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CONTENTS 1 2

NORTH AMERICA........................................... 8 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA...............................10 A glimpse of the US of A............................................12 • Situational focus: Debating I...................................19 A nation of immigrants.............................................20 Establishing a new state............................................26 New York – The Big Apple..........................................32 CANADA......................................................................38 A taste of Canada.....................................................40 THE CARIBBEAN..........................................................46 The island mix...........................................................48 READ MORE: Native Americans and horses....................54

DOWN UNDER............................................. 60 AUSTRALIA...................................................................62 Spotlight on Australian cities.....................................64 Food in Australia......................................................70 Flora and fauna Down Under....................................76 • Situational focus: Speaking on the phone...................83 NEW ZEALAND............................................................84 The Kiwi Way............................................................86 The Aborigines and the Maori....................................92 THE COOK ISLANDS..................................................100 Visiting the Cook Islands.........................................102 READ MORE: Extreme sports.......................................108

ENGLISH OUTSIDE THE BOX..................... 114 THE COMMONWEALTH............................................116 “Where the sun never sets”......................................118 INDIA .........................................................................124 Ancient and young..................................................126 India on my mind....................................................132 SOUTH AFRICA..........................................................138 “Unity in diversity”..................................................140 • Situational focus: Writing an essay.........................145 LIBERIA......................................................................146 “The love of liberty brought us here”........................148 READ MORE: Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948).............154

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION.............. 160 THE UNITED NATIONS (THE UN)...............................162 The United Nations.................................................164 • Situational focus: Debating II...............................171 THE EUROPEAN UNION.............................................172 From war to cooperation........................................174 EU 101...................................................................180 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL.......................................186 A GREENER ENVIRONMENT......................................192 THE OLYMPICS...........................................................198 “Go confidently in the direction of your dreams!”.....200 EXCHANGE STUDENTS IN FINLAND..........................206 • Situational focus: Speaking about school.................212 GRAMMAR.................................................................214 IRREGULAR VERBS.....................................................295 CONTINENTS, COUNTRIES AND REGIONS................299 GLOSSARY..................................................................307

3 4

FACTS

Population: about 317,000,000 (estimate 2014) Area: about 9,800,000 km2 Capital: Washington, D.C. Language: English

In more detail, the United States of America is...

•• a federation of 50 states.

•• a republic with a President and a Congress (the Senate and the House of Representatives).

•• a nation of immigrants past and present.

•• home to the extremely rich and the extremely poor.

•• man-made landmarks like the Statue of Liberty in New York, Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, and Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota.

•• natural landmarks like the Grand Canyon in Arizona, the Everglades in Florida and the giant trees of Sequoia National Park in California.

•• often called “the land of opportunity”.

•• a dominating factor in world affairs.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Meet John F. Kennedy If we cannot now end our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity.

John F. Kennedy was one of the most famous presidents of the United States. Young, well-spoken and charming, he worked for civil rights, improved relations with Latin America and launched several peace initiatives. To the States, his presidency signalled new hope and new strength. Unfortunately, he was president for just three years, as he was assassinated in 1963. The United States and the world were never going to be the same.

TEXT 1

A glimpse of the US of A

U

ndoubtedly, everybody has some kind of an image that comes to mind when mentioning the United States of America. The Statue of Liberty, hamburgers, the sandy beaches of Florida and baseball are just some of the things that could be associated with the USA. But how much do you actually know about the country itself? Have a look at these cards to find out more!

The ABC of the USA – Part 1

The White House,

The United States is a federal constitutional republic consisting of 50 states. The capital city is called Washington, D.C. and it’s located in the District of Columbia on the east coast. With well over 300 million inhabitants, the USA is the third largest country in the world. It’s also one of the most multicultural. Some of the biggest cities include New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston and Philadelphia.

Washington, D.C.

The films

Hollywood, California 12

Unit 1 North America

Since the 20th century, the American film industry has mainly been based in Hollywood, California. Some of the most wellknown movie icons include John Wayne, Marilyn Monroe and Walt Disney. Star Wars and Titanic belong to the commercially most successful films of all time, and they’ve both been produced by studios in Hollywood. The USA has also got the highest number of TV viewers in the world.

The music

Concert crowd

The Afro-American music has influenced many of the popular music styles in the States: who hasn’t heard of blues, jazz and Louis Armstrong or rock’n’roll, Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry?

A couple of new music styles created in the USA are hip hop and house; Beastie Boys, 2Pac, 50 Cent, Inner Circle and Todd Terry are all American artists. Some of the most famous songwriters include Bob Dylan with ”Blowin’ in the Wind” and Irving Berlin with ”White Christmas”. Michael Jackson and Madonna are probably the most well-known pop icons from the States.

The food

The hamburger!

The USA is the Promised Land of the hamburger and the pizza, but there’s a lot more to American food. The traditional American kitchen includes things like turkey, sweet potato, corn and maple syrup. Crab cakes, apple pie, chocolate chip cookies and potato chips are also typically American. There are lots of different fast food restaurant chains in the USA, of course, but also a lot of ethnic restaurants – Lebanese, French, Italian, Chinese and many more.

The sports

Americans love sports. Baseball is the national sport, and other popular team sports include basketball, American football and ice hockey. Cheerleading, snowboarding and skateboarding are American inventions and have spread around the world. Boxing, horse racing, golf, auto racing and mixed martial arts (MMA) are all individual sports with many viewers.

All-American baseball!

Unit 1 North America

13

The ABC of the USA – Part 2

Independence Day

Some random facts about the USA: – Independence Day is celebrated on the 4th of July.

– Americans have turkey for dinner on Thanksgiving, which is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November.

– There are six time zones covering the States, including Alaska and Hawaii.

– 48 per cent of all Americans live in poverty.

