡mcpsS Imamkàn, ssN\¡mcpsS bmYm 63

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

ØnXnIXzw, Bcy·mcpsS Ipeo\Xzw, skaänIv hwiPcpsS aXt_m[w, {Ko¡pImcpsS Iem\n]pWX, tdmam¡mcpsS km{am PyXzw XpS§nb hwi hntijW§sfms¡ AkvXan¨p Ignªp.

AhcpsS kmlNcy§sf¡pdn¨pw _Ô§sf¡pdn¨papÅ ASp¯ ]T\w Cu hwi§sf¡pdn¨v ]pXnb shfn¨w “ssZh” ¯nsâ A\p{Kls¯¡mfpw ]yqcnä³ km·mÀKnI \nba§sf ¡mfpw \ÂInbn«p­v. Hcp km{amPy¯nsâ ]X\¯n\v AXnse tIa·mcpsS kz`mhZqjyt¯¡mÄ ImcWambn¯ocp¶Xv Nne t¸mÄ Hcp hcĨbmhmsa¶v \ap¡dnbmw. t`Zambn«pÅXv Bhiy¯n\v [mXpehW§fpsS \nt£]tam, CjvSwt]mse ip² Petam \à at®m BsW¶pw \½Ä ]Tn¨p Ignªp. ]gb bpK¯nsâ Ahkm\s¯ A©p \qäm­pIfnse kÀÆw klXzw ]pXnb shfn]mSv F¶v {InkvXym\nIÄ hntijn¸n¡p¶ Imcy¯n\v F§s\ klmbIambn F¶pw bmYmØnXnI apÉow Ct¸mgpw Hcp ZnhymZv`pXambn IcpXp¶ CÉmw aX¯nsâ thK¯nepÅ {]NcW¯n\v Atd_ybpsS `qanimkv{Xw F§ s\ klmbn¨p F¶pw ]Tn¡m³ \s½ klmbn¨Xv kmlNcy§ tfbpw ]cnXØnXnItfbpw ho£n¡m³ XpS§nbXmWv. CXv anIhpä Ncn{Xw am{XaÃ, kmaqlyimkv{X amÀK \nÀt±ihpamWv. Ncn{X¯nsâ hfÀs¨sb¡pdn¨p ]Tn¡pt¼mÄ `uXnI bmYmÀ °y§sfbmWv ImtW­Xv F¶ Du¶Â \ÂInbXn\v amÀIvkn t\mSpw amÀIvknÌpItfmSpw \½Ä \µnbpÅhcmWv.

km¼¯nI kmlNcy¯nsâ k½À±w ]t£, C§s\ ]dbp¶Xv amÀIvknsâ kn²m´§sf hgnXncn¨p hnSphm\msW¶v amÀIvknÌv ]ÞnX·mÀ Btcm]n¡pw. {]tXy Iambn km¼¯nI kmlNcy§Ä¡pÅ kzm[o\hpambn t\m ¡pt¼mÄ hfsc A{]kàamb Øm\ta `uXnI kmlNcy §Ä¡v amÀIvkv \ÂInbpÅpsh¶v AhÀ ]dbpw. Ncn{X¯n emsI hÀKkac kphntij¯n\pÅ \ymboIcW§Ä tXSpI bmbncp¶XpsIm­v Ncn{Xs¯ kao]n¡m³ {ian¡p¶ asäÃm kphntijI·mtcbpw t]mse amÀIvkpw hkvXpXIfnÂ\n¶v 64

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

th­Xpam{Xw NnIsªSp¡m³ th­nbpÅ Ip¯nbnf¡ep IÄ \S¯n. PohnX¯nsâ Ahkm\ L«¯n amÀIvkv CXn \mbn Hcp Xo{hbXv\w Xs¶ \S¯p¶Xv ImWmw. “s]mfnän¡Â C¡tWmanbpsS hnaÀi\¯n\v Hcp kw`mh\”bn \n¶pÅ amÀIvknsâ Hcp D²cWnbn Nq­n¡mWn¨Xpt]mse kmaqlyþ cmjv{Sobþ_u²nI {]{InbIsf s]mXphmbn \nb{´n¡p¶ km¼¯nI LSI§sf¡pdn¨p am{XamWv bYmÀ°¯n amÀ Ivkv ]dªXv. DZmlcW¯n\v, bqtdm]y³þAtacn¡³ (Asà ¦n {InkvXy³) \mKcnIX Ft¸mgpw {]Ncn¸n¨n«pÅXv ssewKn I _Ô§sf¸änbpÅ {]iv\§sf¡pdn¨mWv. Cu \nba§Ä (Ah {InkvXy³ ImeL«¯n\p ap¼pÅ t]Àjy³ \qäm­pIfn te¡v t]mIp¶p) F§s\bmWv XpS§nbsX¶v \ap¡nt¸mgpw AdnbnÃ. ASnØm\w km¼¯nIamWv Fs¶mcp \nKa\¯n shdpsX F¯nt¨cp¶Xn F´mWv Imcyw? Rm³ B \nba §sf¡pdn¨v {]tXyIambmWv ]dbp¶Xv; AXnsâ BNcW ¯nse hyXnbm\§sf¡pdnt¨m hy`nNmcw t]mepÅ kmaqly {]iv\§sf¡pdnt¨m Aà ]dbp¶Xv. kXykÔX XpS§nb Bib§sf, Bib§fmbn ho£n¡pt¼mgpw AXpXs¶ \ap¡p ]dbmw. AhbpsSsbms¡ thcpIÄ tXSns¨Ãpt¼mÄ Ah kmaqlyamsW¶pw `uXnIamsW¶pw \ap¡v hyàamIpw. FÃmbvt]mgpw AXv {]tXyIambn km¼¯nI kmlNcy§Ä BhWsa¶nÃ.

GXp ImeL«saSp¡pt¼mgpw \oXn F¶ Bibhpw km¼ ¯nIþkmaqlyþaX Øm]\§fnse \oXnbpsS Afhpambncp¶p {][m\ambpw amÀIvknsâ a\knep­mbncp¶Xv. At±l¯nsâ \ne]mSnsâ s]mXphmb kXyhpw P\§Ä AhcpsS BZÀi sa¶p hntijn¸n¨ kwKXnItfmSpÅ iImchpw \ap¡v a\kn em¡mhp¶tXbpÅq. aqe[\¯n amÀIvkv Øm]n¡m\m{K ln¡p¶ Ncn{X hmZapJ¯n \ap¡n¶v IqSpX Imcy§Ä Iq«nt¨À¡m\pw Ignbpw. ^yqU ImeL«s¯¸än amÀIvkn\v [mcmfambn ]dbm\p­mbncp¶p. F¶m amÀIvknsâ ImeL« ¯n IcpXnbncp¶Xnt\¡mÄ tamiambncp¶p B Imew.

