Feasibility of making Concrete with Iron Slag Scrap as Coarse Aggregate

Construction Engineering Volume 4, 2016 www.seipub.org/ce doi: 10.14355/ce.2016.04.001

Feasibility of making Concrete with Iron Slag Scrap as Coarse Aggregate T.S. Thandavamoorthy Civil Engineering Department, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Anna University, Melmaruvathur, India tan_44@yahoo.com

Abstract In this experimental investigation iron slag rendered as scrap was used as coarse aggregate in place of crushed stone in the preparation of concrete. Concrete containing iron slag in various percentages of 25, 50, 75 and 100 was prepared and tested for its compressive and split tensile strength. Such replacement of coarse aggregate can solve to some extent the depletion of natural resources and save the environment from degradation. It was observed that at 75 per cent replacement level the compressive strength after 28 days of curing attained a value of 50.33 N/mm2. This was found to be 2.2 per cent greater than that of normal concrete. The split tensile strength for the corresponding replacement level was found to be 2.26 N/mm2 that was 14.14 per cent higher than the normal concrete. Further, in order to have a basic understanding of the fire resistance of the concrete containing 100 per cent replacement of iron scrap it was subjected to elevated temperature of 800°C for 120 minutes continuously. From this fire resistance test it was observed that no damage was caused to the concrete containing iron scrap.

However, there was a marginal reduction of 7.9 per cent in weight and 15.17 per cent reduction in compressive strength compared to that of concrete before heating. The conclusion derived, therefore, is that iron slag scrap can be used as coarse aggregate in the preparation of concrete in place of natural aggregate. This will no doubt help to stop degradation of the environment.

Keywords Concrete, Coarse Aggregate, Iron Slag Scrap, Testing, Strength, Fire Resistance

Introduction In civil engineering, concrete structures such as raft foundation, retaining wall and massive dam which are almost built by this material are very popular structural type [1]. Such structures usually require large volumes of concrete.

In the volume of concrete the share of aggregate is typically between 70% and 80% which forms the major part of nearly 3 tons of concrete produced each year for every human on the plant, making it the most man‐made product in the world [2]. The aggregates greatly influence different properties of concrete such as workability, dimensional stability, strength and durability [3].

It is the usual practice to use river sand as fine aggregate and crushed granite, gravel and limestone of different sizes and shapes as coarse aggregate in the preparation of concrete. These materials are quarried from natural sources. Excessive use of such materials will result in depletion of natural resources as well as environmental degradation. Hence, it is all the more essential to search for alternatives to these materials [4]. Towards this goal, it is better to consider the use of wastes like iron slag, bottom ash, copper slag, sintered sludge pellets, etc., generated by human activities. Use of such wastes as aggregates will to some extent solve the problem of shortage of aggregates in concrete making at several construction sites, and also minimize the problems associated with aggregate mining and waste disposal. Even though some progress has been made in this direction, still, deeper research is required to evaluate the waste materials as aggregate in concrete. With this view in mind one of the wastes, namely, iron slag scrap, was used as coarse aggregate in the preparation of concrete.

The use of slag aggregates from iron and steel production in construction dates back to the Romans who used crushed slag from the crude iron production of that time to build their roads [5]. Nowadays, slag is still used to build roads. However, use of slag is not limited to roads anymore, but slag aggregates are widely used in all kinds of civil works [6, 7]. In general, properties of iron and steel slag aggregates are comparable with that of natural aggregate. Slag aggregate can be used as a construction material in loose state, i.e., where the aggregate is not

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joined together by any binder as well as in applications where the concrete mixture is bound by agents like cements, bitumen or a substance that has binding properties.

