1205

ISSUE 5 2012

ESTABLISHED IN AMSTERDAM, 1985

18+ For adults only. Soft Secrets is published six times a year by Discover Publishers USA, Inc.

The Drug Factory That is Cannabis

In This Issue:

Author: Sativa Diva

Los Angeles Dispensary Ban Delayed

›› 4

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER AND PHARMACOKINETICS: Scientists know how drugs affect the body; now they’re studying our body’s effect on the drugs. ›› 7

Hemp Houses in the Sunshine State ›› 8 CANNACUPCAKES: Halloween is almost here, so why not offer your party guests these infused treats?

›› 16

Geeky Ganja Gardening

›› 18

The summer of 2012 marked a revolutionary discovery in the field of medical Cannabis: scientists at the University of Saskatchewan discovered the exact pathway used by the plant to produce its plant drugs, known as ‘cannabinoids’. These findings were published in July in the online version of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). As the chemical pathway established by Cannabis is an unusual one, it is no surprise that scientists still have much research to attempt in order to understand the exact botanical processes required to create these helpful plant drugs.

This recent discovery enlightened the scientific community, as Cannabis has taken “a rare fatty acid with a simple, six-carbon chain and use[d] it as a building block to make something chemically complex and pharmacologically active,” according to Jon Page, adjunct professor of biology at the university. Page, along with PhD student Steve Gagne and post-doctoral researcher Jake Stout, revealed that the pathway involves a rare enzyme, known as hexanoyl-CoA synthetase, discovered

by Stout himself. Gagne is credited with identifying olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC), the other necessary component. Genomic analysis was applied to catalog the genes in certain ‘trichome’ cells.

These days, scientists – and many ganja enthusiasts – are aware that differing drug action results from consumption of different cannabinoids in various ratios and combinations, produced in the trichomes of female plants. This is why you feel ‘high’ and happy from the sativa and haze strains, and ‘stoned’ and sleepy from the indicas. The trichomes, oily resin glands

shaped like tiny mushrooms on tall stalks, are generally what make your fingers sticky, and a collection of these with little vegetable matter is known as hash, skuff, kief or polm. The trichomes protect weed plants against winged predators and other infestations, and their viscous nature aids in wind pollination, hence their abundance on female Cannabis flowers.

In addition to the myriad medical and recreational applications that Cannabis offers, it may now be possible to synthesize or breed these helpful cannabinoids in order to produce drug-specific strains of weed, allowing doctors and patients to focus upon one or a set of cannabinoids that will tailor the therapy into a specific treatment for that patient’s ailments.

Additionally, scientists have already successfully attempted to stimulate other

organisms and plants to also produce cannabinoids, especially those that do not do so naturally – such as yeast. According to Page, “Now that we know the pathway, we could develop ways to produce cannabinoids with yeast or other microorganisms, which could be a valuable alternative to chemical synthesis for producing cannabinoids for the pharmaceutical industry.”

On the other end of the spectrum, industrial hemp stock may be more easily selected and less likely to genetically slide towards the higher THC content of smoke-able weed, thereby stimulating the industrial hemp industry in countries such as Canada, while keeping the farmers safe from prosecution.

For more information, check out Cannabis ‘Pharma Factory’ Discovered (July 16, 2012) at www.sciencedaily.com

3

Attention Authors and Publishers

At SSUSA, we like to keep in touch with the latest information on cultivation, breeding, genetics, and anything else related to our favorite plant. With the advent of desk-top publishing and electronic readers, it is currently much easier for both well-known and new authors to see their own words in print, and to distribute their work to a large audience in various formats.

If you are a Cannabis author or publishing company and wish to see your work reviewed in Soft Secrets USA, please contact us. Hard copy books, as well as e-books, can be featured in our pages, exposing our readers to new information and new writers, as well as helping them to keep tabs on the work of their favorite authors. Share your story with us, and increase your fan base!

Please send any media requests to Kristie@softsecrets.nl and we will be happy to consider your publication for review.

BIG DEVIL XL Third generation auto-flowering This hybrid is the result of crossing our Big Devil #2 with a Jack Herer auto from the Sweet Seeds R & D department. The height of her previous version is increased, and plants reach between 110 and 160 cm (43 - 63 in.) with numerous, large side branches. The thickness and density of the buds is also increased and they turn out to be spectacularly loaded with aromatic resin. Incense aroma with a citric hint of lemon.

Auto-Flowering: Indoor Yield: Outdoor Yield: Indoor / Outdoor Harvest: Height:

100% 425 - 650 g / m2 50 - 350 g / plant 9½ weeks from germination 110 - 160 cm (43 - 63 in.)

BIG DEVIL XL

IN THIS ISSUE: The Drug Factory That is Cannabis Page 3 Girl: Big Devil XL Attention Authors and Publishers Los Angeles Dispensary Ban Delayed Blood-Brain Barrier and Pharmacokinetics Hemp Houses in the Sunshine State Airpots Vita Start and Vita Race Stonerr Hy’s Deli by oz.

The Hemp and Cannabis Foundation (THCF) War Dispatches Drip Irrigation Canna-Cupcakes Transition Time Geeky Ganja Gardening Dutch General Elections, 2012 Blue Fruit The Marvels of Silicon Munchie Hunting Grow Diary: Roadrunner II Cloning for Beginners Blow to Go How to Care for Seedlings Colophon Index of Ads

1 3 3 4 7 8 9 10 10 10 11 12 14 16 17 18 20 21 22 24 24 25 27 28 30 30

SCIENCE OF CANNABIS STRAIN REPORT FROM THE EDITOR CALI-RANT SCIENCE OF CANNABIS HEMP INNOVATIONS MADE IN HOLLAND PRODUCT FLASH ONLINE COMIC ACTIVISM SMUGGLER’S TALES SERIOUS GARDENING CANNABIS KITCHEN CULTIVATION 101 SERIOUS GARDENING LEGISLATION POSTER ORGANIC CULTIVATION MIND, BODY, SPIRIT STRAIN REPORT CULTIVATION 101 SMUGGLER’S TALES SERIOUS GARDENING FROM THE EDITOR FROM THE EDITOR

4

CALIRANT

Los Angeles Dispensary Ban Delayed... At Least for Now

Kali Mist

A look at the implications of the ban and the wider effort to keep the dispensaries open In the fight to keep the dispensaries of Los Angeles in business, the dedicated efforts of a handful of owners, activists and unionized workers have paid off – for now, at least. Having gathered

tinue to occur in the near future. This has been interpreted as a thinly-veiled threat by many dispensary owners, one that ostensibly is in the interest of public safety – but in reality tightens con-

have opened in the Eagle Rock neighborhood since the ban was first voted on; these have attracted an influx of visitors from nearby neighborhoods with dispensary bans, such as Pasadena.

The arguments against the proliferation of dispensaries are basic. Although around eighty percent of L.A.’s population is pro-medical marijuana – at least, in theory – even very tolerant parents may draw the line at exposing their children to people smoking weed on the street outside the dispensaries. There are also many suggestions that areas with dispensaries undergo increases in loitering, littering and reselling. This has led to a situation where even pro-medical voters are beginning to speak out against the prolific increase of shops in certain areas, adding fuel to the fire of the

abolitionists. However, the response to the proposed ban clearly shows that while there is some disquiet regarding the more questionable establishments, the public fully supports the availability of safe, laboratory-tested medical Cannabis.

Of the hundreds of dispensaries currently operating within L.A., only 182 are licensed by the Los Angeles City Council. Since the moratorium on new licenses was issued in 2007, an estimated 600 to 900 further dispensaries opened up without licenses by using an exemption designed to protect dispensaries facing ‘hardship’. Many of these unlicensed establishments are particularly at risk of closure and their uncertain status gives them little legal power, but their owners and customers argue that their existence is necessary to fully meet demand.

However, 2011’s Measure M, a voterapproved initiative taxing Cannabis outlets, saw the number of Los Angeles dispensaries registered with the city increase to 762. The number of cityregistered dispensaries in July of 2012, when the ban was passed, stood firm at 762 in total – even these registered shops are at some risk of closure.

There are an estimated 350,000 medical marijuana patients in L.A. (according to the Union of Medical Marijuana Patients), whose needs are met by the

Market Street Cooperative, a casualty of San Francisco closures (© Goodnight London) around 50,000 signatures in just nine days, their collective endeavors have forced a postponement of the proposed ban, Ordinance 182190. The petition signatures must be counted and verified, and sufficient valid signatories may legally oblige the City Council to permanently suspend the ordinance.

The verification process will take 15 to 45 days; once the signatures are verified, L.A.’s dispensary ban will be postponed until the primary election ballot in March of 2013, where it will be voted on in a public referendum.

On September 5th, 2012, City Attorney Carmen Trutanich issued a statement on the municipal website confirming the stay, while emphasizing the illegality of medical marijuana as a land use.

Dispensaries have been closed in the past for contravening land-use laws, as it is not legally possible to acquire the

trol and keeps those establishments that do not voluntarily close in a state of fear and uncertainty.

The clear and immediate response to the ban is a heartening indication of public opinion. The number of signatures gathered was more than double the required number to overturn the ban, and the organized nature of the response demonstrates just how dedicated the movement has become.

Another positive move, albeit a compromise, is Councilman Paul Koretz’s proposal that dispensaries opened prior to 2008 should be allowed to continue operating. This would account for over 200 establishments, so if the proposal is carried forward it could afford protection to a large number of vulnerable shops and could drastically limit the damage that could be done to the city infrastructure, crime rate and

L.A.’S DISPENSARY BAN WILL BE POSTPONED UNTIL THE PRIMARY ELECTION BALLOT IN MARCH OF 2013. appropriate permit – whether or not a tax registration certificate has been issued. This is the legal basis for the proposed legislation, which seeks to shut down all dispensaries; the implication is that police actions will con-

civic confidence, if the ban was to be enforced.

Currently, the rate of new establishments opening in Los Angeles has slowed, but not by a great deal. Fifteen

Some worry that dispensaries might expose kids to weed (© Joseph Leonardo)

5 sense of complacency to arise if the intention is to strip it away; demand does not lessen in response to prohibition, and the economy that has arisen around the industry will find new ways to reach its logical conclusion. It is the ages-old argument against prohibition, and it’s painfully obvious how valid it is. Furthermore, once accustomed to a certain degree of quality, it is cruel and unusual punishment to force patients to go back underground, to potentially dangerous criminals, with no guarantee of the product being free of contaminants.

There is an almost inexhaustible demand for medical marijuana; reducing the number of dispensaries is disin-

well be appropriate, but arbitrary raids on existing ones do more harm than good. Costs saved by ceasing the raids could go towards funding better regulatory systems and guidelines, such as stipulating that outside areas are kept clear of ‘loitering’ customers.

As it stands, federal raids on Los Angeles dispensaries continue, just as throughout California, even as other states opt to allow medi-weed. The disconnect is becoming ever more painful, and the outlook is far from rosy. The large tax revenues that various municipalities have collected from licensed sales are apparently not enough to prevent further closures from occurring, as is the case with the Harborside Health Center,

Patients should have access to professional-quality pot (© Neon Tommy)

approximately 1000 dispensaries currently in operation. With increasing numbers of medi-weed patients, as the stigma fades the uses multiply, and the desire to seek alternatives to pharmaceuticals becomes ever stronger. We can expect that the capacity to supply this customer base will be easily met by the existing (and still growing) number of shops, but demand will be far harder to meet if we close down half of them.

If the federal government were to succeed in its ultimate goal of eradicating

Nonetheless, medi-weed patients are often physically, mentally or financially incapable of cultivating professional-grade plants, and rely upon the expertise of others to guarantee the strength, quality and effect they specifically require. Completely shutting down large, well-organized enterprises (such as Harborside Health Center in Oakland, which was served with eviction papers in July, 2012) has the effect of de-legitimizing the business in the eyes of society – for few valid reasons –

THE RATE OF NEW ESTABLISHMENTS OPENING IN LOS ANGELES HAS SLOWED, BUT NOT BY A GREAT DEAL. the dispensaries entirely, these 350,000 patients, with a legal right to access and use safe forms of their medication, could be forced back into illegal transactions.

The effort to ban dispensaries involves rewording the city charter to specifically disallow storefront dispensaries, as they are not expressly forbidden otherwise. However, the original language of Proposition 215 only explicitly gave permission for those with a doctor’s recommendation to grow their own Cannabis for personal use. The argument that allowing medical marijuana does not implicitly allow for commercial cultivation is often cited by opponents of storefront dispensaries, particularly the larger, highly-profitable organizations.

Many patients are unable to cultivate to a high standard (© Neon Tommy)

and depriving hundreds of thousands of patients of their vital medication.

The controversial Wietpas (‘Weed Pass’) system currently undergoing trials in the south of the Netherlands has already shown undeniable signs of utter failure, in that coffeeshop sales have plummeted to the point that many establishments face closure, and the level of street dealing has exploded in that same time. Authorities in Maastricht are already proposing to suspend the pass – as so few residents are prepared to sign up to the customer database – and have suggested that proof of address, along with a Dutch ID, will henceforth be sufficient to purchase Cannabis.

The lesson is clear: do not allow a

genuous, and as always, sensible regulation appears to be the only answer.

Allowing the market to naturally reach saturation point and achieve an equilibrium, whereby the wheat will be separated from the chaff and the unneeded or second-rate establishments will ultimately be forced to close, would be ideal.

Unfortunately, unchecked proliferation of Cannabis distribution points causes its own problems – although arguably due to the fact that these policies are not universal, and relaxed laws in one neighborhood attract traffic from more restrictive areas nearby. Therefore, limitations on new establishments may

which has contributed millions of dollars in taxes – as well as tens of millions to the local community.

Many cities in California (including Lake Forest and Costa Mesa) have already imposed outright municipal bans, although the Supreme Court has yet to decide on the legality of such a move.

In the case of Long Beach, the recent disastrous attempt to limit the number of licenses issued, based upon a zip code ‘lottery’, ultimately failed at Los Angeles Superior Court-level, due to both contravention of state law and the inherent federal violation of attempting to control or regulate the distribution of marijuana. However, that was

6 Around the country, DEA raids have led to numerous closures since 2011: 23 in Washington, 26 in Montana, and dozens in California, among many more.

In Lake Forest alone, federal raids saw all 38 dispensaries closed down by November, 2012; in Costa Mesa all 27 establishments were shut down in just two months, with the final one closing its doors in March, 2012. Added to this, a plethora of bewildering proposals and amendments have tightened the net even further, leaving dispensary owners in a permanent state of confusion over their future. These closures ultimately led to the Supreme Court ruling that cities do not have the right to ban dispensaries, but in the case of Lake Forest at least, none of the shuttered storefronts have reopened.