65

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

{]`pXzw F¶p hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ kwkvImc k¼¶amb Hcp Xcw \nba¯ne[njvTnXamb _ÔamWv amS¼namÀ ]peÀ¯n bncp¶sX¶pw Xmtg¡nSbnepÅhtcmSv AhÀ¡v DZmcX D­mbncps¶¶pw BfpIÄ hnizkn¨ncp¶p. am{Xtam ]pXpXmbn HcmÄ amS¼nbmhpt¼mÄ AbmfpsS hmfpw Nm«hmdpw A\p{Kn ¡pIsb¶Xv ]ÅnbpsS Hcp Øncw NS§mbncp¶p. Ah \oXnbv ¡pth­nbmWv D]tbmKn¡s¸SpI F¶ [mcWbp­m¡m³ AsXmcp hgnbmbncp¶p. Cu anYybpsS XpS¡w 16þmw \qäm­n emWv. amS¼namcpsS D]IcW§sf A\pKln¡p¶ Hcp NS§v k`m ]pkvXI§fn D­v. amS¼n BZyambpw {][m\ambpw k`tbbpw ]n¶oSv hn[hItfbpw A\mYtcbpw c£n¡phm³ _m²yØcmWv F¶v ]ptcmlnX³ DZvt_m[n¸n¨p t_m²ys¸Sp ¯p¶ Hcp NS§mWnXv. F¶m hfsc A]qÀÆambn am{Xta Cu NS§pt]mepw \S¯nbncp¶pÅq F¶Xv Dd¸mWv. Ft¸m sg¦nepw B NS§v \S¯nbncps¶¦nepw Bcpw AXn\v A{X {][m\yhpw sImSp¯ncp¶nÃ. amS¼namcpsS ImeL«s¯¸än Gähpw B[nImcnI {KÙ§Ä cNn¨n«pÅ s{]m^kÀ eqsjbÀ “^nen¸v AKÌknsâ Imes¯ {^©v kaqlw” F¶ ]pkvXI ¯n C§s\ ]dbp¶p: “{]`p¡·mÀ¡v CW¡anÃm¯ hntZzjhpw AS¡m\mhm¯ shdp¸pw hn÷mtcmSv D­mbncp¶p: IÀjIÀ, IpSnbm·mÀ, sXmgnemfnIÄ, ]uc·mÀ, ]mh§Ä...... Chcmbncp¶p hn÷mÀ.”

AXmbXv P\kwJybn sXm®qdp iXam\w hcp¶ {]`phÀ K¯n s]Sm¯hÀ. \njvTqcamb Cu kz`mh¯n\v Nnet¸mÄ Nne A]hmZ§Ä Ds­¦nepw {]`znamcpw H«pw tami¡mcmbncp ¶nÃ. ]ptcmlnX·mtcm? AhÀ B hyhØnXnsb \ymboIcn ¡pIbpw amS¼namtcbpw `q{]`p¡·mtcbpw t]mse AXnsâ \ne\nev]n\pth­n ]oU\§Ä ASnt¨ev]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. k`bv¡v kÀÆw kzm[o\ap­mbncp¶ B ImeL«¯n (11þmw \qäm­nsâ Ahkm\w apX 15þmw \qäm­phsc) P\§fpsS ta ASnt¨Â¸n¡s¸« ]oU\§fpw {IqcXIfpw Iem]w \S ¯m³ t{]cn¸n¡p¶hbmbncp¶p. “Bib§Ä” B ImeL« 66

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

¯nsâ, Hcp hÀK¯nsâ km¼¯nI taÂt¡mbvabpsS, {]Xn ^e\ambncp¶p. ^yqU ImeL«¯ns\Xnsc, AXnsâ Ahkm\ Xe¯n `qhpSaIÄ¡pw k¼¶cmb I¨hS¡mÀ¡psaXnsc, Iem]w Bcw`n¨ Imet¯¡v Xncnªp t\m¡pI. Iem]ImcnIfn `qcn]£hpw kwibhmZnIfmbncp¶p F¶v \½Ä ]dbpt¼mÄ ]Ån¡mc\mb hnÂhÀt^mgvk v ASnaXz¯ns\Xnsc kacw sNbvXXpw Nq­n¡mWn¡s¸Sp¶p. kwibhmZnbmbncp¶ Ime ¯v, buh\{]mb¯nÂ, ]Tn¨ ]mT§Ä ASnaXz¯ns\Xnsc t]m cmSm³ hnÂ_Àt^mgvkns\ t{]cn¸ns¨¦nepw Bib§Ä¡p km¼¯nI kmlNcy§Ä \ndw sImSp¯Xns\mcp \à DZml cWw \ap¡nhnsS ImWmw. Hcp [\mVy\mbncp¶ hnÂ_À t^mgvk v Atacn¡bnse ASnaIfpsS hntamN\¡mcy¯n hfsc DÂkpI\mbncp¶p. F¶m At±l¯nsâ cmPys¯ sXmgnemfnIÄ BgvNbn c­c tUmfÀ am{Xw i¼fw hm§p Ibpw IqSpX sa¨amb thX\¯n\p th­n k½À±w sNep¯p hm³ bqWnb\p­m¡phm\pÅ AhImiw DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡pI bpw sNbvXt¸mÄ At±lw AXnsâ Gähpw henb FXncmfnI fnsemcmfmbpw aÀ±I\mb ]näv cmPmhnsâ Gähpw tamis¸« Zn\§fn At±l¯nsâ Gähpw henb ]n³_eambpw {]hÀ ¯n¨p. hnÂ_Àt^mgvkn\v kz´ambn ASnaIsfm¶pap­mbn cp¶nÃ. Cw¥ojv sXmgnemfnIÄ krjvSn¨ [\¯n \n¶v At±lw henb hcpam\w BÀÖn¨p. hensbmcp `qhpSabmbncp¶ jm ^vävkvs_dn \Kc¯nse sXmgnemfnIÄ¡pth­n ]e Imcy§ fpw sNbvXpsh¦nepw aäp ]e ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä¡pw At±lw FXncmbncp¶p. {KmaoWcmb ImÀjnIs¯mgnemfnIfpsS Imcy ¯n Fs´¦nepw amä§fp­mhp¶Xv CjvSs¸SmXncp¶ Cu am\y³, At±l¯nsâ Ubdnbn FgpXnbn«pÅXpt]mse, e­\nse sXmgnemfnIsf {]thin¸n¡msX hoSn\v Hcp then sI«n. ChÀ c­pt]cpw BßmÀ°XbpÅ {InkvXym\nIfmbn cp¶p. AhcpsS hnizmk§fnÂtaepw Bib§fnepw aXþcm jv{Sob _Ô§fnepw km¼¯nI kmlNcy§Ä¡p­mbncp¶ 67