– The most popular foreign language at school is Spanish, followed by French.

– The American green card is not green; it can be, for instance, pink.

Glossary a couple of [ə ˈkʌp(ə)l əv] • ett par associate with [əˈsəʊsieɪt wɪð] • förknippa med be based in [biː beɪst ɪn] • ha sin bas i capital city [ˈkæpɪt(ə)l ˈsɪti] • huvudstad celebrate [ˈsɛlɪbreɪt] • fira cheerleading [ˈtʃɪəˌliːdɪŋ] • “hejarklacks ledning”, cheerleading chocolate chip cookie [ˈtʃɒklət tʃɪp ˈkʊki] • kaka/kex med chokladbitar i commercially [kəˈmɜːʃ(ə)li] • kommersiellt consisting of [kənˈsɪstɪŋ əv] • som består av constitutional [ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃ(ə)n(ə)l] • konstitutionell corn [kɔːn] • majs covering [ˈkʌv(ə)rɪŋ] • innefattande crab cake [kræb keɪk] • krabbkaka created [kriˈeɪtɪd] • skapad, som skapats fast food [fɑːst fuːd] • snabbmat federal [ˈfɛd(ə)r(ə)l] • federal, förbundsgreen card [ɡriːn kɑːd] • permanent

uppehållstillstånd (i USA) independence [ˌɪndɪˈpɛnd(ə)ns] • självständighet

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Unit 1 North America

influence [ˈɪnfluəns] • påverka, influera inhabitant [ɪnˈhæbɪt(ə)nt] • invånare invention [ɪnˈvɛnʃ(ə)n] • uppfinning Lebanese [ˌlɛbəˈniːz] • libanesisk located in [ləʊˈkeɪtɪd ɪn] • belägen i, finns i mainly [ˈmeɪnli] • främst maple syrup [ˈmeɪpl ˈsɪrəp] • lönnsirap movie [ˈmuːvi] • film poverty [ˈpɒvəti] • fattigdom Promised Land, the [ðə ˈprɒmɪst lænd] • det

förlovade landet random [ˈrændəm] • slumpartad, strörestaurant chain [ˈrɛst(ə)rɒnt tʃeɪn] • restaurangkedja successful [səkˈsɛsf(ə)l] • framgångsrik sweet potato [swiːt pəˈteɪtəʊ] • sötpotatis, batat team sport [tiːm spɔːt] • lagsport time zone [taɪm zəʊn] • tidszon turkey [ˈtɜːki] • kalkon TV viewer [ˌtiːˈviː ˈvjuːə(r)] • tv-tittare undoubtedly [ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli] • tveklöst well-known [ˈwɛlnəʊn] • välkänd

Focus on the words Exercise 1: Finding the c’s!

Find the English equivalents of the following words and expressions.

They all begin with the letter c!

1) majs

5) huvudstad

2) skapad

6) krabbkaka

3) innefattande

7) kommersiellt

4) fira

8) som består av

Exercise 2: Alias!

Which word is explained? Find the words in the text.

1)

another word for ”film”

2)

someone who lives in, for example, a country or city

3)

a bird eaten at Thanksgiving

4)

another word for ”famous”

5)

hamburgers, pizza etc.

6)

something sweet you can put on your pancakes, typically North American

7)

word meaning ”for the most part”

8)

freedom from being ruled by another country

Unit 1 North America

15

Focus on the text Exercise 1: True or false?

Decide if the statements are true or false. If a statement is false, please explain why.

1) The USA consists of 52 states.

2) The USA is the third largest country in the world.

3) The American film industry is mainly based in Hollywood, California.

4) John Wayne and Walt Disney are famous singers.

5) Hip hop and house were created in the USA. 6) ”White Christmas” was written by Bob Dylan.

7) There aren’t that many ethnic restaurants in the USA. 8) Cheerleading and snowboarding are American inventions.

Exercise 2: Why? Why are the following things mentioned in the text? Explain in your own words.

1) Washington, D.C. 2) Star Wars 3) Madonna

4) crab cakes 5) boxing 6) time zones

Exercise 3: In English, please!

Translate the sentences into English, please!

1) Alla har någon slags bild av USA. 2) Huvudstaden är belägen i District of Columbia på östkusten.

3) Den afro-amerikanska musiken har påverkat många musikstilar, t.ex. blues och jazz.

4) Det traditionella amerikanska köket innefattar kalkon och majs.

5) Thanksgiving firas den fjärde torsdagen i november.

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Unit 1 North America

Focus on irregular verbs Exercise 1: Easier than you might think Fill in the missing forms and translate.

Infinitiv

Imperfekt

Perfektparticip

Svenska

bet cut hurt let put quit set shut split

Exercise 2: Meaning?

Translate into Swedish.

1) He shut the door in my face!

2) The sun sets in an hour or so.

3) She quit yesterday.

4) I bet you, you will win!

5) Put it over there, please.

6) I let them go an hour ago.

7) Does it hurt?

8) Sarah cut the cake.

9) Last time the coach had split them into groups of three, but this time he split them in groups of five.

Unit 1 North America

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Find out more Celebrities from the USA Find out more about an American movie or TV star, an athlete or a singer/band.

You can work on your own or in smaller groups. Search for information on the internet. Be prepared to present your celebrity to the rest of your class!

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Unit 1 North America

Situational focus: Debating I Work together with your partner or in groups of four. Come up with a topic for your debate, for example, ”You should be allowed to get a driver’s license at the age of 16” or ”We should have a one-week break from school around Easter”. One/two of you are for and one/two of you are against. Create a debate. Here’s some useful vocabulary when debating: Asking for an opinion: What’s your idea?

What do you think?

How do you feel about it?

Stating an opinion: In my opinion…

The way I see it…

If you ask me…

I think...