Edibles will be much harder to source illegally (© Eggrole)

THERE ARE AN ESTIMATED 350,000 MEDICAL MARIJUANA PATIENTS IN L.A., WHOSE NEEDS ARE MET BY THE APPROXIMATELY 1000 DISPENSARIES CURRENTLY IN OPERATION. not before dozens of establishments, which had each paid a $15,000 license

application fee, were raided and shut down.

DEA raids continue in Cali – Oakland, April 2 nd, 2012 (© Octal)

Furthermore, the city then changed its ordinance to prohibit dispensaries from opening within 1,000 feet of a beach or park, effectively invalidating the license applications of establishments that had actually won the controversial ‘lottery’!

Added to this bizarre and confusing process are plentiful rumors of official corruption, which are in fact being investigated by the FBI, including favoritism and rigging of the notorious draw for licenses.

This war will be long and hard-fought, and unfortunately the biggest losers will be the patients, as well as the would-be legitimate business owners.

For some, the temptations of illegal dealing are beginning to outweigh the laborious, expensive and time-consuming ordeal of setting up as a legal business – simply evading taxes and permits can save thousands of dollars.

Separately, raids foster resentment and lack of faith in the legal system, leading to further disaffected potential street dealers. If this trend continues, coupled with the abundance of cultivated marijuana, there could be an explosion of street dealers and an associated rise in crime, which is exactly what legislation is intended to prevent.

7

SCIENCE OF CANNABIS

Blood-Brain Barrier and Pharmacokinetics

Sativa Diva

While some people don’t really care how Cannabis works – as long as it does – others are quite interested in the pharmacological action of the drug. By studying three scientific topics, it becomes a little easier to understand how the drug acts inside our bodies, as well as why we get high.

rier and release a flood of wonderful feelings – which is why Cannabis has been the most widely-used illicit drug in human history and predates pharmacology.

While it may seem shocking that cannabinoids can penetrate a barrier that other substances cannot, this can explain the plant’s efficacy at being an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and even a neuroprotective antioxidant. What is even more unusual is that certain animal studies have expressed the ease with which the metabolite of Δ-9-THC, known as 11-OH-Δ-9-THC, enters the brain – more easily than Δ-9 in its original form. This concentrated metabolite has a greater effect on the CNS due to its uptake in much higher quantities, possibly explaining why heavy smokers require four to eight weeks of sobriety before they feel entirely ‘clean’ again. In addition, there is evidence to support the theory that 11-OH-Δ-9-THC deposits in the liver after consumption and continues to impact the brain.

Pharmacokinetics and Cannabis

Smoked Cannabis crosses the blood-brain barrier in around ten seconds

What is the blood-brain barrier?

The blood-brain barrier or BBB is just that: a central nervous system line of defense between the blood circulating through our bodies, and the BECF (brain extracellular fluid). The BBB is the main reason the human body can endure extreme injuries and infections, as not many substances are

istered through the CSF, they are often unable to penetrate the BBB unless the barrier is inflamed – even antibiotics and cancer treatments. What is unique about this barrier is that it does allow cannabinoids to penetrate and bind with the body’s transmembrane cannabinoid receptors, such as CB1 and CB2, mimicking the action of the

THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER ALLOWS CANNABINOIDS TO PENETRATE AND BIND WITH THE BODY’S TRANS-MEMBRANE CANNABINOID RECEPTORS. capable of passing through. The cerebrospinal fluid or CSF is protected by endothelial cells, which prevent microscopic intrusion from bacteria and other pathogens, as well as larger molecules. These same cells allow the transfer of glucose, white blood cells and other helpful substances. In addition to prevention and protection, and occurring along all capillaries, the BBB cells are also capable of transporting substances (e.g., oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide) across the barrier.

neurotransmitter anandamide, an endocannabinoid produced within our bodies.

Within about ten seconds of taking a toke, the plant’s drugs cross the double-cell bar-

Although much research is dedicated to the effects of drugs on our bodies, much more attention is now being paid to the actions of our bodies upon the drugs. Effectively, pharmacokinetics is the study of the body’s effect on drugs, testing aspects such as the mechanism and absorption of substances, rate of uptake and duration of effect, chemical changes or metabolic processes in the body relating to the substance, and excretion activity of the drug’s metabolites by tracking enzyme action. This is important because of the long half-life that Cannabis displays inside the human body, as not only do the plant’s drugs settle throughout certain human tissues and fat deposits, but the metabolized form of certain cannabinoids may continue to affect the user, or compound further drug use.

The pharmacokinetic process is known as ADME, with the latent addition of ‘L’. A regards the absorption of the substance into the bloodstream; D refers to the dissemination (distribution) of the drug or compound throughout the body’s fluids and tissues. The next step in the testing process is M for metabolism, also known as

As too-large antibodies are incapable of crossing the barrier, the BBB is luckily able to prevent most bacterial or viral infec- Cannabis may be consumed plain, but adding some tions that might otherwise affect the brain. type of fat will strengthen the effect Unfortunately, however, if drugs are admin-

Eating cannabinoid-infused products will impart a delayed effect, different than smoking bio-transformation, as drugs are irreversibly changed into different substances. Finally, E regards the excretion of the substances which, when combined with metabolism, eliminates the substance from the body – this includes the observation that, in rare cases, some drugs never entirely exit our systems. The latter-day addition of an L for liberation accounts for how the drug is actually released from its formulation, which can lead to more effective prescriptions, more accurate dosage, etc.

Pharmacokinetic research reveals much about drugs that we cannot see: this scientific discipline often proves that, for example, different administration sites affect uptake rate, effectiveness and duration. Differing dosages of the same drug can have highly differing – and unusual – effects. These ideas have been represented anecdotally, especially in the Cannabis community, but through pharmacokinetics, scientists can actually prove these effects empirically. Now we know for certain that eating or drinking cannabinoidinfused products has a distinctly different effect on the body than smoking inhaled cannabinoids. Even so, vaporizing inhaled cannabinoids also presents a different action inside the body than smoking. With this information, the medical Cannabis community should be able to more effectively medicate its patients.

Pharmacodynamics Conversely to pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics studies the effects of drugs on the body and both faculties are often studied in conjunction. This can be done in several ways: patient testimony and feedback, controlled pharmacological studies on humans, and animal testing. While it seems quite obvious that drugs affect us when they are consumed, it is important to understand exactly how they work and why they do what they do. Opponents of Cannabis legalization look forward to negative results from clinical studies of the drug; however, even positive results can be manipulated or selectively reported to make a particular drug look more dangerous than it is.

Likewise, pro-pot advocates have often been accused of focusing solely upon an abundance of non-empirical information to promote only the positive aspects of recreational and medical Cannabis use.

Detractors tend to ignore the actual scientific research that proves cannabinoids can actually protect the body, from killing tumor cells to stimulating brain tissues. For this reason, it is especially important that both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic research continues.

8

HEMP INNOVATIONS

ECOCONSTRUCTION GOES MAINSTREAM

Hemp Houses in the Sunshine State

companies – also benefit greatly from the cultivation of industrial hemp. Future generations benefit by continuing to be able to use the land to produce food, clothing and shelter. Commercial farming has a negative track record regarding environmental impact, with toxic run-off from fertilized fields polluting streams and other water

Sativa Diva

When many people hear the word ‘sustainable’, they often think about the low-carbon, environmentally friendly agricultural and construction efforts currently being made worldwide. In Florida, one company is actually attempting to combat climate change through the production of a unique building material, known as Tradical® Hemcrete®. This revolutionary product combines old-world traditions and cutting-edge hemp technology, while boasting a low carbon footprint from germination of the crops, all the way past your move-in date.

Hemcrete® bio-composite supplies, failed or lacking crop rotation depleting the soil; then erosion occurs – and even emissions from livestock are being lamented. Speaking of which, the amount of land required in order to sustain the livestock alone could feed millions of Americans annually; meanwhile in Ireland, cereal crop

ticated interiors; likewise, the old-world techniques of stucco, adobe and poured-in walls have been revolutionized in order to construct organic, natural structures that blend well into their local environment.

Less obvious benefits to hemp building materials are highlighted by American Lime Technology through their use of Tradical® Hemcrete®. These sustainable houses, built in hurricane territory, are structurally breathable and adapt to the stifling heat and humidity and temperature changes typical of the southeast. Not only can the houses flex to adjust, but the Hemcrete® itself prevents mold and mildew that plague other domiciles. Despite this breathe-ability, pest control is much easier with a hemp house.

The walls are airtight, and hemp insulation not only keeps out unwanted house guests, but it also works in conjunction with the hemp walls and hydraulic lime plaster to keep your utility bills low. Saving money is nice (especially in today’s economy) but saving the planet is nicer; lower upkeep costs mean that you can continue to keep your carbon footprint low, simply by living in your hemp house.

The chunky hemp composite is bound with lime and cast or poured over a conventional wooden frame. Walls and floors may also be constructed from or lined with biocomposite or insulation, and the company also offers retro-fitting if you’re quite fond

Modern hemp houses can be sophisticated and stylish Sustainability is a big buzz word today; the idea of chemical-laden soil that has been utterly depleted of its own natural biology through irresponsible farming is quickly becoming frowned upon. American Lime Technology is a major North American company, based in Chicago, known for its lime

timber production, hemp building materials are the easiest way to construct a ‘green’ property, one sturdy enough to withstand the elements and yet still promote home comfort and a low carbon footprint. The new build near the coast is known as Clayton House, a prototype for sustainable

CULTIVATION OF INDUSTRIAL HEMP PREVENTS OR EVEN REVERSES MUCH ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE, AND BOTH PEOPLE AND LIVESTOCK CAN BE FED FROM IT. products and sustainable hemp building materials. Under the tutelage of retired engineer Bob Clayton, the group recently began production on hemp homes in Tarpon Springs, Florida, matching a similar effort in Asheville, North Carolina, from a few years back. A friendlier, renewable resource that doesn’t tax the Earth in the same way as

living and construction that is being built in a typical Florida ranch style.

In addition to the construction companies and house-hunters themselves, those with vested agricultural interests – from smallscale family farmers to commercial crop producers sourcing major construction

One house can be built from just 2.5 acres of hemp

farmers have noticed a fifteen- to twentypercent increase in yield from the fields that have just rotated out hemp.

Cultivation of industrial hemp prevents or even reverses much environmental damage, and both people and livestock can be fed from it. Carbon emissions are neutralized or lowered by the hemp plants themselves, as they process up to four times more carbon dioxide than trees. Instead of using lumber or synthetic building components, the production of industrial hemp crops to make building materials will not be detrimental to the environment. In fact, an average hectare of hemp plants can process up to twenty-two tons of greenhouse gases.

The woody inner core components of the plant, known as the ‘hurds’ or ‘shives’, are cellulose-rich plant fibers with tens-ofthousands of applications. Everything from paper to bio-composite car parts such as dashboards and impact-resistant door panels can be produced from this substance, although perhaps the fastest-growing application is building materials. Bricks, breeze blocks, I-beams and more can be manufactured to create stylish, sleek and sophis-

Mixing the Hemcrete® in Tarpon Springs over the summer of 2012

of your current house, but would like to make it more efficient to live in. The thermal properties of these building materials also mean that they maintain excellent acoustic integrity, and more and more musicians and other recording artists are lining their studios with hemp insulation or bio-composites.

While the inside stays warm in the winter and cool in the summer, the outside withstands hurricane-force winds – up to 123 MPH – and even forest fires. Since the cause of death regarding house fires is often smoke inhalation, hemp construction materials should be even more seriously considered. Not only do they have a high point of ignition, thus giving you more time to escape in the event of an indoor fire, but the exhaust fumes from a hemp fire are far less toxic than that of burning polyester carpeting, sofas, and whatever other non-natural products you may have adorning your home. This particular ‘eco-village’ will be constructed according to the Florida Building Code 2007, including the Florida Building Code Supplements 2009, and also the Florida Fire Prevention Code 2007. www.americanlimetechnology.com

9

MADE IN HOLLAND

Airpots – Something New for Soil Growers Over the last few years, many home growers have tried growing in one of the various hydro techniques as a way of boosting plant size, growth rate and yields.

Hydro systems in general offer rapid growth rates. The root system in hydro can develop quickly, and a good root system

matters. For many, coco is simpler than hydro – yet faster than soil.

However, soil remains perhaps the simplest way of growing. Soil growers will often say it produces the sweetest tasting Cannabis and claim it is the most natural

Hydro may be fast but it isn’t the simplest; it comes with its own complexities, which put a lot of people off of hydro. A good hydro grower checks his pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the feed solution on a daily basis. Everything must be checked, and instruments calibrated on a regular basis. For some growers, the demands of growing in hydroponic systems are a bit too much and detract from the pleasure of growing. Growing in coco fiber has often been seen as a way of simplifying

The only problem with airpots is the tendency for water to escape out of the side holes if it is poured too quickly. But,

allow oxygen into the root system.

The roots develop evenly and quickly – this encourages a healthier root system.

Airpots allow the roots of the plant to spread evenly throughout the soil/perlite mix, instead of bunching and circling around the bottom of the plant pot. With normal plant pots growers may see roots clinging to the sides and bottom, but airpots discourage this with the dimpled edge to the pot, which direct roots back into the center. It’s a clever and simple adaptation to the time-honored plant pot design, and it has gotten a lot of soil growers giving them a try – and a lot of users are highly satisfied with the airpots. The root systems look great, the soil is used more efficiently, and airpot growers say their plants get more nutrition from the same volume of soil. This allows them to grow bigger plants with better blooms.

The fact that so many airpot users switch permanently to them is always a sign that the technology is a good one, and not a transitory fashion.

It’s a simple principle and a surprise that it has not been tried before: air is allowed to permeate the soil and create a healthier root zone. However, roots can escape

is the basis for a healthy plant. Techniques such as deep water culture (‘DWC’) are currently regarded as perhaps the fastest way to grow large plants, and some of the best AutoFem growers have used this to tremendous advantage. Given the short, 70-day lifespan of AutoFems, those who can engineer small advantages at the start of the plant growth cycle can often reap very generous rewards at harvest time.

through the holes in the sides of the airpots, and if they do they are simply trimmed with scissors, or ‘air pruned’. This encourages further root branching within the airpot.

An airpot root-ball

apart from that, we hear few complaints about them. Many soil growers say they are worth the little bit of extra hassle and would not switch back to normal plant pots after using them.

It’s nice to see the soil growers get their share of new ideas for a change. May there be many more.

and organic way to grow man’s favorite herb. In its simplest form, soil growing needs little attention from the grower – apart from some extra nutrition during bloom, perhaps. In large enough buckets, the plant will need little supplemental feeding and will survive with simple occasional watering, until later in the grow.