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

kzm[o\w am{XamWv AhÀ¡p ]dbm\pÅ \ymbw. ]Xns\m¶mw \qäm­p apX \½psS \qäm­phscbpÅ ImeL«¯n \nehnencp¶ FÃm km¼¯nIþcmjv { Sobþ kmaqly Øm]\§tfbpw GÀ¸mSpItfbpw k`IÄ A\p{K ln¨ncp¶psh¶Xv Ip{]kn²amWv. Hcp \qäm­p ap¼phsc Ata cn¡bnse ASna¯¯n\pw bqtdm¸nse GIm[n]Xy¯n\pw AhÀ A\p{Klw \ÂInbncp¶p. \nehnepÅ hyhØnXn s¡Xncmb FÃm Iem]§fpw \oXnbpsS t]cn AhÀ \ntj [n¨ncp¶p. \oXnsb¸änbpÅ AhcpsS [mcWbn {ItaW bp­mb ]cnWmaw B[p\nI Ncn{X¯nse Gähpw hnIrXamb XamiIfnsem¶mWv. A¡mcy¯n k` ]peÀ¯p¶ \nkwKX bmWv AXnepw henb Xami. CXp Øncambn \s½ Xpdn¨p t\m¡p¶ Hcp kwKXnbmsW¶Xnsâ DZmlcWambn CsX gpXp¶ Znhks¯ Hscmä Zn\]{X¯nse aq¶p hmÀ¯IÄ Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p.

“NÀ¨v Hm^v Cw¥­nse Ggmbncw AwK§fpsS Hcp tbmKw C¶p \S¡p¶p. tbmK¯nsâ Dt±iw {InkvXy³ \nehmc§Ä s¡Xncmb kmaqly kmlNcy§sf¡pdn¨pÅ hymIpeXbnte ¡v {i² £Wn¡pIsb¶XmWv.” XpS¡w apX C¶phsc k`bv¡v A§s\sbmcp {]tXyI \nehmcw CÃmbncp¶p F¶XmWv bmYmÀ°yw. c­mat¯Xv tIm¬{KtKj\nÌpIfpsS \¶mbn s]mXnªp kq£n¨ Hcp Ip¼kmcamWv. “k`IÄ bYmÀ° {]iv\§sf amän \nÀ¯nbncn¡pIbmWv. a\pjycpsS bYmÀ° {]iv\§fnte¡v IS¶p sN¶m F´p kw`hn¡pw F¶ `bwsIm­v, cmjv{Sob {]iv\§fn CSs] Sm³ k` tbmKyaà F¶v AhÀ {]Xntj[n¨ncn¡pIbmWv. Ah cpsS tPmen a\pjy kz`mh¯n D¶a\w D­m¡pI am{X amWv.” k` {]thin¡m³ aSn¡p¶ Hcp taJebmWv “a\pjysâ {]iv\§Ä” F¶p tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ \½Ä sR«nt¸mIp¶p. cmjv {Sob {]iv\§fn CSs]Sm³ tbmKyaà F¶ XSkw kzbw 68

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

]dbp¶ps­¦nepw tkmjyenks¯ XÅn¸dbm³ AhÀ aSn ¡p¶nÃ. AtX ]{X¯n \n¶p Xs¶bpÅ aq¶masXmcp hmÀ ¯ Cu XamibpsS ]qÀWXbmWv. “{_n«ojv saXUnÌp k` BsI km¼¯nI Ipg¸¯nemWv. ^­p kzcq]n¡phm\pw BÄ¡msc BIÀjn¡phm\pw th­n ]ÅnbpsS tlmfpIfn AhÀ “]änbXcw” kn\naIÄ, {]thi¯n\v Bdp skâ v hoXw {]Xn^ew h¨v {]ZÀin¸n¨p hcp¶p. AhÀ {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶ kn\naIfnsem¶v, Pm¡v lÀ_À«nsâ “H«I§Ä hcp¶p!” F¶ kn\nabmWt{X!

69

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

6 sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw C¶v sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw F¶Xnt\¡mÄ tbmKyamb t]cv ]ptcmKa\ `uXnIhmZw Ft¶m kvt^mS\mßItam Ne\mß Itam Bb `uXnIhmZw Ft¶m BsW¶v aps¼mcp A²ymb ¯n Rm³ Nq­n¡mWn¨ncp¶p. ImcWw, “sshcp²ymßIw” F¶ hm¡v A\mhiyamb Hcp Xcw “ssZhnIX” _lpP\§ fpsS ap¶n `uXnIhmZ¯n\v \ÂIpw. F¶m kmaqly {]iv \¯n XmÂ]cyw ImWn¡p¶ FÃm `uXnIhmZnIfpw ]ptcmK a\hmZnIfmWv F¶XpsIm­pw, `uXnIhmZ¯nsâtbm ]cnWm a¯nsâtbm FÃm cq]§fpw Ne\mßIamWv F¶XpsIm­pw B ]Z§Ät]mepw sXän²mcWmP\IamWv. IayqWnk¯nsâ cmjv{Sobþkm¼¯nI kn²m´w kzbw k¼qÀWamWv. AXv GsX¦nepw ZÀi\¯nsâtbm bmYmÀ°yt¯mSpÅ s]mXp kao]\¯nsâtbm `mKaÃ. GsX¦nepw Xc¯nepÅ Bßob bmYmÀ°y§fp­v F¶ hmZs¯ k¼qÀWambpw \ntj[n¡p ¶ Hcp {]tXyI ZÀi\amWv `uXnIhmZw. sXmgnemfnIfpsS _²i{Xp¡fmb k`bpambn tkmjyenÌv kwL§Ä kÔn sNbvXt¸mgpw \mkvXnIXtbmSpw `uXnIhmZt¯mSpw Iqdp ]peÀ¯n \n¶Xn\v IayqWnÌpItfmSv Hmtcm `uXnIhmZnbpw \µnbpÅhcmbncnt¡­XmWv. F¶m hfscthKw Iayq WnÌp {]Øm\¯n\v hfcm\pÅ kmlNcyap­mbXv F§s\ bmWv F¶Xns\¡pdn¨v AhÀ¡pw t_m²yap­mhWw. kwib hmZnIfpw kzX{´Nn´Icpw bpànhmZnIfpw e£¡W¡n\mfp Isf k`bn \n¶v thÀs]Sp¯pIbpw k`bpsS B[n]Xys¯ £oWn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXXmWv IayqWnÌpIfpsS hgn kpKaam 70

