Degree Lecture Notes - Asian Architecture

Page 1

HISTORY OF EAST ASIAN ARCHITECTURE CHINESE & JAPANESE

Presented by Koh Jing Hao


Lecture Outline

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE: Architecture Components & the Beijing Courtyard House

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House


Lecture Outline

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE: Architecture Components & the Beijing Courtyard House Cosmology & Worldview

Architectural Components

Beijing Courtyard House


Lecture Outline

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House Shinto Shrine

Philosophy of Aesthetics

The Traditional Japanese House


Part 1

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE: Architecture Components & the Beijing Courtyard House

COSMOLOGY

&

WORLDVIEW


Heavenly world deities

Earthly world human

Ghosts/demons

Underworld


Such a correlative cosmology is an orderly

system of correspondence among various domains of reality in the universe, correlating categories of the

Wang, 2000

Henderson, 2010

human world, such as the human body, behavior, morality, the sociopolitical order, and historical changes, with categories of the cosmos , including time, space, the heavenly bodies, seasonal movement, and natural phenomena.

Correlative thinking draws systematic correspondences among various orders of reality or realms of the cosmos, such as the human body, the body politic and the heavenly bodies.


order/system correspondences domain of reality c o s m o s h a r m o n y l i f e


INTENTION

ACT

PRODUCT

RULES

ACTORS

SITE

COSMOLOGY & WORLDVIEW: the production model


INTENTION

order/harmony

shelter

ACT

correspondences

build

PRODUCT

life

house

RULES

system/order/pattern

physics/nature

ACTORS

domain of reality

human/deities/demons

SITE

cosmos

earth

COSMOLOGY & WORLDVIEW: the production model


TAOISM Achieving state of harmony with nature Considers nature as design element

CONFUCIANISM Achieving state of social order with a set of ethical & moral rules Affected the social hierarchy in design considerations ie spatial layout


Wood

Water

THE FIVE ELEMENTS: BALANCE & HARMONY

Metal

Fire

Earth


CHINESE ARCHITECTURE: Architecture Components & the Beijing Courtyard House

ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS


Roof Gabled / Hipped / Half- gabled & half hipped / Pyramidal

Column & wall Base



TYPES OF ROOFS Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History


Timber frame

Column & beam

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

DouDou-gong


Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History


STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History


Ying Zhao Fa Shi

Gong Cheng Zuo Fa Ze Li

GRAMMAR OF ARCHITECTURE


Compiled by Li Jie ( ) during the Song Dynasty and published in 1103 Consists of 34 chapters: 13 chapters devoted to design rules of foundations, fortifications, stone masonry and ornamental carving, major carpentry, brick & tile masonry, painted decoration The rest of the text contains definitions & terms Last 4 chapters contain drawings & illustrations.

YING ZHAO FA SHI Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History


Published by the Ministry of Construction of the Qing Dynasty in 1734.

GONG CHENG ZUO FA ZE LI Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History


A set of bracket with 3 components: Dou Gong Ang To transfer load from horizontal member above to vertical member below Enables extension of roof eaves for shading Mostly used on large & significant buildings e.g. palace, temples; a symbol of status and affluence Function of structural support evolved into decorative elements in later time

BRACKET SYSTEM:

DOUDOU-GONG Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History


BRACKET SYSTEM:

DOUDOU-GONG Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History


BRACKET SYSTEM:

DOUDOU-GONG

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRnVvdxgFkg&feature=relmfu


The East Main Hall of Foguang Temple (855856, Tang Dynasty), Foguang Village, Doucun Town, Wutai County, Xinzhou, Shanxi Province, China

Source: Radium Tam

BRACKET SYSTEM:

DOUDOU-GONG


The East Main Hall of Foguang Temple (855856, Tang Dynasty), Foguang Village, Doucun Town, Wutai County, Xinzhou, Shanxi Province, China

Source: Radium Tam

BRACKET SYSTEM:

DOUDOU-GONG


Caisson ceiling of Kuan Yin Temple (~1910), Klang, Malaysia

Source: Esticalovesfood

BRACKET SYSTEM:

DOUDOU-GONG


Source: archdaily.com

BRACKET SYSTEM: MODERN INTERPRETATION


Source: archdaily.com

BRACKET SYSTEM:

Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum by Kengo Kuma & Associates

MODERN INTERPRETATION


Source: archdaily.com

BRACKET SYSTEM:

Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum by Kengo Kuma & Associates

MODERN INTERPRETATION


Source: archdaily.com

BRACKET SYSTEM:

Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum by Kengo Kuma & Associates

MODERN INTERPRETATION


Source: archdaily.com

BRACKET SYSTEM: MODERN INTERPRETATION


CHINESE ARCHITECTURE: Architecture Components & the Beijing Courtyard House

BEIJING COURTYARD HOUSE


Geography

Materials

VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : DESIGN FACTORS

Culture & Beliefs


VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : PIT DWELLING


VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : PIT DWELLING


VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : FORTRESS STYLE


VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : WATERSIDE


VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : PILE DWE LLING


VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : MONGOLIAN YURT


VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : COURTYARD HOUSE


Quadrangle as part of the city’s grid arrangement Spatial layout is based on social hierarchy and geomancy principles No. of courtyard (jin used as module : 1 courtyard2 courtyards-

) can be

Some courtyard houses have 3 sections forming the courtyard

VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : COURTYARD HOUSE


VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : COURTYARD HOUSE


Corner room

Main room: Ancestral hall

Grand Parents

Axial arrangement with main entrance placed at South-East

Parents

Backyard rooms: Daughters + maids

South facing preferable

Corner room

Floral-pendant gate marks entrance into the private domain

2nd, 4th sons’ rooms

1st,3rd sons’ rooms

Courtyard

Floral-pendant gate Screen wall

COURTYARD H O U S E : SPATIAL LAYOUT

toilet

N

Reception hall

Male Servants

Entrance Study room


Brilliant gate

COURTYARD H O U S E : Entrance Gate

Social status & ranking

Golden column gate

‘manzi’ manzi’ gate

‘ruyi’ ruyi’ gate


COURTYARD H O U S E : FloralFloral-pendant Gate


COURTYARD H O U S E : FloralFloral-pendant Gate


The screen wall is a brickstructured wall with strong ornamental and symbolising significance in front of the main gate Its main function was to beautify the entrance of the gate, people might see the carved auspicious words or eulogies or decorated ornaments on the wall face.

COURTYARD H O U S E : Screen Wall

Source: Tushuo min ju


Liang, S., & Fairbank, W. (2005). Chinese architecture: A pictorial history. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Wang, A. (2000). Cosmology and political culture in early China. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Henderson, J. B. (January 01, 2010). Cosmology and concepts of nature in traditional China. Concepts of Nature, 181197. Shan, D., & Wang, D. (2004). Chinese vernacular dwelling. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. Wang, Q. (2004). Tushuo min ju. Beijing: Zhongguojianzhu gong ye chu ban she.

REFERENCES


CHAPTER 6

Shan, D., & Wang, D. (2004). Chinese vernacular dwelling. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.

CHAPTER: THE CHINESE STRUCTURAL S Y S T E M

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Liang, S., & Fairbank, W. (2005). Chinese architecture: A pictorial history. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.


Xia Dynasty 夏朝

21002100-1600 BC

16001600-1050 BC

Shang Dynasty商朝

Western Zhou 西周

10461046-771 BC

Qin Dynasty 秦朝

771771-256 BC

221221-206 BC

Eastern Zhou 東周 Spring and Autumn Period 春秋 Wa r r i n g S t a t e s P e r i o d 戰 國

APPENDIX: APPENDIX : HISTORICAL TIMELINE

Feudalism

Unified kingdom

Establishment of centralised government

Transition period


Eastern Han 東漢 Western Han 西漢

Han Dynasty 漢朝

206 BCEBCE -220 CE

220220-265 CE

The Three Kingdoms 三國

Revitalisation of Confucianism

APPENDIX: APPENDIX : HISTORICAL TIMELINE

Jin Dynasty 晉朝

265265-420 CE

Sui Dynasty 隋朝

386386-589 CE

581581-618 CE

Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties 南北朝

Period of disunity and instability Introduction of Buddhism

Unified kingdom

Transition period


Northern Song 宋朝

Tang Dynasty 唐朝

907907-979 CE

618618-906 CE

Five Dynasties 五代

960960-1127

Yuan Dynasty 元朝

11271127-1279

12791279-1368

Southern Song 南宋

Ten Kingdoms 十國

Great civilisation achievements

Reign of the Mongol Empire

APPENDIX: APPENDIX : HISTORICAL TIMELINE

Unified government

Transition period


People’s Republic of China 中華人民共和國

Republic of China 中華民國

Ming Dynasty 明朝 13681368 -1644

16441644-1911

19121912 -1949

19491949-present

Qing Dynasty 清朝

Xinhai Revolution 1911 辛亥革命 End of monarchy Establishment of republic

APPENDIX: APPENDIX : HISTORICAL TIMELINE

Civil war

Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國 (台灣) 台灣)