It is especially pleasing to see soil growers presented with new methods that can boost performance, and reassure them that soil remains a first-class method in which to grow their stash. In recent months, Dutch Passion have seen a number of growers report great results with the new airpot containers, which are becoming widely available. Airpots are an adaptation of the basic plant pot design, which has changed very little in centuries.

The basic principle of an airpot is to allow better aeration within the soil. The numerous holes around the sides of the airpot

Dutch Passion’s AutoBlueberry in an airpot

10

PRODUCT FLASH

VITA START AND VITA RACE FROM PLAGRON

STONERR

Vitamin sprays for healthy and strong plants

Now there’s a micro-job website where talented stoners and entrepreneurs can offer their expertise to buyers, and in exchange be paid exceptionally well for their hard work.

A strong and healthy plant that delivers a great yield: isn’t that what we all want?

Plagron offers two innovative vitamin sprays that guarantee an excellent cultivation: Vita Start and Vita Race.

Vita Start, formerly ‘Cropspray’, is a liquid growth stimulator for seedlings, cuttings and mother plants. Vita Start has a broad range of effects. It contains a clever combination of organic enzymes, trace elements and growth stimulators. These protect the plant against external negative effects and ensure greater yield. Vita Start allows the plant to absorb the available nutrients more effectively and more extensively and excludes the risk of over-fertilization and under-nourishment.

Spray Vita Start onto the plant leaves. The product is very concentrated, so you only need one mL per liter of water. Vita Start is available in 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL and 1 liter.

Vita Race Vita Race, formerly ‘Phyt-Amin’, is an organic leaf fertilizer and growth stimulator for the growth phase and the first three weeks of the flowering phase. It provides the plant with the necessary amino acids, trace elements, natural minerals and essential natural hormones, which accelerate the growth and prepare the plant for flowering. Add a maximum of 5 mL of Vita Race per one liter of water (1:200). For optimal results, apply enough to make sure the liquid is dripping from the leaves. Vita Race is available in 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL and 1 liter.

Pass it on!

More information can be found on the new website, www.Plagron.com. Here you will find loads of information on Plagron products and growing in general. The info on Plagron products will be easy to find on this site, giving you useful tips, showing you related products and FAQs for each product. This is an interactive website, where one grower gets to meet the other and can share his/her experience or opinion on Plagron products with other growers – exactly how the slogan ‘pass it on’ is meant to be.

Keep a close eye on the website for the latest news and developments of products and for growing in general. Don’t forget to check out the Facebook page for extra tips and tricks (Facebook.com/Plagron). Of course, you can also contact the service desk via servicedesk@plagron.com.

Micro-job websites are becoming an increasingly popular method for freelance sellers and interested buyers to find each other. There are literally thousands of jobs available on these sites – from the practical, like writing, website development, and video-related services, to the sometimes ridiculous – micro-job websites include nearly any service imaginable. Stoners are often excluded because of the highly specialized skills involved. Stonerr.net addresses this void.

We wanted to offer freelance designers a much more lucrative alternative to ordinary micro-job sites. We reward our sellers with a generous commission on every sale, rather than being limited by the often very low prices set by other micro-job sites’ administrators.

Sellers Can: · Create a new job for each service offered · Share their jobs easily on social media sites · Receive an amazing rate of 90 percent on every sale · Withdraw earnings easily from PayPal

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11

ACTIVISM

You can even learn exact processes for making extracts with alcohol, or how to cook with canna-butter or oil. THCF’s website offers their annual schedule; you can find a clinic in your state and learn as much as possible before ever self-medicating.

The Hemp and Cannabis Foundation (THCF)

Sativa Diva

Are you interested in returning the United States to its prior hemp cultivating glory? Or perhaps you’re a new medi-weed patient, looking for doctors or medical advice? Even if you’re solely focused upon ending pot prohibition in America, The Hemp and Cannabis Foundation is the perfect organization for you.

THCF was established in August, 1999 by Douglas Paul Stanford, with the goal of “educat[ing] people about the medicinal, social and industrial uses for Cannabis in order to restore hemp cultivation and end

no choice but to pay import prices for products ranging from hemp seed oil capsules to animal bedding, as although it may have been processed here, it was not grown in the States.

The media efforts of THCF are myriad and extend far beyond their Cannabis forums.

The THCF Medical Gardens follow state guidelines and help patients obtain permits, seeds and clones with which to begin their own medicinal gardens. To date, over 150,000 patients in nine states have been aided, so if you live in California, Oregon, Washington, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Hawaii, Michigan or Washington, D.C., you could benefit as well. If you live elsewhere, don’t hesitate to learn more on their site or contact the group – especially

the push towards re-legalization of industrial hemp slogs through murkier waters. The largest issue, which needs to be addressed as quickly as possible, is the re-scheduling (or declassification) of Cannabis from its

THE LARGEST ISSUE, WHICH NEEDS TO BE ADDRESSED AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE, IS THE RE-SCHEDULING OF CANNABIS FROM ITS CURRENT POSITION AS A SCHEDULE I. adult Cannabis prohibition.” Their affiliated political committee, the Campaign for the Restoration and Regulation of Hemp (CRRH), was founded in 1990 and promotes the self-developed legislative model called the

current position on the Schedule I list of highly-controlled or banned substances.

Weed plants are nowhere near as dangerous as they need to be for that scheduling, and hemp cannot get anyone high.

Cannabis, as with any other medicine, should be used with guidance (© Shutterstock) The group created Hemp News in 1991, which is the oldest online magazine, publishing within newsgroups on Usenet (the predecessor to today’s Internet). If television is more appealing to you, check out the organization’s weekly TV show, Cannabis Common Sense, which is accessible on their website and actually broadcasts in California, Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Michigan.

Cannabis Tax Act. This act would curtail the legal quagmire currently threatening mediweed access in states such as California by regulating sales, taxes and production of the drug.

The ideals behind the protection and education of medical growers, patients and dispensary staff are common sense; however,

As hemp plants by definition contain 0.3 percent THC or less, the DEA should logically have no jurisdiction over hemp cultivation – if anything, it should be regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Generations of American farmers have been repressed from cultivating the same crop that helped us to gain our independence, and citizens of this country have

An impressive set of medical clinics also take place throughout the year and across the United States. THCF is now scheduling individual clinic appointments in forty American cities. Here, visitors can learn about safe and clean cultivation, which strains to choose to treat specific ailments, and even how to consume via smoking alternatives such as vaporizing, medibles, tinctures and topicals.

if you are suffering from AIDS or HIV, cancer, severe chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease, glaucoma, arthritis, cachexia, Parkinson’s, or any of the dozens of other ailments that can be soothed by Cannabis.

After decades of lies and dis-information about the ever-so-helpful Cannabis plant, the country needs more groups like THCF. The important thing, now, is to replace all the propaganda with truth and facts, and return the United States to it prior, Cannabisfriendly state. Check out thc-foundation.org to learn how you can become a medi-weed patient, donate or volunteer, or just keep yourself up-to-date on Cannabis and hemp knowledge.

Online: www.thc-foundation.org Telephone: 1-800-723-0188

12

SMUGGLER’S TALES

War Dispatches: Part I I’ve done some crazy things in my time, but becoming an early casualty in the drug war was the ultimate insanity. Back then it was really a war on the love and peace that had epitomized the 1960s.

Cannabis was deemed to be part of that consciousness shift and had to be neutralized. By the early 1970s, Nixon’s ‘War on Drugs’ was up and running – and still wages today. Many countries were bribed or coerced into joining the fight; Spain was one that took the Yankee dollar. Controlled by the fascist General Franco, it had some of the harshest sentences in Europe, to be served in prisons built before they’d discovered America. Spain’s southern border with Morocco was O’Riodon the front line in this war.

I went down there one autumn evening in ‘73 at Algeciras, a Spanish ferry port situated exactly over the asshole of Europe.

At the time, I had little idea how much of a life changing moment it would be.

I was convinced I’d be out in a couple of months; the reality was unfortunately very different.

The next morning I awoke in a cell I later learned was called the ‘wash cycle’. The ten-by-six-foot stone floor was covered in greasy water leaking from a blocked sink; I looked in and it was full of vomit. The water dripped into a hole in the corner

In the evening a bell rang for food and we lined up with regulation spoon and aluminum plate. The food, when it arrived, looked suspiciously like the vomit in my cell. I passed. It was tinned sardines from now on.

After dinner we filed into a large dormitory, a cavernous space full of old iron beds circled like covered wagons, each nationality staking out its own territory.

The Americans and Canadians, being in the majority, had the largest circle, fol-

General Franco

The next days were spent sitting in the sun listening to people’s stories. Some had just stuck a couple of kilos in door panels and hoped for the best, but were regret-

rusty bed with blankets full of lice and the sweat of a thousand bodies; it was grim stuff – and all under a fifteen-watt light. I was depressed.

On the third day the Consul showed up with his brother-in-law, a lawyer. The Consul would do nothing, but the lawyer would do everything, I just had to give him all my money. Not all the criminals were on the inside, some stopped by for a visit.

On the fourth day I joined the prison population and stepped into a small, walled

SPAIN HAD SOME OF THE HARSHEST SENTENCES IN EUROPE, TO BE SERVED IN PRISONS BUILT BEFORE THEY’D DISCOVERED AMERICA. that led to a sea of urine somewhere close by. The walls were institutional green and covered in prison hieroglyphics. I sat on a

strolled back and forth talking. Most were Moroccan, but there were a few white faces and I got to know them through the day.

patio. The air was cool and most of the prisoners were standing warming themselves in the early morning sun, some

Tangier Ferry

lowed by the Germans who constructed a fort. The English, French and Dutch each had their own enclaves. The longer you stayed, the closer you got to the center of your circle.

ting it now. Most were awaiting transfer to Cadiz for trial, which was eventually my fate.

During the second week I was handed an official looking envelope, the ‘hacienda’ fine. This is the tax you have to pay on the hash, which is its value times seven. In my case, 35 million pesetas (that’s a million bucks today) or do four years prison.

Everyone kept telling me not to worry, I’d be out in only three years. Did I mention I was depressed?

After a month of sun bathing, I and nine others were handcuffed together and shipped off to Cadiz. The journey took an hour and we used the time to pick open the handcuffs with a sardine can key.

Upon arrival we stepped from the truck, handcuffed the opposite way to which we’d gotten in, but the guards didn’t see the joke. We were marched to an office and yelled at in Spanish for ten minutes, a whip repeatedly brought down on the desk for effect, then locked up without food.

Algeciras, the front line

This was a real prison: large, white cell blocks covered in the bleeding rust that comes with sea air. Between the blocks, a small patio was crammed with so many people that they looked like ants. This place was full.

13 cell in solitary. Known as the McMurphys, they were a two-man crime wave.

orange in the prison shop, all 55 pounds, in a subtle move.

We were all up for a buzz and each day you could have wine or a beer; it seems incredible, but with a prison full of alcoholics it made sense. The McMurphys went a step further and started a drinking club – six guys would each give their drink to one person and he’d get smashed; the

The prison was searched every two weeks.

Orange wine takes twelve days to ferment, but the vintage stuff needs more time and a good hiding place. Then I hit upon the idea of a bucket with a circle of cardboard halfway down and a pile of dirty laundry on top. It worked and pretty soon half the

Home for a few years I was later told the story of how the original builder had absconded to South America with all the money after only completing half the job, but nobody wanted to tell Franco. So a full compliment of prisoners was sent to live in only half the space. It was tense.

Once you get there, the first three days are spent in isolation so they can check you out and apply intimidation if needed. On the fourth day, which just happened to be Christmas Eve, we strolled out onto the patio and straight into a riot. It seemed that, the previous day, the Consulates had left Christmas packages for the prisoners and the guards had ‘confiscated’ them. As Christmas dinner was the same old lentiland-pig dick soup they always served, we defiantly refused to eat. This constituted a mutiny as far as the guards were concerned and we were all locked up. The prison was surrounded by Guardia and visitors told we were rioting. After a three-

day lock-down with no food, we were brought in threes to the Chief of Services office and handed a sanction. This was a ‘go to prison for six more months’ card.

Merry Christmas.

The days rolled into weeks and the problem was boredom. Books were in short supply, but some of my fellow prisoners could be very entertaining. One book we did have was One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest and a couple of guys were using it as a handbook to get transferred to the psychiatric hospital, which incidentally had three-feet-high walls and a bus stop outside. Their method of insanity was swallowing things, spoons at first, but then they moved onto toilet chains and bits of bed. Each time, they went to the hospital, were operated on and sent straight back to the prison. Once they managed to swallow the curtain rings and bell push from the recovery room and extended their stay, but all it got them was a permanent

It’s around here somewhere... next day it was another guy’s turn. The idea caught on a little too quickly and

prison was carrying a laundry bucket. We drank on Sundays, so everybody would be

THE FOOD, WHEN IT ARRIVED, LOOKED SUSPICIOUSLY LIKE THE VOMIT IN MY CELL. I PASSED. the guards closed it down. With no dope, there had to be ways of getting a drink.

Then the yeast appeared – I don’t know where the McMurphys got it, but the first we knew was when they bought every

out on the patio sipping orange juice and getting wasted. I was amazed the guards didn’t figure it out.

There was a near-discovery when three Americans decided to make their wine a bit strong by putting more yeast in. They left the wine in the cell during the morning because we had all dropped acid (another story for another time) but you can imagine the state we were all in when we returned to our cells for the lunchtime count. Two doors away the Americans opened their cell and were met by a threefoot wall of orange foam. Their entire cell was full and the guards would be there any minute. I should have helped, but I was laughing too much as they tried to conceal forty cubic feet of orange foam.

However, luck smiled and the guards decided to count us from below, unaware of orange foam filling the walkway.

The next morning, with a killer hangover, I talked with my lawyer. He had many clients and the queue was always long. He also had a profitable sideline buying the confiscated cars from Customs.

“I have good news and bad news,” he said.

“The bad news, I have a court date and they are asking twelve years.”

“And the good news?” I asked.

“The judge is a friend of mine.”

Look what we found To be continued...

14

SERIOUS GARDENING

Drip Irrigation In this issue we put the spotlight on a method that is simple to set up and produces results so good that it is utilized in commercial growing applications across the globe, from producing quality tomatoes for the biggest supermarkets to cultivating top quality smoke for coffeeshops, collectives and dispensaries. Our quest for quicker crop cycles and heavier yields continues – here, we take a closer look at drip irrigation...

Think of drip irrigation and what springs to mind? Probably large-scale greenhouse cultivation: acres and acres of tomatoes or cucumber plants, grown on rockwool slabs with miles of dripper-line connected to computers that control complex feeding schedules. A little too complicated for the home grower, right? Wrong! Drip irrigation is one of the simplest and most flexible hydro methods on the market and it is available on any scale, from one plant on upwards!

