HISTORY OF EAST ASIAN ARCHITECTURE CHINESE & JAPANESE
Presented by Koh Jing Hao
Lecture Outline
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE: Architecture Components & the Beijing Courtyard House
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House
Lecture Outline
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE: Architecture Components & the Beijing Courtyard House Cosmology & Worldview
Architectural Components
Beijing Courtyard House
Lecture Outline
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House Shinto Shrine
Philosophy of Aesthetics
The Traditional Japanese House
Part 1
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE: Architecture Components & the Beijing Courtyard House
COSMOLOGY
&
WORLDVIEW
Heavenly world deities
Earthly world human
Ghosts/demons
Underworld
Such a correlative cosmology is an orderly
system of correspondence among various domains of reality in the universe, correlating categories of the
Wang, 2000
Henderson, 2010
human world, such as the human body, behavior, morality, the sociopolitical order, and historical changes, with categories of the cosmos , including time, space, the heavenly bodies, seasonal movement, and natural phenomena.
Correlative thinking draws systematic correspondences among various orders of reality or realms of the cosmos, such as the human body, the body politic and the heavenly bodies.
order/system correspondences domain of reality c o s m o s h a r m o n y l i f e
INTENTION
ACT
PRODUCT
RULES
ACTORS
SITE
COSMOLOGY & WORLDVIEW: the production model
INTENTION
order/harmony
shelter
ACT
correspondences
build
PRODUCT
life
house
RULES
system/order/pattern
physics/nature
ACTORS
domain of reality
human/deities/demons
SITE
cosmos
earth
COSMOLOGY & WORLDVIEW: the production model
TAOISM Achieving state of harmony with nature Considers nature as design element
CONFUCIANISM Achieving state of social order with a set of ethical & moral rules Affected the social hierarchy in design considerations ie spatial layout
Wood
Water
THE FIVE ELEMENTS: BALANCE & HARMONY
Metal
Fire
Earth
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE: Architecture Components & the Beijing Courtyard House
ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS
Roof Gabled / Hipped / Half- gabled & half hipped / Pyramidal
Column & wall Base
TYPES OF ROOFS Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History
Timber frame
Column & beam
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
DouDou-gong
Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History
Ying Zhao Fa Shi
Gong Cheng Zuo Fa Ze Li
GRAMMAR OF ARCHITECTURE
Compiled by Li Jie ( ) during the Song Dynasty and published in 1103 Consists of 34 chapters: 13 chapters devoted to design rules of foundations, fortifications, stone masonry and ornamental carving, major carpentry, brick & tile masonry, painted decoration The rest of the text contains definitions & terms Last 4 chapters contain drawings & illustrations.
YING ZHAO FA SHI Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History
Published by the Ministry of Construction of the Qing Dynasty in 1734.
GONG CHENG ZUO FA ZE LI Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History
A set of bracket with 3 components: Dou Gong Ang To transfer load from horizontal member above to vertical member below Enables extension of roof eaves for shading Mostly used on large & significant buildings e.g. palace, temples; a symbol of status and affluence Function of structural support evolved into decorative elements in later time
BRACKET SYSTEM:
DOUDOU-GONG Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History
BRACKET SYSTEM:
DOUDOU-GONG Source: Chinese Architecture. A Pictorial History
BRACKET SYSTEM:
DOUDOU-GONG
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRnVvdxgFkg&feature=relmfu
The East Main Hall of Foguang Temple (855856, Tang Dynasty), Foguang Village, Doucun Town, Wutai County, Xinzhou, Shanxi Province, China
Source: Radium Tam
BRACKET SYSTEM:
DOUDOU-GONG
The East Main Hall of Foguang Temple (855856, Tang Dynasty), Foguang Village, Doucun Town, Wutai County, Xinzhou, Shanxi Province, China
Source: Radium Tam
BRACKET SYSTEM:
