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2 Engelska för årskurs 8 Schildts & Söderströms Förlags AB
Contents 1 2 3
LONDON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 London – here we come!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Situational focus: At the airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 London – the capital of the UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Street market shopping in London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Situational focus: Giving directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 A guided tour through London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 The Royal Family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
ENGLAND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 William Shakespeare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Situational focus: At the cinema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Multicultural Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 A horse course in Hastings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Reality series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 The perfect marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
IRELAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Ireland – the past and today in one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Situational focus: At the train station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Pubs – an Irish tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 The Burren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Dublin – the green capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Irish stories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
SCOTLAND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Edinburgh – a tour along the Royal Mile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 “My name is Bond, James Bond” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 The fateful battle of Culloden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 On holiday in Scotland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Situational focus: At the restaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Loch Ness and Nessie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
WALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Rugby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Visiting Swansea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Situational focus: In the shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 The Seven Wonders of Wales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 A true ”From Rags to Riches” story – meet J.K. Rowling. . . . . . . 192 Saving lives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
GRAMMAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 SOUND RIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 IRREGULAR VERBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
4 5
TEXT 2
London – the capital of the UK St. Paul's Cathedral
W
hat is London? What was it two thousand years ago, and what does it look like today? London was originally called “Londinium”. The Romans built the town at the beginning of the long period of Roman occupation of Britain. They settled on the huge island and started building roads, towns and baths in the Roman style. A wall surrounded the original town, as with most towns at that time. The river Thames played an important part in the choice of location for the town. The tide is very strong towards the mouth of the river so they chose a site further upstream. The original town was situated where the City is today. The Romans left Britain and made way for other invaders. William the
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Unit 1 London
Conqueror defeated the English army at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, and became King of England. One of the first things he did for his new country was to make London its capital. And in order to show the people his enormous and unrestricted power, he started building the Tower of London. After five centuries of extension and development London suddenly woke up on a September morning in 1666 to the smell of smoke. It came from a baker’s house in Pudding Lane. The baker’s wife had thrown out the ashes before she went to bed, and very soon the fire was spreading at an enormous speed among the densely built houses. Only a few days later four fifths of the medieval city had disappeared in the flames of The Great Fire of London.
A wall from Roman times
After the fire the architect Christopher Wren was given the job of rebuilding the city. St. Paul’s Cathedral was his masterpiece. The London of today is a metropolis of 8 million people living in the city and another 5–6 million living in the suburbs
but working in town. The fastest way to move from one place to another in central London is by tube, but you can also take one of the red double-decker buses or a taxi. The Londoner on a bike is a common sight on the streets today.
Glossary ago [əˈgəʊ] för… sedan ashes [aʃi:z] aska (plur.) baker [ˈbeɪkə] bagare battle [ˈbætl] här: slag (slaget vid Hastings) capital [ˈkæpɪtl] huvudstad century [ˈsɛntʃʊri] århundrade choice (of) [tʃɔɪs (ɒv)] val (av) choose: choose, chose, chosen [tʃuːz: tʃuːz, tʃəʊz, ˈtʃəʊzn] välja common sight [ˈkɒmən sʌɪt] vanlig syn, något som man ser ofta conqueror [ˈkɒŋkərə] erövrare (Vilhelm Erövraren) defeat [dɪˈfiːt] besegra densely built [dɛnsli bɪlt] tätbebyggd development [dɪˈvɛləpmənt] utveckling disappear [dɪsəˈpɪə] försvinna double-decker [ˈdʌbl ˈdɛkə] tvåvåningsbuss, dubbeldäckare enormous [ɪˈnɔːməs] enorm extension [ɪkˈstɛnʃn] utvidgning further upstream [ˈfəːðə ʌpˈstriːm] längre upp (längs floden) huge [hjuːdʒ] väldig, enorm invader [ɪnˈveɪdə] inkräktare island [ˈʌɪlənd] ö lane [leɪn] gränd, small gata make way for [meɪk weɪ fɔː] lämna plats åt
masterpiece [ˈmɑːstəpiːs] mästerverk medieval [mɛdɪˈiːvl] medeltida metropolis [məˈtrɒpəlɪs] storstad, metropol mouth [maʊθ] mynning occupation [ɒkjʊˈpeɪʃn] ockupation originally [əˈrɪdʒɪnəli] ursprungligen play an important part [pleɪ ən ɪmˈpɔːtnt pɑːt] spela en viktig roll, vara en viktig faktor power [ˈpaʊə] makt pudding [ˈpʊdɪŋ] efterrätt rebuild [riːˈbɪld] återuppbygga settle [ˈsɛtl] bosätta sig site [saɪt] plats, ställe situated [sɪtjʊeɪtɪd] (vara) belägen, finnas smell (of) [smɛl (ɒv)] lukt (av) smoke [sməʊk] rök suburb [ˈsʌbɜːb] förort, förstad surround [səˈraʊnd] omge, omringa throw out: throw, threw, thrown [θrəʊ aʊt: θrəʊ, θruː, θrəʊn] kasta ut tide [tʌɪd] tidvatten towards [təˈwɔːdz] mot (i riktning mot) tube [tjuːb] tunnelbana, metro unrestricted [ˌʌnrɪˈstrɪktɪd] obegränsad wake up: wake, woke, woken [weɪk ʌp: weɪk, wəʊk, ˈwəʊkn] vakna wall [wɔːl] mur
Unit 1 London
19
``Focus on the words Exercise 1: One and the same Find the words in the text that mean the same. 1) enormous
9) to build again
2) in the beginning
10) the best thing produced
3) come to live 4) endless
11) a very large and important town
5) a period of 100 years
12) an area outside of a large town where people who work in the town often
6) a very small street 7) close together
live
8) something from the Middle Ages
13) underground (called subway in the United States)
Exercise 2: Crossword Fill in the crossword.
1
2
3
Across 1) besegra 5) försvinna 4
Down 1) utveckling 2) utvidgning 3) belägen 4) inkräktare
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Unit 1 London
5
``Focus on the text Exercise 1: A, B or C? Choose the right alternative. 1) What was London surrounded by? a) Romans. b) A wall. c) Baths.
4) What happened in September 1666? a) The Tower was ready. b) Large parts of London burned. c) The baker’s wife made pudding.
2) Why didn’t the Romans build a town at the mouth of the river? a) The tide was too strong. b) There was another town. c) It was too far from Rome.
5) Who was Christopher Wren? a) The baker. b) A famous architect. c) An invader.
3) Who was defeated at the battle of Hastings? a) The Conquerors. b) The English Army. c) The Romans.
6) Today the City of London has a) 5–6 million taxis. b) 8 million people. c) 4.5 million bikes.