Ferrous slag is a by‐product of iron and steel manufacturing. It arises from the conversion of ores to iron, hot iron to steel, from melting scrap in an electric arc furnace or from the subsequent treatment of crude steel. Each year, about 45 million tonnes of ferrous slag, i.e., iron and steel slag is generated in Europe [8]. The disposal of whole iron slag into landfills leads to disastrous consequences. Slag produced in refining copper, zinc, cadmium and other base metals can contain significant concentrations of a number of potentially toxic elements, including arsenic, lead, cadmium, barium, zinc and copper. Also, slag can release these elements into the environment under natural weathering conditions and cause pollution of soils, surface waters and groundwater [9]. For example, a large volume of slag is annually produced by the ferrochromium industry and the slag has historically been dumped without any pollution prevention, control or remediation measures [10]. Chromium is known to be associated with lung cancer, gastro‐intestinal cancer and dermatitis [11]. To avoid this, so many recycling methods for iron slag are carried out according to the needs. The recycling of slag will inevitably become an important measure for the environment protection and therefore can lead to great social significance [6]. From this, one of the processes is to reduce the iron slag into small pieces and use them in cement concrete as aggregate. Iron and steel slag aggregate is an industrial product that is manufactured under extensive quality management, and contains no organic impurities such as clay, shells, or other substances that can affect durability of concrete and possess several other advantages like little variation in quality and no expansion due to alkali‐aggregate reaction. For both fine particles and course particles, the chemical composition is completely uniform. It reduces environmental impacts, preserves precious natural resources needed to maintain ecosystems, and can reduce the energy that is consumed in mining, stone crushing, and other activities. In addition, the density of electric arc furnace oxidizing slag aggregate under oven‐dry conditions is approximately 3.6 g/cm3, which is higher than other aggregates. This characteristic is put to use in applications such as radiation shielding concrete and heavy‐weight concrete.

Slag is a partially vitreous by‐product of smelting ore and can be considered a mixture of metal oxides; however, slag can contain metal sulphides and metal atoms in the elemental form. Ferrous slag is produced during the production of iron using blast furnace (blast furnace slag) as well as in the separation of the molten steel from impurities in steel‐making furnaces (steel slag). Steel slag is produced during the separation of molten steel from impurities in steel furnaces. The slag occurs as a molten liquid and is a complex solution of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon cooling. There are several different types of steel slag produced during the steel‐making process out of which basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF slag), electric arc furnace slag (EAF‐slag) and ladle furnace slag (LDF‐slag) or refining slag are important.

The growing concern of depletion of resources has raised a challenge to engineers and researchers to seek and develop new materials for construction which include the use of by‐product and industrial waste. Many of these by‐products may serve as aggregate in concrete. With global economic recession coupled with the market inflationary trends, the constituent materials used for the structures have lead to a very high cost of construction.

Hence, researcher in material science and engineering are committed to using local materials to partially or fully replace the expensive conventional materials. The use of industrial waste as a substitute material helps save a large share of natural resources and protects the environment. Hardened concrete consisted of more than 70% aggregate due to the high demand in building construction and with the increase of the amount of disposed waste material, suppliers and researchers were exploring the use of alternative materials which could preserve natural sources and save the environment.

Iron and steel slag are the by‐products of iron making and steel making processes. To date, these types of slag have been widely used in cement and as aggregate for civil works. In an attempt to utilize the slag in the development of building material Quasrawi et al. [12] introduced the local unprocessed steel slag in concrete mixes. Various mixes with compressive strength ranging from 25 to 45 MPa were studied. The slag was used as fine aggregate replacing the sand in the mixes in percentages of 0, 15, 30, 50 and 100. Depending on the grade of concrete, the compressive strength was improved when steel slag was used for low sand replacement ratios of up to 30 per cent. When optimum values were used, the 28‐day tensile strength of concrete was improved by 1.4 – 2.4 times and the compressive strength was improved by 1.1 – 1.3 times depending on the replacement ratio and the grade of concrete. The best results were obtained for replacement per cent of 30 – 50 for tensile strength and 15 – 30 for

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compressive strength. Therefore, they have concluded that the use of steel slag in concrete would enhance the strength of concrete, especially tensile strength, provided the correct percentage of replacement was used.