Japanese occupation 19311931 -1945

Unified government

Transition period


Lecture Outline

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House

Shinto Shrine

Philosophy of Aesthetics

The Traditional Japanese House


Lecture Outline

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House

Shinto Shrine

Ise Jingu Shrine Typology

Philosophy of Aesthetics

The Traditional Japanese House


Lecture Outline

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House

S h i n t o S h r i n e

Philosophy of Aesthetics

Wabi Sabi

The Traditional Japanese House


Lecture Outline

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House

Shinto Shrine

Shinden Style

Philosophy of Aesthetics

Shoin Style

Sukiya Style

The Traditional Japanese House

Teahouse

Elements


国



Paleolithic 旧 35,000–14,000 BC

Kamakura

Jomon 14,000–300 BC

Nanboku-chō

Yayoi 弥 300 BC–250 AD

Muromachi

Kofun 250–538

AzuchiMomoyama

HISTORICAL TIMELINE

1185–1333 1333-1392 1392-1573 1573-1603

Sengoku

Meiji 18681868-1912

戦国

Taisho

Asuka

19121912-1926

538–710 Showa

Nara 710–794

Edo

19261926-1989

1603-1867

Heian

Heisei 19891989-current

794–1185 BakuBaku-matsu

Ancient

Classical

Medieval

Edo Shogunate

Modern


JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House

S H I N T O

S H R I N E


High Heavenly Plain (Takamanohara) Central Land of Reeds (Ashiharano-nakatsu-kuni) Land of Yellow Sources (Yomino-kuni

COSMOLOGY: COSMOLOGY: S H I N T O


In Shinto (Way of the Gods), it’s believed that the divine power in nature (kami) permeates everything including mountains, trees, waterfalls, animals, people, ancestral spirits & etc.

The animistic nature of Shinto founded ancient Japanese human-nature relationship

Shinto shrines were built to offer domicile to particular deities/kami

S H I N T O : ANIMISTIC WORSHIP


I ISSEE JJI INNGGUU Source: http://www.east-asiaarchitecture.org/


Ise Jingu was built in the 7th Century by Emperor Tenmu, dedicated to Amaterasu Okami ( ), the Sun Goddess. Ise Jingu consists of mainly the Inner Shrine (Naiku) and the Outer Shrine (Geku). The Inner Shrine was dedicated to Amaterasu Okami; the Outer Shrine was dedicated to Toyo-uke Okami, goddess of food. Ancient Japanese believed they were the descendents of Amaterasu Okami.

Ise Jingu was used to offer prayers to Amaterasu Okami for she’s also the Goddess of Rice.

ISE JINGU: AMATERASU OKAMI


The shrine is located in cedar forest with layers of fencing protecting the buildings inside the compound. The shrine is rebuilt every 20 years, on the adjacent site.

All structures and artifacts are reconstructed and remade, with materials gathered from all over the country Timbers are harvested from trees planted in deep mountains hundred years ago and replanted for future usage. Source: http://www.east-asia-architecture.org/


ISE JINGU: MAIN SANCTUARY Source: Nishi & Hozumi, 1996


S H R I N E HONDEN: HONDEN: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Original form of Yayoi rice storehouse


Original rafter poles were extended longer to form Chigi

S H R I N E HONDEN: HONDEN: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Katsuogi were made larger to emphasise on magnificence


Entrance was moved to the non-gabled side, accessible through a flight of stairs

S H R I N E HONDEN: HONDEN: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Veranda was added on all sides with golden emblem installed


S H R I N E HONDEN: HONDEN: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Final form of the shrine derived from rice storehouse


S H R I N E HONDEN: HONDEN: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT


Components of the Honden (main sanctuary) include: •Tached roof (kaya-buki ) •Roof ridge billets (katsuogi •Decorated finials (chigi ) •Barge board •Gable-end pillar (munamochi bashira )

)

SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254


Katsuogi 鰹木 Log-like forms perpendicularly on top of the roof ridge to help weigh down the ridge and hold the straw roof in place.

SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254


Chigi 千木 Forked finials supporting the ridge board extending the ridge to form a V shape above the roofline, or sitting on the ridge to form an X shape. Cutting direction may indicate gender of the dedicated deity

SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254


SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254


Munomochi bashira 棟持柱 – Free standing large pillars sunken directly into the ground, supporting the roof ridge

SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254


KayaKaya-buki 茅葺–– Gabled thatched roof using grasses, reeds or straws

SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254


S him m e i - zu kuri

Ta i s h a - z u k u r i

SumiyoshiSumiyoshi - zukuri

SHINTO SHRINE: SHRINE: T Y P O L O G Y

The oldest typology of Shinto Shrines ), Taisha ( may include Shimmei ( ) and Sumiyoshi ( ).


Constructed using round wooden pillars with boards laid horizontally forming the walls. Unpainted wood with copper or gold-plated hardware used. Gabled roof extends beyond the walls on all sides with katsuogi and chigi on the roofline. Entrance in the center on the non-gabled side under the eaves accessible through a steep wooden stair. There are no other doors or windows. One pillar on each gabled-side extends from the center of the roof ridge to the ground, independent from the wall, buried directly in the ground. Example: Ise Jingu, Mie Prefecture

SHINTO SHRINE: SHRINE: SHIMMEI - ZUKURI http://www.greenshinto.com/wp/2014/03/16/shrines-8-types-pt-1/


Symmetrical gable roof with gable on the front. The building is two-bays wide with the entrance in the front-right bay. It has a verandah and stairs as wide as the entrance leading to ground level. Gabled roof covering following its steep angle. Example: Izumo Prefecture

the

Taisha,

stairs,

Shimane

SHINTO SHRINE: SHRINE: TAISHA-ZUKURI http://www.greenshinto.com/wp/2014/03/16/shrines-8-types-pt-1/


It has a gable roof with the entrance in the center of the gabled side. The structure is two bays wide by four deep. It has flat roofline with deep overhang on all four sides with katsuogi and very tall chigi. Wooden members are painted vermillion and the wooden plank walls are painted white. The building’s interior is divided into front and rear with a wall and door parallel to the entrance separating the two. Example: Sumiyoshi Jinja, Osaka

SHINTO SHRINE: SHRINE: SUMIYOSHISUMIYOSHI - ZUKURI http://www.greenshinto.com/wp/2014/03/16/shrines-8-types-pt-1/


Nagare-zukuri

K a s u g a z u k u r i

HachimanHachiman - zukuri

SHINTO SHRINE: SHRINE: T Y P O L O G Y

Due to the introduction of Buddhism from China & Korea during the Classical period, the influence of Buddhist architecture was evident in Shinto Shrines.


JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House

Philosophy of Aesthetics


PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI

SABI

Sources: (Right) http://flirtyfleurs.com/tag/green-bouquet-floral-design/ (Left) http://www.shinchosha.co.jp/tonbo/blog/kawase/


“Wabi sabi ( )is a beauty of things imperfect, impermanent and incomplete. incomplete It is a beauty of things modest and humble. It is a beauty unconventional.”

of

things

(Koren, 1994)

PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI

SABI


Misery of living alone in nature, away from society.

WABI

Suggested emotional state of discourage, dispirited and cheerless. A way of life, a spiritual path Inward subjectivity

Misery of living alone in nature, away from society.

SABI

PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI

SABI

Suggested emotional state of discourage, dispirited and cheerless. A way of life, a spiritual path Inward subjectivity


Wabi sabi (

) may be associated with characteristics of earthy, unpretentious, rustic, simplicity and mostly fashioned out of natural materials. It can be described as a way of seeing beauty in imperfections. Its aesthetics value is reflected in tea-arts, flower arranging, painting and architecture.

(Koren, 1994)

PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI

SABI


Material Qualities Natural Process Irregular Intimate Unpretentious Earthy Murky Simple Asymmetrical (Koren, 1994)

PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI

SABI


W

A

K E I

‘Harmony’ To be in harmony physically and spiritually with the environment and the inner self. ‘Respect’ An attitude that respects the nature of being (materials/objects).

S E I ‘Purity’ Clean, pure, simplicity

JAKU

PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI

SABI

‘Tranquility’ A state of being tranquil and calm, represented by the concept of ‘emptiness’ .


Source: Bowl. Kazakes Ceramics http://www.kazakes.com/ /


Source: Horizon, 2003 . Kenya Hara. http://www.ndc.co.jp/hara/


JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House

The Traditional Japanese House Shinden Style

Shoin Style

Sukiya Style

Teahouse

Elements


Building style preferred by the Heian period aristocracy. It featured a central hall (shinden) connected to subsidiary buildings by long covered corridors.