Agreeing: That’s so true.

I totally agree with you.

Absolutely!

That’s exactly how I feel.

No doubt about it.

I was just going to say that.

Disagreeing: I don’t think so.

No way.

I totally disagree.

I beg to differ.

I’d say the exact opposite.

Unit 1 North America

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Maori man with traditional tattoo, Rarotonga, Cook Islands

At the Great Barrier Reef, along the Queensland coast, Australia

UNIT 2

DOWN UNDER

The expression “Down Under” refers to Australia and New Zealand. They are The Big Two in the region. The Cook Islands, in the South Pacific, are in free association with New Zealand. The language most spoken is English.

Jumping red kangaroo, Australia

The Lord of the Rings movie series was shot in New Zealand

FACTS

Population: about 22,300,000 (estimate 2014) Area: about 7,740,000 km2 Capital: Canberra Language: English

In more detail, Australia…

•• is the only continent in the world that is also a single nation.

•• is officially called the Commonwealth of Australia.

•• has the British Monarch as the head of state.

•• has a population of 22 million, 1.5 per cent of which are Aborigines.

•• is divided into six states and two territories: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.

•• is known for songs such as ”Waltzing Matilda” and ”Tie me kangaroo down, Sport”. These songs are forever associated with the continent, as is the cute koala bear climbing a eucalyptus tree.

The famous Sydney Opera House, Sydney, New South Wales

AUSTRALIA One single adjective can be used to describe Australia: unique. Since Australia became isolated from the rest of the world 55 million years ago, it has become a sanctuary for animals and plants alike. There are many strange animals to be found in Australia – the platypus, the koala and the kangaroo.

Like New Zealand, Australia is also unique in that despite being located very much to the east, culturally the nation is very much to the west. A nation dominated by settlers and immigrants, the original population of Australia – the Aborigines – now play a small though significant part of Australian everyday life.

Uluru / Ayers Rock – a sandstone formation sacred to the Aborigines, in the Northern Territory

TEXT 2

Food in Australia

A

ustralia is a country of many different ethnicities, which can clearly be seen in its food culture.

The Australian cuisine is a happy mix of different dishes, mixing the food of the first settlers from Britain with later immigrants from around the world. And of course, adding what the country itself can offer, like the meat of the emu and native fruits and berries like riberry.

The first settlers were British, and the Australians still like to enjoy a break-

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Unit 2 Down Under

fast which is very similar to the English one. Bacon, eggs, sausage and toast are eaten in many Australian families in the morning, but in some of the warmer areas of Australia they prefer colder things such as muesli. Immigrants from the Mediterranean countries and from Asia came to Australia during the 17th and 18th centuries, and naturally they brought their art of cooking with them.

Today, the Australian cuisine can be characterised by one word: globalisation.

Lime, mint and coriander chicken kebabs

Pavlova with raspberries and cherries

Fast food is eaten all over the country, but so is organic food and dishes like pies and fish and chips. The Australians like to enjoy their dinner together with their families. Pizza, pasta, steak, vegetables and barbecue food are just a few of the dishes you can find on the table.

Is there then anything ”typically” Australian? Well, there are actually a few things, which could be categorised as Australian. Vegemite is a dark brown, salty paste, which is made of yeast. It is best enjoyed on toast. If you fancy a drink you can help yourself to a milo, which is

Vegemite on toast

made of milk, chocolate and malt, and for those with a sweet tooth, there’s a dessert called pavlova, which consists of a meringue base (or shell), topped with whipped cream and fresh berries or fruit.

Today, there are many famous finedining restaurants in, for example, Sydney. A few of these have in fact been listed as some of the top restaurants in the world. You can even find restaurants that serve kangaroo, emu or saltwater crocodile! So, whoever you are or whatever food you like on your plate: Australia has something for everyone.

Glossary art of cooking [ɑ:t əv ˈkʊkɪŋ] • matlagningskonst barbecue [ˈbɑ:bɪkju:] • grill-, grillat breakfast [ˈbrɛkfəst] • frukost categorise [ˈkætəɡ(ə)raɪz] • klassa characterise [ˈkærɪktəraɪz] • karakterisera, känneteckna clearly [ˈklɪəli] • tydligt cuisine [kwɪˈzi:n] • kök; matlagningskonst dessert [dɪˈzɜ:t] • efterrätt dish [dɪʃ] • rätt enjoy [ɪnˈdʒɔɪ] • njuta av ethnicity [ɛθˈnɪsɪti] • etnicitet, etnisk tillhörighet fancy [ˈfænsi] • vilja ha; gilla fine-dining restaurant [ˈfaɪndaɪnɪŋ

ˈrɛst(ə)rɒnt] • förstklassig restaurang,

“fin restaurang” globalisation [ˌɡləʊb(ə)laɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n] • globalisering kangaroo [ˌkæŋɡ(ə)rˈu:] • känguru

meat [mi:t] • kött Mediterranean [ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən] • Medelhavsmeringue base [məˈræŋ beɪs] • marängbotten muesli [ˈmju:zli] • mysli native [ˈneɪtɪv] • inhemsk; som finns naturligt on toast [ɒn təʊst] • på rostat bröd organic [ɔ:ˈɡænɪk] • ekologisk paste [peɪst] • massa plate [pleɪt] • tallrik prefer [prɪˈfɜ:(r)] • föredra settler [ˈsɛtlə(r)] • nybyggare; bosättare similar [ˈsɪmɪlə(r)] • liknande steak [steɪk] • biff (have a) sweet tooth [hæv ə swi:t tu:θ] • gilla godis, vara en gottegris topped [tɒpt] • med… på, toppad med whipped cream [wɪpt kri:m] • vispgrädde yeast [ji:st] • jäst Unit 2 Down Under

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Focus on the words Exercise 1: 1 + 1 Match the words in the box with the definitions. barbecue

clearly

kangaroo

prefer

breakfast

dessert

muesli

steak

1) an Australian animal with strong hind legs

5) something you have in the morning

2) something you eat after the main course

6) a slice of meat

7) to like better

8) without doubt

3) a breakfast cereal

4) food that has been cooked over open fire

Exercise 2: Gap fill Fill in the gaps with words from the text.