Types of Drip Irrigation System:

The Flo-Gro: Provides a great environment

Drip irrigation systems for the home for mother plants grower offer the quicker growth cycles and bigger yields of active hydro, with the flexibility to grow in any media: soil, cocos, periods is increased. The amount of nutrirockwool or clay – and even grow in pots. ent solution used by the plant is easily So, how does it work?

What is drip irrigation?

There are many types of drip irrigation, but they all work on the same principle. Your plants are started in a growing medium and a dripper is placed into, or suspended over, the medium. The dripper is attached to a dripper line, which in turn is attached to a pump. Your nutrient solution is kept in a reservoir and, at periods set on a timer, nutrient solution is pumped from the reservoir, through the dripper line and delivered to the plant via the dripper.

The nutrient solution works its way

As plants mature, the number of feed

There are many types of drip system available to the home grower, which fall under two main categories: recirculating systems and run-to-waste systems. * Recirculating Systems In recirculation drip irrigation, the plants usually sit above the nutrient reservoir.

Whatever solution the plants do not

When used with clay pebbles, drip ring systems provide a healthy, oxygen-rich root zone, thanks to the free draining nature of the medium. The ideal environment for keeping a mother plant longterm or just taking one big plant to flower and achieving the maximum amount of buds – some of the yield results achieved using these systems have to be seen to be believed!

2. Pot Dripper System In a pot dripper system, pots are placed on a tray above a reservoir. Plants and drippers are placed in the pots along with your chosen growing medium. The feeding frequency is set with a timer, whereby the nutrient solution is pumped from the reservoir to the drippers, and over the roots. The nutrient solution works its way through the medium and over the roots of your plants. Whatever the plants don’t take up drains through the holes in the tank, ready to be pumped through the drippers again.

Pot dripper systems are perfect for beginners or growers who want to make that first step to hydro because they can be used with any growing media and offer the familiarity of using pots.

3. Dutch Dripper System The Dutch dripper system setup is very similar to the pot system in that the plants sit on a tray above the reservoir, but uses slabs – either rockwool or coir – rather than pots. *Run-to-Waste Systems In a run-to-waste system, nutrient solution is pumped from a reservoir to the

MANY LARGE-SCALE CANNABIS GROWERS USE RUN-TO-WASTE SYSTEMS AS THEY ARE VERY SIMPLE TO SET UP, REDUCE THE WATERING WORKLOAD AND PRODUCE GREAT RESULTS. measured and this allows you to tailor the number of feeds to achieve the optimum growth and yields.

Drip irrigation offers something for every grower, from the soil lover who just wants to keep their pots automatically watered, to the hydro expert who is looking to measure the nutrient uptake of their crop on a daily basis and devise the perfect

DRIP IRRIGATION IS ONE OF THE SIMPLEST AND MOST FLEXIBLE HYDRO METHODS ON THE MARKET AND IT IS AVAILABLE ON ANY SCALE. through the medium and over the roots of your plants, draining out through the growing medium and drawing oxygen into the root zone. Feeding small doses of water and nutrient at frequent periods throughout the day means that the growing medium will not get totally saturated.

Thus, there will always be plenty of oxygen present around the roots of the plant – this ensures healthy development and faster growth.

relying on capillary action to deliver water and nutrients to the plants roots.

Instead, drippers feed the roots from above and gravity pulls the nutrient solution down. Feeding techniques that rely on capillary action make the medium at the bottom of the pot wetter than anywhere else, which can stunt root development and slow plant growth. t 3FEVDFE DIBODF PG PWFS PS VOEFS watering: When plants are fed little and often, the medium is never saturated or starved of nutrient solution. Handwatering plants once every few days can result in water-logging because the plants can’t take up all the solution given to them in one go. t -FTT XPSL %SJQ JSSJHBUJPO systems are low maintenance. Manage one nutrient solution tank for all of your plants and top up every couple of days – far easier than hand-watering.

feeding schedule for their own growing environment.

Why drip irrigation over handwatering pots? t 1MBOUT HSPX GBTUFS BOE ZJFME NPSF 1MBOUT take up more water and nutrients than they would with hand-watering, feeding little and often throughout the day is healthier than giving one large feed every other day. t (FUT OVUSJFOUT XIFSF UIFZ OFFE UP CF In a drip irrigation system you aren’t

use runs through the growing medium and back into the reservoir, ready to be pumped back to the plants. The benefit of these systems is that they are simple to operate and set up and, because all the workings sit above the nutrient reservoir, they are virtually leak-proof. There are three main types of recirculating systems: 1. Single-Drip Ring Systems In a single-drip ring system, plants sit in a planter, usually filled with clay pebbles, placed above a nutrient solution reservoir. Feeding schedules are set on a timer and solution is automatically pumped from the reservoir and out of the drip ring directly onto the root zone. Plants receive all the nutrients and water they need as well as superb oxygen access, as every time the system drains, oxygen is pulled down into the root zone.

plants using lines and drippers, but rather than draining back into the nutrient reservoir the solution runs out of the growing medium and into a waste tank or drain – it is not reused. Run-to-waste systems tend to be used in commercial-scale cultivation, the main benefit being that the nutrient solution is always fresh and con-

The AquaFarm: A single-drip ring powered by an air pump

15

The ever-popular Wilma drip irrigation system tains the optimum balance of elements.

Many large-scale Cannabis growers use run-to-waste systems as they are very simple to set up, reduce the watering workload and produce great results.

Plants can be grown in pots filled with growing media or in rockwool or coir slabs. One major benefit of run-to-waste dripper systems is that they are so easy to expand. Extra lines and drippers can be added to the system easily.

t 1FSTPOBM HSPXFST DPVME HSPX POF CJH plant, full cycle, in a drip ring system or get the most from a small number of plants in a 1.2 m tent with a pot dripper system. t -BSHF TDBMF HSPXFST TIPVME MPPL UP

growth and the biggest yields. When using clay pebbles, set the timer to two fifteen-minute flood periods per day for young plants. As plants grow, you can increase to a maximum of one fifteen-minute feed per hour. You will need to perform a complete solution change every one to two weeks. When growing in an absorbent medium set the timer to just one fifteen-minute flood period per day for young plants. As they grow, increase to a maximum of four fifteen-minute feeds per day. When using an absorbent growing medium you should run the system to minimize runoff, and perform a complete nutrient solution change every two weeks – or sooner if the solution level is running low.

3. Use an anti-blocking agent. A dripper line has a small internal diameter and over the course of a full grow – eight to fourteen weeks, depending on the strain – there is the potential for these dripper lines to become blocked, particularly if you use concentrated mineral nutrients and stimulators (and if you want the biggest amount of bud

possible, you will be!) Adding an antiblocking agent to your reservoir will keep things flowing freely.

Quick Q&A with a Pot Dripper Grower: When can plants be transferred to the system?

Just as soon as they are root-bound in their starter medium, you should see white roots on the outside of the block or pot.

How should plants be spaced?

In a pot system the spacing is already decided. You can get them with the pots closely spaced for a Sea of Green or spaced far apart if you want to grow some trees!

Will plants need to be supported?

Not in a pot dripper system because there is plenty of medium around the roots, but if you are using drippers and slabs then you will need to use some kind of plant support.

So, there you have it – commercial growing techniques are available to the home grower. If you are looking for a simple setup and big yields, then get dripping!

FEEDING SMALL DOSES OF WATER AND NUTRIENT AT FREQUENT PERIODS THROUGHOUT THE DAY MEANS THAT THE GROWING MEDIUM WILL NOT GET TOTALLY SATURATED Just make sure that the solution runoff is contained properly. A full hundred liters of nutrient solution leaking out of your system is likely to bring some unwanted attention to your grow!

For what type of grower is drip irrigation suitable?

As drip irrigation is such a flexible method and there are so many styles of system available, there is something for every grower. t /FX HSPXFST XIP XBOU BO FBTZ UP VTF system so that they can concentrate on maintaining their growing environment should try a pot dripper system. t &YQFSJFODFE HSPXFST MPPLJOH GPS a hydro system that allows them to monitor nutrient uptake and set an Aqua trays are a key component of the Dutch dripper system

optimum feeding schedule to maximize yield should try a pot dripper system with a hydro medium, such as clay pebbles, or try a Dutch dripper system.

a custom built run-to-waste system where they can spread out their plants in a large area and feed them from one reservoir.

The Three Steps to Drip Irrigation Heaven: 1. Use the correct dripper for the growing medium. Drippers are available in a wide range of sizes and flow rates. If you are growing in a free-draining medium like clay, use an unre-

stricted dripper. This will allow the nutrient solution to flow over the roots as quickly as the pump will allow, and will pull lots of oxygen into the root zone as it drains through the medium. If you are using an absorbent medium such as soil, cocos or rockwool use a dripper that restricts the flow rate, otherwise the growing medium will become saturated. A two-liter per hour dripper set on a fifteen-minute feed will deliver half a liter of nutrient solution to the plant – ideal for most plants.

2. Increase the number of flood periods as your plants mature and increase in size.

This will ensure you get the maximum

A very happy plant in a Flo-Gro drip system

16

CANNABIS KITCHEN

Greetings from far northern California! As harvest time winds down and Halloween nears, I thought you might want to throw a party with cupcakes… cupcakes… and more cupcakes!

I like these beautiful little cupcakes, so light, so fluffy – so inviting, and so darn stony!

Canna-Cupcakes SPICED HARVEST PUMPKIN CUPCAKES

KILLER KEY LIME CUPCAKES 1 package yellow cake mix (15¼ ounces) 2 eggs 2 /3 cup Cannabis-infused cooking oil ¼ cup water 2 teaspoons lime zest, divided 3 tablespoons key lime juice 1 can sweetened condensed milk (14 ounces) 1 container frozen whipped topping, thawed ½ cup sweetened flaked coconut Prepare the cake batter according to package directions in a large mixing bowl; stir in one teaspoon lime zest. Fill paper-lined muffin cups two-thirds full. Bake at 350 degrees for eighteen to twenty minutes or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean; cool the cupcakes completely.

Mix the remaining teaspoon lime zest, lime juice and sweetened condensed milk in a small bowl. Reserve a half cup of the lime mixture in a separate bowl; gently fold in frozen whipped topping. Chill this mixture for at least an hour.

Cut a small hole in the center of each cupcake in an inverted cone shape, so it narrows toward the center of the cupcake. Spoon about two teaspoons of remaining lime mixture into each hole; replace the tops. Spread the whipped topping mixture from the fridge on cupcakes; sprinkle with coconut (I used sprinkles on these, as I don’t really care for coconut but I do love those sprinkles). Keep refrigerated until ready to serve.

4 eggs, slightly beaten ¾ cup canna-oil 2 cups sugar 1 can pumpkin (15 ounces) 1¾ cups all-purpose flour ¼ cup corn starch 4 teaspoons pumpkin pie spice 2 teaspoons baking powder 1 teaspoon baking soda ¾ teaspoon salt 1 package cream cheese, softened (8 ounces) 3 tablespoons canna-butter, softened 1 tablespoon orange juice 2 teaspoons vanilla extract 1½ teaspoons freshly-grated orange peel 4 cups powdered sugar Blend eggs, oil, sugar and pumpkin in large mixing bowl; set aside. Stir together dry ingredients in separate bowl. Add dry ingredients to pumpkin mixture and beat until well blended.

Pour into lined muffin tins, filling about twothirds full. Bake in preheated 350-degree oven for thirty minutes or until center springs back when touched. Cool completely before frosting.

Beat cream cheese and canna-butter until fluffy. Add remaining ingredients and beat until smooth. Spread over cooled cupcakes.

PEANUT BUDDER CUPCAKES 1 package white cake mix (18¼ ounces) 3 eggs 2 /3 cup canna-oil

1 cup water 18 miniature peanut butter cups 11/3 cups vanilla frosting 2 tablespoons creamy peanut butter

Beat together eight ounces cream cheese and butter until smooth. Blend in vanilla. Gradually beat in powdered sugar until light and fluffy.

Pipe frosting on cooled cupcakes; garnish with chopped lemon drop candy.

Prepare cake mix according to package directions. Spoon about two tablespoons of batter into each paper-lined muffin cup. Place a peanut butter cup in each; fill two-thirds full with remaining batter.

Bake at 350 degrees for twenty to twenty-five minutes, or until lightly browned and a toothpick inserted in cake portion comes out clean.

Cool for ten minutes before removing to wire racks to cool completely.

In a small bowl, combine frosting and peanut butter until smooth. Frost cooled cupcakes; drizzle with chocolate ganache and top with a peanut butter cup.

LUSCIOUS LEMONADE CUPCAKES ½ cup frozen lemonade concentrate, thawed 1 package white cake mix (18¼ ounces) 1 container sour cream (8 ounces) 3 ounces cream cheese, softened 3 eggs, beaten 2 tablespoons lemon zest 8 ounces cream cheese, softened ½ cup canna-butter, softened 2 teaspoons vanilla extract 1 package powdered sugar (16 ounces) Chopped lemon drops; garnish Combine lemonade concentrate, cake mix, sour cream, three ounces cream cheese, eggs and lemon zest in a large mixing bowl; beat until well mixed. Fill paper-lined muffin cups twothirds full.

Bake at 350 degrees for about twenty-two minutes or until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean; cool the cupcakes completely.

CANATONIC CHOCOLATE CUPCAKES 2 cups all-purpose flour 2 cups sugar ½ teaspoon baking powder 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon baking soda ½ cup canna-butter ¾ cup water 2 large eggs ¾ cup milk 1 teaspoon vanilla 4 ounces unsweetened baking chocolate, melted Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Line cupcake pans with paper liners.

Combine all ingredients in large mixing bowl.

Mix at low speed for thirty seconds, then scrape bowl. Mix at high speed for three minutes. Fill liners two-thirds full of batter. Bake twenty to twenty-five minutes or until toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Cool ten minutes in pans, then remove from pan, place on wire racks to cool completely.

CANNABIS KITCHEN / CULTIVATION 101 3 tablespoons maple sugar 5 tablespoons butter, divided 4 ounces cream cheese 2 tablespoons whipping cream ¼ teaspoon from the remains of your vanilla bean Dash of salt 1½ cups powdered sugar Ginger salt and cooked bacon, crumbled

Frost when chocolate cupcakes are completely cooled. Top with some chocolate sauce and, of course, some broken dark chocolate pieces. For the perfect, over-the-top chocolate treat, these little cupcakes can’t be beat!