Exercise 2: Why? Why are the following places mentioned in the text? Explain in your own words. 1) The Thames 2) Hastings 3) The Tower of London 4) Pudding Lane 5) St Paul’s Cathedral
Unit 1 London
21
``Focus on irregular verbs Exercise 1: Missing forms Fill in the missing forms. Infinitiv
Imperfekt
Perfektparticip
Svenska
build
bygga chose
välja thrown
kasta 1) göra; 2) tillverka
came
komma
become
bli showed
visa
be
vara
Exercise 2: Translate-fill in! Fill in the gaps. Note the form of the verb in brackets. 1) The man has 2) She 3) Where have you 4) I 5) Would you
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Unit 1 London
(kastat) the stone. (kom) to
(bygga) the fence. (varit)?
(är) an artist, I
(tillverkar) bracelets myself. (visa) them, please.
``Find out more Good night! Good morning! As we read in the text, the Great Fire of London started in a baker’s house in Pudding Lane. Look at the text again, and read the fifth paragraph (=stycke). Next, work in pairs. Write two short dialogues between the baker of Pudding Lane and his wife: 1) when they go to bed the night before The Great Fire of London 2) when they wake up the next morning. Go through the dialogues in pairs.
``Focus on grammar – I saw you yesterday at the cinema. – Yes, I was there with my brother. I help him with his homework, and yesterday he bought me a ticket as a thank you. – I wish I had a brother like that. Jakande presens och imperfekt regelbundna och oregelbundna verb
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Unit 1 London
23
FACTS Population: 51,446,000 (est. 2008) Area: 130,395 km2 Capital: London Language: English
England is: the Lake District in the north, with a landscape of outstanding natural beauty in a variety of lakes, gentle hills and woodland. The poet William Wordsworth spent most of his life here, and he rightly remarked: “I do not know any tract of country in which, within so narrow a compass, may be found an equal variety in the influences of light and shadow upon the sublime or beautiful features of landscape.” Yorkshire in the northeast, the home and setting of famous TV programmes like “Emmerdale” and “Heartbeat” Stratford-upon-Avon with Shakespeare football in Manchester seaside resorts like Brighton and Hastings to the south, and Blackpool to the northwest the vast Hamstead Heath in London, the mystical Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain and Sherlock Holmes solving mysteries.
Unit 2
ENGLAND Cross the English Channel either by boat, by train or by plane and you’ll end up in England, the biggest of the countries that make up Great Britain. In the north there is a natural border with Scotland in Hadrian’s Wall, which the Romans built during the Roman occupation of England. The wall was built to defend the people living south of it from the fierce Scottish people (the Picts) in the north. The southwestern corner of the enormous island (above Devon and Cornwall) is Wales, separated by the rivers Severn and Wye. The Irish Sea in the west is the natural border with Northern Ireland, and in the east and south the North Sea and the English Channel, while the Channel Islands and the Isle of Wight complete the mighty frame of our picture of England.
TEXT 4
Reality series
F
ive young people are sitting in the living room of a detached (singlefamily) house in Manchester. They are Gemma, Gemma’s boyfriend Matt, Gemma’s best friends Ann and Samantha, and Samantha’s boyfriend Jacob. The boys are flipping through the channels on TV, and the girls are relaxing while having some soda and crisps. Ann picks up the local newspaper and suddenly finds something interesting: Ann: Hey, look what I found! Here’s an ad for this new reality competition, and it’ll take place in Manchester! They’ll have open auditions for singers, musicians and bands next week. Samantha: So you mean that anyone can participate? Ann: Yeah, at least according to the ad. Gemma: Sam, you’ve got the most amazing voice, why don’t you go there and sign up for the audition? Samantha: Are you joking? My stage fright is like the worst in the world... I’d start crying and shaking immediately
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Unit 2 England
in front of the jury! Besides, I think the whole idea is stupid, to be honest... Ann: Why? I think these kinds of competitions are the perfect springboards for talented people. I wouldn’t mind participating, but I can’t sing well enough. Samantha: Well, I think that people, especially young ones at least, are desperately looking for fame and fortune and don’t think about the consequences at all. I mean, your life will never be the same once you’ve got famous. Just think about the lock-up shows like Big Brother! Gemma: I think you’re both right, in a way. If you really want to become a famous pop singer, a competition can be the opportunity of your life. But if you do something really stupid in front of the camera, for example in the Big Brother house, it can spoil your life forever and nobody will employ you in the future. Matt: Come on, Gemma, you’re exaggerating! I know quite a few celebrities who’ve started their career in the BB house.
Gemma: Yeah, but I think they’re these unnecessary celebrities who’ll always turn up on the front page of The Sun... Jacob: The pets or the broken nails of these “celebs” have always fascinated me, at least. Don’t you agree, Matt? [The boys laugh heartily.] Gemma: Ha-ha, very funny. I don’t think you two have ever read anything but the football pages... Matt: Speaking of football, Manchester is playing Tottenham today! Give me the remote control, will you?
Samantha: Football, football, always football! I think we’ll head for your room now, Gemma, so we can watch the latest fashion design show – it starts in five minutes. Jacob: Hey, why don’t you bring me another can of drink from the kitchen? You’re going past the fridge anyway. Samantha: In your dreams! Go and get some yourself! Matt: I guess this is the reality of the modern man: don’t expect any service, just accept your tough luck of doing everything yourself...
Glossary accept [əkˈsɛpt] acceptera, godkänna ad [æd] annons audition [ɔːˈdɪʃn] audition career [kəˈrɪə] karriär celebrity (celeb) [səˈlebrəti (səˈleb)] kändis channel [ˈtʃænl] kanal consequence [ˈkɒnsɪkwəns] konsekvens, följd employ [ɪmˈplɔɪ] anställa exaggerate [ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt] överdriva expect [ɪkˈspɛkt] förvänta sig fame and fortune [feɪm ænd ˈfɔːtʃuːn] lycka och framgång fashion design show [ˈfæʃn dɪˈzʌɪn ʃəʊ] talangtävling (dokusåpa) för modedesigners flip through [flɪp θruː] hoppa mellan, bläddra igenom fridge [frɪdʒ] kylskåp front page [frʌ/ənt peɪdʒ] förstasida,
head for [hɛd fɔː] här: gå till lock-up show [lɒk ʌp ʃəʊ] dokusåpa där deltagarna är “inlåsta”, isolerade från omvärlden opportunity [ɒpəˈtjuːnɪti] möjlighet participate [pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt] delta reality competition [riˈæləti ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn] talangtävling på tv reality series [riˈæləti ˈsɪəriːz] dokusåpa remote control [rɪˈməʊt kənˈtrəʊl] fjärrkontroll sign up [sʌɪn ʌp] anmäla sig spoil [spɔɪl] förstöra springboard [ˈsprɪŋbɔːd] språngbräde (bildligt) stage fright [steɪdʒ frʌɪt] scenskräck talented [ˈtæləntɪd] begåvad tough luck [tʌf lʌk] otur turn up [tɜːn ʌp] dyka upp unnecessary [ʌnˈnɛsəsəri] onödig
Unit 2 England
75
``Focus on the words Exercise 1: Perfect match Fill in the gaps with the words from the box ad
celebrity
channel
expect
participate
spoil
talented
unnecessary
1) We didn’t
you to be here so soon!