Durability of concrete depends on the quality of the surface layer of concrete and also on the nature of its pore system. This system is certainly a defining parameter as it affects the rate at which aggressive substances, viz., gaseous or liquid, penetrate from the external environment into the internal structure of concrete. This phenomenon influences the rate of degradation of the material and its durability [13]. An investigation of mechanical and durability properties of concrete by adding iron slag as replacement of sand in various percentages was presented by Sujatha and Dhamge [14]. Patel [15] conducted research with the primary aim of evaluating the durability of concrete made with steel slag aggregates. This research had shown that replacing some percentages of natural aggregates by steel slag aggregates caused negligible degradation in strength. The results showed that replacing about 50 to 75 per cent of steel slag aggregates by volume for natural aggregates would not do any harm to concrete and also it would not have any adverse effects on the strength and durability. The characterization of the slag and normal concretes was made by Handel et al. [16] based on their mechanical properties: i.e., compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus, and their durability: capillary, absorption of water, and hydraulics shrinkage. The experimental results disclosed a beneficial aspect of replacing traditional coarse aggregate with slag in some percentages in the preparation of concrete.

Tarawneh et al. [17] studied the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties and characteristics of steel slag aggregate concrete in comparison with the typical crushed limestone stone aggregate concrete. In this study, steel slag was used as an aggregate replacement in conventional concrete mixes. Steel slag which mainly consisted of calcium carbonate was produced as a by‐product during the oxidation process in steel industry. Steel slag was selected due to its characteristics, which were almost similar to conventional aggregates and the fact that it was easily obtainable as a by‐product of the steel industry. As a result, utilization of steel slag would save natural resources and clean environment. Furthermore, results of tests conducted on slag aggregate had shown that it had better abrasion factor and impact value than conventional aggregate. Thorough investigation of the results had indicated that the amount of increase at 7 days in compressive strength was much more than that at 28 days for all types of aggregate replacement. This indicated that the added slag could work as accelerator at early age while at 28 days, the effect was reduced. The fine slag replacement scored the highest effect.

Due to the fact that steel slag was made at the temperatures up to 1600°C, utilisation in concretes with improved properties after the exposure to high temperatures was considered by Netinger et al. [4]. An experimental programme was designed and carried out to study properties of four steel slag based concrete mixtures with different types of cement pastes prior and after heating up to 800°C. Dolomite based concrete mixture was studied as a reference mixture. The results obtained have shown that residual mechanical properties of concrete made with steel slag aggregate are comparable to the reference dolomite concrete up to the temperature of about 550°C, while at higher temperatures, steel slag exhibited mineral transformation followed by unstable volumetric expansion which reflected negatively on the residual properties of slag based concrete mixtures. This expansion became stable if the slag was previously heated up to 1000°C. Raza et al. [18] replaced partially the coarse aggregate (CA) with iron slag aggregate (ISA) at different percentages of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50. Compressive and flexural strength of M40 grade of concrete with water/cement ratio of 0.45 were investigated in which it was intended to determine and check out the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete with various percentages of iron slag aggregate. The result had been found from various tests which were compared with conventional concrete. Thus, the use of iron slag in concrete could enhance the strength in concrete.

Netinger et al. [19] investigated the possibility of utilizing steel slag locally produced in Croatian plants as a concrete aggregate. Therefore, eight concrete mixtures were prepared with coarse slag fractions and different binders whose hardened state properties such as compressive strength, static modulus of elasticity, volume changes and corrosion susceptibility were then compared with the properties of reference concrete made of commonly used natural aggregate materials, dolomite. According to the test results obtained they have concluded that concrete containing slag possesses acceptable mechanical properties and volume changes for its structural use but could represent a risk in terms of corrosion of reinforcement in case of slag with higher amount of sulphur in its chemical composition.

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The objective of the present investigation is to develop concrete using locally available iron slag scrap as coarse aggregate replacing it at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 per cent levels and to evaluate the mechanical properties and fire resistance of this concrete at elevated temperature of 800°C. Experimental Programme In general, it is the normal practice to express the chemical composition of steel slag in terms of simple axides reckoned from the analysis of elements that is evaluated by x‐ray fluorescence. Table 1 gives a summary of the various ranges of compounds available from typical base oxygen furnace.