1) Would you like to visit a (fĂśrstklassig restaurang) 2) I want my hot chocolate 3) She prefers 4) Vegemite could be

marshmallows! (toppad med) on her ice icream. (vispad grädde) as Australian. (klassad)

5) The immigrants took their (matlagningskonst)

with them.

6) Have you visited any of the (Medelhavs-)

countries?

7) He only eats 8) My mum really has 72

?

Unit 2 Down Under

food. (ekologisk) ! (gillar godis)

Focus on the text Exercise 1: True or false?

Decide if the following statements are true or false. If false, please explain why.

1) The fact that Australia has many different ethnicities can clearly be seen in its food culture.

2) The first settlers in Australia were American.

3) In colder areas they have things like muesli for breakfast.

4) The Australians like to enjoy their dinner with their families.

5) Vegemite is a paste you put on your toast.

6) Milo is a coffee drink.

7) Pavlova is a dessert consisting of ice cream and berries.

8) You can find restaurants that serve kangaroo or emu in Australia.

Exercise 2: In Swedish, please!

Translate the following sentences into Swedish.

1) The Australian cuisine is a happy mix of different dishes.

2) Immigrants from the Mediterranean countries came to Australia in the 17th and 18th centuries.

3) You can find organic food, steaks and barbecue food on the table.

4) There are a few things, which could be categorised as Australian.

5) They serve saltwater crocodile in fine-dining restaurants too.

Unit 2 Down Under

73

Focus on irregular verbs Exercise 1: 2 similar systems Fill in the missing forms and translate.

Infinitiv

Imperfekt

Perfektparticip

Svenska

bring buy fight seek think bind find grind wind

Exercise 2: Past, not present Turn the sentences into past tense. Extra points if you can translate the sentences!

1) Who brings a pet kangaroo to a party?!

2) He buys soda and crisps.

3) The soldiers fight valiantly.

4) We seek the owner of the house.

5) They think that they are right.

6) He binds the thief to a tree.

7) She finds a way, as she always does.

8) They grind the beef.

9) She winds the rope around the tree.

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Unit 2 Down Under

Find out more Planning a menu Imagine that you and your friend get the opportunity to open your own restaurant.

Now you need to plan your menu. You need at least five starters, five main courses and five desserts. Work together with a classmate and create the menu.

Unit 2 Down Under

75

FACTS

Population: about 53,000,000 (estimate 2014) Area: about 1,219,000 km2 Capital: Pretoria (executive), Bloemfontein (judicial), Cape Town (legislative) Languages: Afrikaans, English, Southern Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu

South Africa is the country of...

•• 11 official languages and three capital cities.

•• different climate zones from the extreme desert to the lush subtropical climate.

•• animals like the lion, the blue crane, the hyena, the leopard and the giraffe.

•• many ethnicities.

•• South African art, which includes some of the oldest art objects in the world.

SOUTH AFRICA

Meet Nelson Mandela It always seems impossible until it’s done.

Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in prison, sometimes under awful conditions. Still, when he was released in 1990, he believed firmly in negotiation, peace and reconciliation. He went on to become the first black South African to be elected president of the nation. He became known across the world as “a moral authority” with a great “concern for truth”. Out of respect, South Africans often call Mandela “Tata”, meaning father, as they view him as “the father of the nation”.

TEXT 4

“Unity in diversity”

“

Diverse” is a good word to describe South Africa. It is a multi-ethnic society, with many cultures, languages and religions. The landscape and the nature are also highly diverse, ranging from mountain ranges to steppes and deserts, and so is the plant life in particular. The modern and rich cities and the traditional and poor villages point to further diversity. There are many aspects to the image of South Africa.

South Africa is situated on the southernmost tip of Africa. It is surrounded by an almost 3,000 km long coastline and its neighbouring countries include Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The kingdom of Lesotho is completely landlocked by South Africa.

In 1994, the racial segregation system called apartheid was abolished in South Africa. The country has had a democratic government ever since, with a Parliament and a President, who acts both as head of state and head of government. South Africa has three capital cities: Pretoria (executive), Bloemfontein (judicial) and Cape Town

Fact file Pretoria – the executive capital This is the seat of the President and the Cabinet (the ministers). Also called the administrative capital.

Cape Town – the legislative capital This is the seat of the Parliament.

Bloemfontein – the judicial capital This is the seat of the Supreme Court of Appeal.

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Unit 3 English outside the box

The colourful Bo Kaap, Cape Town

(legislative), and 11 official languages.

The population of the country is a mix of black Africans (approximately 80%), coloured, white and Indians or Asians.

Tourism is an important source of income for South Africa, and the country does have many different things to offer such as adventure, sports, nature and wild animals. Sounds great, doesn’t it? Let’s take a look at a short list of interesting sights: Kruger National Park – with almost two million hectares of land, it is one of the largest game reserves in Africa. It is open to the public and many tourists take the chance to go on a sightseeing safari here. If you’d like to catch a glimpse of the Big Five game, rhinoceros, elephant, buffalo, leopard and lion, this is the place you should visit!

Buffalo in Kruger National Park

Robben Island – probably the most famous island in South Africa.

Former president Nelson Mandela was imprisoned there for 18 years.

Cape Town – a city you mustn’t miss!

Whale watching, beaches and the Table Mountain are just a few of the things you can experience here.