2) I would like to become a
one day.
3) You have to
in the test.
4) Don’t
your dog that much!
5) He is a very
musician.
6) Should I switch the
?
7) Did you see the
in the newspaper?
8) What she has done is completely agree?
, don’t you
Exercise 2: What’s the word in English? Find the English equivalents (= motsvarigheter) of the Swedish words. Clue: They all begin with the letter f!
76
1)
mode
5)
finna
2)
rädsla
6)
berömd
3)
bläddra igenom
7)
första sidan
4)
framgång
8)
kylskåp
Unit 2 England
``Find out more A new reality show Imagine that you are a TV producer and get to design a totally new reality show. Plan the show in pairs or smaller groups. Here are some things you can think about: 1) The genre (sports, fashion, music...) 2) The target group (= målgruppen) 3) Participants (= deltagare) 4) The length of the show 5) Elimination of the participants: who has to go and who gets to stay for yet another week? Why? 6) The winner’s prize Plan the reality show, and then present it to the rest of the class!
``Focus on grammar – I have something to tell you. – Well, actually there isn’t anything I’d like to hear from you. – But here are some books I borrowed from you... – Keep them, I don’t want any books of yours in my room. Indefinita pronomen I some, any och no
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Unit 2 England
79
FActs Population: 4,670,976 (the Republic of Ireland) Area: 84,421 km2 Languages: Irish, English
Ireland is: an island of two nations: Northern Ireland belonging to the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland often referred to as the Emerald Isle in different poems and songs because of its lush and green nature a country proud of its Celtic heritage a bilingual country where both Irish and English are spoken. The areas where Irish is spoken as the major language are called Gaeltóchts. The Aran Islands and Connemara, both situated in the west, are examples of Irish speaking areas. the majestic Cliffs of Moher step dancing and traditional, Celtic music the Burren with its rare flowers and plants James Joyce and Oscar Wilde sports like horse racing, hurling and Gaelic football.
Unit 3
IRELAND Ireland is the third largest island in Europe, and is divided between two nations: one sixth of the area, Northern Ireland, is a part of The United Kingdom, whereas the rest forms The Republic of Ireland, or Éire as it is called in Irish. Ireland consists of 32 counties, of which six form Northern Ireland. The capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast, and Dublin is the capital of The Republic of Ireland.
TEXT 3
The Burren
A
oife and Patrick were in the eighth grade at a comprehensive school in Dublin. They were in the same class and they usually walked to and from school together. Today they were discussing the excursion they are going to make next week with their class. Aoife: I do love Mrs. O’Brian, she is so enthusiastic about her subject but, honestly, she can’t make me understand the use of knowing the Latin names of flowers, I don’t even know the English names of. Patrick: And what’s the difference if it’s some species from this century or some from 300 million years back in time? Aoife: She has even manipulated our headmaster to give us one day off school to make this excursion to the Burren. Patrick: Yeah, “very important national park”, she said. I asked Mum about it, but she didn’t even know its name.
Poulnabrone Dolmen – a portal tomb in the Burren
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Unit 3 Ireland
Aoife: No wonder, what help can you get from mothers anyway? Just tell me! Patrick: Yesterday I searched the internet a little, and the Burren is actually quite interesting. Did you know that Ireland once upon a time was connected with the European continent? It was about 300 million years ago, so you didn’t miss anything. There are flowers growing in the Burren that you can find on the European continent but nowhere else on the British Isles. Aoife: Flowers? I thought the Burren was all rock. How do the flowers get water up there on the mountain? Patrick: Deep down at sea level there are caves and in them streams flowing in all directions. One of the caves dates back to an early ice age, when it was formed by the glacial meltwaters. The power of the water carved out a subterranean river in the limestone rock deep underneath the Aillwee Mountain. The river has subsided since the last Ice Age, leaving behind one of Ireland’s most stunning caves. Aoife: You really are Mrs. O’Brian’s pet, aren’t you? Patrick: The cave, the Aillwee Cave, is open to the public. The whole underneath of the Burren is full of caves, but this is the only one open to the public so far. Aoife: Thank you very much, I’m not interested. What would happen if the light went off when you were somewhere half way through? No way!
Fact file
Patrick: Actually, on a tour they always switch off the light for a few minutes when you are almost through it. Only to show the visitors that there is really no other way out. That might feel a bit spooky, but I can assure you that I’ll take part. Aoife: No doubt you will. But you’d better not complain about cold feet and starting to catch a cold when you return to civilisation.
The Burren, in Irish “Boireann” (= a rocky place), is like an upsidedown world of contradictions. There the rivers run underground through a network of caves which nature has carved through low-resistant limestone. On the rocky heights year round pastures flourish when Arctic, Alpine and Mediterranean plants grow side by side as strange flowerbed fellows hidden in secret stone pockets and rocky wrinkles.
Glossary Aoife ['i:fə] (flicknamn) all rock [ɔːl rɒk] här: inget annat än sten assure [əˈʃʊə] försäkra carve out [kɑːv aʊt] gräva ut cave [keɪv] grotta century [ˈsɛntʃʊri] århundrade complain [kəmˈpleɪn] klaga comprehensive school [kɒmprɪˈhɛnsɪv skuːl] grundskola contradiction [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkʃən] motsättning enthusiastic [ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk] begeistrad, hänförd flowerbed [ˈflaʊəbed] blomstersäng glacial [ˈɡleɪʃl] 1) istids-; 2) glaciär headmaster [ˌhedˈmɑːstə] rektor honestly [ˈɒnɪstli] ärligt talat limestone [ˈlʌɪmstəʊn] kalksten low-resistant [ləʊ rɪˈzɪstənt] här: porös manipulate [məˈnɪpjuleɪt] här: övertala Mediterranean [ˌmedɪtərˈeɪniən] medelhavs meltwater [ˈmɛltwɔːtə] smältvatten miss [mɪs] gå miste om, sakna
No doubt you will. [nəʊ daʊt juː wɪl] Här: Det tror jag säkert. one day off school [wʌn deɪ ɒf skuːl] en dag ledigt från skolan open to the public [ˈəʊpən tə ðə ˈpʌblɪk] öppen för allmänheten pasture [ˈpɑːstʃər] betesmark pet [pɛt] här: favorit(elev) (av teacher’s pet: lärarens favorit) return [rɪˈtɜːn] komma tillbaka rock [rɒk] 1) sten; 2) berggrund sea level [siː ˈlɛvl] havsnivå species (pl) [ˈspiːʃiːz] art spooky [ˈspuːki] kuslig stream [striːm] ström subject [ˈsʌbdʒɪkt] (skol)ämne subside [səbˈsʌɪd] sjunka undan subterranean [ˌsʌbtəˈreɪniən] underjordisk underneath [ˌʌndəˈniːθ] 1) under, på undre sidan av; 2) undre sidan was connected with [wɒz kəˈnɛktɪd wɪð] hängde ihop med, satt ihop med
Unit 3 Ireland
103
``Focus on the words Exercise 1: Finding the s’s
Exercise 2: Alias!