TABLE 1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF STEEL SLAG [20]

Chemical components Available (%)

CaO

SiO2

FeO

MnO

MgO

Al2O3

P2O3

S

Metallic Fe

40 ‐ 52

10 ‐ 19

10 ‐ 40

5 ‐ 8

5 ‐ 10

1 ‐ 3

0.5 ‐ 1

< 0.1

0.5 ‐ 10

Concrete in this experimental investigation was prepared using crushed blue granite stone of maximum size 20 mm, river sand confirming to zone II as per IS: 383 [21] passing through 4.75 mm IS sieve, Portland cement 53 grade conforming to IS: 12269 [22], potable water conforming to IS: 456 [23] and waste iron slag scrap (Fig. 1) collected from the local market as coarse aggregate in various percentage replacement levels. Sieve analysis was performed to determine the grading of slag. The grading of iron slag scrap is presented in Table 2. The grading of slag reported by Tran et al. [24] and that determined in the present investigation are identical. It was observed that the grading of slag is similar to that of granite aggregate. A nominal mix of 1:1:2 was prepared with w/c ratio of 0.45. Iron scrap was used as coarse aggregate in percentage replacement of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100. The ingredients for the preparation of concrete were weigh‐batched. The designation of concrete is presented in Table 3. For each category of concrete four cubes of each of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm and four cylinders of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm high were cast for different testing. The specimens were tested under loading to determine the compressive and split tensile strength and also under elevated temperature of 800°C to evaluate its resistance to fire.

TABLE 2 SIEVE ANALYSIS – IRON SLAG SCRAP

S. No.

I.S. Sieve Size (mm)

Cumulative Percentage Passing

1.

40

100

2.

20

95

3.

10

38

4.

4.75

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TABLE 3 DESIGNATION OF CONCRETE

S. No.

Per cent replacement

Concrete designation

1

0

ISC0

2

25

ISC25

3

50

ISC50

4

75

ISC75

5

100

ISC100

The cubes were cured for 7 days and 28 days and tested in 2000 kN compression testing machine after the curing periods as per IS: 516 [25]. Load was applied gradually till failure. The failure mode of a tested cube is shown in Fig. 2. The split tensile strength test on concrete was also carried out and the failure mode of cylinder under this test is shown in Fig. 3.

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FIG. 1 IRON SLAG SCRAP FIG. 2 FAILURE MODE OF A CUBE

FIG. 3 FAILURE OF CYLINDER

Cube with 100 per cent replacement of coarse aggregate with iron slag scrap after 7 days of curing was kept in an oven for 120 min at 800 (Fig. 4). In this context it is worth mentioning here that Netinger et al. [4] had designed and carried out an experimental programme to study the properties of four steel slag based concrete mixtures with different types of cement pastes prior to and after heating up to 800°C. Dolomite based concrete mixture was studied as a reference mixture.

FIG. 4 FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE

Results and Discussion In this investigation iron slag scrap was used as coarse aggregate in the preparation of concrete with a mix proportion of 1:1:2 and characteristic strength of 25 MPa. The iron slag scrap was obtained from local market and was used as partial replacement of coarse aggregate in percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100. Control specimens like cubes of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm and cylinders of diameter 150 mm and height 300 mm were cast, cured

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for 7 days and 28 days, and tested afterwards. Four specimens in each category were cast and tested. Average of test results of four specimens in each category in respect of compressive and split tensile strength of normal and iron slag scrap concretes at 7 days and 28 days are presented in Table 5.

TABLE 5 RESULTS OF COMPRESSIVE AND SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