Johannesburg – ”The Golden City”.

Gold was found there in the 1880s, and it triggered the gold rush to the area. If you’re a friend of shopping,

entertainment and good food, this is the city to go to!

Cape Winelands – in the Winelands you can visit some of the numerous wine farms or go on a wine tour. There are also lots of different events and festivals, which take place in this area.

So, South Africa has a lot to offer – for its people and for tourists. Perhaps the most important thing the republic can offer is hope and faith – that diversity can indeed unify rather than tear apart.

Glossary abolish [əˈbɒlɪʃ] • avskaffa act [ækt] • tjänstgöra, vara approximately [əˈprɒksɪmətli] • ungefär cabinet [ˈkæbɪnət] • regering desert [ˈdɛzət] • öken diverse [daɪˈvɜːs] • varierande diversity [daɪˈvɜːsɪti] • mångfald entertainment [ɛntəˈteɪnm(ə)nt] • underhållning event [ɪˈvɛnt] • evenemang, tillställning executive [ɪgˈzɛkjʊtɪv] • verkställande experience [ɪkˈspɪəri(ə)ns] • uppleva further [ˈfɜːðə(r)] • ytterligare game reserve [ɡeɪm rɪˈzɜːv] • viltreservat glimpse [ɡlɪmps] • glimt government [ˈɡʌv(ə)nmənt] • statskick; regering head of government [hɛd əv ˈɡʌv(ə)nmənt] • regeringschef highly [ˈhaɪli] • ytterst, mycket imprisoned [ɪmˈprɪz(ə)nd] • fängslad in particular [ɪn pəˈtɪkjʊlə(r)] • i synnerhet indeed [ɪnˈdiːd] • faktiskt judicial [dʒuːˈdɪʃ(ə)l] • dömande landlocked [ˈlændlɒkt] • helt omringad av land legislative [ˈlɛdʒɪslətɪv] • lagstiftande multi-ethnic [ˌmʌltiˈɛθnɪk] • mångetnisk

numerous [ˈnjuːmərəs] • otaliga offer [ˈɒfə(r)] • erbjuda plant life [plɑːnt laɪf] • växtliv point to [pɔɪnt tə] • peka på the public [ðə ˈpʌblɪk] • allmänheten racial segregation [ˈreɪʃ(ə)l ˌsɛgrɪˈgeɪʃ(ə)n] • rasåtskillnad ranging (from… to) [ˈreɪndʒɪŋ (frɒm tə)] • omfattande rhinoceros [raɪˈnɒs(ə)rəs] • noshörning seat [siːt] • säte (be) situated [(biː) ˈsɪtʃueɪtɪd] • ligga; vara belägen society [səˈsaɪəti] • samhälle source of income [sɔːs əv ˈɪnkʌm] • inkomstkälla southernmost [ˈsʌðənməʊst] • sydligast steppe [stɛp] • stäpp Supreme Court of Appeal [suːˈpriːm kɔːt əv əˈpiːl] • Högsta domstolen surrounded by [səˈraʊndɪd baɪ] • omringad av take place [teɪk pleɪs] • äga rum tear apart [teə(r) əˈpɑːt] • slita sönder trigger [ˈtrɪɡə(r)] • utlösa unify [ˈjuːnɪfaɪ] • förena village [ˈvɪlɪdʒ] • by whale watching [ˈweɪlwɒtʃɪŋ] • valskådning wine farm [ˈwaɪnfɑːm] • vingård Unit 3 English outside the box

141

Focus on phrasal verbs: ON Exercise 1: Perfect match Match the verb with the prepositions to form the right phrasal verb. build

get

hold

decide

go

take

try

1)

on to accept extra work

2)

on to choose

3)

on to continue

4)

on to have a good relationship with someone

5)

on to put on clothes to see if they fit

6)

on to use your success to go further

7)

on to wait

Exercise 2: Get creative!

Use each phrasal verb in Exercise 1 in a sentence of your own.

Find out more Famous South Africans There are many South Africans who have managed to make an international breakthrough, for example, the actress Charlize Theron, Nobel Peace Prize winner Desmond Tutu, and the authors J.M. Coetzee and J.R.R. Tolkien. Find out more about a famous South African. Search the internet for information and prepare a presentation.

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Unit 3 English outside the box

Situational Focus: Debating II When debating, there might be situations when you partially agree with someone or you want to interrupt someone. Work in pairs or in groups of four and come up with a topic, for example, ”School should be mandatory (obligatoriskt) until you’re 18!” or ”Cities should offer more summer jobs!” Create a debate where one/two of you have strong opinions, someone partially agrees and someone disagrees. Also, interrupt politely to get your point across.

Here are some phrases for your debate. See also Debating I on p. 19 for some other useful expressions.

Interruptions Can I add something here?

If I might add something...

Sorry to interrupt, but...

Sorry, go ahead./Sorry, you were saying... (when you’ve accidentally interrupted someone)

Partially agreeing That’s true, but…

That seems obvious, but...

That is not necessarily so.

I agree with you in principle, but…

I agree with you in part, but…

Well, you could be right.

Questions When debating, use questions. Note that you often ask negative questions when you bring forth strong opinions or want to convince others: Shouldn’t we…?

Would it not be great if…?

Couldn’t we all…?

You can also use question tags: We all want longer holidays, don’t we?

Everyone benefits from this, don’t they/ we?

You don’t want that, do you?

Note! Sometimes people say one thing and mean another. For example: “That’s interesting.” Most often this means: No, I don’t like it.

“That’s not a bad idea.” Most often this means: Actually, that is a really good idea.

“I hear what you say.” Most often this means: I disagree and I do not want to discuss it further.