Find the English equivalents. Clue: They all include the letter s.
Read the clue and find the right word in the text.
1) kalksten
1) a period of 100 years
2) kuslig 2) a short journey = excursion? 3) begeistrad, hänförd, entusiastisk
3) to moan about something
4) försäkra 4) a hole under or into the earth 5) art
5) to control or influence
6) sjunka undan 7) ärligt talat
6) stone
8) rektor 7) to come back 9) ström
10) underjordisk
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Unit 3 Ireland
``Focus on the text Exercise 1: Recall the text
Exercise 2: In English, please!
Answer the questions in English, please.
Translate into English.
1) How do Aoife and Patrick know each other?
1) Rektorn ger oss en dag ledigt från skolan.
2) Who is Mrs. O’Brian?
2) En gång hängde Irland ihop med den europeiska kontinenten.
3) What is so special about the flowers in the Burren? 4) Mention at least three things about the Aillwee Cave. 5) What is spooky according to Patrick?
3) En av grottorna formades av istida smältvatten. 4) Vattnets kraft grävde ut en underjordisk å i kalkstenen. 5) Platsen är förresten öppen för allmänheten. 6) Jag kan försäkra dig att den är intressant
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FACTS Population: 5,222,100 Area: 78,782 km2 Language: English, Gaelic, Scots
In more detail, Scotland is: the Trossachs in the south – all encompassing beauty in a small area the Highland plains yellow with broom in spring, and lilac with heather in autumn castle ruins and working castles, usually open to the public Rhododendron in all colours growing wild in the highlands sheep everywhere Edinburgh International Festival and the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo, both taking place in the autumn.
Unit 4
SCOTLAND A beautiful, barren country with an enormous archipelago in the west, fishing villages in the east, lakes and beautifully woody and leafy countryside in the south, inhabited by proud and fierce people dressed in tartans and playing the bagpipes. That is Scotland in one sentence.
TEXT 4
On holiday in Scotland
Highland Games equipment
S
usan and James are two English teenagers, spending their holidays in Scotland. Susan’s aunt lives in Edinburgh, and James’s grandfather comes from Glasgow, so they both have relatives and friends in Scotland. A few days ago they took the shuttle flight from London, Heathrow to Edinburgh, where they arrived in the late afternoon. A rental car, which was waiting for them at the airport, would be theirs for the next fortnight. On their programme of events there are three outstanding activities at the top of the list: visiting some distilleries, fishing and golf. Let’s eavesdrop on them while they are having breakfast and plan their programme for the next days ahead.
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Susan: Let’s start with a tour along the Whisky Trail in the river bed along the river Spey. The last thing I did before we left home, was to buy a book about Scotland. It says that there are at least six distilleries along the same river, but I think we will do with just a few of them. James: Do you know where the name of Whisky comes from? Susan: No, the only thing I know is that it’s kept in jars, from the song “There’s Whiskey in the jar “, Metallica, remember? But that’s exactly why I almost paid a fortune for THE BOOK! It’s all in there. James: Ok. Give me the book! Listen! In the old days it was called ‘uisge beatha’, literally meaning ‘water of life’,
and now it’s whisky. But I have the song you mentioned on a CD sung by the Dubliners. It says “Whiskey in the jar” like this. There must be a spelling mistake. Susan: The book, please! [She flips through the book.] Here it is:” In Ireland the spelling is different; they add an ‘e’ in front of the letter ‘y’: Whiskey. And so do the Americans. Later in the afternoon. Susan: Now I think we know enough about whisky production in Scotland. Let’s finish the day watching a performance of Scottish folkdances in the park. While you were tanking up I overheard two girls talking about some Highland Games, too. James: Ok. Look at the poster over there, will you? It says “Who can toss the caber like a real Scotsman? The winner will be served an extra portion of Haggis.” I already feel like a winner. Susan: Don’t be so sure. First of all you should be dressed in a kilt. But I will cheer and shout at the top of my voice and if you just throw for all you are worth, then, who knows? Susan and James both had their Haggis, she for cheering and he for being the best in his class: Englishmen. James: Next on our list is St Andrew’s, with the oldest golf club in the world. St Andrew’s is sometimes called the Mecca of Golfing. I’m really looking forward to playing at least half a round of golf there. Could you take a photo of me swinging my own club?
Next day it’s pouring with rain so our couple decide to forget about the game, but pay the Golf Shop a quick visit just to buy an umbrella, one with space for two, and to take a photo. Many of the Scottish rivers are both swift and shallow and they are good for fishing, especially salmon and trout. A wellknown sight here is a fisherman dressed in full long boots (waders) standing in the middle of the river, trying to catch one fish or even more. If he is a tourist he will have to pay for his catch after the tour. The Dee is one of these rivers. Some decades ago, in the late 80’s, the Prince of Wales could have been one of those fishermen, then probably together with his grandmother. The royal family usually spend their holidays at Balmoral Castle, which stands on the river. On their way to Edinburgh they pass the fishing village of Crail, where a fishing boat filled with newly caught lobsters and crabs is about to land. On shore there is a small room with an enormous kettle of boiling water. There they cook the lobsters and crabs before they sell them to big restaurants. Now their colour has changed into beautiful red. Crabs and lobsters as well as shrimps, crayfish and mussels, are called shellfish (when they are alive) or seafood (when they are cooked). Typical of them all is that they have to be boiled when they are still alive – otherwise they become poisonous and you can’t eat them. Unit 4 Scotland
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Susan and James buy six lobsters for the supper at Susan’s aunt’s. The lobsters are beautifully red, and they are really fresh! Passing Dundee on their way south they still manage to get a jar of original orange marmalade from the family shop of James Keiller. That will make the breakfast table complete.