DOUDOU-GONG
Caisson ceiling of Kuan Yin Temple (~1910), Klang, Malaysia
Source: Esticalovesfood
BRACKET SYSTEM:
DOUDOU-GONG
Source: archdaily.com
BRACKET SYSTEM: MODERN INTERPRETATION
Source: archdaily.com
BRACKET SYSTEM:
Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum by Kengo Kuma & Associates
MODERN INTERPRETATION
Source: archdaily.com
BRACKET SYSTEM:
Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum by Kengo Kuma & Associates
MODERN INTERPRETATION
Source: archdaily.com
BRACKET SYSTEM:
Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum by Kengo Kuma & Associates
MODERN INTERPRETATION
Source: archdaily.com
BRACKET SYSTEM: MODERN INTERPRETATION
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE: Architecture Components & the Beijing Courtyard House
BEIJING COURTYARD HOUSE
Geography
Materials
VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : DESIGN FACTORS
Culture & Beliefs
VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : PIT DWELLING
VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : PIT DWELLING
VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : FORTRESS STYLE
VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : WATERSIDE
VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : PILE DWE LLING
VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : MONGOLIAN YURT
VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : COURTYARD HOUSE
Quadrangle as part of the city’s grid arrangement Spatial layout is based on social hierarchy and geomancy principles No. of courtyard (jin used as module : 1 courtyard2 courtyards-
) can be
Some courtyard houses have 3 sections forming the courtyard
VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : COURTYARD HOUSE
VERNACULAR DWELLINGS: DWELLINGS : COURTYARD HOUSE
Corner room
Main room: Ancestral hall
Grand Parents
Axial arrangement with main entrance placed at South-East
Parents
Backyard rooms: Daughters + maids
South facing preferable
Corner room
Floral-pendant gate marks entrance into the private domain
2nd, 4th sons’ rooms
1st,3rd sons’ rooms
Courtyard
Floral-pendant gate Screen wall
COURTYARD H O U S E : SPATIAL LAYOUT
toilet
N
Reception hall
Male Servants
Entrance Study room
Brilliant gate
COURTYARD H O U S E : Entrance Gate
Social status & ranking
Golden column gate
‘manzi’ manzi’ gate
‘ruyi’ ruyi’ gate
COURTYARD H O U S E : FloralFloral-pendant Gate
COURTYARD H O U S E : FloralFloral-pendant Gate
The screen wall is a brickstructured wall with strong ornamental and symbolising significance in front of the main gate Its main function was to beautify the entrance of the gate, people might see the carved auspicious words or eulogies or decorated ornaments on the wall face.
COURTYARD H O U S E : Screen Wall
Source: Tushuo min ju
Liang, S., & Fairbank, W. (2005). Chinese architecture: A pictorial history. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Wang, A. (2000). Cosmology and political culture in early China. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Henderson, J. B. (January 01, 2010). Cosmology and concepts of nature in traditional China. Concepts of Nature, 181197. Shan, D., & Wang, D. (2004). Chinese vernacular dwelling. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. Wang, Q. (2004). Tushuo min ju. Beijing: Zhongguojianzhu gong ye chu ban she.
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6
Shan, D., & Wang, D. (2004). Chinese vernacular dwelling. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.
CHAPTER: THE CHINESE STRUCTURAL S Y S T E M
RECOMMENDED READINGS
Liang, S., & Fairbank, W. (2005). Chinese architecture: A pictorial history. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
Xia Dynasty 夏朝
21002100-1600 BC
16001600-1050 BC
Shang Dynasty商朝
Western Zhou 西周
10461046-771 BC
Qin Dynasty 秦朝
771771-256 BC
221221-206 BC
Eastern Zhou 東周 Spring and Autumn Period 春秋 Wa r r i n g S t a t e s P e r i o d 戰 國
APPENDIX: APPENDIX : HISTORICAL TIMELINE
Feudalism
Unified kingdom
Establishment of centralised government
Transition period
Eastern Han 東漢 Western Han 西漢
Han Dynasty 漢朝
206 BCEBCE -220 CE
220220-265 CE
The Three Kingdoms 三國
Revitalisation of Confucianism
APPENDIX: APPENDIX : HISTORICAL TIMELINE