Unit 4 International cooperation

171

TEXT 4

Amnesty International

W

hen Peter met his friend Doris in the tram yesterday, she looked so happy that he had to ask what she’d been up to.

Doris: Oh, you see. We were a few friends at my place yesterday and we discussed one more prisoner, whom we had been able to release from prison in Guatemala.

Peter: What interest can you have in a prisoner from the other half of the globe?

Doris: Have you heard of an organisation called Amnesty International?

Peter: Well, of course I have heard the name, but I don’t really know that much more. And I know you collect money every year, but I have no idea where the money goes...

Doris: Ok! The whole thing started in 1961 with an article in the Observer. The article, called “The Forgotten Prisoners”, told about two Portuguese students who were imprisoned for raising a toast to freedom.

Peter: In prison? For a toast?! Sounds horrible! What happened to them?

Doris: As the heading of the article says, nothing. This one man, Peter Benenson, who had read about the students elsewhere, had the courage and the will to act in some way, so, he wrote about their situation for the Observer. Then his article was picked up in newspapers and magazines all around the world. And so Amnesty International was born out of that.

Peter: And today you have a blog, through which anyone can be informed 186

Unit 4 International cooperation

about the situation today?

Doris: Oh, there is a website, of course: Amnesty dot org. Then we have many local sites, too.

Peter: How many countries are involved in this organisation?

Doris: You might not believe me, but Amnesty International has more than 3 million members in more than 150 countries and territories. We deal mainly with cases of death penalty, freedom of expression, international justice and stopping corporate abuse. And we are funded mainly by membership and public donations.

Peter: And what do you actually do?

Doris: We gather together in small support groups and share our knowledge about the situation in the big prisons. We contact them and try to find out as much

as possible about forgotten prisoners.

Then we write letters or try to reach him or her per mail in order to encourage him and tell him we’re on his side. And when we manage to get a prisoner released, it feels wonderful.

Peter: I’m not that keen on writing letters, but perhaps I could participate

with a sum of money to your organisation… Is there any special day to remember?

Doris: We celebrate Human Rights’ Day on 10 December with a burning candle in the church St Martin-in-the-Fields in London. So if you happen to be there, please, pop in!

Glossary abuse [əˈbjuːz] • övergrepp; maktmissbruk case [keɪs] • fall corporate [ˈkɔːp(ə)rət] • företagscorporate abuse [ˈkɔːp(ə)rət əˈbjuːz] • övergrepp gjorda av företag courage [ˈkʌrɪdʒ] • mod deal with [diːl wɪð] • ta hand om, sköta encourage [ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ] • uppmuntra freedom of expression [ˈfriːdəm əv

ɪkˈsprɛʃ(ə)n] • yttrandefrihet fund [fʌnd] • finansiera heading [ˈhɛdɪŋ] • rubrik imprison [ɪmˈprɪz(ə)n] • fängsla involved [ɪnˈvɒlvd] • inblandad; med

(i något)

justice [ˈdʒʌstɪs] • rättvisa keen on [kiːn ɒn] • sugen på, förjust i knowledge [ˈnɒlɪdʒ] • kunskap manage to [ˈmænɪdʒ tə] • lyckas membership [ˈmɛmbəʃɪp] • medlemskap participate [pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt] • delta; bidra penalty [ˈpɛn(ə)lti] • straff prison [ˈprɪz(ə)n] • fängelse prisoner [ˈprɪz(ə)nə(r)] • fånge public donation [ˈpʌblɪk dəʊˈneɪʃ(ə)n] • donationer från allmänheten raise a toast to [reɪz ə təʊst tə] • skåla för release [rɪˈliːs] • befria; släppa fri tram [træm] • spårvagn

Unit 4 International cooperation

187

GRAMMAR 1 SUBSTANTIV.......................................................................216 1.1 Singularis och pluralis.......................................................216 1.1.1 Singularis av substantiv.............................................216 1.1.2 Pluralis av substantiv................................................217 1.2 Uncountables...................................................................221 1.3 Genitiv.............................................................................224 1.4 Artikel vid egennamn.........................................................226

2 PRONOMEN.......................................................................228 2.1 Personliga pronomen........................................................228 2.2 Possessiva pronomen........................................................229 2.3 Own.................................................................................232 2.4 Indefinita pronomen.........................................................233 2.4.1 Some – any – no......................................................233 2.4.2 Every – all – each.....................................................237 2.5 Relativa pronomen...........................................................239

3 VERB.....................................................................................241 3.1 Tempusformer – en översikt...............................................241 3.2 Presens och imperfekt – jakande form................................242 3.2.1 Jakande presens......................................................242 3.2.2 Jakande imperfekt...................................................242 3.3 Presens och imperfekt – nekande och frågande form...........245 3.3.1 Nekande och frågande presens...................................245 3.3.2 Nekande och frågande imperfekt................................247 3.3.3 Ingen omskrivning med do, does eller did.....................248 3.4 Perfekt och pluskvamperfekt..............................................250 3.4.1 Perfekt och pluskvamperfekt......................................250 3.4.2 Om användningen av tidsformer................................251 3.5 Futurum...........................................................................252 3.6 Enkel och pågående verbform............................................256 3.7 Modala hjälpverb.............................................................260 3.8 Passiv...............................................................................263 3.8.1 Passiva verbformer...................................................263 3.8.2 Man-uttryck...........................................................271 3.9 Konditionalis....................................................................274 3.9.1 Konditionalis 1.......................................................274 3.9.2 Konditionalis 2.......................................................275 3.10 If-satser..........................................................................277

214

Grammar

Grammatik 4 ADJEKTIV OCH ADVERB..................................................280

4.1 Komparation av adjektiv och adverb..................................280 4.2 Några speciella adjektiv.....................................................282 4.3 Prefix för att bilda motsatser till adjektiv............................283 4.4 Tidsadverbial....................................................................286

5 GRAMMAR PLUS...............................................................287

5.1 Nationalitetsord...............................................................287 5.2 Användning av ing-form....................................................293

Grammar

215

3.8 PASSIV `` 3.8.1 Passiva verbformer (skrivs, skrevs, skrivits, blir skrivet, blev skrivet,

blivit skrivet)

Tom eats an apple. (aktiv sats)

An apple is eaten by Tom. (passiv sats) Se p책 meningarna ovan och diskutera.