Bagpipe music at Highland Games
Glossary ahead [əˈhɛd] framöver at the top of my voice [æt ðə tɒp əv mʌɪ vɔɪs] allt vad jag orkade catch, caught, caught [kætʃ, kɔːt, kɔːt] fånga catch [kætʃ] fångst cheer [tʃɪə] heja couple [ˈkʌpl] par crab [kræb] krabba crayfish [ˈkreɪfɪʃ] (stor) räka, langust decade [ˈdɛkeɪd, dɪˈkeɪd] decennium (10 år) eavesdrop [ˈiːvzdrɒp] tjuvlyssna finish [ˈfɪnɪʃ] avsluta for all one is worth [fɔː ɔːl wʌn ɪz wɜːθ] allt vad man orkar fortnight [ˈfɔːtnʌɪt] två veckor fortune [ˈfɔːtʃuːn] förmögenhet jar [dʒɑː] syltburk, burk literally [ˈlɪtərəli] bokstavligen, ordagrant, ord för ord lobster [ˈlɒbstə] hummer outstanding [aʊtˈstændɪŋ] fantastisk, speciell overhear, overheard, overheard [ˌəʊvəˈhɪə, ˌəʊvəˈhɜːd, ˌəʊvəˈhɜːd] råka höra
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performance [pəˈfɔːməns] uppvisning poisonous [ˈpɔɪzənəs] giftig poster [ˈpəʊstə] affisch, plansch pouring with rain [pɔːr ɪŋ wɪð reɪn] ösregna probably [ˈprɒbəbli] antagligen relatives [ˈrɛlətɪvz] släktingar rental car [ˈrɛntl kɑː] hyrbil round [raʊnd] en (golf)runda royal [ˈrɔɪəl] kunglig salmon [ˈsæmən] lax seafood [ˈsiːfuːd] skaldjur, “havets läckerheter” (som maträtt) shallow [ʃæləʊ] grunt, väldigt lite vatten shellfish [ʃel fɪʃ] skaldjur (levande) shrimp [ʃrɪmp] räka shuttle flight [ˈʃʌtl flʌɪt] skytteltrafik space [speɪs] plats swift [swɪft] strid (om vattendrag) teenager [ˈtiːneɪdʒə] tonåring toss the caber [tɒs ðə ˈkeɪbə] stöta stock (skotsk nationalsport) trout [traʊt] forell we will do with [wiː wɪl duː wɪð] det räcker för oss med well-known [wɛl nəʊn] berömd
``Focus on irregular verbs Exercise 1: In English, please Study the verb pairs, and then translate the sentences. catch – caught – caught
fånga
come – came – come
komma
teach – taught – taught
lära, undervisa
become – became – become
bli
1) H ans pappa hade lärt honom att fiska och han fångade två laxar.
7) P hil kom hem från skolan med sin bästa vän.
2) Hur många fångade du?
8) H an har blivit en av de bästa i klassen.
pay – paid – paid
betala
say – said – said
säga
3) Hon betalade väskan utan ett ord. 4) S enare sade hon att hon tyckte den var dyr. sell – sold – sold
sälja
tell – told – told
berätta
know – knew – known
1) veta; 2) känna; 3) kunna
throw – threw – thrown
kasta
9) Jag visste inte att ni känner varandra. 10) Och ändå kastade du en boll på mig!
5) Han sålde sin bil. Visste du det? 6) J a, det visste jag. Du berättade det igår. Can you think of verbs to add to the pairs above?
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``Find out more Scottish traditions! Find out more about Scottish traditions – for example food, sports and music. Here are some typical Scottish words you might need: lad and lassie for boy and girl glen between the mountains is valley, loch meaning lake, Loch Lomond the neeps and tatties, are good with Haggis fairest (turnips and potatoes is English, but ben is a mountain, Ben Nevis the Haggis is Haggis and Scottish forever). highest, And finally, how to make a true Scottish delicacy: This is Haggis: 1 sheep’s stomach bag 1 sheep’s pluck (liver, lungs and heart) 3 onions 250 g of beef suet 150 g of oatmeal salt and black pepper a pinch of cayenne pepper 1.5 dl of gravy 1) Clean the stomach bag thoroughly and soak overnight. In the morning turn it inside out. 2) W ash the pluck and boil it for1.5 hours, ensuring the windpipe hangs over the pot allowing drainage of the impurities. 3) Mince the heart and lungs and grate half of the liver. 4) Chop up the onions and suet. 5) Warm the oatmeal in the oven. 6) Mix all the above together and season with salt and pepper. Then add the cayenne. 7) Pour over enough of the pluck boiled water to make the mixture watery. 8) Fill the bag with the mixture until it’s half full. 9) Press out the air and sew the bag up. 10) Boil for 3 hours (you may need to prick the bag with a wee needle if it looks like blowing up) without the lid on. 11) Serve with neeps and tatties. 156
Unit 4 Scotland
``Situational focus: At the restaurant Work in pairs, choose a role and create a dialogue. At the restaurant, you need to be able to order food and drink and ask for the bill, among other things. Think about what customers and waiters/waitresses say to each other. Work in pairs, choose a role and then create a dialogue. Role 1 You are a customer visiting a restaurant in Edinburgh. You want to order some local food. What do you say to the waiter? Here are some expressions you could use:
hhThank you, you too! Role 2 You are a waiter/waitress working at a restaurant in Edinburgh. You have to serve a customer who enters the restaurant. What do you say to him/her? Here are some expressions you could use:
hhGood evening! hhGood evening! This way, please. hhI would like to try some traditional food. What can you recommend?
hhAre you ready to order?
hhI’ll have the haggis, please.
hhOur haggis is very good.
hhIt was delicious!
hhHow was the dinner?
hhCould I order some dessert, please? hhCranachan sounds fine.
hhCertainly! Have you decided what you want to order? Some traditional Cranachan, perhaps?
hhCould I have the bill, please!
hhHere you are.
hh30 pounds, here you are.
hhThank you. Have a nice evening!
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FACTS Population: 2,993,000 Area: 20,732 km2 Capital: Cardiff Language: Welsh, English Wales is: Rugby – Wales–England is the most important match of the year The National Eisteddfod – a cultural festival, held at different places every year, usually in August. Caernarfon – the Castle where the first “Prince of Wales” was born The small village with the very big name: Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyndrobwylllantysiliogogogoch, which means St Mary’s Church in the hollow of the white hazel near the rapid whirlpool and the church St Tysilio’s with a red cave.
Unit 5
WALES Wales is the rather small peninsula north of Cornwall, with the east border partly following the river Severn. The sign “Croeso i Gymru� (Welcome to Wales) greets you when you have crossed the Severn Bridge. The text in Welsh tells you that a good 20% of the Welsh people still speak Welsh and they are proud of being the oldest people on the island. The first inhabitants were short, dark Iberians and they were displaced by the Celts, a tall, fair and redheaded people, who established one of the greatest pre-Christian empires. The Roman invasion left its mark in Wales, but later invaders of Britain like the Anglo Saxons did not manage to enter their land.
TEXT 2
Visiting Swansea
L
aurel, a Welsh schoolgirl, and Sally, an exchange student from New Zealand, are planning to go camping in the Welsh countryside. As they need some supplies for their trip, they decide to go shopping in nearby Swansea. Laurel: Ok, let’s see, where did I put the bus timetable? Oh, there it is! The next bus leaves in 15 minutes. Sally: I think our shopping list is ready; can you have a quick look at it, Laurel? Laurel: Sure. A tent, some tins, fruit, magazines, painkillers, sausages and bread. Yeah, that’s about it, I think. Come on, Sally, let’s go – we don’t want to miss the bus!
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In the city centre Laurel: Alright, let’s be efficient. You take half of the shops and I’ll take the other half. Sally: That’s ok with me. Do you mind going to the D.I.Y. shop, the pharmacy and the newsagent’s? I just love your small shops and groceries, so I’d like to go to them. Laurel: That’s totally fine with me. Besides, I promised to pick up my dad’s cords from the dry cleaner’s as well. Let’s meet at Harry’s Café in an hour. Sally: Ok. I’ll start by going to the butcher’s and the baker’s first, then I’ll have some time for the gift shops too. Laurel: Sounds good. See you later!