Shinden Hall

Fountain Pavilion

SINDEN STYLE: STYLE: F E A T U R E S Source: Young, Young & Tan, 2004

Lesser Shinden Hall

Fishing Pavilion


Shoin style served as the model for early modern residential architecture. It was developed from the Shinden style to adapt the lifestyle of the ruling classthe samurai. The influence of Zen Buddhism on the samurai was evident in the adoption of simpler Shoin style.

Source: Young & Young, 2004


Source: Young, Young & Tan, 2004


Decorative alcove (tokonoma)

Staggered shelf

Desk alcove

SHOIN STYLE: STYLE : F E A T U R E S Source: http://aytch.mnsu.edu/URBS110/Asia/Japan

Tatami mat

Shoji door


Desk alcove

Decorative alcove (tokonoma)

Staggered shelf

The Audience Hall (Ohiroma) , Nijo Castle, Kyoto

SHOIN STYLE: STYLE : F E A T U R E S Source: http://www.city.kyoto.jp/

Tatami mat

Decorative door


Desk alcove

Decorative alcove (tokonoma)

Staggered shelf

Guest chamber, Seisonkaku Villa, Kanazawa

SHOIN STYLE: STYLE : F E A T U R E S

Tatami mat

http://www.seisonkaku.com/english/midokoro/midokorotop.html

Decorative door


Shoin style was too grand to be used for daily life. It was modified to create a more rustic atmosphere, associated with the tea ceremony. Sukiya style is shown in Katsura Detached Palace.

SUKIYA STYLE: STYLE : F E A T U R E S Source: http://classes.sdc.wsu.edu/


SUKIYA STYLE: STYLE : F E A T U R E S Source: http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/92248248.jpg


Tea drinking originated from China and was practiced by the aristocrats as a form of lavish entertainment. Tea was used as medicine by the Zen monks to keep them awake for long hours meditation. During the Kamakura period, the ruling samurai class adopted tea drinking as a spiritual practice, in the Zen Buddhism tradition.

TEAHOUSE: O R I G I N


Social Japan:

hierarchy

of

traditional

•Samurai •Farmers •Carpenters/artisans •Merchants Although the merchants were rich, their living style was governed by the Shogunate, prohibiting them to showcase their wealth. Some rich merchants became tea masters and designed teahouses with delicate aesthetics.

TEAHOUSE: O R I G I N


Teahouse design was seen as a counterstatement to the restrictions imposed by the upper class samurai (Kumarasuriyar, 2011). Tea ceremony was developed in accordance to the wabi sabi philosophy, particularly evident during the time of Sen no Rikyu ). ( Teahouse design took precedence from the farm house’s rustic and simplicity characteristics. Teahouse was designed to be very small (2 tatami mats), in contrast to the grand palace and castles of the upper class.

TEAHOUSE: O R I G I N


Interior view (left) and layout (right) of Tai-an Teahouse

Tea room design was based on the size of tatami mat. Common measurement may be 4.5 tatami mats.

TEAHOUSE: L A Y O U T Source: Nishi & Hozumi, 1996

Tai-an tea room designed by Sen no Rikyu was 2 tatami mats in size.


Tokonoma

TEAHOUSE: L A Y O U T http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/V3613/taian/index.html


Top: From left:- exterior view of window, interior view of window, crawldoor Bottom: view towards the interior from crawldoor

TEAHOUSE: L A Y O U T http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/V3613/taian/index.html


Top: Bamboo grill window interior view Bottom left: Anteroom Bottom right: Katte

TEAHOUSE: L A Y O U T http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/V3613/taian/index.html


Tokonoma Staggerd shelf Shoji door

Fusuma door Engawa

ELEMENTS OF TRADITIONAL HOUSE Source: Young, Young & Tan, 2004


Nishi, K., &Hozumi, K. (1996). What is Japanese

architecture?: A survey of traditional Japanese architecture. Tokyo: Kodansha International. Koren, L. (1994). Wabi-sabi for artists, designers, poets & philosophers. Berkeley, Calif: Stone Bridge Press.

Kumarasuriyar, A. C. (2011). Tea ceremony and Sukiya: negating social hierarchy. Young, D. E., Young, M., & Tan, H. Y. (2004). Introduction to Japanese architecture. Singapore: Periplus. Inaba, K., & Nakayama, S. (2000). Japanese homes and

lifestyles: An illustrated journey through history. Tokyo [u.a.: Kodansha International

REFERENCES


INDIAN ARCHITECTURE 24

April 2014


ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION

Human civilisations in India are some of the earliest recorded, and were contemporaries of civilisations in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. The history of India can be traced in fragments to as far back as 9,500 years ago. India's culture, economy and politics has had an influence on the history and culture of the nations in Asia over thousands of year.


EARLY ARCHITECTURE - Difficult to trace back the origin – to study evolution - Land of teak – most buildings were built of timber - Excavations led to the discoveries of ground plans of towns, Buddhist monasteries - Retain certain arrangement of domestic architecture - Later, they hollow out rock and built with bricks – religious establishments such as temples and monasteries) - Literature – vast public buildings and royal palaces (paintings and constructed by the Muslims)


THE ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS


EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION - Developed along the Indus and Ganges rivers

- Flourished around 2400 BC – 1500 BC - Shortly before it collapsed, IndoEuropean or Aryan invaders entered the Indian sub-continent - These two civilization blended and evolved, forming Indian civilization

- Hinduism and Buddhism had their origins and spread outwards - Followed by the rise of Maurya and Gupta Empires



The Indus Valley Civilization • One of the oldest in the world, dates back over 5,000 years, along the Indus River, Sarasvati River, Ghaggar-Hakra River, and their tributaries. • The Harappan culture grew out of earlier village cultures – hundreds of farming communities sprung up. The annual flooding of the Indus and its tributaries enabled the growing of many different crops in the rich soil. • Evolved into urban centers and complex civilization – Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Ganeriwala in Pakistan, and Rakhigarhi, Dholavira, and Lothal in India. The Vedic Civilization of the Indo-Aryans Most scholars today believe in some form of the Indo-Aryan migration hypothesis, which proposes that the Aryans, a semi-nomadic people, possibly from Central Asia or northern Iran, migrated into the north-west regions of the Indian subcontinent between 2000 and 1500 BCE. The classical Indian culture • Merger of the Vedic culture with the earlier Dravidian cultures (presumably of the descendants of the Indus Valley Civilization)

• For the next 1500 years – estimated to have had the largest economy of the ancient world between the 1st -15th c CE, controlling much of the world's wealth, from whence it rapidly declined during European rule. • Incursions by Arab and Central Asian armies in the 8th & 12th c were followed by traders from Europe, beginning in the 15th c.


MOHENJO-DARO 'Mound of the Dead'. Remarkable construction, considering its antiquity. Planned layout based on a grid of streets, with structures constructed of bricks of baked mud, sun dried bricks and burned wood. The city was divided into two parts, the Citadel and the Lower City. Most of the Lower City is yet uncovered, but the Citadel is known to have the public bath, a large residential structure designed to house 5,000 citizens and two large assembly halls.


Mohenjo-daro was successively destroyed and rebuilt at least seven times. Each time, the new cities were built directly on top of the old ones. Flooding by the Indus is thought to have been the cause of destruction.

Structure dubbed the ‘great bath’ in the excavated ruins.

Advanced drainage system, a variety of buildings up to two stories high and an elaborate bath area.


Modern India After the Arab incursions, similar quests for access to India's wealth influenced the history of medieval Europe, (Vasco Da Gama). Columbus discovered America whilst searching for a new route to India, and the British gained much of its resources after the incorporation of India in the Empire. • 18th c – From 1757, the British East India Company had begun colonising parts of India and by 1858, the British assumed political control over virtually all of India.

• 1947 – Independence – Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led, by Mohandas Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru brought independence. The subcontinent was partitioned into the Secular Democratic Republic of India and the smaller Islamic Republic of Pakistan. • 1971 – War between the two countries resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. • 21st c – Impressive gains in economic investment and output, world's largest democracy, self sufficient in terms of food, and is a fast-growing, economically strong country.


INFLUENCES • Hinduism – begins with the Indus civilization Aryans from the west settled in India and developed ‘Vedic’ literature as part of the Brahman religion. This became the Holy books • Buddhism and Jainism. Buddhism had the support of the royal class and was adopted by the masses. As Buddhism spread across the country, so did its monasteries and temples. As Hinduism re-established itself strongly, the Buddhist presence disappeared from India in the 13th c.