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

hm\pÅ {][m\ ImcWw. F¦nÂt¸mepw, HcmÄ IayqWnÌpImc \pw `uXnIhmZnbpambn Htckabw XpSÀ¶mÂ, c­p ZÀi\ k{¼Zmb§tfbpw _Ôn¸n¡m\pÅ {iaw Zb\obambn ]cmPbs¸Sp¶p. XÅn¡fª AXn`uXnI k{¼Zmb¯n \n¶pw ISsaSp¯Xpw AÀ°hyXymkw h¶v iàn Xs¶ £bn ¨Xpamb Hcp ZmÀi\nI ]mew krjvSn¨v Cu _Ôn¸n¡Â km[n ¡msa¶mWv A¡q«cpsS hnNmcw. {]]©{]{Inb Xs¶ sshcp ²ymßIamsW¶v AwKoIcn¡p¶ Hcp IayqWnÌp {]hÀ¯I³ hn¹hw F¶ Bibs¯ AwKoIcn¡p¶nÃ. AtXkabw Xs¶ apXemfn¯ k{¼Zmbs¯ DSs\ \in¸n¡phm\pÅ Htcsbmcp {]mtbmKnI amÀKambn AbmÄ AXns\ ho£n¡pIbpw sN¿pw.

Ncn{X¯n FÃmbvt¸mgpw Hcp hÀKkacw D­mbncp¶psh¶v Adnbmt\m Nn´n¡phmt\m t]mepw AbmÄ an\s¡Sp¶nÃ. amÀIvknt\mSpw se\nt\mSpapÅ Iqdp {]Jym]n¡phm\mWv sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw \ne\nÀ¯nbncn¡p¶Xv F¶v \njv]£ambn ]pd¯p \n¶v Imcy§Ä ]Tn¡p¶ HcmÄ¡v a\ knem¡m³ Ignbpw. klm\p`qXntbmsSbÃmsX shfnbnÂ\n¶v Imcy§sf ImWp¶ Hcmsf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw, Cu Iqdv ]c kv]c hncp²amsW¶v a\knem¡m\pw _p²nap«nÃ. IayqWnÌp IÄ A[nImc¯n F¯nbmepSs\ Xs¶ sshcp²ymßIamb {]{Inb Xocpsa¶pw, ]n¶oSv Xoknkv am{Xta D­mhpIbpÅq F¶pw Bân Xoknkv D­mhpIbnsöpamWtÃm [mcW! _À{Sm­v dÊ At±l¯nsâ Hcp ]pkvXI¯n C¡mcyw "]dªv _p²nPohnIsf tkmhyäp djy ]oUn¸n¡p¶p­v' F¶v tkmhyäp djysb \ninXambn hnaÀin¡p¶p­v. amÀIvk nt\mSpw se\nt\mSpapÅ Iqdp {]Jym]n¡p¶Xn \nSbnÂ, 19þmw \qäm­n sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ¯n\v cq]w sImSp¯ temI kmlNcy§Ä {it²bamw hn[w amdnt¸mbn «p­v F¶ Imcyw IayqWnÌpIÄ {i²n¨n«nÃ. Nne Imcy§fn epÅ amäw hfsc {]ISamsW¦n aäp Nne Imcy§fnepÅ amäw Cu ]mc¼cy [mcWbn Nne ]cnjvImc§fmWv Bhiy s¸Sp¶Xv. AtX¡pdn¨pÅ Nn´ Hcp ]t£, {]tbmP\Ic 71

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

amtb¡pw.

kac¯nsâ ]p\:cmcw`w A`n{]mb hyXymkapÅ FÃmhtcbpw No¯ ]dbpIbpw iIm cn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xv IayqWnÌpIfpsS ]XnhmsW¦nepw Fsâ IayqWnkväv kplr¯p¡tfmSv Xpd¶pXs¶ kwkmcn¡phm\m Wv Rm³ B{Kln¡p¶Xv. bqtdm¸nse Hmtcmtcm cmPy§fnembn ]Scp¶ ITn\amb bmYmØnXnIXz¯n\v, IayqWnÌpIfpsS hn¹h kphntijhpw tkmjyenÌpItfmSv AhÀ¡pÅ Xo{h amb FXnÀ¸pw D¯chmZnIfmWv. Cu D¯chmZn¯¯n \n¶v AhÀ¡v Hgnªp amdm\mhnÃ. A[nImc tamlnIfmb GIm[n]Xn IÄs¡Ãmw Xs¶ “djybn kw`hn¨Xv” {]tNmZIambncp¶p. djy³ hn¹h¯nsâ DZmlcWw ]n³XpScphm\mWv FhnsS bpapÅ IayqWnÌpIÄ B{Kln¡p¶Xv F¶Xv Hcp clkyaÃ. djybn kzoIcn¨ A{Ia amÀKw \oXoIcn¡mhp¶XmtWm AÃtbm F¶v XÀ¡n¡p¶Xv shdptX kabw ]mgm¡emWv. A¯cw A{Ia§fpsS `ojWn aäp cmPy§fn GXp hÀK¯n s\XnscbmtWm DbÀ¶Xv, AhnsSsbms¡ AhÀ AXns\Xn cmbn {]XnIcn¨p F¶XmWv Rm³ Nq­n¡mWn¡m\m{Kln¡p ¶Xv. Ìment\mSv F\n¡v ]e Imcy§fnepw aXn¸p­v. F¦nepw GtXm Hcp kJmhnsâ (t{SmSv k vI nbmsW¶p tXm¶p¶p) FXnÀ¸v Hcp ieyambXns\¸än se\n³ At±l¯nsâ hnizkvX kJmhmb Ìment\mSp ]dªt¸mÄ “F¶m \ap¡bmsf shSnsh¨p sIm¶pIfmbmw” F¶v Ìmen³ \nÀt±in¨psh¶p tI«t¸mÄ Rm³ sR«nt¸mbn. _qÀjzmknbpambn bmsXmcp _ÔhpanÃm¯ tkmjyenÌpItfmSpw AhÀ¡v klnjvWpX D­mbncp¶nÃ. GsX¦nepw cmPy¯v IayqWnÌpIfpsS iàn hÀ²n¡pIbpw djybn sNbvXXpt]msebpÅ Imcy§Ä sN¿phm³ Hcp sshcp²ymßI XXzimkv{Xw Ahsc A\phZn ¡p¶ps­¶v AhÀ {]Jym]n¡pIbpw sN¿pt¼mÄ AXns\Xn sc Hcp ^mknÌv {]XnIcWw A\nÀhmcyamIp¶p. A¯cw ^m knÌv {]XnIcW§Ä hnPbn¡p¶Xv kvs]bn\nepw Bkv{Snb bnepw \ap¡v ImWm\pw Ignªp. AhnsS IayqWnÌpIÄ ]cmP 72