S. No.

Concrete designation

Compressive strength MPa

Split tensile strength MPa

7 days

28 days

7 days

28 days

1

ISC0

43.50

49.25

1.70

1.98

2

ISC25

34.50

42.50

1.84

2.12

3

ISC50

43.67

48.00

1.84

2.12

4

ISC75

45.20

50.33

1.98

2.26

5

ISC100

44.33

48.33

1.56

1.98

The compressive strength of normal concrete without iron slag scrap of M25 grade with mix proportion of 1:1:2 and with w/c ratio of 0.45 obtained in this investigation at 28 days was 49.25 MPa. In this context it is worth mentioning that Raza et al. [18] had reported the corresponding 28 day strength of normal concrete without iron slag scrap of M40 grade with different mix proportion of 1:1.65:2.92 and w/c ratio of 0.45 as 41 MPa. Though the mixes and grades of concrete were different, however, a comparison was made because of similarity of the use of steel slag in the investigation to establish the credibility of results obtained in the present investigation. These investigations corroborate that the order of magnitude of strength obtained at 28th day for normal concrete by the writer was reliable and hence acceptable. With the addition of iron slag scrap, initially for 25 per cent replacement there was drop in strength to 42.50 MPa and subsequently strength increased and attained a maximum value of 50.33 MPa with the increase in slag content up to 75 per cent. With the further addition of iron slag scrap strength diminished. Tarawneh et al. [17] have reported strength of 50 MPa at 28 days with 75 per cent replacement with steel slag aggregate for 1:1.88:2.54 mix with conventional lime stone aggregate. Effectively there was not much difference between 7th and 28th day strength for all grade of concrete. Nadeem and Pofale [26] have reported an increase of 5 to 7 per cent in compressive strength of concrete for all percentage replacement of natural coarse aggregates by slag aggregate and in the present investigation an increase of 2.12 per cent greater than that of normal concrete at 75 per cent replacement was obtained. Going by these discussions the compressive strength obtained for iron slag scrap concrete in this investigation is found to be creditable.

The split tensile strength of normal concrete in this investigation was 1.70 MPa at 7th day and 1.90 MPa at 28th day registering an increase of 11.76 per cent over 7th day strength. With the increase in percentage addition of iron scrap slag the split tensile strength increased attaining a maximum value of 1.98 MPa at 7 days and 2.26 MPa at 28 days, an increase of 14.14% over 7th day strength at 75% iron slag content. With further increase in the addition of iron slag the strength at both days decreased. There was a gain in strength of 16.5% at 7 days and 18.95% at 28 days in respect of 75% iron scrap content over the normal concrete. Overall, the value of split tensile strength of concrete containing iron slag scarp was lower. However, all the values at all percentages of replacement were closer to the normal concrete. The values obtained for all concretes were consistent. Nadeem and Pofale have reported an increase in split tensile strength by 6% to 8% at all replacements [26].

The failure of the cube containing 100% iron scrap was different from that of normal concrete. In contrast to the diagonal cracking and failure of normal concrete cube that contained 100% scrap failed by multiple vertical cracking and crushing at a corner at the bearing. In the case of split tensile strength testing the cylinder containing iron scrap failed by diagonal cracking splitting it into two halves just like in the case of normal concrete cylinder.

Specimens required for fire resistance testing were cast along with that required for strength testing. Hence, the mixes and results of strength presented in Table 5 are also equally applicable. Under exposure to elevated temperature, no physical damage was observed to concrete but it was found that a reduction of weight from 3.44 kg to 3.19 kg and a reduction in compression strength to 41MPa in the case of 100% replacement with iron slag scrap had occurred. There was a decrease in strength of 15.17% over that of concrete containing 100% iron slag scrap. The results obtained by Netinger et al. [2] have shown that residual mechanical properties of concrete made with steel slag aggregate are comparable to the reference dolomite concrete up to the temperature of about 550°C

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as reported.

Conclusions In this experimental investigation a concrete consisting of different percentages of iron slag scrap as coarse aggregate was developed. Crushed stone blue granite was replaced with iron slag scrap at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The mix proportion of concrete was 1:1:2 with w/c ratio of 0.5. Its characteristic strength was 25 MPa. This concrete was used to cast cubes of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm, and cylinders of diameter 150 mm and height 300 mm. They were tested under loading to evaluate the mechanical strength. Further, resistance against fire was investigated to evaluate its suitability as a building material.

The normal concrete attained strength of 43.50 MPa at the age of 7 days, an increase of 20.83% over that reported in the literature for comparable concrete. Corresponding 28 days strength was 49.25 MPa. This is 13.22% greater than the 7 day strength, 97% higher than the characteristic compressive strength recommended by relevant Indian code, 20.12% higher than that reported in the literature by other investigators. By any standard this strength was far greater when compared to concrete of similar nature. Concrete containing waste iron slag scrap of all percentages of replacement gained very high early strength, a characteristic beneficial for de‐shuttering at 7 days. The failure pattern of cube containing 100% iron slag scrap aggregate was different from that of normal concrete. Even at fracture it did not crumble like normal concrete, and the concrete was intact and sustained loading. It may be a great advantage under dynamic loading when absorbing energy of vibration. The value of split tensile strength, in general, was lower but consistent for all concretes.