Religion • The Dharmic religions, one of the two main families of world religion (the other being the Abrahamic), originated in India. Every Dharmic religion originated in India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism and other schools. The philosophical-like treatment of these religions has generally made the idea of rivalry and conversion alien, leading to extremely close relationships between these faiths. • India is one of the most religiously diverse nations in the world, with one of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion plays a central and definitive role in the life of the country and most of its people. The religion of more than 80.4% of the people is Hinduism, considered the world's oldest religious and philosophical system. Islam is practiced by around 13.4% of all Indians.


Trimurti The triad of Hindu Gods • Brahma the Creator • Shiva the Destroyer • Vishnu the Maintainer


Philosophy • Has had a tremendous impact on world thought, especially in the east. Various theistic schools of philosophy, such as the many schools of Buddhism and Hinduism, have has huge influences. • India also produced some of the longest and most influencial secular traditions of logic, rationalism, science, mathematics, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, etc. • The most famous school of Indian atheism, is Carvaka, considered by some to be the oldest materialistic school of thought in the world, as well as the philosophy of Buddhism and Jainism. • The period around 600-400 BCE marked a huge leap in both Indian philosophy and world philosophy in general, with contemporary Greek schools emerging simultaniously. Some philosophical concepts from India were intorduced to the Greeks, especially during the campaigns of Alexander the Great, and vice-versa, leading some schools of classical Greek philosophy to be almost identical to prior Indian schools. • Great emphasis placed on philosophy in India, which has existed since ancient times.


Design Influence The cerebral aspect of the Indian world affected architectural theory, especially the design of temples and cities that were considered a diagram of universal order. The theories included : : The earth was round and the circle was its primal form. : Also an absolute perfect order resided in the square in which was manifest the supreme principle, Brahma


The Metaphysical Architecture of the Temple •

The basic plan of a Hindu temple is an expression of sacred geometry where the temple is visualized as a grand mandala.

By sacred geometry we mean a science which has as its purpose the accurate laying out of the temple ground plan in relation to the cardinal directions and the heavens.

Characteristically, a mandala is a sacred shape consisting of the intersection of a circle and a square


THE INDIAN MANDALA • The sides of this perfect form, fixed by cardinal points, could be divided by any number up to 32, thus yielding between 1 to 1024 units or padas. • It was for the priest to select one of these variants or mandalas as the basis of a temple design or layout of the city. • The holy diagram still rules and every detail is subject to a strict system of canonical proportions. In early towns, a particular professional group would inhibit each pada.


Vastu • Vastuvidya (vastu) – the science of architecture – was already considered a major influence around 1000 BCE. • Because the individual is Cosmic, everything about individual life should be in full harmony with Cosmic life. • The entire universe is a composition of five basic elements – air, earth, fire, space and water. • These elements sustain us by providing energy. • A dynamic balance of matter and energy, in relation to our body, gives more flexibility of body and soul. • The elements should be given proper places during the construction of a building or spaces.


TEMPLES Cave temples (3rd c BC) typically represent the architecture of ancient times. No other buildings remain because they were of wood. Temples were built of bricks, but when Buddhism died out, these were destroyed or pulled down. Not satisfied with cave temples, entire sculpted rock temples were built. In contrast to the rock temples that imitated wooden temples of ancient times, the stone temples, built by laying cut stones one on top of another, was the model of sculpted stone construction.


THE BUDDHIST CAVES • The Buddhist caves were the earliest structures, created between the 5th-7th c. • Some of these monastery caves have shrines including carvings of Buddha, bodhisattvas and saints. In many of these caves, sculptors had endeavoured to give the stone the look of wood. • Most famous of the Buddhist caves is cave 10, a chaitya hall or 'Visvakarma' cave, popularly known as the ‘Carpenter's Cave’. Beyond its multi-storeyed entry is a cathedral-like stupa hall, whose ceiling has been carved to give the impression of wooden beams.. At the heart of this cave is a 15’ statue of Buddha seated in a preaching pose


AJANTA CAVES Ajanta caves were carved out from the 2nd c BC to 6th c AD, dedicated solely to Buddhism. Hewn from the near-vertical sides of a horseshoe-shaped ravine Contain spectacular artwork. Rediscovered in 1819 by a group of British troops Ultimately a total of 28 cavern shrines were found, many with interiors adorned with a swirling profusion of vibrant multicolored murals – paintings that rank among India’s most beautiful treasures. These Buddhist caves predate Ellora


• The 30 Chaityas and Viharas have paintings, which illustrate the life and incarnations of Buddha. The artist has lent his creativity in each work with an overwhelming sense of vitality


Caves functioned as ‘Chaitya Grihas’,’Sangharamas’ or ‘Viharas’ (monasteries).


STUPAS Represent the enlightened mind of the Buddha.

.

Constructed since the early days of Buddhism, often used to store relics from important teachers. One of the symbolic meanings is that they represent the five elements: the square base represents earth, the round dome is for water, the coneshape is fire, the canopy is air and the volume of the stupa is space.


The Stupa may exist in different forms



ELLORA CAVES • Structures in the Ellora caves represent the three faiths of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism


The 12 Buddhist, 17 Hindu and 5 Jain caves, built in close proximity, demonstrate the religious tolerance prevalent during this period of Indian history.


THE HINDU CAVES • The Hindu caves, constructed beginning in the 7th c, represent a different style of creative vision and execution skills – many were carved from the top down, so complex that they required several generations of planning and coordination to complete. • The Kailasa or Kailasanatha Temple is the centerpiece of Ellora – designed to recall Mount Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva. • The shrine is carved with niches, plasters, windows as well as images of deities, mithunas (erotic male and female figures) and other figures. • Being a south Indian style temple, it does not have a shikhara common to north Indian temples".


The Garbhagriha (sanctum) of the Kailash Temples – represents Shiva's abode on earth • carved out of one single rock, and covers an area double the size of Parthenon.

Kailasa Temple


• The resplendent temples are famed for the delicate sensuality and eroticism of their sculpture. • almost three-dimensional, with shades of pink in the stone imbuing the figures with gentle flesh-like tones. • Temples covered with incised human and divine forms in every aspect of life.

• All the carvings are on more than one level. U-shaped courtyard. columned galleries three stories high punctuated by huge sculpted panels, and alcoves containing enormous sculptures of a variety of deities., decorated with elaborate illustrative carvings. The base of the temple has been carved to suggest that elephants are holding the structure aloft.

Elephants with mahouts


THE HINDU TEMPLES • References to temples go back early (520 BCE), temples were called prasadas. • Buddhist elements and motifs have influenced temple architecture to a considerable extent. • Early temples were rock-cut (Kailasanatha temple at Ellora), later structural temples evolved. • Temples are classified by the form and shape of the shikhara and the distinctiveness of its decoration. Broadly divided into the following styles: • Central – resembles a range of mountains with columns of subsidiary halls also rising up towards the central column. • Northern – The shikhara of north and central India resemble an upturned cone that is decorated with miniature conical shikharas. • Southern – The shikhara tend to be made up of distinct horizontal levels that diminish to form a rough pyramid. Each level is decorated with miniature temple rooftops.


• Designed or the individual’s encounter with the divine energies.

• The interiors are often cave-like and dark to mimic the entrance into the hidden realms of the psyche. • Represents a miniature of the cosmic mountain and residence on earth of the Supreme Being as the ruler of the universe. • the temple structure itself is conceived of as the universe.

the axis mundi, the connection between the world of Gods and our own.

CONCEPT



• The pyramid formed an essential architectonic element in any temple composition. • The structural system was essentially trabeated; stone was the basic raw material, minimal or no mortar was used. • Decoration was fundamental – figured sculpture and on the architectural elements. • The garba-griha or the womb chamber forms the central focus housing the deity of the temple, there is a circumambulation passage around. • The Hindu temple is not meant for congregational worship, the garba-griha is small in scale when compared to the whole temple complex. • A prominent roof called the shikhara surmounts the top of the Garbhagriha, and dominates the surroundings. • Pillared halls or mandapas are found preceding the garba-griha. • Approached by a flight of steps and is often built on a platform. A porch covers the entrance to the temples, which is supported by carved pillars.

Konark Sun Temple Central Indian style, shrine dedicated to the Sun God.


BY NOR HAYATI RAMLI 12/05/2016 11:31 PM


Byzantine Egyptian

Pre-Historic

Roman

Greek

Early Christian

Romanesque

History of Architecture

Near East

Indian

Chinese & Japanese

Historic Styles of Architecture

Southeast Asia

Islamic

Gothic

Malaysia

20th C: Modern

18th-19th C: Revival

Renaissance


Content • Where/What Southeast Asia? • Influences On Architecture • Chronological Architecture History of Southeast Asia & Malaysia • Conclusion: Influences on Architecture of Malaysian


Six Influences of Architecture Southeast Asia

Geographical & Geological

Climatic

Religious

Social

Historical /Origins Foreign Influences: Trade, Tribute, Invasion & Colonization


Geographical & Climate of Southeast Asia?