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

bs¸Sphm\pÅ {][m\ ImcWw tkmjyenÌpIfpw IayqWnÌpI fpw X½nepÅ ]ckv]c i{XpXbmWv. bqtdm¸nse IayqWnÌpIÄ CXp a\knem¡nbn«p­v .

AXpsIm­v an¡hmdpw cmPy§fn ^mknk¯ns\Xncmbn AhÀ tkmjyenÌpIfpambn kJyap­m¡m³ XpS§nbn«p­v.

Rm\nXv FSp¯p ]dbp¶Xn\v Hcp ImcWap­v. temI kmlNcy §fnse {it²bamb Hcp amäw ChnsSbp­v. hn¹h kphntij ¯n\v Asæn _qÀjzmkns¡Xncmb hn¹hbp²¯n\v hn]p eamb Hcp ASn¯d \ÂIm³ th­nbmWtÃm, sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw sI«n¸Sp¯Xpw slKensâ AXn`uXnI ssienIÄ ISsaSp¯Xpw. GXm\pw Bbncw hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw s{]m^ kÀamÀ¡pw sXmgnemfnIÄ¡pw IqSn Imcyamb Bbp[§Ä t]mepanÃmsX Hcp ssk\ys¯ Iogvs¸Sp¯phm³ Ignbpambn cp¶, 19--mw \qäm­nsâ BZy]IpXnbnse kmlNcy§fpsS ASnØm\¯nemWv AXp sNbvXXv. “se ankd_nÄ” F¶ kn\n abnse bp²w \n§Ä I­ncn¡pw. {]knse ssS¸pw D]IcW §fpw ]gb XIc¡jW§fpsaÃmw sIm­v Hcp ssk\ys¯ tXmÂ]n¡p¶ cwKw AXnep­v. B[p\nIamb ssd^nfpIfpw sajo³ K®pIfpw Ds­¦nepw AX{X Ffp¸asöv kvs]bn \nepw Bkv{Snbbnepw \½Ä I­p. tXm¡pIfpw Sm¦pIfpw hnam\§fpapÅ ssk\yt¯bpw FbÀt^mgv knt\bpamWv \n§Ä¡v t\cntS­Xv. djybn hn¹h¯n\\ptbmPyambn D­mbncp¶Xv XnI¨pw hyXykvXamb kmlNcy§fmWv. AXpt]mse asämcp {][m\ amäwIqSn D­mbn«p­v. amÀIvkv At±l¯nsâ hnizmk§Ä Dd¸n¡pt¼mÄ sXmgnemfnIÄ F¶v At±lw hntijn¸n¨hÀ PÀ½\nbnÂ, Bdn A©v F¶ A\p]mX¯nembncp¶p. sXmgnemfnIÄ F¶p ]dbpt¼mÄ FÃm htcbpw AXv DÄs¡mÅp¶ps­¦nepw “tNcnbnse sXmgnemfn IÄ” Fs¶mcp {]tXyI hn`mKt¯bpw amÀIvkv thÀXncn¨p ImWp¶p­v. aäpÅhcm \bn¡s¸Sp¶hcmWv AhÀ. “sXmgn emfn” F¶m F´mWv F¶Xns\¡pdn¨v IayqWnÌv km¼¯nI imkv{XÚ³amÀ¡pt]mepw hyàamb [mcWbà 73

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

C¶pÅXv. sXmgnemfn hÀK¯nsâ kÀhm[n]Xyw IayqWnÌp Imcmb sXmgnemfnIsf¡pdn¨p am{XamWv kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. “tPmen¡mÀ” F¶ ]Zwt]mepw IrXyambn \nÀÆNn¡m\mhm¯ hn[w hÀK hn`P\tcJ ]SÀ¶p t]mbn. sXmgnepIsf¡pdn¨pÅ {_n«ojv sk³kkn P\kwJybpsS IjvSn¨v ]IpXnbmfpIÄ am{XamWv “tPmen¡mÀ”, Asæn ]gb AÀ°¯nepÅ “sXmgnemfnIÄ.”

AXpt]mseXs¶ aqe[\s¯¡pdn¨pÅ [mcWIfnepw amä §Ä h¶n«p­v. ]gb Xc¯nepÅ apXemfnamÀ¡v ]Icw Hmlcn DSaIÄ cwKs¯¯nbncn¡p¶p. IpSpw_s¯ \ne\nÀ¯mt\m hmÀ²IyImes¯ kpc£nXXz¯n\pth­ntbm ]ecpw I¼\n Ifnse HmlcnIÄ hm§p¶p. {_n«\n Cu amä¯nsâ ^ew hfsc {]ISamWv. IayqWnÌpIfpsS F®w AhnsS Xosc Ipd hmWv.