ORANGE KUSH CUPCAKES ½ cup canna-butter, softened 1 cup sugar 2 eggs, beaten 1¾ cups all-purpose flour 1 tablespoon baking powder ½ cup frozen orange juice concentrate, thawed Zest of one orange 1 package vanilla frosting Orange zest strips to garnish Beat together butter and sugar in large mixing bowl until mixed thoroughly; add eggs, then orange juice, mixing after each. In a separate, small bowl thoroughly combine flour and baking powder; add powder mixture to orange juice, egg and butter mixture. Mix well. Stir in orange zest (if desired).

Fill paper-lined muffin cups two-thirds full.

Bake at 375 degrees for about fifteen minutes or until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean; cool the cupcakes completely.

Spread vanilla frosting on cooled cupcakes and garnish with orange zest strips.

SUPERDUPER SQUASH CUPCAKES 1 medium butternut squash, peeled, halved and seeded ¾ cup canna-butter, divided 12/3 cups flour 2 teaspoons baking powder 1 teaspoon salt ½ teaspoon ground cinnamon ½ teaspoon ground ginger ¼ teaspoon ground nutmeg 1 cup brown sugar ½ cup granulated sugar 2 eggs 1 cup sugar 1 quart whole milk ¼ teaspoon baking soda, dissolved in ½ tablespoon water 1 vanilla bean pod

If you have any questions or want more information on The Hempie Chef, please check me out on Facebook at www.facebook.com/thehempiechef, or you can email me at thehempiechef@gmail.com.

Transition Time

Preheat oven to 400 degrees. Slice squash into four equal pieces and place in a baking dish.

Top each with a pat of butter and roast in the oven for thirty to forty-five minutes or until very tender. Mash with a potato masher or a fork until squash becomes a thick puree. Set aside to cool.

Reduce oven temperature to 350 degrees. Line muffin tins with paper liners. Melt remaining butter and set aside to cool. In a medium bowl, whisk flour, baking powder, salt, cinnamon, ginger and nutmeg. In another bowl, whisk sugars, eggs, and one cup of the cooled squash puree. Slowly whisk in cooled melted butter.

Pour squash mixture into flour mixture and fold to combine. Using a cupcake scoop, fill lined muffin cups three-quarters full. Bake for twenty to twenty-five minutes or until a tester inserted in the center cake comes out clean.

Allow to cool completely before inverting tins.

Prepare caramel filling by first splitting open your vanilla bean lengthwise, scrape out about one-quarter teaspoon and set aside for the icing. Toss the bean, along with the sugar and milk, into a large, heavy-bottomed pot.

Simmer, stirring constantly, over medium heat

17 until sugar dissolves. Remove from heat and stir in baking soda mixture. Once bubbling subsides, return to heat. Bring to a brisk simmer, but not a boil. Cook, stirring regularly, until milk begins to turn golden. This takes about an hour. Continue stirring and cooking until milk begins to brown, making sure it does not stick to the bottom of the pan. Once a soft ball begins to form, the caramel is ready. Remove from heat and remove vanilla bean.

Fill cupcakes by cutting a small cone shape from the top of each. Spoon warm caramel into the hole and sprinkle with ginger salt. Top with maple brown butter icing and garnish with more ginger salt and bacon, if you dare.

Icing: In a heavy-bottomed pan over medium heat, whisk two tablespoons of canna-butter and maple sugar until sugar dissolves. Bring to a boil and remove from heat. Whisk in cream.

Pour into a small bowl, stirring to cool.

In the bowl of an electric mixer, beat remaining butter and cream cheese until fluffy. Beat in salt and the reserved quarter teaspoon of vanilla. While beating, slowly pour in cooled butter mixture and continue mixing until smooth. Add powdered sugar a half-cup at a time, beating well after each addition. Chill for twenty minutes before icing cupcakes.

I garnish these tasty cupcakes with a Twix-like bar and a bit of caramel ganache. Just one of these delicious cupcakes will take you sleepytime land – eat one just before going to bed with a glass of milk, and be prepared to sleep heavily through the night!

Now that summer is over and the nights are growing longer, the cold weather is beginning to set in – throughout the more northerly latitudes, at least.

In the southernmost extremes, the risk of frost is minimal. However, anywhere north of the subtropical zones growers will be thinking about wrapping up the year’s cultivation efforts and harvesting their Kali Mist crops, before frost and damp affects the quality.

Simultaneously, an army of indoor growers will be sighing in relief as they contemplate a winter of easily-controlled temperatures, reduced air-conditioning bills and increased yields. The same high-powered lamps that cause grow rooms to reach excessive temperatures in summer magically transform into the gentle warmth needed to maintain a steady room temperature during autumn and winter months.

A freshly harvested, air-dried bud (© Eggrole)

In areas of high police presence, this time of year is a precarious one for indoor cultivators – the temperature gradient caused by hot air venting from grow rooms is sharper now, as the air outside grows colder, and is far more obvious to infrared sensors. At this time, it is crucial to make use of a recirculation chamber, so that air exiting the grow room is at the same temperature as all other ventilation points.

This greenhouse crop will need extra lighting to finish (© Van Mij)

For greenhouse growers, now is the time to use supplementary lighting, as the days are getting shorter, and the sunlight is rapidly losing intensity.

Passive solar energy collectors, such as large containers of water (which warm during the day and slowly release their heat at night) can also be an invaluable asset to the greenhouse grower as the temperature drops.

As outdoor temps drop, your air-in should be adjusted

18

SERIOUS GARDENING

Geeky Ganja Gardening Growing marijuana is part art and part science. In some ways, gardeners are very artistic: like a conductor in front of an orchestra they guide their plants from start to harvest, listening for off notes signaling something isn’t right. On the more scientific side, there are ways to take written notes to show how productive a garden is, and some Grubbycup simple math can be helpful.

The most basic form of record keeping is noting what varieties were grown. Which strains have you attempted, and which are your favorites? When sitting down and making a wish list for the season, it’s helpful to know which varieties you’ve

plants aren’t tracked, calculating how much each plant averaged is simple: just divide the amount harvested by the number of plants. If two Super Critical Hazes produced 170 grams, then they averaged 85 grams (three ounces) apiece.

This information can be used next season when selecting how many seeds to plant.

If the goal is to have eight ounces of

those combinations have a female plant in them, and three divided by four is 0.75, there is a 75 percent chance of one of them being female.

Three seeds have eight combinations: MMM, MMF, MFM, MFF, FMM, FMF, FFM and FFF. Seven out of the eight combinations result in a female plant, and seven over eight is .875, or 87.5 percent.

Four seeds have 16 combinations, 15 of which include a female for 93.7 percent.

Five seeds is 31/32 for 96.8 percent, six is 63/64 for 98.4 percent, seven is 127/128 for 99.2 percent. Eight is 255/256 for 99.6 percent, and nine is 99.8 percent. Finally,

Berry White or Blueberry Widow). When looking for new varieties, you can select something similar to a known favorite, or intentionally try something completely different than you have in the past.

GROWING SEASONS IN OUTDOOR GARDENS CAN BE EASILY COMPARED, AND HARVESTS CAN BE ANALYZED FROM YEAR TO YEAR. tried. For instance, I’ve had good luck in the past with Blue Widow, which is a White Widow and Blueberry cross, so I know to at least take a look at those crosses – even if they are named something else (such as

A somewhat more labor intensive and scientific record is how much was harvested; for example, 57 grams (two ounces) of Purple Lady, or 170 grams (six ounces) of Super Critical Haze. Even if individual

Grubbycup’s Stash is late-flowering, a cost consideration indoors smoke at harvest, and your garden tends to produce two or three ounces per plant, then you would need four similar plants taken to harvest. If using standard seeds about half will be males and discarded, so double that number to eight. I recommend planting a couple more as a safety net, as harvesting extra plants tends to be an easier issue than not having enough.

Figuring out how many standard seeds you need to plant in order to get at least one female can be important when ordering from seed banks. It all focuses on probability. A single seed usually has two possibilities: to either be male or female (with the exception of hermaphroditism and inter-sex plants). Thus, each seed has an approximate 50/50 chance of being female.

This Bubblicous benefits from cost-effective outdoor lighting

Two seeds have four combinations: MM, MF, FM and FF. Since three out of four of

ten seeds will result in at least one female 1,023 times out of 1,024 or 99.9 percent.

This is one reason why a standard breeder pack has at least ten seeds.

For expert level gardeners, here is a tip: gender and Mendelian genetic traits occur as one of two states, which make them very well-suited for binary mathematics.

Growing seasons in outdoor gardens can be easily compared, and harvests can be analyzed from year to year. Climates that allow for a spring and autumn harvest can be noted as simply ‘Spring 2012’ and ‘Fall 2012’, for example, with variety names and harvest quantities.

Indoors, seasons are a bit more arbitrary.

Summer and autumn are set with lighting timers and other environmental controls.

Short dark periods (six hours or less is

19 common) mimic the long days of summer, and long dark periods (usually twelve hours or so) reproduce fall lighting. Indoor growing seasons may be as short as nine weeks, or extended to several months – depending on how long the plants are

the harvest is spread out over a longer period of time. This is especially common in personal gardens that can produce small amounts for consumption every couple of weeks. By tracking individual plants, they can be compared against an

of data for a variety of useful purposes – nutrients, growing media and other expenses can be taken into account.

but that is a dollar every five liters, which can add up over the course of a season, even feeding only once a week.

A little math also comes in handy when making nutrient selections. The N-P-K listing on nutrients indicates the percentage by weight of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K). The ‘P’ actually indicates how much equivalent phosphorous pentoxide, and the ‘K’ how much equivalent potassium oxide, but usually that makes little or no difference.

When deciding which to use in the future, it will come down to whether nutrient B is worth an additional twenty cents per treated liter. To find out, test a few plants using each nutrient. Record the nutrient expenses used to grow both sets, and calculate the GPDs at harvest. The more expensive nutrient should produce more – enough to cover the additional expense – to be considered worthwhile.

What this means is that a nutrient solution made with a fertilizer having a value of 5-0-0, applied at fifteen mL per liter, should have the same nitrogen content as one with a value of 15-0-0, applied

The same can be calculated for electricity and lighting costs. An examination of your electric bill should tell you at what rate you are charged, and that can be used to

Purple Lady, putting on weight kept in growth, and how long the variety requires to flower.

overall average; in that way performance can be tracked quantitatively.

To account for these differences, a time factor can be included into the calculations. Grams per day (GPD) allows for plants of different growing periods to be compared. Take the planting date and subtract the harvest date to find the number of days between. If plants were started

In an outdoor garden, day efficiency concerns have more to do with working around the seasons: having plants with enough growth before flowering starts, getting a fast-flowering strain to harvest before the weather turns foul, etc. Indoors, however, lighting generally causes a high-

CALCULATING GRAMS PER DAY (GPD) ALLOWS FOR PLANTS OF DIFFERENT GROWING PERIODS TO BE COMPARED. 5/23/12, and harvested 9/29/12 the season would be 130 days (nine days left in May, 30 in June, 31 in July, 31 in August, plus 29 days into September).

If the Purple Lady example were used, then its average weight of 57 grams per plant could be divided by the 130 days it took to grow them, to show a GPD of 0.438 g (57 grams/130 days = 0.438 GPD).

In the Super Critical Haze example, if it hadn’t ripened until sixteen days later, on October 5th, then the 85 grams would have taken 146 days. That would give a GPD of 0.582 (85 grams/146 days = 0.582 GPD).

A common practice in indoor gardening is to introduce plants into the flower room at the rate of a few per week or two, so that

er operating expense, thus each day of electricity is a cost. Indoors, GPD is a valuable tool in comparing the efficiency of the grow (although art is still required to judge the quality of the flavor and effects).

Production isn’t the only factor to consider – preference and quality should also be taken into account. If the flavor of a poor producer is preferred, then more plants may be needed to meet harvest goals.

Individual plants with high production rates are often particularly good candidates for breeding. Although production should not be the only factor in selecting parent plants, as long as there is not a reduction in quality, quantity is often considered a desirable trait. Once the base rate of production is calculated, it can be used in conjunction with other pieces

Purple Lady, mid-flowering

at five mL per liter. It is the final amount of nitrogen in the nutrient solution that counts, not how concentrated the original nutrient was.

If nutrient A comes in a liter (1,000 mL) bottle, and is applied at a rate of five mL per liter, then there are 200 one-liter treatments in the bottle. If the bottle costs $20, then each treated liter costs ten cents. If nutrient B comes in a four-liter (4,000 mL) jug, and is applied at thirty mL per liter, then there are 133 treatments in a bottle.

If the jug costs $40, then each treatment costs thirty cents. A difference of twenty cents per liter may not sound like much,

calculate how much it costs per day to run the lights. Each additional 1000-watt light adds one kilowatt-hour (kWh) in electrical expense, plus the cost of the equipment and bulb replacements. If a change in gardening techniques improves something, keep the change. If it doesn’t, consider discarding it and returning to previous methods. To be cost-effective, improvements to the garden should result in document-able improvements in production or quality.

Media choices can be another concern.

Single-use media are good for hygiene, but are a larger recurring expense than

20 reusing media. To find out how much, take the total expense for the garden during the grow, divide by the number of days in the grow, and compare to the GDP. Obviously the expense rate should be less than the value of the harvest,

SERIOUS GARDENING / LEGISLATION can be compared to cost, and future plans fine-tuned accordingly.

or have a friend do it. Mark each container with an arbitrary number or letter.

Although the finer points of rating a plant are largely artistic and subjective, responses don’t have to be. To set up a simple

While smoking each sample, keep track of reactions from the weed in each container.

Questions should include “Which do you like the best: A, B, C or ‘cannot decide’?” and “Describe the flavor of each”. Record and tally the results from all participating testers. After the tests have been completed, the envelopes can be opened and

‘top shelf’ tends to influence the reactions of the people who smoke it. Relabeling the smoke into something boring helps minimize the influence. If possible, the person handing out the weed shouldn’t know either, as their behavior can have an influence as well, which is why identical envelopes and containers are important.

The benefits of home growing include peace of mind, and knowledge of the

Long ‘daylight’ hours keep indoor plants in the veg phase

or serious changes are in order. While only the most avid of gardening geeks may calculate every plant in the garden,

double-blind test, first find opaque, identical containers for each variety to be tested. Write the name of the variety on

INDIVIDUAL PLANTS WITH HIGH PRODUCTION RATES ARE OFTEN PARTICULARLY GOOD CANDIDATES FOR BREEDING. this type of information can be valuable when comparing successes, and determining the value of a change in the garden. By comparing production rates before and after a change, improvement

a piece of paper, and seal in an unmarked envelope. Put the sealed envelope into the container, with the matching (manicured) weed. Either mix up the containers until you no longer know which is which,

Track your garden’s performance by calculating GPD

associated with their corresponding letter, revealing the true identity of each sample.