Later at the café Sally: So, did you get everything? Laurel: Yeah, I did, I found a really nice tent for only 30 pounds, that was a real bargain, wasn’t it? Sally: Sounds like a bargain to me, too. I also got all the things I was supposed to buy – and a nice present for my mum, look!
Laurel: What a beautiful dress! Ok, Sally, I think we have to finish our tea now and go back home; we have lots of things to pack before we can go camping. Sally: You’re right. Let’s go, I can’t wait to see the beautiful places you’ve talked about!
Glossary baker’s [ˈbeɪkəz] bageriet bargain [ˈbɑːɡən] fynd butcher’s [ˈbʊtʃəz] köttaffär camp [kæmp] tälta cords [kɔːdz] sammetsbyxor D.I.Y. shop [diː ʌɪ wʌɪ ʃɒp] ”do it yourself”, järnaffär dry cleaner’s [drʌɪ ˈkliːnəz] kemtvätt efficient [ɪˈfɪʃnt] effektiv exchange student [ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ ˈstjuːdnt] utbyteselev
grocery [ˈɡrəʊsəri] livsmedelsbutik, mataffär nearby [ˈnɪəbʌɪ] närbelägen, som ligger nära newsagent’s [ˈnjuːzeɪdʒənts] tidningskiosk painkillers [ˈpeɪnkɪləz] värktablett, värkmedicin pharmacy [ˈfɑːməsi] apotek supplies [səˈplʌɪz] förnödenheter, proviant, “vad man behöver” tin [tɪn] konserv
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``Focus on the text Exercise 1: Which girl? Laurel and Sally went to many different shops, but which girl went where? Write the shops that Laurel visited to the left and the shops Sally visited to the right. Laurel
shops
Sally
the butcher’s the dry cleaner’s the D.I.Y. shop the baker’s the gift shop the pharmacy the newsagent’s the grocery
Exercise 2: In Swedish, please! Translate into Swedish. 1) It sounds like a bargain to me, too! 2) They need some supplies, so they decide to go shopping. 3) Do you mind going to the baker’s, the newsagent’s and the pharmacy?
4) I promised to pick up my dad’s cords from the dry cleaner’s. 5) The exchange student got all the things he was supposed to buy – tins, magazines, painkillers and a tent.
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``Situational focus: In the shop In a shop, what do the customer and the salesperson say to each other? Work in pairs, choose a role and then create a dialogue.
Work in pairs, choose a role and create a dialogue. Role 1 You are a customer in a sportswear shop in Cardiff and want to buy an item of clothing as a gift for your friend. You ask one of the sales assistants for advice. What do you say? Here are some expressions that you could use:
Role 2 You are a sales assistant in a sportswear shop in Cardiff. A customer comes to you and asks for some advice. What do you say? Here are some expressions you could use:
hhHello!
hhHello! What can I do for you?
hhI would like to buy something for my friend.
hhWhich sports does your friend like?
hhHe likes rugby. Can you recommend something?
hhI would recommend a T-shirt of the local rugby team.
hhSounds fine, do you have any green ones?
hhYes, we do. Which size do you need?
hhSize L, please.
hhDo you like it?
hhIt looks nice. I’ll have that one, please.
hhThat will be 19 pounds, please.
hh20 pounds, here you are.
hhThank you, and have a nice day!
hhThank you for your help, have a nice day!
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TEXT 5
Saving lives
A
lison Bowen works as a surgeon at the Cardiff City Hospital in Wales. She has just graduated from Cardiff University and was lucky to get a vacant position at the hospital. Many of Alison’s colleagues are already a lot older than her, but according to Alison, that’s only an advantage. “I get a lot of good advice from my colleagues. There is a friendly atmosphere among us which the patients notice as well”, she says. Alison didn’t always dream about becoming a doctor. When she was younger, she wanted to become a professional horse rider, but after a serious accident with her own horse, she realised that she wanted to study medicine. “I had to stay at the hospital for a long time after the riding accident and the doctors and nurses who took care of me were great. I had lots of time to think about my future while I was lying in bed and decided that I wanted to become a doctor myself.” Alison loves her work at the hospital, but it can be really stressful. “The most stressful part about my job is when I have to make quick decisions regarding patients who have been involved in a bad accident. They often have severe injuries and need some sort of an operation immediately, but the problem is that there isn’t always an operating theatre available. However, when I’ve performed an operation successfully I can’t do
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Unit 5 Wales
anything but smile, because I know that I’ve saved a human life.” Receiving thank-you cards from grateful patients feels good as well. “We have a wall full of cards in our lobby. I always have a look at them before I start working, because they remind me of the most important thing about this job: saving lives.”
Fact file Organs lungs
heart
liver
stomach kidneys
intestines Heading for the operating theatre
Glossary advantage [ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ] fördel advice [ədˈvʌɪs] råd atmosphere [ˈætməsfɪə] stämning, atmosfär available [əˈveɪləbl] här: ledig colleague [ˈkɒliːɡ] kollega, arbetskamrat decision [dɪˈsɪʒn] beslut graduate [ˈɡrædʒueɪt] få sin examen grateful [ˈɡreɪtfl] tacksam injury [ˈɪndʒəri] skada
operating theatre [ˈɒpəreɪtɪŋ ˈθɪətə] operationssal perform [pəˈfɔːm] här: genomföra receive [rɪˈsiːv] motta, få regarding [rɪˈgɑːdɪŋ] avseende severe [sɪˈvɪə] allvarlig surgeon [ˈsɜːdʒən] kirurg vacant position [ˈveɪkənt pəˈzɪʃn] ledig tjänst
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GRAMMAR 1 Substantiv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 1.1 Singularis och pluralis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 1.2 Oregelbunden pluralisbildning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 1.3 Genitiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 `` 1.3.1 Apostrofgenitiv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 `` 1.3.2 Of-genitiv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 `` 1.3.3 A cup of coffee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 `` 1.3.4 At the baker’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 1.4 Artikel vid egennamn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
2 Pronomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 2.1 Indefinita pronomen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 `` 2.1.1 Some – any – no. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 `` 2.1.2 Every – all – each . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 2.2 Possessiva pronomen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 2.3 Own. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 2.4 Relativa pronomen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 2.5 Reflexiva pronomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
3 Verb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 3.1 Tempusformer – en översikt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 3.2 Presens och imperfekt – jakande form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 `` 3.2.1 Jakande presens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 `` 3.2.2 Jakande imperfekt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 3.3 Presens och imperfekt – nekande och frågande form . . . . . . 243 `` 3.3.1 Nekande och frågande presens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 `` 3.3.2 Nekande och frågande imperfekt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 `` 3.3.3 Ingen omskrivning med do, does eller did. . . . . . . . . . . 246
204
Grammar reference
Grammatik
3.4 Perfekt och pluskvamperfekt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 `` 3.4.1 Perfekt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 `` 3.4.2 Pluskvamperfekt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 `` 3.4.3 Om användningen av tidsformer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 3.5 Futurum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 3.6 Enkel och pågående verbform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 `` 3.6.1 Presens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 `` 3.6.2 Imperfekt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
4 Adjektiv och adverb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 4.1 Adjektivens komparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 4.2 Adjektiv eller adverb?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 4.3 Oregelbundna adjektiv-adverb-par . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 4.4 Adverbens komparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 4.5 Nationalitetsord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 4.6 Tidsadverbial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
5 Grammar Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 5.1 Användning av -ingform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 5.2 Frågepåhäng (question tags). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 5.3 There is, there are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 5.4 Ago – since – for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 5.5 Before – while – during. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 5.6 Had better do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Grammar reference
205
2.5 Reflexiva pronomen (mig, dig, sig, oss, er, sig) (I) (you) (he) (she)
myself yourself himself herself
mig dig sig sig
I bought myself a new bike.