Malaysia in a glimpse West Malaysia East Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

South China Sea Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia)

Malaysian Borneo (East Malaysia)


Chronological History of Southeast Asia


Expand-marriage: Negrito, Senoi, Semang & Proto-Malay - nomadic, hunter gatherers, campsite: rock shelter/cave- tool crude stone as “Choppers� - xknowledge- Xdomesticate plant/animal- 7,000 begin pottery, agriculture, animal domestic & metallurgy

-

Australoid Distribution


Australoid Malay Peninsular Semang

Mani - Thai

Mani - Thai Australia

Andaman Is.

Aeta-Philippines

Vedda Sri Lankan

Papua


Austronesia Distribution

proto-Austronesians -origin traceable back to the South Chinese / Taiwan, - civilization Austronesian of cultivation of rice and taro, domestication of pigs, dogs, and chickenspottery and textiles, seafaring capabilities outrigger canoes and navigation by stars

Ainu-Philippines


Austronesian


Thatch Makeshift/Hut


Pre-Historic

>40000- 15000 BC Austroloid: Orang Asal: Negritos, Semang Shelters: Temporary Huts, caves & rock shelters 15000-2800 BC •Austronesian: Malay: •Stone Tools – •Kota Tampan, Perak •& Niah Caves, Sarawak •Advance Bifacial Stone tools-hunting, planting & built shelters – Tingkayu, Sabah 2800 – 500 BC Polished stone tools-hunt, planting, built shelters & earthenware Houses on stilts introduce by Austronesian migration


Traditional House


Indigenous Architecture in Malaysia


ii. Early Civilization of Southeast Asia

3rd century - early civilization in southeast Asia - Kingdom of Nam-Viet - flourish - 207 BC


ii. Early Civilization of SoutheastDominant Asia kingdoms - China and India-150 BC China and India interacted - Southeast Asia - thru’ trade and tribute. Vietnam -fr 111 BC <1000 years - China invasion & colonization. India- civilization became predominant -unlike China conquer X violence - thru the heart,-Hinduism, Buddhism & Islam across the region.

2nd BC - 1st Century AD

Khmer Empire of HinduBuddhism- Cambodia. ruled -Indochina land - 4 cen, - Hindu--Buddhism monuments - its godkings. The empire territory -covered Thailand, Laos & Cambodia.


ii. Early Civilization of Southeast Asia

Angkor Wat, Cambodia


ii. Early Civilization of Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia 4th Century


Langkasuka Kingdom


110AD “The archaeologists stumbled on between 5 and 7 ancient ships or barges. The masts (of the ships) were still visible. The ancient ships or barges measure 40-50 feet in length.” – Datuk Mohd Rawi, The Star



Early Kingdoms

500 BC-500 CE Bronze Drums, iron things: adzes, axes & long shafted knives - Port site of Kuala Selinsing, Perak- c. 200 BC & Inland of Bernam Valley-100-800 CE –trade routes to East Coast. Pile dwellings of wood at K. Selinsing. 200 BCE long-distance sea trade-between India, China & Malay Peninsular Bronze ware, beads, pottery & iron tools. Valuable object found deposited on grave sites 500–1300 BC The earliest Malay Kingdom appears at Bujang Valley in 5th Cen. Southern Kedah Permanent architecture- brick, stone & laterite of Buddhist-500 CE & Hindu Shrines->11th Cen. Upper part of wood – so only bases made of Brick survive. There is evidence of Iron agriculture tools & tech. skills in construction of architecture stone No evidence of domestic dwellings b’coz perisable const. material. Early kingdom evolved to Entrepôt - trade w. China, India, West & Southeast Asia. – under control Srivijaya & Tributary relations to China.


Lembah Bujang, Kedah




14th - 16th Century 1300–1500 Mass production of metal ware & pottery. Craftsmen's attached with royal courts-operates – royal & religious ceremonial & economic activities Arrival of Islam

14th Century – arrival of Islam – confirmed by the founding of Islamic Law inscribed on Terengganu Stone- 1303 CEgreatly change & influence Malay cultural & tradition. 15th Cent. 1403 refugee Sumatra princeTerengganu Inscription Parameswara founded new stateStone west coast of Malay Peninsular: Melaka Sultanatechallenge pre-eminence of Srivijaya -embraces Islam thru’ Indian Muslim merchantsMelaka become - important center of culture & craft


Parameswara

Terengganu Inscription Stone


Majapahit

Monument

Candi Sewu, Majapahit Kingdom

Pura Besakih Temple, Majapahit Kingdom Candi Bajang Ratu, Majapahit Kingdom

Mojokerto, Center of Majapahit Kingdom

Bali – remnants of the Majapahit Kingdom Ancient Hindu


Power Struggles

16th Century

16th Century

1500:Majapahit Empire replaced the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya Melaka Kingdom: 1500 Melaka fr a small fishing village of > 200 people- settlement at - mouth of the Melaka River grows rapidly - as most convenient collecting point Of the valuable spices produced in the Spice Island (Moluccas) of the eastern archipelago. It develops into a vast-cosmopolitan trading centre, which Tamils, Arabs, Chinese, Persians, Javanese and others live, each at own quarter of the town - 150 years Melaka the hub - the east-west trade revolves. Descript. Chinese & Portuguese accounts: Wooden Palaces, Watch Towers & palisades on the hill (St Paul Hill) overlooking Melaka River & Strait. Countryside – Malay houses: raised off the ground on tree trunks or bamboo posts. - rulers or village chiefs - elaborate carved wooden pillars. Immigrants & traders influence eg. Minangkabau, Sumatra: houses & building tech. & forms curved roof. Chinese:- courtyards & masonry staircases. East coast:- Patani, Thailand: artistic traditions &


Sultanate Palace of Malacca


Malaysia Vernacular House

Dusun House: Entire Bamboo Perak Kutai House: Woven Bamboo & Timber Traditional Malay Palace Timber & Shingles roof &

Iban Longhouse-verandah running the length of longhouselaid by strips of split bamboo for crops drying


Traditional House

Rumah Panjang Melaka


Traditional Houses



Power Struggles: Melaka vs. Portuguese vs. Dutch

16th Century 1511: Melaka's political domination - short-lived. - attracts attention of Portuguese whom seeking alternative routes to - Spices Islands b’coz of the closure of the traditional overland trade routes due the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks.

Porta Santiago, A Formosa


Pre-Historic

Early Kingdoms

Arrival of Islam

Power Struggles

British Influence

16th Century Power Struggles: Melaka vs. Portuguese vs. Dutch

1521: The Portuguese build St Paul’s Church at top of the hill with stones from the demolished foundations of the Melaka Sultanate palace. In 1566-enlarge the building to its present size & in 2590 add a tower.

Dutch later pull down the roof. Around - roofless St Paul’s are massive tombstones from Dutch times.

St Paul Church



Power Struggles: Portuguese vs. Dutch 17th Century

1641: The Dutch fr. Batavia (Jakarta) assaults & causes destruction of the Portuguese settlement of Melaka. Dutch controls until 1842 as its secondary trade port. The Portuguese withdraw into Goa, Timor and Macao. Dutch repair the fort, rebuild the town & bring their style of architecture to Melaka. Eg. Dutch Arch.- the three-storey Stadthuys (Town Hall) built b/w 1641-1660 - gable walls can be found in Dutch-style buildings in Indonesia and other Dutch empire.


Christ Church


17th Century

Architecture: End of 17th Cent.

Early 17th century - A permanent settlement of shopkeepers, craftsmen & farmers fr. southern China established Melaka. Chinese traders came & settles as early as the 14th century. Early settlers come w/o families - working ties w. local population: Dev. a distinctive brand – Baba & Nyonya-Malay language, dress, food & customs, but maintain the traditional Chinese urban house form. Earliest types of townhouses /‘row houses’, are built during the Dutch occupation of the town, including some of the houses in Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock (Heeren Street). They are much deeper than elsewhere in the country, and often extend from one street back to the next. 1650: The leader of the Chinese community in Melaka, the Kapitan China Lee Wei King, founded the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple to honor the visit by Admiral Cheng Hoon Teng 2 ½ centuries earlier. -the oldest Chinese place of worship in Malaysia - home to the three Eastern religious philosophies of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism: example of traditional Chinese temple architecture and craftsmanship, shaped by symbolism, mythology and geomancy.