AKTIV SATS vs. PASSIV SATS pluskvamperfekt

perfekt

imperfekt

presens

futurum

AKTIV SATS

Tom had eaten the apple

Tom has eaten the apple.

Tom ate the apple.

Tom eats the apple.

Tom will eat the apple.

PASSIV SATS

The apple had been eaten (by Tom).

The apple has been eaten (by Tom).

The apple was eaten (by Tom).

The apple is eaten (by Tom).

The apple will be eaten (by Tom).

pluskvamperfekt

perfekt

imperfekt

presens

futurum

Exercise 1: Kombinera r채tt aktiv och passiv sats.

1) Susan eats a carrot.

A) An orange was eaten by Susan.

2) Keith has written a letter.

3) Susan will have some cake.

4) Keith had written a book.

5) Susan ate an orange.

B) A letter has been written by Keith.

C) A carrot is eaten by Susan.

E) Some cake will be had by Susan.

F) A book had been written by Keith.

Grammar

263

Exercise 2: Kombinera de engelska satserna med rätt översättning.

1) The apple has been eaten.

2) The apple will be eaten.

3) The apple was eaten.

4) The apple is eaten.

A) Äpplet åts / blev uppätet.

B) Äpplet äts / blir uppätet.

C) Äpplet har ätits / har blivit uppätet.

5) The apple had been eaten.

D) Äpplet kommer att ätas / bli uppätet.

E) Äpplet hade ätits / blivit uppätet.

Exercise 3: Kombinera rätt lucka med rätt ord. be

be

been

is

was

be

been

been

is

was

1) Dean wrote a letter. = A letter

written by Dean.

2) Dean writes a letter. = A letter

written by Dean.

3) Dean had written a letter. = A letter had 4) Dean will write a letter. = A letter will 5) Dean has written a letter. = A letter has 6) Did Dean write a letter? =

written by Dean. written by Dean. written by Dean.

a letter written by Dean?

7) Dean doesn’t write a letter. = A letter 8) Can Dean write a letter? = Can a letter

not written by Dean. written by Dean?

9) Mustn’t Dean write a letter? = Mustn’t a letter 10) Would Dean have written a letter? = Would a letter have

264

Grammar

written by Dean? written by Dean?

Lägg märke till: The apple is eaten by Tom. / The apple was eaten by Tom. The apples are eaten by Tom. / The apples were eaten by Tom

En, ett + is / was Flera + are / were

Exercise 4: Svärta ut det felaktiga ordet.

1) The bananas was / were eaten by monkeys.

2) The Treaty of Waitangi was / were signed in 1840.

3) Mahatma Gandhi and Indira Gandhi was / were both assassinated.

4) John F. Kennedy is / are considered one of the great US presidents.

5) The giraffe was / were spotted eating leaves.

6) Points is / are given for correct answers.

7) Today two men and three women is / are appointed to the council.

8) Wild geese was / were sighted flying north.

FUNDERA MERA: Måste man alltid säga by XYZ i passiva satser?

Svar: Nej. Använd by om det är viktigt att det syns vem som gjorde något.

The apples have been eaten. (spelar ingen roll vem som har ätit upp äpplet) The apples have been eaten – by Tom! (viktigt veta vem som har ätit upp äpplet) Pst! Tom och XYZ efter by i passiv sats kallas agent. Agenten är alltså den som egentligen gör något. I motsvarande aktiva sats är agenten subjekt.

All the bananas, too, have been eaten by Tom! Tom has eaten all the bananas, too!

Grammar

265

Exercise 5: Ändra till passiv form.

1) Dean wrote the letter, not Keith!

2) Columbus discovered America.

3) Someone has drunk all the juice.

4) Chris won the gold medal.

5) A lot of people we will never know signed the treaty in 1840.

6) No one answered the phone.

7) Everyone will remember this day!

FUNDERA MERA: Kan alla aktiva satser bli passiva?

Svar: Nej. Den aktiva satsen måste ha ett objekt för att kunna ändras till passiv.

Sarah reads a great book.

A great book was read (by Sarah).

Someone asked a lot of questions.

A lot of questions were asked (by someone).

Didn’t anyone see the accident?

Wasn’t the accident seen by anyone?

It’s snowing.

----- (inget objekt) Peter reads.

----- (inget objekt) Someone ran down the stairs.

----- (inget objekt) Sarah is great.

----- (inget objekt)

266

Grammar

Exercise 6: Aktiv blir passiv. a) Vilka av följande aktiva satser kan ändras till passiva satser? Sätt kryss i rutan.

1)

The school newspaper published an article on Greenpeace.

2)

Sarah and Peter are both great athletes.

3)

Keith kept score as they played.

4)

We walk to school every day.

5)

Can you follow US elections on TV in Finland?

6)

The most popular candidate doesn’t always win the presidential elections in the USA.

7)

There might be an even struggle between the candidates.

8)

My father and brother honoured the Olympic Games with their presence.

b) Ändra de satser som du kryssat för till passiva satser.

Grammar

267

IRREGULAR VERBS Nedan finns en förteckning över de flesta oregelbundna verbena i engelska, många av dem mycket vanliga.