Bib§fpsS hy`nNmcw ]gb A`n{]mb§Ä Xncp¯p¶Xn\pw ]p\x]cntim[n¡p¶Xn \pw ]änb Xc¯nepÅ [mcmfw ]pXnb amä§Ä temI kmlNcy ¯n D­mbn«p­v. km¼¯nI LSI¯n\v amÀIvkv \ÂInb Du¶Â, apgph\mbpw \ymboIcn¡mhp¶XmWv. B[p\nI PohnX ¯nse Gähpw {][m\s¸« Imcy§fn H¶mWv km¼¯nI {]iv \sa¶v sXfnbn¡s¸«n«p­v. hy`nNmcw F§s\bmWv Ahkm\n¸nt¡­Xv Ft¶m, \½Ä F´mWv IpSnt¡­Xv F t¶m, \SnIÄ kn\nabn Ipfn¡mtam Ft¶m DÅ {]iv\§Ä Ct¸mÄ [mcmfamfpIfpsS kPoh NÀ¨bv¡v hnjbamIp¶p­v. am\hcmin¡v Dev]mZn¸n¡m\mhp¶ Imcy§sf¡pdnt¨m, bp² ¯nsâbpw km{amPyXz¯nsâbpw ASnØm\ ImcW§fmb A´Àt±iob hym]mcw F§s\ bpàn]qÀÆam¡msat¶m DÅ NÀ¨IÄ¡v ap¼n AhsbÃmw IfnXamiIÄ am{XamWv. ]gb {KmaoW shfn¨¸mS·mcpsS ap{ZmhmIyamb "a\pjy\v A¸w sIm­p am{Xw Pohn¡m\mhpIbnÃ' F¶Xv XnI¨pw AÀ° iq\yamWv. km¼¯nI hyhØnXn bpàn`{Zam¡nbnsæn temIw ZpcnX¯n \n¶v ZpcnX¯nte¡v \o§pw. Cu Xe¯n 74

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

sshcp²ymß `uXnIhmZw \ymboIcn¡mhp¶XmWv. Bib§tfbpw A\p{Kl§tfbpw AXv Ahnizkn¸n¡p¶p F¶Xpw \ymboIcn¡mhp¶XmWv. ^mknkhpambn Hcp kJyw hmKvZ m\w sN¿s¸Spt¼mÄ k`IÄ¡v D­mbn«pÅ [À½ {`wiw, kmaqly BibhmZ¯nte¡pÅ AhcpsS ]pXnb aXw amä¯nsâ AÀ°anÃmbva hyàam¡p¶p. Pn.sI. sNÌÀ«sâ Hcp {]t£]Ws¯ ASnØm\am¡n X¿mdm¡nb “{][m\ {]kw K§Ä” F¶ eLpteJ Hcp kplr¯v F\n¡v Atacn¡bn \n¶v Ab¨pXcnIbp­mbn. It¯men¡m temI¯nsâ AwKo IrX\mb Cu D]tZinbpsS hm¡pIÄ "A\p{Kl]qÀhamWv' {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. BZyambn At±lw ]dbp¶Xv s{]m«Ìâ v cmjv { S§fn It¯men¡m cmjv { S§tf¡mÄ kzmX{´yw IpdhmsW¶mWv. c­maXmbn At±lw ]dbp¶Xv, amÀ]m¸ ^mknks¯ BhÀ¯n¨v FXnÀ¯n«ps­¶mWv. Cäen bnse P\§Ä Cw¥­nse P\§tf¡mÄ kzmX{´yw A\p`hn ¡p¶ps­¶pw At±lw ]dbp¶p. It¯men¡À¡v C¯cw a­¯c§Ä tI«ncn¡m\mhpatÃm F¶v \ap¡v AZv`pXw tXm ¶nt¸mIp¶p. It¯men¡m k`bpw eqYd³ k`bpw km·mÀKnI cwKs¯ AhcpsS sXmgn ssIsbmgnbpIbpw A§s\ hnizm knIfpsS ImephmcpIbpw sNbvXn«p­v. IayqWnÌpIÄ ho­pw icnbmWv ]dªXv. ss{IkvXh kmaqly Bib§Ä km¼ ¯nI kmlNcy¯nsâ Dev]¶w Xs¶bmWv. tkmjyenÌpIfp tSbpw IayqWnÌpIfptSbpw kwL§fpsS F®w IqSpIbpw AhÀ A[nImc¯nse¯n apXemfn¯t¯bpw AhcpsS kJy iànbmb ]ptcmlnX·mtcbpw \in¸n¡psa¶pw `b¶Xnsâ ^eambnbn«mWv Cu ]cnjvImc§Ä \S¶Xv. Cäenbnepw aäpw AhcpsS a²yIme cq]¯nte¡v B Bib§Ä amdnbXnsâ ImcWw km¼¯nIw Xs¶bmWv. P\m[n]Xyhpw NÀ¨ sN¿m \pÅ kzmX{´yhpw \ne\n¶ CS§fnsems¡, ap¼v PÀ½\nbn \ne\n¶ k{¼Zmb¯n¯s¶ {Inkv X y³ Bib§Ä XpSÀ¶p. ^mknkw FÃmbnS¯pw hnPbn¡pIbmsW¦n FÃmbnS¯pw A hÀ ^mkn ks¯ A\pIqen¡psa¶ 75

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

Imcy¯n Fs´¦nepw kwibapt­m? ]t£, CXv k`IfpsS am{Xw Hcp {]iv\aÃ. k`IfpsS kl IcWanÃmsX, Asæn FXnÀ¸nÃmbva sb¦nepw CÃmsX ^mknk¯nsâ hnPb§Ä D­mIpambncp¶nÃ. CS¯c¡m cpsS kPoh klIcWhpw {][m\ambncp¶p. _qÀjzm apXemfn amcpsS kzÀWhpw, _qÀjzm ssk\nIcpsS iànbpw, _qÀjzm tPÀWenÌpIfptSbpw {]_ÔImc³amcptSbpw t]\Ifpw ^m knk¯nsâ hnPb¯n\pth­n {]hÀ¯n¨p. Chcn ]ecpw, ]ptcmlnX³amsct¸mse, P\m[n]Xy¯ntâbpw kzmX{´y¯n tâbpw a\pjyXz¯ntâbpw {]NmcIcpw Bbncp¶p. AhcpsS IoiIÄs¡Xnsc `ojWnbps­¶p a\knem¡nb \nanj¯n AhÀ BZÀi§Ä Nmc¸m{X¯nsednbpIbpw, Pn.sI. sNÌÀ« s\t¸mepÅhsc £Wn¨v P\§fpsS sNhnbnte¡v {]kwKn¸n ¡p¶ Xcw AkXyhpw Im]Syhpw \ndª \ne]mSpIfnte¡v Npcp§pIbpw sNbvXp. Rm³ hÀKkac¯nsâ hàmhà F¶v a\knembn¡mWpatÃm. A{Ia¯neqsS Øncambn Hcp `cW IqShpw imizXamhnà F¶ Ncn{X¯nsâ ]mTw am{XaÃ, hÀK hn`P\tcJ icnbà F¶ Adnhpw AXn\v ImcWamWv. henb [\nIcpsSbÃmsX FÃmhcptSbpw Xs¶ s]mXp Xmev]cyamWv Dev]mZ\ D]IcW§fpsS ta \nb{´Ww D­mhWsa¶Xpw AXnsâ ]p\ÀhnXcWw \S¸nem¡Wsa¶Xpw. At¸mÄ hÀKk ac¯n\pth­n {]NcWw \S¯p¶Xn\v bmsXmcp {]kànbpw CÃ.