Chinese Shophouses


Cheng Hoon Teng Temple Kapitan Lee Wei King


Chinese Clan House

Roof Brackets system: Tao-Kung



18th Century Architecture: Early of 18th Cent. 18th Century Dutch continue -rule Malay Archipelago- build palaces, mansions and churches, from Aceh in northern Sumatra to the Bandas and the Moluccas.-buildings exhibit Dutch architectural : thick walls, Dutch-style gables and double-sash windows 1710: The Melaka Portuguese build St Peter’s Church, the oldest Christian church still in use in the Malay peninsula, in a mixture of indigenous and Manueline styles. Early 1700s: Mosques increase and take on a local position and role in the life of villages and among small communities of Muslims. They are probably simple structures, consisting of a wooden structure on stilts with a thatched roof. The Kampung laut Mosque,the oldest surviving large wooden mosque in Malaysia, is built at the mouth of the Kelantan River, purportedly by seafarers from Java who model it on the Agung Mosque at Demak, near Semarang, the prototype of many mosques in Java, which characterized by a square plan and a multi-tiered roof.


Kampung Laut Mosque


18th Century Architecture: Middle of 18th Cent.

1728: A ‘Melaka-style’ mosque emerges, the earliest eg. Terengkera Mosque & the Kampong Hulu Mosque. The Melaka mosque retains the Javanese-style square plan but timber walls are replaced by stone and brick. Chinese influences are evident in the rooftop ornament, pagoda-like multi-tiered roof and minaret.

Terengkera Mosque

1741-53: - Dutch build Christ Church in Melaka - style of classical Dutch architecture, using bricks shipped specially from Holland- Malaysia’s oldest Protestant church. 1786: Captain Francis Light founds Penang, an island off the coast of Kedah, whose Sultan cedes it to the East India Company in return for protection against Siam. This start of British involvement in the Malay Peninsulaprofound influence on the political system, administration, architecture and lifestyle of the country.

Kampong Hulu Mosque

Christ Church


Kampung Hulu Mosque

Terengkera Mosque


Pre-Historic

Early Kingdoms

Arrival of Islam

Power Struggles

British Influence

18th Century British Influience Architecture: End of 18th Cent. The Malayan ‘bungalow’ emerges, a mixture of European and local feature, such as timber posts and thatched roofs. A handful of grand garden houses, such as Francis Light’s ‘Suffolk House’, are built in a mixture of English and Indian (Anglo Indian) architecture.

1795: By end of the 18th century, Europe is in turmoil. Following the French invasion of the Netherlands, a government in exile takes refuge in England. In 1795, the British disembark in Melaka where they establish a joint Anglo-Dutch administration. Melaka goes into a decline as Penang and Singapore emerge as trading posts.


Suffolk House




Conclusion: Influences on Architecture Malaysian 1. Indian Kingdoms (from 4th, 5th, 7th – 14th Centuries) 2. Malay Vernacular (5th - 15th Century to present)

3. Straits Eclectic (15th Century to mid-20th Century) 4. Chinese Baroque (19th Century to early 20th Century)

5. Chitya Indian Vernacular or Moghul Style (15th Century to Mid 20th Century) 6. Colonial (16th, 17th Century to mid-20th Century) 7. Modern (1950s – 1980s)


Pre-Historic

Early Kingdoms

Arrival of Islam

Pre-16th Century

16th Century

>40000- 15000 BC Austroloid: Orang Asli: Negritos, Semang Shelters: Temporary Huts, caves & rock shelters 15000-2800 BC •Austronesian: Malay: Stone Tools – Kota Tampan, Perak & Niah Caves, Sarawak •Advance Bifacial Stone tools-hunting, planting & built shelters – Tingkayu, Sabah 2800 – 500 BC Polished stone toolshunt, planting, built shelters & earthenware Houses on stilts introduce by Austronesian migration 500 BC-500 CE Bronze Drums, iron things: adzes, axes & long shafted knives Port site of Kuala Selinsing, Perak-c. 200 BC & Inland of Bernam Valley-100-800 CE –trade routes to East Coast.

1500: Majapahit Empire replaced the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya, the overlord of vast areas in Sumatra. Java and the southern Malay Peninsula from the 7th century to about the 13th century, and a centre of Malay culture and Buddhist religion. Melaka Kingdom: description Chinese & Portuguese accounts: Wooden Palaces, Watch Towers & palisades on the hill (lSt Paul Hill) overlookg Melaka River & Strait. –

Countryside – Malay houses: raised off the ground on tree trunks or bamboo posts. rulers or village chiefs – elaborate carved wooden pillars . Immigrants & traders influence eg. Minangkabau, Sumatra: houses & building tech. & forms - curved roof. Chinese : courtyards & masonry staircases. East coast: Patani, Thailand: artistic traditions & house styles-high-pitched roofs

Power Struggles

17th Century

1641: Assaults by the Dutch from of Batavia (Jakarta) culminate in their conquest and subsequent destruction of the Portuguese settlement of Melaka, Bugis control until 1842 as a trade emporium. The Portuguese withdraw into their enclaves of Goa, Timor and Macao.

Dutch repair the fort, rebuild the town & bring their style of architecture to Melaka. Best example of Dutch architecture - the three-storey Stadthuys (Town Hall), built between 1641 and 1660 - gable walls can be found in Dutchstyle buildings in Indonesia and other outposts of their empire. Early 17th century - A permanent settlement of shopkeepers, craftsmen & farmers fr. southern China established Melaka

British Influence

18th Century 18th Century Dutch continue -rule Malay Archipelago- build palaces, mansions and churches, from Aceh in northern Sumatra to the Bandas and the Moluccas.-buildings exhibit Dutch architectural : thick walls, Dutch-style gables and double-sash windows 1710: The Melaka Portuguese build St Peter’s Church, the oldest Christian church still in use in the Malay peninsula, in a mixture of indigenous and Manueline styles.

Early 1700s: The Kampung laut Mosque, the oldest surviving large wooden mosque in Malaysia, is built at the mouth of the Kelantan River, purportedly by seafarers from Java who model it on the Agung Mosque at Demak, near Semarang, the prototype of many mosques in Java, which characterized by a square plan and a multi-tiered roof


Pile dwellings of wood at K. Selinsing. 200 BCE long-distance sea tradebetween India, China & Malay Peninsular bronzeware, beads, pottery & iron tools. Valuable object found deposited on grave sites 500–1300 BC The earliest Malay Kingdom appears at Bujang Valley in 5th Cen. Kedah... Permanent architecture- brick, stone & laterite of Buddhist500 CE & Hindu Shrines>11th Cen. Upper part of wood-so only bases made of Brick survive. No evidence of domestic dwellings b’coz perisable const. material. Early kingdom evolve to Entrepôts-trade w. China, India, West & Southeast Asia. – under control Srivijaya & Tributary relations to China.

Pre-Historic

1511: 16 Melaka city-port falls th Century to the Portuguese & becomes the centre of Portugese eastern trading empire. The Portuguese build a substantial fort, A Famosa, Only one of the four gateway bastions, Porta Santiago, remains. European architecture, in the style of Manueline Gothic (the last phaseof Gothic Architecture in Portugal) named after King Manuel I (1495-1521), is for the first time transplated to the East. It is characterized by squareshaped, barn-like structures. 1521: The Portuguese build St Paul’s Church at top of the hill with stones from the demolished foundations of the Melaka Sultanate palace. In 1566-enlarge the building to its present size & in 2590 add a tower. Dutch later pull down the roof. Around roofless St Paul’s are massive tombstones from Dutch times.

Early Kingdoms

Chinese traders came & settles as early as the 14th century. Early settlers come w/o families - working ties w. local population -Develop a distinctive brand - Malay language, dress, food & customs, but maintain the traditional Chinese urban house form. Earliest types of townhouses /‘row houses’, are built during the Dutch occupation of the town, including some of the houses in Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock (Heeren Street). They are much deeper than elsewhere in the country, and often extend from one street back to the next. 1650: The leader of the Chinese community in Melaka, the Kapitan China Lee Wei King, founded the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple to commemorate the visit by Admiral Chenh Ho 2 ½ centuries earlier.

Arrival of Islam

1728: A ‘Melaka-style’ mosque emerges, the earliest eg. Terengkera Mosque & the kampong Hulu Mosque. The Melaka mosque retains the Javanese-style square plan but timber walls are replaced by stone and brick. Chinese influences are evident in the rooftop ornament, pagoda-like multi-tiered roof and minaret.

1741-53: - Dutch build Christ Church in Melaka - style of classical Dutch architecture, using bricks shipped specially from Holland- Malaysia’s oldest Protestant church. 1786: Captain Francis Light founds Penang, an island off the coast of Kedah, whose Sultan cedes it to the East India Company in return for protection against Siam. This start of British involvement in the Malay Peninsulaprofound influence on the political system, administration, architecture and lifestyle of the country.