Thus, the development of concrete with iron slag scrap has given a new dimension in the disposal of waste by a cleaner technology. Also, using such a waste reduces the strain in the extraction of natural aggregate from the earth.

Therefore it is concluded that iron slag scrap is well qualified candidate as a coarse aggregate in making concrete and also this concrete fulfils the requirement as a building material.

REFERENCES

[1] Lu, Y. and Chen, X., “Thermal Characteristics of Concrete in the Vicinity of Embedded Cooling Water Pipe,” Construction Engineering (CE), 2, 2014: 10‐15.

[2] Christensen, B., ”What is the Development Impact of Concrete?”Cement Trust, Cement Trust Coalition, McMinnville, Oregon, USA, January 2016.

[3] de Brito, J., and Saikia, N., Recycled Aggregate in Concrete: Industrial Waste, Construction and Demolition Waste. Springer‐ Verlag, London, 2013.

[4] Netinger, I., Rukavina, M. J., Bjegović, D., and Mladenovič, A. “Concrete Containing Steel Slag Aggregate: Performance After High Temperature Exposure Concrete.” In Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting III, edited by Alexander et al., 1347‐1352, Taylor & Francis Group, London: 2012.

[5] Euro Slag, Aggregates – General Information, The European Association of Representing Metallurgical and Slag Producers and Processors, Germany, November 15, 2014.

[6] Yung‐feng, L., Yan, Y., Ling, W., “Recycling of Industrial Waste and Performance of Steel Slag Green Concrete.” Journal of Central South University of Technology, 16, 2009: 768−73, DOI: 10.1007/s11771−009−0128.

[7] Chunlin, L., Kunpeng, Z., Depeng, C., “Possibility of Concrete Prepared with Steel Slag as Fine and Coarse Aggregates: A Preliminary Study.” Procedia Engineering, 24, 2011: 412 – 16, doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2667.

[8] Euroslag, NEWS, The European Association of Representing Metallurgical Slag Producers and Processors, Building Materials Institute FEhS – Institut für Baustoff‐Forschung e.V.Bliersheimer Strasse 6247229 Duisburg‐Rheinhausen Germany, January 25 , 2016.

[9] Salisbury, D. F. Some Smelter Slags Represent a Significant Environmental Hazard, News Service (650) 725‐1944, Stanford University, Stanford, 9, 1998.

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[10] Hattingh, J. and Friend, J. F. C., “Environmental and Economic Implications of Slag Disposal Practices by the Ferrochromium Industry: A Case Study,” Water SA, 29, 2003: 1, 23‐30.

[11] Gericke, W.A., “Environmental Aspects of Ferrochrome Production,” INFACON 7, Trondheim, Norway, 1995 131‐140.

[12] Quasrawi, H., Shalabi, F., and Asi, I., “Use of Low CaO Unprocessed Steel Slag in Concrete as Fine Aggregate.”

Construction and Building Materials, 23, 2009: 1118‐25.

[13] Reiterman, P., Keppert, M., Cachova, M., Jog, M., Konvalinka, P., “Study of Near‐surface Properties of Concrete with Metakaolin addition,” Construction Engineering (CE), 2, 2014: 5‐9.

[14] Sujata D. N., and Dhamge, N. R., “Study of Blast Furnace Slag for Improving Mechanical Property of Concrete.”

International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT), 3, 2014: 473‐77.

[15] Patel, J.P., “Broader Use of Steel Slag Aggregates in Concrete.” Master’s Thesis, Cleveland State University, USA, December 2008.

[16] Handel, N., Hafsi, B., Touati, A., and Djabba, Y. “Substitution of the Aggregate by Solid Waste of Blast Furnace in the Preparation of Concrete.” Journal of Materials in Environmental Sciences, 2, 2011: 520‐25.