Why go to the trouble of a blind or double-blind test? Because humans are very suggestible, and some variety names sound better than others. Weed labeled

conditions under which the crops were cultivated, but that doesn’t mean that they can’t also be grown with a nod to efficiency and expense concerns.

Peace, love and puka shells, Grubbycup

Dutch General Elections, 2012 On September 12th, 2012, the Netherlands electorate voted overwhelmingly for the two main parties, the VVD and the PvdA, effectively dis-empowering the anti-Europe fringe parties, including Geert Wilders’s Party for Freedom (PVV). The two parties combined have a majority in the lower house, but must invite other parties to the coalition to achieve a majority in the Senate; neither party wishes to be Kali Mist allied with the deeply controversial PVV. The majority gained by the country’s largest party, the VVD (People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy), gives new uncertainty to the campaign to curtail the infamous Wietpas (‘Weed Pass’) law before it comes into full effect in January, 2013. The VVD specifically advocated for the Weed Pass in its election manifesto, and was behind its introduction in the first place. However, there is some hope that the anti-Wietpas PvdA may ally itself with smaller coalition members in an effort to halt the legislation, possibly by ‘trading’

Public support for the pass is low (© Ivesone)

with other disputed policies.

The Association of Dutch Municipalities (VNG) announced its opposition to the Wietpas the day after the election; two days later, the city of Rotterdam also expressed deep concerns, citing a fourfold increase in drug-related crime in Maastricht and other southern cities in which the Pass is already enforced.

It remains to be seen whether these objections can achieve the desired result of suspending the unpopular legislation.

Mark Rutte, leader of the VVD (© Jos van Zetten)

Image: Dinafem

Blue Fruit by Dinafem

22

ORGANIC CULTIVATION The Benefits of Silicon

The Marvels of Silicon What does the word ‘silicon’ make you think of? Computer chips or, more likely, porn star tits? How about a beneficial supplement for your plants – one that will make them bigger, stronger, more resilient to pests and disease and capable of yielding more bud? There is more to this element than you may have thought.

What is Silicon?

the other elements present, and this would be very likely to lead to a nutrient deficiency.

Silicon extracts itself from these sheet silicates in the form of monosilicic acid; this is how it is made available to plants. Soil water – runoff from nat- Silicon: Don’t leave your plants without it urally occurring soils – can contain around 400 ppm of silicic acid, which enteen key elements that are required is absorbed by plants. Studies of tissue for healthy growth and bloom. taken from plants grown in naturally occurring soil show a silicon content of However, when plants are grown withup to ten percent of their dry weight. In out silicon, they run the risk of being some cases, silicon can be found at the structurally weaker than plants grown

WHEN PLANTS ARE GROWN WITHOUT SILICON, THEY RUN THE RISK OF BEING STRUCTURALLY WEAKER THAN PLANTS GROWN WITH IT.

It is widely regarded and agreed that plants require seventeen key elements to successfully develop. These are comprised of macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur; and micronutrients: iron, manganese, boron, copper, molybdenum, zinc, chlorine and nickel. The obvious elements are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

* Improved Plant Cell Development: Once your plant uptakes silicon, it is permanently deposited into the

SILICON EFFECTIVELY ‘BUILDS’ THE PLANT, ACTING AS THE CEMENT BETWEEN THE BRICKS IN THE CELL WALLS OR BETWEEN THE ACTUAL CELLS THEMSELVES.

Here is the science bit, so pay attention: silicon is the second most-common element in the Earth’s crust – only oxygen is found in a greater abundance. silicon takes the form of sand (silicate dioxide) and more commonly as sheet silicates.

These are compounds containing silicon, oxygen and an additional metal or mineral, and there are literally hundreds of different variations of them forming over ninety percent of the Earth’s crust.

same percentage as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Certain grasses can even contain silicon at a higher percentage than any other mineral.

Hydroponic feeds do not contain silicon in any viable quantity, if at all.

The reason for this is that for silicon to stay soluble, it requires a high pH – greater than seven. Therefore, it cannot be included in a normal, hydroponic two-part feed as it would react with

The addition of silicon to your feeding schedule can have an incredible effect on the growth, yield and overall health of your beloved ladies! But, how does it actually benefit your plants? Let’s break this process down into bite-sized chunks:

with it. They may be more open to attack from fungal pathogens and pests, and can also be more vulnerable to any toxic metals that build up in the root zone.

If you have ever grown hydroponically and thought that your plants seemed a little weaker or more susceptible than previous crops grown in soil, it may be due to a lack of silicon.

For silicon to be used as a viable additive for your plants, it needs to be kept separate from the basic feed. You could even think of it as your ‘third’ part, to go alongside your usual twopart feed.

How Does a Plant Use Silicon?

Plants can only absorb silicon in the form of monosilicic acids; these occur naturally as mineral silicon (silicate sheets) are broken down and dissolved into water. In hydroponic applications, the most common form of silicon additive is potassium silicate.

Once absorbed, silicon is transported to where it is required by the plant’s transpiration system. It is deposited as either hydrated silicon dioxide (which effectively stores water molecules within the plant) between the plant cells, or as silica (a gel-like substance) within the walls of the individual plant cells.

Silicon effectively ‘builds’ the plant, acting as the cement between the bricks in the cell walls or between the actual cells themselves. It increases the structural integrity of the plant, making stems and branches thicker and stronger, and leaves greener and tougher.

cell walls within twenty-four hours.

These deposits form a silica-cellulose framework that is stronger and can be created more quickly than it could have been without the inclusion of silicon. Overall, the plant can develop faster and grow more rapidly when it uptakes silicon. Put simply, plant cell walls are like brick walls in a house. When silicon is taken in by the plant, it is used like cement in a brick wall. So, the walls are built faster and stronger.

Once the ‘cement’ is in place, it cannot be transported elsewhere within the plant, so it is important to continue to add silicon throughout the entire growth cycle. This will ensure that all new growth in the plant benefits from the effects. * Balancing Uptake of Elements: The presence of silicon in a nutrient solution can positively affect the uptake and absorption of several macroand micronutrients. Silicon increases zinc uptake, an essential element in growth and photosynthesis.

In soil, silicon increases the availability of nitrogen to the plant, as its application will reduce the loss of nitrogen to ammonia – a naturally-occurring process in dirt. Nitrogen is key in the vegetative stage of plant development as it promotes healthy new foliage growth.

However, with silicon being found in such abundance in plant tissues, there is now an argument that it should be considered as a relevant macronutrient.

Growing Without Silicon First of all, let’s avoid confusion and get one thing straight: it is widely accepted amongst the wider growing community (by that, I mean our community and that of commercial horticulture) that silicon is not deemed an essential element for healthy plant development.

As stated earlier, it is not one of the sev-

Some of the silicon products internationally available

23 well-known and widely available silicon additive in the UK. Commonly used as ‘pH up’ with added benefits. t #VEMJOL "O "VTUSBMJBO TPMVCMF TJMJDB additive that can be added to hydroponic nutrient solutions. t 3IJOP 4LJO " QPUBTTJVN TJMJDBUF BEEJtive from the Canadian company, Advanced Nutrients. Soluble enough to be used in a hydroponic nutrient application. t 1MBOU .BHJD #JP 4JMJDPO " PSHBOic silicon additive from a UK-based company, suitable for organic growers. Too thick to add to a hydroponic nutrient solution; however, can be used as a foliar if you are growing hydroponically. t %JB)ZESP /PU BO BEEJUJWF CVU BO actual growing medium. Made from fossilized shells of algae (diatoms) it consists of up to ninety-four percent silica, which is released throughout the full growth cycle. No need to add a silicon supplement with this medium.

White Rhino on day 49, grown with Plant Magic Bio-Silicon Silicon also balances the uptake of phosphorus, reducing the risk of toxic levels being taken in by the plant. This is a particularly helpful characteristic to all you home growers who like to use

* Maintain Cell Integrity and Plant Strength: This is one of the more obvious effects of adding silicon. Your plants will be visibly stronger, with wider, thicker stems and branches.

THE PRESENCE OF SILICON IN A NUTRIENT SOLUTION CAN POSITIVELY AFFECT THE UPTAKE AND ABSORPTION OF SEVERAL MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS. a concentrated bloom stimulator – or root stimulator, for that matter – with a high P-K value. * Protection Against Metal Toxicity: Silicon is known to compete for uptake against certain metal elements that are made available to the plant. These metals include aluminum, manganese and iron, all essential for plant growth, but an excess of availability of any of the three elements can be problematic for your plants.

If there is a silicon deficiency around the roots, then plants can uptake these metal elements to toxic levels. This can lead to problems that are not only detrimental to yield, but are also quite difficult to diagnose. So, you could go all the way through your grow without rectifying the problem, and be seriously depleted on yield at harvest time.

By increasing the dose of silicon available to your plants, there will be a corresponding increase in the deposits of silica in the cell walls and silicon will compete against the metals available in the nutrient solution, preventing toxic build-ups. Therefore, adding silicon to your feeding schedule protects against metal toxicity.

The wider the stem, the more uptake and transpiration of water and nutritional elements is possible. In theory, the plants will grow bigger and at a faster pace.

Also, from a practical point of view, the thicker branches will be able to hold more weight without the need of additional supports. How many times have you gotten to the fourth or fifth week of flowering and realized that you haven’t put enough support in place to keep your buds stable?

This will be less of a problem when using silicon. * Protection Against Pests and Disease: This is a really fantastic benefit – particularly for home growers who prefer not to spray their plants with pesticides or fungicides. The protection that silicon offers against fungal pathogens is two-fold: 1. The silicon that has been deposited in the cell walls effectively toughens the outer ‘skin’ of the plant. This makes it far more difficult for pathogens to penetrate the plant in the first place. The toughened outer skin also reduces the risk of infestation from sucking insects.

2. If a plant is attacked by a patho-

gen (for example, powdery mildew or pythium) the plant will transport and deposit any silicon that it uptakes to the area of attack. This then stimulates the production of anti-fungal compounds that halt the infection process. * Overall Increase in Weight and Bulk: Plants grown with silicon will have leaves that are darker green, increasing their potential for photosynthesis and better growth. This, together with wider, stronger branches and stems and resilience to disease and pests will ultimately lead to bigger yields.

How to Apply Silicon to Your Plants Like most feeds and supplements, silicon can be administered to your plants in two ways. You can mix it with your

Now that you’re aware of the powers of silicon, don’t ignore its value.

Regardless of your growing technique, you will benefit from using a silicon compound as an additive. As a soil grower, you may be introducing silicon to your plants in the form of silicates found within your soil mix anyway, but by feeding an additional silicon compound either directly into the soil as a drench, or as a foliar spray, you will give your plants extra protection against fungal infection and pest attacks – not to mention thicker, stronger stems and branches.

Hydroponic growers, using a straight A+B feed, plus root and bloom stimulators, are unlikely to be feeding their plants any silicon whatsoever, as regular hydroponic feeds do not contain it.

This lowers protection against fungal and pest problems, as well as your plants being potentially weaker and less stable than a plant that has been provided with silicon. If you have concerns about adding a soluble silicon compound to your nutrient solution (blocking drippers and delivery sys-

PLANTS GROWN WITH SILICON WILL HAVE LEAVES THAT ARE DARKER GREEN, INCREASING THEIR POTENTIAL FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BETTER GROWTH. regular nutrient feed and administer to the roots. This is relevant to the soluble silicate additives. Or, spray onto your plant as a foliar feed.

Worldwide, there are a number of silicon supplements and additives available. Most good and knowledgeable grow shops should be able to point you in the right direction if you are after a silicon product. Keep an eye out for the following products, as they may be available in your area. t - JRVJE 4JMJDPO .BEF CZ (SPXUI Technology and probably the most

tems, and increasing the pH of your solution) simply feed it as a foliar spray.

Remember, silicon is the cement that that sits between the bricks in the cell walls of your plants. Once it has been deposited it will not move around inside the plant, so it’s important to continuously feed silicon throughout the entire life cycle. This will ensure that all new growth in your plants benefits from the effects.

Happy Growing!

24

MIND, BODY, SPIRIT / STRAIN REPORT

Munchie Hunting: Trying New Things It happens to many vipers: they roll a nice, fat joint, inhale deeply... and a while later the idea of food sounds incredibly good. This phenomenon is known as ‘the munchies’, and is an oft-cited benefit of Cannabis for those with diminished appetite problems. Exotic foods in particular can be very sensual, exciting – and occasionally, very funny. As with all food, moderation is the key, so spread out indulgences responsibly. Much of the enjoyment of food comes from the first and last bites; most of the Grubbycup calories come from the bites in between.

While there are plenty of American foods that can meet the salty, sweet, crunchy and chewy needs of a mellow hungry human, there are also delights from foreign lands that can be discovered with a little effort and daring. Some exotic munchie hunts may require a degree of bravery. For example, one of my favorite munchie hunting grounds is a fantastic nearby Asian market.

When I visit, it is as if I am in a foreign land, where I am not only illiterate but unable to speak the simplest of phrases. Gentle reader, if you haven’t tried it, I highly recommend a well-mellowed visit to the largest local ethnic market in the area.

Roadrunner II Dinafem Environment: Grow Light: Flower Light: Method: Nutrient: Days in Growth: Days in Flower: Harvest Weight: Grams Per Day: Structure: Bud: Scent: Rating:

by Grubbycup

Indoor room 1,000-watt MH 1,000-watt MH Passive hydro FoxFarm 35 36 36 g wet, 12 g dry 0.169 Single cola Tight Mild, spicy, peppery 7 / 10

Every country has its own peasant-junk food, so why not expand your palette as you expand your mind? My local Asian market has an entire aisle dedicated to ramen of various flavors – some delightful, some horrific – and little or no English printing to guide the uninitiated shopper.

Racks hold bags of inviting sweet and salty treats, the likes of which have never graced the shelves of the average American supermarket chains. Discover chocolates and sweets of unusual forms and flavors, plus new meats and vegetables to try and explore (albeit occasionally necessitating Internet research to learn how to prepare).

One tasty favorite of mine was found during such a trip: there is a wonderful grape juice with grape chunks in it that I have a weakness for, only sold in Asian markets, and of which I buy a case when I find it. There is a Russian market near my house that makes an exquisite halva, and delightful hunter’s sausage. At a nearby shop, wonderful Polish walnut cookies can be had for those who know to ask for them.

I know what you are thinking, and yes, I’ve encountered my fair share of flavors that did not agree with me. You have to take the bad with the good; however, embracing the best from other cultures was an

American tradition long before ‘billions and billions’ of the same burger was served.