(one) (we) (you) (they)
oneself ourselves yourselves themselves
sig (man) oss er sig
Jag köpte mig en ny cykel.
Sometimes one has to defend oneself. Ibland måste man försvara sig. Sue hurt herself when she fell.
Sue skadade sig när hon föll.
I know they enjoyed themselves.
Jag vet att de roade sig.
Det reflexiva pronominet syftar alltid tillbaka till samma person. Lägg märke till: Enjoy yourself, Emilia! Enjoy yourselves, Bill and Sue!
Ha så roligt, Emilia! Ha så roligt, Bill och Sue!
själv, själva I saw him myself. Jag såg honom själv. They did it themselves. De gjorde det själva. We’ll make it well ourselves. Vi gör det bra själva. Ask him yourself! Fråga honom själv.
234
Grammar reference
Lägg märke till: We saw Madonna ourselves. We saw Madonna herself!
Vi såg Madonna själva. Vi såg självaste Madonna!
efter preposition She looked at herself in the mirror. Hon såg sig i spegeln. Take care of yourself! Sköt om dig! They felt pleased with themselves. De kände sig nöjda med sig själva. Grandfather talks to himself. Farfar talar för sig själv.
Lägg märke till: She looked behind her. He saw them in front of him.
Hon såg bakom sig. Han såg dem framför sig.
Om prepositionen är betonad används objektformen av personligt pronomen (me, you, him, her, us, them).
Reflexivt i svenskan – inte i engelskan They married young. De gifte sig unga. Sit down! Sätt dig! We will all learn this soon. Vi kommer alla snart att lära oss detta. You take off your hat indoors. Man tar av sig hatten inomhus. Don’t turn around. Vänd dig inte om! I feel happy today. Jag känner mig glad idag. She lay down on the sofa. Hon lade sig på soffan. Vissa verb är reflektiva i svenskan men inte i engelskan.
Grammar reference
235
Exercise 1: Fyll i rätt reflexivpronomen.
1) Mother bought
a new hat.
2) They paid for the tickets
.
3) Hello Jane, have you enjoyed 4) I wanted it all for 5) Find
? . seats. They are all free.
6) I couldn’t find 7) He can’t take care of
.
8) We must be kind to
.
9) They did this to
.
10) I hurt
badly.
11) We saw the Queen
. We are lucky.
12) We saw the Queen
. She is great!
13) She always pays for
at MacDonald’s.
14) Don’t look behind
!
15) We had two cars in front of
236
a nice pullover for the party.
Grammar reference
on the road.
``3 Verb 3.1 Tempusformer – en översikt pluskvamperfekt
perfekt
imperfekt
presens
futurum
3
2
1
a year ago
a week ago
yesterday
today
tomorrow
They had won the game
Bill has played in the team
Bill played golf
Bill plays football
Bill will play the flute
Bill’s ad had been in the paper
We have seen him on TV
I was in the audience
I cheer at him
I’ll go to school
sammansatta verbformer
enkla verbformer
Enkel verbform = bara ett verb Sammansatt verbform = två eller fler verb De båda delarna i en sammansatt verbform är hjälpverb + huvudverb. – Time is endless, but still I’m always short of it! – You should plan your time better!
238
Grammar reference
sammansatt verbform
3.2 Presens och imperfekt – jakande form `` 3.2.1 Jakande presens
(jag kommer, han arbetar, vi är)
I come home from school by bus. Peter works hard on his homework. We are the champions!
Jag kommer hem från skolan med buss. Peter arbetar hårt med sina läxor. Vi är segrarna!
Presens i 3 person singularis = grundform + s
Exercise 1: Översätt till engelska. 1) Kvinnan berättar om sitt arbete bland de fattiga.
2) Mina vänner och jag hjälper henne ibland.
3) Hon är mycket tacksam.
4) Hon är alltid glad och skrattar mycket.
5) Hennes dotter spelar fotboll i vårt lag.
`` 3.2.2 Jakande imperfekt
(jag kom, han arbetade, vi var)
I came home at eight o’clock. Jag kom hem klockan åtta. Mother worked late yesterday. Mamma jobbade sent i går. We both slept late this morning. Vi sov båda länge i morse.
Grammar reference
239
Regelbundna verb Oregelbundna verb Tom asked a question. Dad bought a new car She studied in London. We went to the cinema. The plane started in N.Y. We saw a film starring Mr Bean. work + -ed worked come – came – come study + ed studied go – went – gone start + -ed started see – saw – seen
Imperfekt av regelbundna verb bildas med ändelsen –ed.
Uttal av -ed: start-ed
Stavningen framför -ed: efter
land-ed ask-ed
-t -d
efter
-p
laugh-ed
f-ljud
wash-ed
väsljud
open-ed fail-ed
[id]
-k
help-ed
answer-ed
Imperfekt av oregelbundna verb = andra temaformen
efter alla andra ljud
[t]
1) plan-n-ed planned travel-l-ed travelled
l ll
stop-p-ed stopped
p pp
beg-g-ed beg-g-ed [d]
n nn
g gg
2) carry-ed carried copy -ed copied 3) love-ed loved notice-ed noticed
Lägg märke till: Y förändras inte efter vokal stay-ed obey-ed
240
Grammar reference
Enkel slutkonsonant fördubblas.
y i efter konsonant Stumt -e faller bort
Exercise 1: Skriv ut imperfekt av följande verb. Välj sedan rätt uttal av ändelsen -ed med ett X. [-t] 1) like liked
[-d]
[-id]
X
2) ask 3) want 4) travel 5) open 6) answer 7) look 8) march 9) play 10) hate 11) help
Exercise 2: Översätt till engelska. 1) Han tittade på bilden en stund (= for a while) och sen ville han köpa den.
2) Han räknade sina pengar och promenerade ut ur butiken med bilden i handen.
3) Han såg stolt ut och skrek av glädje (= for joy).