djybnse hfˬ

“sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZw” F¶ XXzimkv{Xw ]g©\mtbm F¶ tNmZyt¯msSbmWv Rm³ XpS§nbXv. AXnsâ AÀ°w slKensâ ]Z{]tbmK§fpsS N«¡qSmsW¦nÂ, bmsXmcp kwibhpanÃmsX Rm³ ]dbpw, XoÀ¨bmbpw AXp ]g©\mbn ¡gnªp. \½Ä hniZambn NÀ¨ sNbvXXpt]mse, B k{¼Zmb ¯n {][m\s¸« ]e kXy§fpw AS§nbncn¡p¶XpsIm­v icnsbt¶m sXsät¶m s]s«¶v D¯cw ]dbp¶Xv AkwkvIrX hpamWv. Rm³ B t]cv CjvSs¸Sp¶nÃ. F¶m aäpÅhÀ AXv 76

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

CjvSs¸Sp¶p­mhmw. AXpsIm­v AX{X {][m\s¸« kwKXn bnÃ. Fsâ hnaÀi\w AXÃ. AXp Xosc amäs¸Sm³ ]mSnÃm ¯Xpw AbhnÃm¯XpamWv. acn¨pt]mb t\Xm¡³amtcmSpÅ Iqdn\v AXv AanX {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶p. hÀKkacw t]mepÅ ]Z{]tbmK§Ä Ah cq]s¸« `uXnI kmlNcy§Ä amdnbn«pw Dd¸n¨p ]nSn¡phm³ AXp t{]cn¸n¡p¶p. Xoknkv, Bân Xokn kv, kn´knkv F¶n§s\bpÅ \nXm´amb Hcp sshcp²ym ßI {]{Ibsb¡pdn¨v IayqanÌpImÀ¡v `mh\ sN¿m³ t]mepw Ignbp¶nÃ. ]caamb Hcp L«w Hcp ]t£ Cu \qäm­n Xs¶ bp­mhpsa¶pw AtXmsS Ncn{X¯nse sshcp²ymßI {]{Inb \nÝeamIpsa¶pw AhÀ Bin¡p¶p. IayqWnkw Øm]n¡s¸ Sp¶Xphsc am{Xw km¼¯nI hyhØnXn XpSÀ¨bmb shÃphn fnIsf t\cnSpat{X! kz¯nsâ DÂ]mZ\¯nepw hnXcW¯nepw am{Xw s]mXp DSamhImiw D­mbm t]msc¶mWv F\n¡p tXm¶p¶Xv. imkv{Xþkmt¦XnI hnZybpsS hnIk\t¯msS DÂ]mZ\ k{¼Zmb¯nepw Nne amä§Ä D­mhpw. DÂ]mZn¸n ¡s¸Sp¶ kz¯n Xpeyamb Hmlcn F¶ L«amhpw Iptd¡qSn B[p\nIw. km¼¯nI hfÀ¨bpsS kn´knkv AXmhmw.

F¶m CXv, AwKoIcn¡m³ hnk½Xn¡p¶ `qcn]£¯nsâ ta iànsIm­v ASnt¨Â]n¡m³ ]äptam? `qcn]£w th­, \nÀ®mbIamb Hcp \yq\]£sa¦nepw AXv AwKoIcn¡p¶n sæn AhcpsS ta AXv ASnt¨Â¸n¡m\mhptam?

C¯cpW¯n djy³ A\p`h§Ä {it²bamWv. BImw £m`cnXcmb [mcmfw BfpIsf djy sXän²cn¸n¨n«p­v. Ahn sS \S¸nem¡nb A{Iat¯bpw {IqcXtbbpw \ymboIcn¡p ¶Xp tI«v a\pjyXzapÅhÀ A¼c¶pt]mIp¶p. GXm\pw Zie£w BfpIÄ tNÀ¶v (se\nsâ `mjbn sXmgnemfnhÀKw, Asæn ]c¼cmKX IayqWnÌp {]hÀ¯IÀ) 150,000,000 Bfp IfpÅ Hcp cmPy¯nsâ km¼¯nI hyhØ GsäSp¯v GIm[n ]Xy]cambn \bn¡mw F¶ se\nsâ XXzkmkv{Xw aäp cmPy§ fnepw \S¡psa¶XmWv H¶mas¯ sXän²mcW. A¨S¡apÅ Øncw ssk\yapÅ Hcp cmPy¯v A§s\sbm¶p \S¡phm 77