With all the standardized fare that makes up so much of the average American diet, it is nice to occasionally break out of current habits and try something new. For those brave enough for a little adventure, go out of your comfort zone by trying some new way to sate your hunger. Stop off at an interesting-looking ethnic market, and hold a munchie hunt of your own.

Peace, love and puka shells, Grubbycup

can be helpful when growing outdoors out of season or if using indoor lighting without a timer, and is also a way to grow some smoke in your vegging room.

However, be careful you do not waste any time during growth, as if they have not grown to a fair size during veg, flowering will be disappointing. It isn‘t difficult, but you can‘t let them go an extra week or two before flowering if they are a bit small, as you can with non-auto (or normal-flowering) plants, so there is less margin for error in a slow start.

Roadrunner II is an improved version of the well-known Roadrunner line.

Dinafem sells its seeds neatly packed in Eppendorf vials. The seeds I received were all plump and healthy-looking, and sprouted quickly in starter plugs. Since I did not want to delay growth by transplant shock, I planted the plugs directly into their final containers.

Roadrunner II has the auto-flowering trait, which causes the plants to flower even when not exposed to a long dark period. Thus, there is no need to alter the lighting from the growth part of the cycle in order to trigger flowering. This Roadrunner II on day 70

Roadrunner II on day 76 Regardless, for a fast path to some very smoke-able weed with a minimum of fuss, this strain is worth taking a look at trying. The good news is that Roadrunner II is an easy cultivar to grow, so I didn‘t have any trouble getting them up to size before they started to flower.

The plants were grown in perlite, and fed the ‚FoxFarm‘ line of nutrients. Pots were placed in trays and watered by hand.

Roadrunner II grows thick stems, with consistent form, and a natural tendency for a single large cola. The first flower appeared at 35 days; the buds were firm and tight, with a nice regular structure.

Both growth and flowering were done under a 1000-watt metal halide bulb.

Finished height was 40.2 inches (102 cm). Dinafem advertises 65 to 75 days from seed to harvest – my sample took 71 days. It is the fastest auto-flowering cultivar I‘ve grown so far, well-suited for an impatient grower.

The flavor was mild and pleasant, without the unpleasant taste some of the older cultivars with the auto-flowering trait have. Smoking it results in a mellow high, with a nice balance between ‚up‘ and ‚couch-lock‘.

Dinafem‘s seeds are feminized, so there is no worrying about having to sex the plants. Overall, Roadrunner II is a nice experience and a worthwhile grow.

25

CULTIVATION 101

Cloning for Beginners Ever wished that your new crop behaved in the same way as your last? Or wondered if there was a way to predict how they will react and develop within your specific growing environment? There is a way: cloning.

Unlike humans, plants have the ability to grow missing parts, because every cell within the plant contains the genetic information required to re-grow any part of the plant. Given the right conditions, stems can grow new roots, leaves can

A healthy, rooted clone grow stems and roots, and roots can grow stems and leaves – incredible!

You will have experienced plants regrowing missing parts whenever you

seeds you buy yield plants that are close to the description on the packet. Ultimately, though, each seed has the potential to be slightly different to another.

Asexual reproduction involves making an exact copy of the main host. Plants produced asexually will contain exactly the same characteristics as the mother plant, because they are a genetic copy of that plant. A well-known example of asexual reproduction occurring in nature is strawberries. Strawberry plants can reproduce by sending out ‘runners’: a long, vine-like branch that produces nodes and eventually roots itself near to the mother plant.

Lots of plants that don’t send out runners (including our favorite plant!) can also reproduce asexually. This is done by cloning.

So, what exactly does cloning involve? Put simply, it involves taking cuttings from the mother plant which, when rooted and grown, will replicate the same genetic characteristics as the mother. If you have a plant that is displaying favorable characteristics like strong horizontal growth, resistance to disease – or you simply want to grow another crop of that plant again because it is reacting favorably to your

IF YOUR CROP IS MADE UP ENTIRELY OF CLONES FROM ONE PLANT, THEN THEY SHOULD GROW IDENTICALLY AND BE READY TO HARVEST AT THE SAME TIME. have pruned or topped your own plants.

Pruning creates stress for the plant that triggers a hormonal response, leading to a flurry of new growth.

Cloning is commonly done by taking cuttings. A small portion of stem and leaf is cut from the mother plant; then, the cut stem is dipped in a rooting hormone – usually a powder or gel – and grown on.

growing environment – then take some cuttings, and clone it.

The Benefits of Cloning t 1SFEJDUBCJMJUZ *G ZPV IBWF IBE TVDDFTT with a particular plant and take cuttings from that plant, you know that the clones will

How Plants Reproduce Plants can reproduce in two ways: sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction involves growing plants from seed. The seed will contain genetics from two or more plants. Just like in humans, the dominant genes will win out and the new plant will contain characteristics from the ‘parent plants’. In humans this dictates eye color, facial features and height. In plants it dictates resistance to disease, yield capability and growth rates.

Cannabis seed banks work long and hard to ensure that positive characteristics – such as strong growth, THC content and uniformity – are dominant amongst the seeds that they sell. This ensures that the An aeroponic cloning machine

react to your growing environment and input in the same way as the original plant. You will be more likely to replicate your previous success. t 6OJGPSNJUZ *G ZPVS DSPQ JT NBEF VQ entirely of clones from one plant, then they should grow identically and be ready to harvest at the same time. There is no need to move them around under lights because they are all at different heights, or postpone your harvest date as you wait for a few plants to mature. t 4IPSUFS HSPXUI DZDMFT 0ODF B DMPOF JT rooted out, it is ready to transplant and go into the vegging room. Propagation time is far shorter than when growing

him- or herself as it is for the commercial grower with 50 lights.

First, select the plant you want to clone.

The plant needs to be in good health and free from pest infestation or disease. If you pick an unhealthy plant to clone from, you’re screwed from the start! Remember that clones taken from a diseased plant will be carrying the same disease as the mother.

Once you have selected your plant, look for areas of new growth. New growth is the best for cloning as it tends to be softer and less ‘woody’, and so should root quick-

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN TAKING CUTTINGS IS HYGIENE; A NEW CUTTING IS VULNERABLE TO PATHOGENS. from seed; you can save yourself up to two weeks. In fact, some growers using hydroponic techniques such as aeroponics or NFT will take large numbers of clones, root them, place them into the hydro system and give them a couple of days to adjust, then switch straight to flower for a ‘Sea of Green’ (SOG). t .BJOUBJO B TUSBJO *G ZPV SFBMMZ MPWF B DFStain strain and don’t want to risk losing it, keep a mother plant from which to take cuttings. Some original strains are clone-only and (if you want the original) therefore must be raised from clones.

How to Clone with Cuttings Cloning is far simpler than you might think, and it is as relevant to the smallscale gardener cultivating four plants for

er – although any healthy stem with a couple of leaf sets will work. Also, ensure that the mother plant is well hydrated, as plants that are dry will not yield a healthy cutting.

Another important factor is the stage of growth. When you take a cutting, that cutting is at the exact same stage of the plant life cycle as the mother plant it was taken from. If you take a cutting from a flowering plant, then that cutting is in the flowering stage and will continue to flower! It’s possible to switch the plant back to the vegetative stage by growing it under 18 hours of light (or preferably more); however this can stress the plant and lead to growth issues. It is much better to take cuttings from plants in the vegetative stage before they are switched to flowering or, even better, keep a mother plant in a perpetual state of vegetation and use this as your source of clones.

Don’t take cuttings from, or attempt to clone, an auto-flowering plant; it will be flowering as it roots out, which causes developmental issues and – more importantly – it can yield very little.

One of the most important factors in taking cuttings is hygiene. A new cutting is vulnerable to pathogens entering through the open tissue at the base of the stem. Using dirty tools or working in a dirty environment is a surefire way of introducing fungal or bacterial pathogens to your clones. Make sure that you spend an extra few minutes cleaning your cutting tools and cutting area and you will be rewarded with healthy cuttings that root quickly.

If you are using a growing medium such as soil, cocos or rockwool to raise clones,

26 then it is very important to maintain the correct levels of moisture in the medium and humidity in the air. Use some form of propagator, even if it’s just small plastic bags placed over each

hours) of light; this means they’ll need to be kept out of the flowering room. Grow tents are a great option as several plants can be kept in a light-tight environment close to, or even within, your main room.

DON’T TAKE CUTTINGS FROM, OR ATTEMPT TO CLONE, AN AUTO-FLOWERING PLANT; IT WILL BE FLOWERING AS IT ROOTS OUT, WHICH CAUSES DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES. plant. A heated propagator with a lid is best, as the warmth stimulates root growth and the lid maintains humidity and prevents the medium from drying out. Use the vents in the lid to ensure that the environment isn’t too moist as this can cause rot or ‘damping off’. It is a balancing act, but give it a few tries and you’ll master it!

t $IPPTF UIF DPSSFDU MJHIUJOH 1MBOU MJHIUing that is at the blue end of the spectrum encourages vegetative growth, so if using an HID lighting system choose a metal halide bulb. If you’re only keeping one or two mother plants, a blue CFL lamp or large T5 propagation lamp will be more than adequate and will cut down on heat. t $IPPTF UIF DPSSFDU HSPXJOH NFEJB You can keep a mother for a long time if you wish, but long term plants will need a healthy root zone. If you want to hand-water, choose a light and aerated medium that won’t compact over time – such as cocos or a light potting soil. If you wish to use a hydroponic system, go for one that allows you to use inert clay pebbles – a drip feed system or ‘ebb and flow’. This will ensure that there is plenty of oxygen around the roots. t $IPPTF UIF DPSSFDU GFFE " OJUSPHFO rich grow formulation will be required as your base nutrient. Make sure you use an enzyme product periodically to break down old roots and keep the root zone clean.

Cloning Top Tips t *G VTJOH B NPUIFS QMBOU HJWF JU B HPPE spray with a nitrogen-based foliar feed, one or two weeks before you are due to take your cuttings. This will ensure that there is plenty of healthy, new growth from which to select your clones. t ,FFQ ZPVS DMPOJOH BSFB TFQBSBUF GSPN your main growing area. This will prevent any airborne pathogens present in the main room from entering your new clones. Remember that healthy, mature plants may not show any sign of disease, but pathogens may still be present. t 1SFQ ZPVS BSFB ZPV MM OFFE B TIBSQ TDBMpel or razor blade, a container of water at pH 5.5 - 6, rooting hormone, a clean mat and your propagation medium or cloning machine.

of the cuttings’ energy to go into root growth. So, if the leaves on the cutting are quite large, cut off the tip, about halfway down the leaf. Less leaf area requires less energy to maintain it. t 6TF B TDBMQFM PS SB[PS CMBEF UP DVU UIF base of the stem diagonally, ensuring the blade is very sharp – this will avoid crushing the stem. t %JQ UIF TUFN JO SPPUJOH IPSNPOF "MXBZT pour an amount of powder or gel into a small container (or lid) to dip the cuttings. Don’t dip into the main container or you may contaminate your entire supply of hormone. Throw any excess gel or powder away, do not pour it back into the main container. t (FOUMZ TMJEF ZPVS DVUUJOH JOUP JUT QSPQBgation medium and place it into a propagator. Roots will develop with three to

REMEMBER THAT HEALTHY, MATURE PLANTS MAY NOT SHOW ANY SIGN OF DISEASE, BUT PATHOGENS MAY STILL BE PRESENT. t 5BLF ZPVS DVUUJOHT TFMFDU B w PS w TUFN complete with a few leaves; cut just below where the leaves join the stem (this ‘internode’ is where your clone will produce roots) and place the cutting into the container of water. Repeat until you have all your cuttings. t 4MJDF PGG UIF MPXFS MFBWFT XIFSF UIFZ join the stem and just leave a few leaves at the top of the cutting. Remember that the leaves require energy to maintain them, and you want the majority

seven days. If using a cloning machine, slip the cutting into the neoprene collar and turn on the pump. Do not add nutrients to the reservoir until you see the first signs of root development, usually after three to five days.

So, there you have it – cloning is an easy way to ensure your crop is healthy, develops at the same pace and is ready to harvest at the same time. Plus, it’s good fun!

Happy cloning!

Rooting hormones speed up the cloning process

Hydroponic cloning machines maintain the moisture balance for you and take out some of the guesswork. They involve placing the cuttings into neoprene collars and then into small baskets, which are suspended above a nutrient tank. The stems are misted with the nutrient solution and root out faster than in traditional propagation methods. You can save yourself three to five days using a cloning machine. They can range in size from spaces for a few clones to over 100, and the better ones on the market come with a lid.

How to Keep a Mother Plant Maintaining a mother plant is fairly inexpensive and straightforward. A well-tended mother can be kept for a couple of years if treated correctly. t ,FFQ B TFQBSBUF NPUIFS SPPN .PUIFS plants need to be kept in the vegetative stage of growth on 18 hours (or even 20

Leaf tips should be removed from clones as they take energy away from rooting

27

SMUGGLER’S TALES

Blow to Go A while back, I was working in India during monsoon season. A volunteer was needed to fly to Europe to pick up equipment; I jumped at the chance. My destination was London, but using an existing ticket I flew first to Amsterdam. As it was a lot of equipment, I called a friend and arranged for him to meet me with a rental car.

I arrived at six A.M. on Air India, all curried out and severely jet-lagged – certainly not in any mood to drive. I asked my friend if he would like to be my chauffeur, and he agreed.

A couple of hours later we were heading south to the cross-channel ferries. It was a nice sunny morning and I was sitting in the passenger seat surrounded by newspapers, watching the Dutch countryside pass by. In need of a little relaxation, I pulled a small ball of Afghani hash I’d picked up in India out of my pocket, and fired up a pipe. My chauffeur asked me in horror, “You’re not carrying dope, are you?”

I replied, “Don’t worry, it’s only a couple of grams.” Actually, it was ten.

We shared the pipe, and by the time we reached the French border we were pretty ripped. I dozed for a while and woke up close

O’Riodon

than a desert canyon, I swallowed. It took a huge effort, but fear played a large part.

One of the pleasant things about a long journey is arriving and smoking nice, relaxing joint. Often, this means taking a little something with you, but if you’re cool it’s usually not a problem. Then again, when it does go wrong the consequences can be disastrous.

Unfortunately, one of the customs agents saw me do it and lunged in my direction.

Grabbing me by the throat, he forced my mouth open, but the ball was already heading south. Then all hell broke loose. The routine search turned into a vendetta, and when they discovered I’d arrived that morning from India, they started having orgasms. Panels started coming off of the car, and we were stripped to our underwear. I was getting some seriously dirty looks from my friend.

“What did you swallow?” they kept asking.

“Nothing,” was my reply.