Power Struggles

British Influence


1300–1500 Mass production of metalware & pottery. Craftmens attached with royal courts-operatesceromonial & enomic activities 14th Centuary – arrival of Islam – confirm by Islamic Law inscribed on Terengganu Stone- 1303 CE- greatly change & influence Malay cultural & tradition. c. 1403 refugee Sumatra prince- Parameswara founded new state-west coast of Malay Peninsular: Melaka Sultanate- challenge preeminence of Srivijaya -embraces Islam - Indian Muslim merchantsbecome - important center of culture & craft

1650: The of the 16thleader Century Chinese community in Melaka, the Kapitan China Lee Wei King, founded the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple to commemorate the visit made by Admiral Cheng Hoon Teng 2 ½ centuries earlier. -the oldest Chinese place of worship in Malaysia - home to the three Eastern religious philosophies of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. --example of traditional Chinese temple architecture and craftsmanship, shaped by symbolism, mythology and geomancy.

16th Pre-Historic

Early Kingdoms

Mosques proliferate and take on a local position and role in the life of villages and among small communities of Muslims. They are probably simple structures, consisting of a wooden structure on stilts with a thatched roof.

Century

17th Century

Arrival of Islam

17th Century

The Malayan ‘bungalow’ emerges, a mixture of European and local feature, such as timber posts and thatched roofs. A handful of grand garden houses, such as Francis Light’s ‘Suffolk House’, are built in a mixture of English and Indian (Anglo Indian) architecture.

1795: By end of the 18th century, Europe is in turmoil. Following the French invasion of the Netherlands, a government in exile takes refuge in England. In 1795, the British disembark in Melaka where they establish a joint Anglo-Dutch administration. Malaka goes into a decline as Penang and Singapore emerge as trading posts.

Power Struggles

18th Century British Influence


Langkasuka




BY NOR HAYATI RAMLI 12/05/2016 11:34 PM


History of Architecture Historic Styles of Architecture Greek

Roman

Byzantine Early Christian

Egyptian Near East Pre-Historic

Romanesque

Southeast Asia

Malaysia Islamic

Indian Khmer, Cambodia 1stC - 9th-16th C

Chinese & Japanese

Philippines

Indonesia 9th C

Thailand Laos, Indochina 20th C: Modern

Gothic

18th-19th C: Revival Renaissance


Six Influences of Architecture Southeast Asia

Geographical & Geological

Climatic

Religious

Social

Historical /Origins Foreign Influences: Trade, Tribute, Invasion & Colonization


Early Civilization of Southeast Asia

2nd BC - 1st Century AD


Cambodian Architecture

Angkor Wat

Angkor Thom & Bayon Temple



Borobudur Architecture


Borobudur Architecture


Prambanan Architecture


Sukhothai Architecture Sukhothai Site

Unesco World Heritage List in 1991 – Sukhothai + Si Satchanalai and Kamphaeng Phet constitutes a masterpiece of the first Siamese architectural style.


Thailand Sukhotai Buddha Kingdom 13th-15th Century




Prang

Mandapa/ Mondop

Wat Si Sawai, Sukhothai

Buddha at Wat Mahathat Celadon plate, Sukhotai Era


Reclined Buddha statues

Kamphaeng Phet City


1768- Thailand was first united as one under Ayutthaya Kingdom (13501767 A.D.): Kingdom of Ayutthaya consist of 5 dynasties


AYUTTHAYA KINGDOM

Chedi



Phra Prang

Phra Chedi

Triple Prang

Wat Phra Sri SanPhet , Ayutthaya Phra Narai Gateways Ratchaniwet (King Narai's Palace) - Gate. King Narai built his second capital in Lopburi in the late mid 17th century.

Wat Chai Wattanaram, Ayutthaya


Wat Chai Wattanaram, late Ayutthaya period.

Prang at Wat Phutthai Sawan, early Ayutthaya period. 'Thai'-styled prang (rounded). The top of the prang tapers off gradually.

Khmer monument at Phimai, Nakhon Ratchasima province, Isaan, Thailand. Clearly, the central prang tapers off towards the top in steps.

Phra Prang Sam Yod, Lopburi - Three Khmer styled prangs. The size of the prang tapers off in steps towards the top.


Prang

Wat Phutthai Sawan, early Ayutthaya period. 'Thai'-styled prang (rounded). The top of the prang tapers off gradually Phimai, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Clearly, tapers off towards the top in steps.


Thai Temple

• • • • • • •

• •

6. Ho Traibuilt elevated 9. Cremation 3. Bell Tower 4. Monks Quarter 8. Sala 7. Sala Kanprien 5. Ho TraiLibrary – built in the pond 1. Viharnassembly Hall 2. Chedi or Stuppa


WAT •

Thai Buddhist temple or monastery.

Complex - collection of buildings, shrines, and monuments within a courtyard that is enclosed by a wall.

Wat Phra Singh, the largest temple in Chiang Mai, northwestern Thailand. (Luca I. Tettoni/Corbis)

Walls - often white washed, usually encloses a rectangular area. The wall demarcates the temple compound, called putthawat, or the sacred enclosure.

Ideally the main entrance faces east.


Traditional Architecture Typical Thai Village along a waterway Self contain village: Temple, School, market village market: -cluster of Chinese shophouses Floodwaters: houses of village - built on stilts


Pre-Historic

Early Kingdoms

Foreign Contacts

Power Struggles

Architecture

Traditional Thai Houses Early traditional timber house -simple structure - bamboo, .

& thatch of palm tree


Thai Traditional

Floating House, Bangkok

Tamnak Daeng/Red House Sala

Northern Thai House

Northern Rice Barn


Front View

Central Plains House Wall Panel

Top View

Gate Gable end



THAI HOUSES


www.koleksyon.com/.../thai_architecture.asp

ROYAL HOUSES • Similar in design to those of commoners except that they were generally closer to the ground and had more decorative features. • Tamnak Daeng or “Red House”built by King Rama I as a residence for one of his queens, originally in Ayutthaya style but acquired more Rattanakosin elements during several moves. • King Rama V presented the house to the museum as a reminder of an architectural style then becoming rare.


www.koleksyon.com/.../thai_architecture.asp

:www.thai-eyes.com Residence of Her Royal Highness the Princess Mother “Mae Fah Luang”, Doi Tung, Chiang Rai/North Thailand

KALAE (Galae) • Decorative carved element as a top roof ending. • Mostly carved from teakwood widely used in North Thailand, the former kingdom of Lanna.

Horns of the water buffalo.


Central plains houses • • • •

Elevated on stout round posts Steep roofs with curved bargeboards Paneled walls leaning slightly inward Various components are prefabricated to enable easy dismantling and reassembly. • House consists of a single unit with an outside veranda, while those accommodating larger families might have several separate units arranged around a central platform. •


Luang Prabang, Laos, Indochina


Architecture of Philippines


Architecture of Manila, Philippines Manila Cathedral, Intramuros

Fort Santiago

Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte


The End



+ NATION STATE the Asian experiences

1


 Modernity  Nation State

OUTLINES

 Asian Experiences India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia

 Conclusion

2


 Modernism MODERN

MODERNITY

 NEW Society, Way of Life, Architecture

 Modern Society Industrial Civilization

3


 Rise of CAPITALISM

MODERNISM PRE - CONDITIONS  Emergence of SOCIALIST countries

4


 Institution of representative DEMOCRACY

MODERNISM P R E - C O N D I T I O N S  INDIVIDUALISM  Increasing role of SCIENCE + TECHNOLOGY


 Spread of SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

MODERNISM PRE - CONDITIONS

 URBANIZATION


 INDUSTRIALIZATION

MODERNISM PRE - CONDITIONS

 Mass literacy + Proliferation of MASS MEDIA

7


 the AGE OF DISCOVERY

PERIODS OF

MODERNITY

 the RENAISSANCE  the REFORMATION + COUNTER REFORMATION


 the AGE OF REASON  the ENLIGHTENMENT

PERIODS OF

MODERNITY

 the ROMANTIC era  the VICTORIAN era


 the MODERN era

PERIODS OF

MODERNITY  the POSTMODERN era

10


 the arrival of the PRINTING PRESS

MODERNITY I M P O R T A N T EVENTS

 the ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

 the AMERICAN revolution  the FRENCH revolution

 the revolutions of 1848  the RUSSIAN revolution


 the FIRST WORLD WAR + the SECOND WORLD WAR

MODERNITY I M P O R T A N T EVENTS

12


 Lower INFANT MORTALITY rate

THE

PARAD O X

 Decreased DEATH STARVATIONS

FROM

 Eradication DISEASES

FATAL

OF

MODERNITY B E N E F I

T S

of

some

 EQUAL TREATMENT of people with different backgrounds + incomes 13


 Modern W A R F A R E

MODERN I TY

 NON-SUSTAINABLE environment

NEGATIVE CHARACTERISTICS

 PSYCHOLOGICAL + MORAL HAZARDS of modern life – alienation, feeling of rootlessness, loss of strong bonds + common values, hedonism, etc. 14


 SOCIOLOGICAL THOUGHT – Dynamic; Human intervention.