Grammar reference
241
3.4 Perfekt och pluskvamperfekt `` 3.4.1 Perfekt
(jag har kommit, han har arbetat, vi har varit)
Sometimes I have come home with good notes.
Ibland har jag kommit hem med fina vitsord.
Bill has worked hard to get good notes, too.
Bill har arbetat hårt för att också få fint betyg.
We have both been very busy.
Vi har båda varit mycket flitiga.
Perfekt bildas med hjälpverbet have / has + huvudverbet i perfektparticip. Perfektparticip =
-ed av regelbundna verb tredje temaformen av oregelbundna verb
Exercise 1: Översätt till engelska. 1) Sue har köpt några böcker om djur. 2) Vi har alla läst dem.
3) Har du sett det stora huset därborta?
4) Herr Blake har målat det rött men han har inte haft tillräckligt med färg.
248
Grammar reference
`` 3.4.2 Pluskvamperfekt
(jag hade kommit, han hade arbetat, vi hade varit)
Bill had come home in time before dinner. He had worked late that evening, as usual. We had been together for many years.
Bill hade kommit hem i tid före middagen. Han hade jobbat sent den kvällen, som vanligt. Vi hade varit tillsammans i många år.
Pluskvamperfekt bildas med hjälpverbet had + huvudverbet i perfektparticip. Perfektparticip = -ed av regelbundna verb tredje temaformen av oregelbundna verb
Exercise 1: Översätt till engelska. 1) Vågorna hade varit väldigt höga när ubåten sjönk.
2) Några fiskare hade hört ett brak.
3) Hade ni alla köpt era biljetter i förväg? (i förväg = in advance)
Nekande och frågande satser i perfekt och pluskvamperfekt omskrivs inte med do, does eller did.
Grammar reference
249
4.2 Adjektiv eller adverb? Adjektiv
Adverb (=adj + -ly)
1) He is a brave boy. (What kind of a boy is he?)
1) He fought bravely. (How did he fight?)
Adjektivet bestämmer ett substantiv 2) The boy is brave. (What is the boy like?)
Adverbet bestämmer ett verb 2) He is extremely brave. (How brave is he?)
Adjektivet bestämmer ”to be”
Adverbet bestämmer ett adjektiv 3) He fought extremely bravely. (How bravely did he fight?) Adverbet bestämmer ett annat adverb
Exercise 1: Fyll i adjektiv eller adverb. Rita en pil mot det ord adjektivet eller adverbet bestämmer. 1) Today we had an 2) They are both 3) You work 4) You made a 5) I’m glad because they are so
students. (perfect / -ly) together. (perfect / -ly) run! (perfect / -ly) (wonderful / -ly) happy.
6) This is an
difficult exercise. (awful / -ly)
7) I bought a
dress. (beautiful / -ly)
8) It hangs there so 9) They have an 10) He is also a 260
task. (easy / -ly)
Grammar reference
in the window. (beautiful / -ly) demanding (= krävande) teacher. (extreme /-ly) person. (charming / -ly)
Lägg märke till följande: He was late as usual.
Han kom sent som vanligt.
I’ll come home as soon as possible.
Jag kommer hem så snart som möjligt.
He ran faster than usual.
Han sprang snabbare än vanligt.
Fortunately, we caught the bus.
Lyckligtvis hann vi med bussen.
Hopefully it will be sunny tomorrow.
Förhoppningsvis blir det soligt imorgon.
4.3 Oregelbundna adjektiv-adverb-par 1) Adjektiv = adverb fast fast hard hard early early daily daily late late long long
He is a fast runner and he speaks fast, too. It has been a hard day but she still works hard. The daily train arrives early on Monday. Our guest arrived late but we had a long weekend together.
2) Två adverb ur den föregående gruppen har en form på -ly, men de ändrar helt betydelse.
hardly = knappast
Hardly anyone was there when I arrived.
lately = på sista tiden
I have not seen him lately.
3) good = adjektiv well = adverb
She is a good friend of mine and we get on well.
Grammar reference
261
4) Förnimmelseverb bestämmer ett adjektiv. sound = låta This sounds good. = Detta låter bra. Coffee smells delicious but tastes awful. = Kaffe doftar gott men smakar illa.
look = se ut taste = smaka smell = dofta feel = kännas
It feels exciting to go abroad. = Det känns spännande att fara utomlands.
seem = verkar
This exercise seems easy to me. = Den här uppgiften verkar lätt för mig.
Exercise 1: Fyll i adjektiv eller adverb av orden i rutan. Obs! I rutan finns endast adjektiv. correct
correct
different
different
easy
good
happy
happy
high
late
slow
slow
1) The exercise seems
to me.
2) You should always look 3) He behaved 4) He was walking 5) They had a 6) The town looked
when you go for a job interview. when he let her go first. along the street. football match. at night.
7) The people lived there 8) It was a
for years. day when the holidays began.
9) My brother came home very
yesterday.
10) This mountain is really
.
11) You could have done the task 12) You have done a 262
Grammar reference
. job!
Exercise 2: Strecka under alla adjektiv eller adverb i texten! Rita en pil fr책n ordet till det ord det best채mmer.
The other day I was on an interesting tour around Edinburgh with my host. He badly wanted to show me all sights in one short day. It was, of course, completely impossible, but we made a try and started eagerly by the old castle. It looked so impressive, like a guardian angel over the city. The view from there was fantastic. The guards at the castle marched proudly around dressed in differently coloured tartans. Only two of them wore national uniforms with trousers instead of kilts. Curiously I asked them why, and got to know they were from the Lowlands. At least two Scotsmen who looked normal!
4.4 Adverbens komparation Adverben delas upp i tv책 grupper: Adverb bildade med -ly Adverb utan -ly easily, more easily, the most easily hard, harder, the hardest carefully, more carefully, the most carefully late,later, the latest fast, faster, the fastest Adverb bildade med -ly kompareras med more, the most.
Korta adverb utan -ly kompareras med 채ndelserna -er, the -est.
Grammar reference
263
SOUND RIGHT Sounds right 1: [æ ɑː ʌ ɒ ɔː ʊ] Fill the words from the box under the right phonetic sign. There are three words for each sound. bother
but
cat
chapter
charter
far
four
full
hot
lamp
law
mother
pull
rather
shot
shut
sugar
talk
æ
ɑː
ʌ
ɒ
ɔː
ʊ
hat
father
cut
plot
caught
put
Sounds right 2: [iː ɪ e ə uː ɜː] Fill the words from the box under the right phonetic sign. There are three words for each sound. a
an
big
bird
Bruce
chess
choose
fur
learn
lid
lose
men
niece
read
set
still
the
tree
iː
ɪ
e
ə
uː
ɜː
see
fit
bed
the
rule
turn
Sounds right 3: [eɪ əʊ aɪ aʊ ɔɪ ɪə eə] Fill the words from the box under the right phonetic sign. There are three words for each sound. blow choice here
278
Sound right
boat climb hole
boy cloud main
break coin my
care cow proud
cheers fame stairs
China hair tears