“Well, we’re not letting you go until you tell us.”

With the ball safely in my stomach, I called their bluff. “Okay,” I said. “Then I want the Consul and a lawyer.” Having found nothing, they had no choice but to let us go. Back in line for the ferry, I was desperately trying to make myself vomit. It had to come out – otherwise I’d soon be in orbit. Exhausted and sweating I wound the window down and flopped back in the seat, arm hanging out the window. At that moment the

Welcome to France

MY CHAUFFEUR ASKED ME IN HORROR, “YOU’RE NOT CARRYING DOPE, ARE YOU?” to the ferry terminal. I handed my friend the passports and he arranged the tickets, then it was off to the loading dock. I settled in my seat, sipping a coffee and reading the newspaper. Suddenly the car stopped.

I looked up: in front of us was a row of French customs agents. A large, fat one gestured for us to get out the car. A little jet-lagged and still stoned, I really didn’t sense any potential danger and was only annoyed at the delay. I rolled out of the car amid a tsunami of newspapers and chocolate bars and stood up.

At that moment a young trainee appeared with a Doberman on a leash. Moving forward, the dog leaped into the car; my immediate reaction was to whack the dog with a rolled-up newspaper. “Hey, get it out, it’s got dirty feet!” The dog snarled at me and a uniformed arm reached out and pulled me back. Then the penny dropped. “Shit,” I thought, “this is a drug dog – I wonder how good it is?” I apologized and stepped back. I now had the ball of Afghani in my hand and was searching for a place to get rid of it.

My friend opened the hatchback of the car as instructed; the dog, meanwhile, had reached the back seat. It paused in its search and fixed its eyes upon me, the long, sleek head pointing in my direction, nose twitching. I worried, “Oh shit, is the hash that good?” and made yawning gesture, at the same time bringing my hand up to my mouth. In a not-so-subtle move, I popped the ball in. With a throat drier

dog handler came along the row of cars with his Doberman. Reaching our car, the dog smelled the Afghani residue on my hand and jumped straight through the window onto my lap! Having already searched us and found nothing, the red-faced handler had no choice but to pull the excited Doberman out of our car and walk away – in front of everyone. He was livid.

Nice doggy... uh-oh

Swallow this!

When we were loaded on the boat I headed straight for the restaurant. I had to vomit, so I ordered the greasiest meal they had, covered it in ketchup, mustard, vinegar, mayonnaise and ice cream and ate it really fast with a spoon, then washed it down with a quart of cola. The effect was almost immediate and explosive; I only just made to the restroom.

As I vomited in the sink I searched the puke, looking for the ball. Between violent fits of retching, I fished out lumps and held them up for inspection. The other passengers in the restroom must have thought me insane.

Alas, I only found half of the ball, so by the time we landed in Dover the other half was starting to kick in. When we reached the hotel I could barely speak.

The next two days were a blur highlighted by lots of laughter, but somehow we got the equipment. We thought it better to return through Belgium, because the French didn’t have a sense of humor. It would be years before I traveled through a French ferry port again.

What I saw for the next two days

28

SERIOUS GARDENING

How to Care for Seedlings Growing from seed is great: there are a vast range of seed banks to buy from and, unlike growing from clones, you get to choose the exact variety you want to grow – rather than relying upon whatever cuttings are going around at the time. Learning about germination over the winter will help to prepare you for springtime sowing.

The first ten days after germination can be the most crucial of your plant’s life.

Just like a newborn baby, your girls are vulnerable to the elements and are totally dependent on you to give them the best start. Lots of growers (both new and experienced) lose plants at this stage, get disheartened and move away

the fact that not all of your seeds will germinate at the same time. For example, keeping the vents on a propagator closed while you wait for all your seeds to show can lead to the germinated seedlings rotting or ‘damping off’.

To avoid these problems, you may

SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BRINGING UP SEEDLINGS CAN STEM FROM THE FACT THAT NOT ALL OF YOUR SEEDS WILL GERMINATE AT THE SAME TIME. from using seeds altogether. However, taking care of seedlings does not have to be difficult. Just follow a few simple rules and you will raise healthy seedlings, time after time.

choose to germinate or ‘pop’ your seeds before you plant them in their growing medium. This way you can be sure that you have selected the healthiest seeds, and will not be waiting around for the weaker ones to germinate.

Pre-Germination Tips Some of the problems associated with bringing up seedlings can stem from

Two freshly-’popped’ beans, germinated using the paper tissue method

There are a couple of tried and tested pre-germination methods:

1. Cup of Water: Take a cup of mineral water and leave it for a few hours to bring it up to room temperature. Put your seeds into the water and break the surface tension with a (clean) finger so that the seeds sink. Place the cup in a dark place that stays at a constant temperature, preferably between 66° to 75° F. Within 24 to 48 hours the seeds will have cracked and the tap roots will show. The seeds can be left in the water until the tap root protrudes a few millimeters, and can then be planted out.

2. Paper Tissue Method: Sandwich the seeds between pieces of damp tissue or paper towels and place them in an airtight container, zip-close bag or between two dinner plates, the top, upturned plate acting as a lid. Place in a warm, dark environment – an airing cupboard or on top of a fridge or DVD player – where warm air is constantly vented out. The seeds should germinate within 48 hours and can then be planted.

Ensure that you plant the seeds a few millimeters under the surface of your chosen growing medium with the tap root pointing down. Within a couple of days the seedlings will break through and you won’t be left waiting around for any runts.

Choose the Correct Environment Without a doubt, the absolute best environment for a young seedling is a propagator. Seedlings need consistency in order to grow healthily; that means consistent temperature, humidity and air flow. A propagator provides this consistent environment. Any changes to these environmental factors need to be done as gradually as possible, to prevent shock, and it is easy to do this with a propagator.

In its simplest form, a propagator can be made from any material that allows light to reach the seedling and maintains a constant environment by trapping heat and humidity inside it. A clear plastic bag, set over the top of a pot and attached with an elastic band, forms a cheap-yet-effective propagator!

Your local hydro shop will stock inexpensive plastic propagators that comprise of a seed tray and a clear plastic lid or humidity dome. The lids often have adjustable vents that allow you to control the airflow and humidity levels inside the propagator. When seeds first germinate, you need to maintain humidity of around eighty percent – this is done by keeping the humidity vents

The first set of ‘true’ leaves beginning to show

29 closed, which stops airflow and prevents moisture from escaping.

Once all seedlings are showing, gradually open the vents a little each day. This will increase the airflow and decrease the humidity (a process known as ‘harden-

able for very young plants. The propagation lighting available from your local grow shop, such as T5 propagation strips or CFL ‘eco-lights’, will have an output in the blue-white spectrum; this encourages plants to develop roots and grow outwards rather than upwards,

WHEN A ROOT HAS ABSORBED ALL OF THE AVAILABLE WATER AND MINERALS IN ONE AREA OF GROWING MEDIUM, IT GROWS OUTWARDS TO FIND MORE. ing off’), and gets the seedlings ready to be moved into the main room. It also prevents damping off. After ten days, the lid should be fully removed and your seedlings will be ready for transplanting.

The ideal root zone temperature for seedlings to develop is between 66° and 72° F. Keeping temperatures uniform across all seedlings will ensure that they develop at the same rate and are ready to transplant at the same time. This can be achieved by placing your propagator onto a heat mat or, if you are germinating lots of seedlings, investing in a heated propagator.

Use the Correct Light Once your seeds have germinated and have broken through the surface of the growing medium, they will begin to photosynthesize and must have light for a minimum of eighteen hours per day.

Although it is certainly possible to start Cannabis plants on the windowsill using natural sunlight, this method has its problems – the main one being that the sun is not as consistent as a grow lamp.

A hot, sunny day is difficult to plan for and you could return home to a windowsill full of wilted plants. Seedlings are vulnerable and can wilt within hours if the conditions are wrong. Direct sunlight can fry them!

If natural light levels are poor, the seedlings will stretch for light, leaving you with long, spindly plants that only develop small yields. Remember, if you are growing indoors, you need to maximize the available headroom under your lights. You need to keep plants short and squat until they are ready for flowering; otherwise, you are wasting space on long stems, rather than long buds! Why spend good money on seeds and then risk losing all of your plants on the windowsill? It makes sense to invest in some indoor lighting.

When plants are very small, excessive heat and light can stunt their growth or even kill them. For this reason it is not practical to start them under an HID lamp; you will certainly be wasting money if you do, as you will need to place the lamp a good distance away from the seedlings (so heat and light are not used efficiently and are, therefore, squandered).

Fluorescent lighting is less intense and gives off less heat, so is much more suit-

and will see your plants through the propagation phase and into the early vegetation stage of growth.

These fluorescent lamps are cheaper to purchase and operate than HID lighting and, because they give off much less heat, they can be placed closer to your seedlings – so you waste very little light.

A single, 24-watt T5 strip light will not cost very much from your local grow shop. This would cover ten to fifteen seedlings in a small propagator. Bargain!

Feed at the Right Times Before planting your seed, your growing medium should already be moist, but not completely saturated. Peat or cocos plugs should be soaked in water until they are fully expanded and then allowed to drain overnight. If you are using rockwool cubes to propagate, soak them in a solution of quarter- A healthy little sprout in the dirt strength nutrient that has had its pH adjusted to 5.5, and allow them to drain overnight before using. As discussed, the main objective when propagating your seedlings is to quickly establish a healthy root zone. To do this, it is good to understand the effects of watering the root zone.

Roots grow in response to depletion zones (i.e., outward to search for water and food). When a root has absorbed all of the available water and minerals in one area of growing medium, it grows outward to find more. This is how the plant fills the growing medium with roots. Therefore, it is essential to allow the growing medium to dry out before re-watering. This allows the roots to use up the majority of the food and water present.

When water and food is always available, the roots do not need to search out for them and the root zone will be underdeveloped. Obviously, it is very important not to over-water seedlings; however it is a balancing act, as underwatering will cause the roots to die back – this also limits development.

It is worth remembering that seedlings are tiny, and are unlikely to need any additional food or water for the first three to five days after germination. If in doubt, you can purchase a soil moisture meter to double check.

The first feed can be given to your seed- Invest in a propagator. Your lings once the first real or ‘true’ leaves girls will love you for it! appear: these are the second set that

30 develops after germination. Do not feed stronger than an EC level of 1.2, including background EC. Always stay on the cautious side with your feed, as it is easy

INDEX OF ADS / COLOPHON For best results – and to minimize shock – transplant into the same growing medium that you started in: for example, seeds germinated in soil should be transplanted

WITHOUT A DOUBT, THE ABSOLUTE BEST ENVIRONMENT FOR A YOUNG SEEDLING IS A PROPAGATOR. to give additional food if your plants need it, but very difficult to correct overfeeding with very young plants.

Learn to read your plants. As a general rule, if the lower leaves start to yellow,

to a soil pot, cocos to a cocos pot. This will speed up the time the seedling takes to root after transplanting.

The exception to this rule is rockwool, which provides an inert, sterile starting

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A word from the publisher: To the chagrin of the US Federal Government, almost half of the states have embarked on a process of relative liberalization towards the use of Cannabis, and Cannabis activists are engaged in broadening this progression. Some townships, mayors and police chiefs – on a local level – now actively support a ‘compassion club’ distribution system as a way of separating recreational stoners from the people who legitimately need therapeutic help, simultaneously decreasing the number of unnecessary arrests.

It is also worth mentioning that you can bury a plant up to the first node (or branch) when transplanting. This allows you to shorten the height of individual plants and ensures an even canopy. This technique can be done at every stage of potting-up.

Timing is key for successful transplanting – you want the roots of the seedling to have appeared on the outside of the propagation medium. Transplant too early and you can stunt top growth as you wait for the roots to fill out the medium. Transplant too late and the seedling may become root-bound in its cube, become dehydrated or begin to develop deficiencies. If your seedlings begin to yellow then they are in need of food, and need to be transplanted up and given additional nutrients.

As leaf sets develop, the plant exits the germination phase (© Shutterstock)

they are hungry. If the edges of the leaves are brown or curling, they are over-fed.

Transplant with Care

block that can be transplanted to any medium. Each block is completely uniform to the next, so each seedling will grow consistently and will be ready to transplant at the same time.

If you have started your seeds in a propagation medium such as rockwool cubes, peat or cocos pellets, then within ten days of germination they should be ready to transplant on towards the next stage. Even seeds started in a small

Contrary to popular belief, when transplanting into a new medium, it is a good idea to not water on the day of transplanting. It is likely that the seedlings will have suffered some root damage when they

FOR BEST RESULTS – AND TO MINIMIZE SHOCK – TRANSPLANT INTO THE SAME GROWING MEDIUM THAT YOU STARTED IN. three-inch pot of soil or cocos will probably be ready to move up a pot size within two weeks of germination. The seedlings will still be vulnerable at this stage, so the main goal is to minimize transplant shock.

were transplanted; watering immediately can introduce pathogens into the damaged roots. It is best to wait until the next day and then water with a dose of plant stress reliever, such as SuperThrive. This will also help to prevent damping off.

Once seedlings have been transplanted into their new pots or cubes, they can be put back into the propagator for a couple of days before hardening off and going into the main grow room.

Label Up! Labeling your seeds when you sow them is really a must. When growing more than one strain at a time, one thing that catches out even the most experienced of growers is forgetting which plant is which! No matter how good your memory is, after a couple of joints, that stoned visit to your grow room will inevitably lead to the seedlings getting mixed up.

Different strains may need different levels of feed, so it is well-worth remembering which is which. Use plastic stake labels rather than wooden ones, as they are easy to clean and reusable. In some instances, damp wood can harbor the larvae of certain grow room pests.

Now, get to germinating!

Whether they are finding their way to the local medical distribution point or growing for personal stash, Cannabis users are a menace to no one and are causing no discernible social problem. Some politicians, and even more non-users than ever, are calling for the outright legalization of marijuana. Taxpayers are frustrated with funding the incarceration of first-time, non-violent drug offenders (read: pot smokers) as well as the social toll that high numbers of imprisonment brings to some towns and neighborhoods. Now we must be patient and see how the debate develops during a period of relative peace between both sides.

In the meantime, the publisher hopes Soft Secrets will expose the positive aspects of the normalization of Cannabis use to the public, and is excited to offer a forum to both proand anti-legalization advocates. Soft Secrets forums operate under the assumption that the publisher does not necessarily agree with the views and opinions expressed in articles and advertisements therein. The publisher therefore distances himself explicitly from statements or images that might give the impression that an endorsement is being made for the illicit use or production of Cannabis. Soft Secrets does not advocate breaking any laws, whether local-, state-, Federal or international.

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Soft Secrets USA #6/2012 out: December 14th, 2012