 POLITICAL THOUGHT – New forms of Government ; DEMOCRACY.

change to

MODERNITY in

different

fields

 SCIENCE + TECHNOLOGY – inventions

 INDUSTRY  WARFARE  CULTURE  the ARTS + ARCHITECTURE 15




M OD E R N ARCHITECTURE

18


 a REJECTION OF HISTORICAL styles as a source of architectural form (historicism)  an adoption of the principle that the MATERIALS + FUNCTIONAL requirements determine the result

M O D E R N ARCH I TECTURE

 an adoption of the MACHINE AESTHETICS  a REJECTION OF ORNAMENT

CHARAC T ERIS T ICS

 a simplification of form + elimination of “UNNECESSARY DETAIL”  an adoption of EXPRESSED STRUCTURE  “FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION” 19


The nation state is a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign/ independent entity for a nation as a sovereign/ independent N A T I O N S T A T E territorial unit. The state is a political + geopolitical entity; The nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity. 20



22


ASIAN EXPERIENCES

          

INDIA THAILAND SINGAPORE LAOS PHILLIPINES BRUNEI MYANMAR VIETNAM CAMBODIA INDONESIA MALAYSIA the (8) symbols


INDIA Before 1947

1947 – INDEPENDENT from BRITISH  partition of British India into the two nations India and Pakistan  the region of Punjab was also split between India and Pakistan.  The Indian state of Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part of Pakistan during the partition. After several plans to make additions to existing cities were found to be infeasible for various reasons, the decision to construct a new and planned city was undertaken. After 1947


THE GOVERNOR’S PALACE

THE PARLIAMENT BUILDING

THE HIGH COURT

THE SECRETARIAT

General plan of THE CHANDIGARH CAPITOL BUILDINGS. 25


PARLIAMENT BUILDING, Palace of Assembly 1952 - 63 The Assembly Hall is made in a hyperbolic shell with an average thickness of 15 cm, constant throughout its surface, resulting in a very low cost and a minimum of weight (here the principle of industrial cooling towers has been applied to the architectural intentions). This shell does not terminate in a horizontal but in an oblique section which shall receive a metallic framework (aluminum). This framework will become a veritable physical laboratory destined to ensure the interplay of natural lighting, artificial lighting, ventilation and acousticelectronic mechanisms." 26


PARLIAMENT BUILDING, Palace of Assembly 1952 - 63


THE HIGH COURT, 1952 - 56 Main entrance with free-standing wall

Brise -Soleil in the main facade

28


THE HIGH COURT, 1952 - 56


OPEN HAND MONUMENT open to give and open to receive


THAILAND

Kharu Summanakharu Hall, Nakhon Ratchisma, 1960

1932 – 48 : rise of MILITARY GOVERNMENT 1948 – 73 : the ‘STRONG MAN’ era 1973 – 92 : between AUTOCRACY + DEMOCRACY

Public Relations Department Building, Bangkok, 1963


SINGAPORE The history of the Republic of Singapore began when Singapore gained its independence and became a republic following an ejection from Malaysia on 9 August 1965. After the separation, the fledgling nation had to become self-sufficient, and faced problems including mass unemployment, housing shortages and lack of land and natural resources such as petroleum. During Lee Kuan Yew's term as prime minister from 1959 to 1990, his administration curbed unemployment, raised the standard of living and implemented a large-scale public housing program. The country's economic infrastructure was developed, racial tension was eliminated and an independent national defense system was created. Singapore evolved from a developing nation to first world status towards the end of the 20th century

Singapore Conference Hall and Trade Union House, 1961-1965


LAOS

The Palace Museum, Luang Prabang ,1904-1909

1860 – 40 : COLONIAL ERA

1945 : INDEPENDENCE declared 1946 : CONFLICT with French 1975 : LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

Presidential Palace, Vientiane, 1900


PHILIPPINES

Chapel of the Holy Sacrifice, 1955

1946 : INDEPENDENCE granted by US

1946 - 72 : Period of CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY similar to the US.

Ramon Magsaysay Center, 1967


Parliament House, 1968

BRUNEI 1839 – INDEPENDENCE granted 1888 – Britain declares Brunei a protectorate 1959 – Self Government 1984 – SOVEREIGN STATE

Brunei Museum, 1968-70


MYANMAR

The Strand Hotel, Strand Road, Yangon, 1900

1948 – INDEPENDENCE granted by Britain and The Union of Burma formed 1962 – ‘BURMESE WAY TO SOCIALISM’ 1974 – New Constitution + Formation of Socialist Republic of THE UNION OF BURMA High Court, Yangon, 1905 – 1911


REUNIFICATION PALACE, Ho Chin Minh City, 1962 – 1966

VIETNAM 1859 – 85 : FRENCH INDOCHINA 1946 – 54 : INDOCHINA WAR between French in the South and Vietminh in the North 1954 : COUNTRY PARTITIONED. Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the North and the Republic of Vietnam (RVN) in the South. Vietcom Bank, Ly Thai Ho road, Hanoi, 1930s


CAMBODIA 1863 – 1940 : COLONIAL ERA 1953 : INDEPENDENCE from France 1955 : Norodom Sihanouk elected and period of “BUDDHIST SOCIALISM” begins 1970 : KHMER REPUBLIC proclaimed Central market of Phnom Penh, 1937


INDONESIA

The city was renamed "Jakarta “ (Djakarta, Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia) by the Japanese during their World War II occupation of Indonesia. Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from allied-occupied Jakarta during their fight for Indonesian independence and established their capital in Yogyakarta. In 1950, once independence was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital. Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno, envisaged Jakarta as a great international city. He initiated large government-funded projects undertaken with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture. Projects in Jakarta included a clover-leaf highway, a major boulevard (Jalan Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument, major hotels, and a new parliament building

Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, Indonesia (1955 - 1984)

MONAS, Jakarta, Indonesia (1961)


 Independence in 1957  September 17 1963 , DYMM Yang Di Pertuan Agung Tuanku Abdul Rahman, named 8 SYMBOLS upon which the foundation of the NEWLY-FORMED NATION OF MALAYSIA would be based

 In conjunction of formation of Malaysia on September 16 1963  In a rally – called upon the citizen to re-affirm faith + confidence in the new Malaysia.

MALAYSIA

 By 1963, Malaysia had created + activated political + social institutions, through which MODERNIZATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION were committed + realized


THE

(8)

SYMBOLS

MALAY S IA 1. THE PARLIAMENT BUILDING – as a monument to faith in PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRARY

PARLIAMENT BUILDING, 1967


THE

(8)

SYMBOLS

MALAY S IA 2. THE NATIONAL MOSQUE – as monument to FREEDOM OF WORSHIP


THE

(8)

SYMBOLS

MALAY S IA 3. THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGES and INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING as faith in EDUCATION + ENLIGHTENMENT OF THE PEOPLE.

University Malaya


THE

(8)

SYMBOLS

MALAY S IA 4. THE STADIUM MERDEKA 5. THE STADIUM NEGARA as symbols of A HEALTHY MIND THROUGH A HEALTHY BODY.


THE

(8)

SYMBOLS

MALAY S IA 6. THE NATIONAL MONUMENT as it stood for the spirit of SACRIFICE IN DEFENCE OF THE NATION.


THE

(8)

SYMBOLS

MALAY S IA 7. THE LANGUAGE + LITERATURE AGENCY – as symbol of the rich heritage + special position of the NATIONAL LANGUAGE.


THE

(8)

SYMBOLS

MALAY S IA 8. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM as a focal point for the development of NATIONAL CULTURE.


the 8 SYMBOLS represented THE NATION’S AIM IN THE NEW ERA OF POST-INDEPENDENCE.

Creation NATION

ARCHITECTURE : AS PHYSICAL EVIDENDENCE

NATION BUILDING refers to the process of constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state. This process aims at the unification of the people within the state so that it remains politically stable and viable in the long run. Nationbuilding can involve the use of propaganda or major infrastructure development to foster social harmony and economic growth

NATION STATE

of

IDENTITY

for

THE


CONCLUSION

The formulation of the National subject into one of the National Culture was a project graduated in different degrees for each Post-Colonial state in Southeast Asia, and in various present forms.

Buildings + Murals were attempt to PHYSICALLY MATERIALIZE a translation of NATIONALISM TO NATIONAL CITIZEN.

49


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