[17] Tarawneh, S. A., Gharaibeh, E. S. and Saraire, F.M. “Effect of Using Steel Slag Aggregate on Mechanical Properties of Concrete.” American Journal of Applied Sciences, 11, 2014: 700‐06.

[18] Raza, K., Singh, A., Patel, R. D. “Strength Analysis of Concrete by Using Iron Slag as a Partial Replacement of Normal Aggregate (Coarse) in Concrete.” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3, 2014: 190‐3.

[19] Netinger, I., Rukavina, M.J., Serdar, M., Bjegović, D., “Steel Slag as a Valuable Material for Concrete Production,” Tehnički Vjesnik, 21, 2014: 1081‐8.

[20] Kothai, P. S. and Malathy, R., “Utilization of Steel Slag in concrete as a Partial Replacement of Material for Fine Aggregates,” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,” 3, 2014: 11585‐92.

[21] IS: 383. Indian Standard Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from Natural Sources for Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, Second Revision, Reaffirmed 2002.

[22] IS: 12269. Indian Standard Ordinary Portland Cement, 53 Grade – Specification. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2013.

[23] IS: 456. Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete Design – Code of Practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2000.

[24] Tran, M.V., Nguyen, C.V., Nawa, T., Stitmannaithum, B., “Properties of High Strength Concrete using Steel Slag Coarse Aggregate,”Asean Engineering Journal‐ Part C, 4, 2015: 105‐114.

[25] IS: 516. Indian Standard Methods of Test for Strength of Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1959.

[26] Nadeem, M. and Pofale, A.D. “Utilization of Industrial Waste Slag as Aggregate in Concrete Applications by Adopting Taguchi’s Approach for Optimization,“ Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2, 2012: 96‐105.

Thandavamoorthy S. Thumati was born at Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, on March 14, 1944. He obtained his B.E. degree in Civil Engineering from Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, affiliated to the University of Madras in 1967 securing a First Class. He obtained his M.Sc. Engineering (Hons.) in Structural Engineering from Thiagarajar College of Engineering of Madurai University, Madurai in 1974 securing First Class with Distinction. He secured the First Rank in the University for which he was awarded a Gold Medal. He obtained his Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from Anna University, Chennai in 1999.

He is Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Anna Universaity, Melmaruvathur from 2009 and a Research Consultant in Structural Engineering and Project Guidance. He served as Dean Civil Engineering, Dr. M.G.R. University, Chennai from 2005 ‐ 2009. He was a Scientist, Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai from 1976 – 2004. He was an Assistant Engineer, Tamil Nadu PWD from 1968 – 1976. His appointment after graduation was in M/s Gannon Dinkerley in 1967. He has published three books in English and four books in Tamil. His book on Analysis of Structures: Strength and Behaviour has been prescribed as a reference book by the

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University of Technology Consortium, Sydney. This is the only Indian author book among 12 books of foreign authors. He has published about 500 papers. His papers have been widely cited and his h‐index of publication is 140. He is a peer reviewer of 17 international and national journals. Some of the journals for which he reviewed papers are: ASCE; ACI; KSCE, Korea; SEM & Steel and Composite Structures, Korea; Structural Engineering Review, UK; Institution of Engineers (India) Journal; ICI journal; etc. He is an internationally recognized Structural Engineering Expert. His research interest includes structural concrete, structural dynamics, fatigue and fracture, blast response of structures, shock and vibration of structures, and development of concrete from wastes.

Prof. Dr. Thumati is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India), Fellow of Indian Institution of Technical Arbitrators. Dr. Thumati is a life member of Indian Concrete Institute, Ferrocement Society, Society of Structural Engineers, and Civil Engineers Forum. He is a recipient of Dr. Meenakshi Sundaram Gold Medal; Best Paper Award of Institution of Engineers for three times; and Best Paper Award of Indian Concrete Institute. He also received the CIDC (Construction Industry Development Council, Planning Commossion of India Body) award 2011 for outstanding Academician/Scientist. He was also a recipient of Indira Gandhi Shiromani Ward 2011 and Mahatma Gandhi Ekta Summan Award, 2013. He was declared as Ocean Expert by UNESCO. His biography was published by Who’s Who in the World Directory 2009 and Who’s Who in Asia 2007.

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