Språk förändras hela tiden, och för några oregelbundna verb används numera både regelbunden och oregelbunden form. Dessa verb har markerats med en fotnot. I några fall är den regelbundna formen i dag till och med vanligare. be was/were been [bi: wɒz/wɜ:(r) bi:n] vara 1) stå ut; 2) bära; 3) föda bear bore born [beə(r) bɔ:(r) bɔ:n] beat beat beaten [bi:t bi:t ˈbiːt(ə)n] slå become became become [bɪˈkʌm bɪˈkeɪm bɪˈkʌm] bli begin began begun [bɪˈɡɪn bɪˈɡæn bɪˈɡʌn] börja bend bent bent [bɛnd bɛnt bɛnt] böja slå vad bet1 bet bet [bɛt bɛt bɛt] bind bound bound [bʌɪnd baʊnd baʊnd] binda bite bit bitten [bʌɪt bɪt ˈbɪt(ə)n] bita bleed bled bled [bli:d blɛd blɛd] blöda blow blew blown [bləʊ blu: bləʊn] blåsa 1) bryta; 2) brista; 3) gå sönder break broke broken [breɪk brəʊk ˈbrəʊk(ə)n] föda upp (boskap) breed bred bred [bri:d brɛd brɛd] ha med sig bring brought brought [brɪŋ brɔ:t brɔ:t] broadcast2 broadcast broadcast [ˈbrɔːdkɑːst ˈbrɔːdkɑːst ˈbrɔːdkɑːst] sända (tv, radio m.m.) build built built [bɪld bɪlt bɪlt] bygga 1) bränna; 2) brinna burn3 burnt burnt [bɜ:n bɜ:nt bɜ:nt] burst burst burst [bɜ:st bɜ:st bɜ:st] brista buy bought bought [bʌɪ bɔ:t bɔ:t] köpa 1) gjuta; 2) kasta cast cast cast [kɑ:st kɑ:st kɑ:st] catch caught caught [kætʃ kɔ:t kɔ:t] fånga choose chose chosen [tʃu:z tʃəʊz ˈtʃəʊz(ə)n] välja 1) hålla fast (vid); 2) klänga cling clung clung [klɪŋ klʌŋ klʌŋ] come came come [kʌm keɪm kʌm] komma cost cost cost [kɒst kɒst kɒst] kosta creep crept crept [kri:p krɛpt krɛpt] smyga 1) skära; 2) klippa cut cut cut [kʌt kʌt kʌt] dela ut deal dealt dealt [di:l dɛlt dɛlt] dig dug dug [dɪg dʌg dʌg] gräva do did done [du: dɪd dʌn] göra 1) rita; 2) dra draw drew drawn [drɔ: dru: drɔ:n] dream4 dreamt dreamt [dri:m drɛmt drɛmt] drömma drink drank drunk [drɪŋk dræŋk drʌŋk] dricka drive drove driven [drʌɪv drəʊv ˈdrɪv(ə)n] köra 1) bo; 2) vistas dwell5 dwelt dwelt [dwɛl dwɛlt dwɛlt] Also: bet, betted, betted US also: broadcast, broadcasted, broadcasted 3 Also: burn, burned, burned 4 Also: dream, dreamed, dreamed 5 Also: dwell, dwelled, dwelled 1 2

Irregular verbs

295

CONTINENTS, COUNTRIES AND REGIONS Här finns på engelska kontinenterna samt ett stort antal länder och regioner.

Listan på länder är inte fullständig.

THE CONTINENTS Name Adjective A person Africa African African Antarctic Antarctic (saknar fast befolkning) Asia Asian Asian Australia Australian Australian Europe European European North America North American North American Oceania Oceanic Oceanian South America South American South American

THE NORDIC COUNTRIES........................................300 THE BALTIC STATES..................................................300 EUROPE....................................................................300 THE MIDDLE EAST....................................................301 ASIA...........................................................................302 AFRICA......................................................................303 OCEANIA...................................................................305 NORTH AMERICA.....................................................305 CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN............305 SOUTH AMERICA......................................................306

Continents, regions and countries

299

300

Continents, regions and countries

EUROPE (apart from the Nordic and Baltic countries) Albania Albanian Andorra Andorran Armenia Armenian Austria Austrian Azerbaijan Azerbaijani Belarus Belarusian Belgium Belgian Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian/Herzegovinian Bulgaria Bulgarian Croatia Croatian Cyprus Cypriot Czech Republic Czech France French Georgia Georgian Germany German Greece Greek Hungary Hungarian Ireland Irish Italy Italian Kazakhstan Kazakh

Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Albanian Andorran Armenian Austrian Azerbaijani Belarusian Belgian Bosnian Bulgarian Croat Cypriot Czech Frenchman/-woman Georgian German Greek Hungarian Irishman/-woman Italian Kazakh

Estonian Latvian Lithuanian The Albanians The Andorrans The Armenians The Austrians The Azerbaijani The Belarusians The Belgians The Bosnians The Bulgarians The Croats The Cypriots The Czech The French The Georgians The Germans The Greeks The Hungarians The Irish The Italians The Kazakhs

The Estonians The Latvians The Lithuanians

The people

THE BALTIC STATES Estonia Latvia Lithuania

A person The Danes The Finns The Icelanders The Norwegians The Swedes

Adjective

THE NORDIC COUNTRIES Denmark Danish Dane Finland Finnish Finn Iceland Icelandic Icelander Norway Norwegian Norwegian Sweden Swedish Swede

Name

Tirana Andorra la Vella Yerevan Vienna Baku Minsk Brussels Sarajevo Sofia Zagreb Nicosia Prague Paris Tbilisi Berlin Athens Budapest Dublin Rome Astana

Tallinn Riga Vilnius

Copenhagen Helsinki ReyakjavĂ­k Oslo Stockholm

Capital