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

\pÅ km²yX Xptemw hncfamWv. FÃm sXmgnemfnIfpw Iayq WnÌpImcmhpsa¶pw AhÀ _qÀjzmknsb `cn¡psa¶pambn cp¶p BZys¯ [mcW. 1917þ djybnep­mbncp¶ AkwLSn XmhØ se\n\v Ahkcw \ÂIn. se\nsâ Iq«s¯ t\cnSphm³ Kh¬saâ v \nb{´W¯nepÅ Hcp kwLSnX ssk\yw CÃm bncp¶p. djybn sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZ¯nsâ hnPbaà D­mbXv F¶v 1917þ hfsc¡pd¨v BfpIÄt¡ a\knem¡m\m bpffq. sa³sjhnkw Ac¸¦v Cd¨n P\§Ä¡v hmKvZm\w sNbv Xt¸mÄ t_mÄsjhnkw apgph³ ]¦pw hmZvKm\w sNbvXpsh t¶bpÅq. djy¡mcÃm¯ IayqWnÌpIsf [cn¸n¨Xv AhnsS sshcp ²ymßI `uXnIhmZw AXyZv`pXIcambn {]hÀ¯n¡pIbmsW ¶mWv. F¶m bmYmÀ°yw A§s\bmbncp¶nÃ. djybnse kp`n£Xsb¸än [cn¸n¨Xv GXm\pw hÀj§Ä¡pap¼phsc F´mWv AhnsS \S¶Xv F¶Xns\¡pdn¨pÅ \½psS kwib §Ä¡v B¡w Iq«p¶tXbpÅq. km¼¯nI cwKs¯ XpeyX F¶ Xe¯n IayqWnkw \S¸nem¡s¸«tXbnÃ. jms¼bn \nepw hoªnepw ap§n¯pSn¡p¶ I½okmdpIsf¡pdn¨pÅ IYIÄ \½Ä kzoIcn¨nsænepw, P\§Ä Xpeycmbn F¶Xp icnbà F¶v Xpd¶p ]dtb­n hcpw. Pohn¨ncn¡p¶ _qÀjzmkn Isf i{Xp¡fmhm³ km²ybpÅhcmbn kq£n¨psh¦nepw kmt¦XnI hnZKv[·mÀ¡v Iptd¡met¯¡v, {]tXyIn¨pw AhÀ hntZinIfmsW¦nÂ, h³i¼fw \ÂIpIbpw IayqWnÌp {]hÀ¯IcpsSbnSbn¯s¶ AkaXzw \SamSpIbpw sNbvXp. \S·mÀ¡pw Fgp¯pImÀ¡pw h³i¼fw. e£¡W¡n\v IÀjIÀ¡v Iq«mbn AhcpsS IrjnbnSw In«nbtXmsS ImÀjnIcwK¯p \S¶ kpZoÀLamb kacw \ne¨p. hntZi apXemfnamcpambn IS¯n\v DS¼Snbp­m¡pIbpw sImSp¡p Ibpw sNbvXp. sImtaUnb·mcptSbpw Imcnt¡¨dnÌpIfptS bpw CjvShnjbambncp¶ {_n«³ ({_n«³ AXv AÀln¨ncp¶p) djybn IqSpX BÄ¡mcpsS Cjv S hnjbambn. aäp bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fnse AÔamb ]n´ncn¸³ \ne]mSv 78

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

FSp¡mXncp¶ FÃm ]{X§fpw t_mÄsjhn¡v Asæn tkmhyäp `cWIqSw Øncambn \nehn h¶p Ignªpsh¶pw, hfscthKw ]ptcmKan¨psIm­ncn¡pIbmsW¶pw, ]e Imcy §fnepw amXrIm]chpw {InbmßIhpambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p s­¶pw FgpXn.

bYmÀ° hn¹hw AbhnÃm¯Xpw hnaÀi\ hnt[baÃm¯Xpw amäs¸Sm\mhm ¯Xpamb XXz§Ä A]ISIcamsW¶mWv djy \s½ ]Tn¸n ¡p¶Xv. GXp hyhØnXnbpw AbhpÅXpw ]pXnb Imcy§Ä kzoIcn¡m³ k·\kpÅXpw ZmÀi\nIXXz§fm ITn\ambn hebw sN¿s¸Sm¯Xpw Bbncn¡Ww. F´mWv bYmÀ° hn¹hsa¶v I­p]nSn¡pIbpw temIs¯ ImWn¡pIbpw sN¿m³ djy¡p Ignªp: A©p hÀj§ÄsIm­v Hcp cmjv{ S¯nsâ a\Ên F´pXcw hnZym`ymkw D­m¡m³ Ignbpsa¶p ImWn¨ hn¹hs¯¡pdn¨mWv Rm³ Dt±in¡p¶Xv. ]©hÕc ]²XnIfneqsS djy ssIhcn¨ t\«§Ä¡v Ncn {X¯n kam\amb asämcp DZmlcWw CÃ. t]Àjy¡mcn \n¶v t\cn« ]cmPb¯nsâ Nmc¯n \n¶pWcm³ AYo\nb ·mÀ¡v Ccp]Xp hÀj§Ä th­n h¶p. s\t¸mfnbm\nIv bp² §fpsS XIÀ¨bnÂ\n¶v k¼qÀWambn«sænÂt¸mepw DWÀ s¶gpt¶Â¡phm³ bqtdm¸n\v Ccp]Xp hÀj§Ä th­nh¶p.

Ahkm\s¯ bp²¯nsâ BLmX¯n \n¶v k¼qÀWambpw bqtdm¸v hntamNn¡s¸«psh¶v C\nbpw ]dbmdmbn«nÃ. hm«À eqhn\v tijapÅ Cw¥­ns\¡mfpw {^m³kns\¡mfpw tami amb AhØbmbncp¶p ]©hÕc]²XnbpsS BZyIme¯v tkmhyäp djybn \nehnep­mbncp¶Xv. cmjv{S¯nsâ a\Ên epw hnImc§fnepw AXv Hcp hn¹hw ]co£n¨p t\m¡n. Gähpw DÄ\mS\mb {]hniyIfnÂt¸mfpw Hcp ]pXnb Bib¯nsâ CSnapg¡w AXv DbÀ¯n. Hscmä ]pcpjt\tbm kv{Xotbtbm Aht\m Ahtfm Hcp \htemI¯nsâ \nÀ½nXn¡pth­n kl Icn¡pIbmsW¶ bmYmÀ°yw hnkvacn¡m³ AhÀ A\phZn 79

sshcp²ymßI `uXnIhmZhpw bpànhmZhpw

¨nÃ. djybn \n¶pÅ Gähpw henb A\p`h]mTw AXmsW ¶mWv Fsâ ]£w. aäp Øe§fnepw \St¡­ bYmÀ° hn¹hw AXmWv. e`yamb {]IrXn hn`h§Ä imkv{Xobambn ]p\ÀhnXcWw sN¿s¸«m Zmcn{Zyw Ahkm\n¡pIbpw AÀ² Zmcn{Zy¯n Ignbp¶ temIs¯ P\tImSnIÄ¡v kpJhpw kpc£nXXzhpw e`n¡pIbpw sN¿pw. A¯csamcp DuÀÖkze Zmlw Hmtcm cmPy¯pw D­m¡pIsb¶XmWv C¶p temI¯n\mhiyamb bYmÀ° hn¹hw.

80