Jin Dynasty 晉朝
265265-420 CE
Sui Dynasty 隋朝
386386-589 CE
581581-618 CE
Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties 南北朝
Period of disunity and instability Introduction of Buddhism
Unified kingdom
Transition period
Northern Song 宋朝
Tang Dynasty 唐朝
907907-979 CE
618618-906 CE
Five Dynasties 五代
960960-1127
Yuan Dynasty 元朝
11271127-1279
12791279-1368
Southern Song 南宋
Ten Kingdoms 十國
Great civilisation achievements
Reign of the Mongol Empire
APPENDIX: APPENDIX : HISTORICAL TIMELINE
Unified government
Transition period
People’s Republic of China 中華人民共和國
Republic of China 中華民國
Ming Dynasty 明朝 13681368 -1644
16441644-1911
19121912 -1949
19491949-present
Qing Dynasty 清朝
Xinhai Revolution 1911 辛亥革命 End of monarchy Establishment of republic
APPENDIX: APPENDIX : HISTORICAL TIMELINE
Civil war
Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國 (台灣) 台灣)
Japanese occupation 19311931 -1945
Unified government
Transition period
Lecture Outline
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House
Shinto Shrine
Philosophy of Aesthetics
The Traditional Japanese House
Lecture Outline
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House
Shinto Shrine
Ise Jingu Shrine Typology
Philosophy of Aesthetics
The Traditional Japanese House
Lecture Outline
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House
S h i n t o S h r i n e
Philosophy of Aesthetics
Wabi Sabi
The Traditional Japanese House
Lecture Outline
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House
Shinto Shrine
Shinden Style
Philosophy of Aesthetics
Shoin Style
Sukiya Style
The Traditional Japanese House
Teahouse
Elements
国
Paleolithic 旧 35,000–14,000 BC
Kamakura
Jomon 14,000–300 BC
Nanboku-chō
Yayoi 弥 300 BC–250 AD
Muromachi
Kofun 250–538
AzuchiMomoyama
HISTORICAL TIMELINE
1185–1333 1333-1392 1392-1573 1573-1603
Sengoku
Meiji 18681868-1912
戦国
Taisho
Asuka
19121912-1926
538–710 Showa
Nara 710–794
Edo
19261926-1989
戸
1603-1867
Heian
Heisei 19891989-current
794–1185 BakuBaku-matsu
Ancient
Classical
Medieval
Edo Shogunate
Modern
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House
S H I N T O
S H R I N E
High Heavenly Plain (Takamanohara) Central Land of Reeds (Ashiharano-nakatsu-kuni) Land of Yellow Sources (Yomino-kuni
COSMOLOGY: COSMOLOGY: S H I N T O
In Shinto (Way of the Gods), it’s believed that the divine power in nature (kami) permeates everything including mountains, trees, waterfalls, animals, people, ancestral spirits & etc.
The animistic nature of Shinto founded ancient Japanese human-nature relationship
Shinto shrines were built to offer domicile to particular deities/kami
S H I N T O : ANIMISTIC WORSHIP
I ISSEE JJI INNGGUU Source: http://www.east-asiaarchitecture.org/
Ise Jingu was built in the 7th Century by Emperor Tenmu, dedicated to Amaterasu Okami ( ), the Sun Goddess. Ise Jingu consists of mainly the Inner Shrine (Naiku) and the Outer Shrine (Geku). The Inner Shrine was dedicated to Amaterasu Okami; the Outer Shrine was dedicated to Toyo-uke Okami, goddess of food. Ancient Japanese believed they were the descendents of Amaterasu Okami.
Ise Jingu was used to offer prayers to Amaterasu Okami for she’s also the Goddess of Rice.
ISE JINGU: AMATERASU OKAMI
The shrine is located in cedar forest with layers of fencing protecting the buildings inside the compound. The shrine is rebuilt every 20 years, on the adjacent site.
All structures and artifacts are reconstructed and remade, with materials gathered from all over the country Timbers are harvested from trees planted in deep mountains hundred years ago and replanted for future usage. Source: http://www.east-asia-architecture.org/
ISE JINGU: MAIN SANCTUARY Source: Nishi & Hozumi, 1996
S H R I N E HONDEN: HONDEN: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Original form of Yayoi rice storehouse
Original rafter poles were extended longer to form Chigi
S H R I N E HONDEN: HONDEN: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Katsuogi were made larger to emphasise on magnificence
Entrance was moved to the non-gabled side, accessible through a flight of stairs
S H R I N E HONDEN: HONDEN: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Veranda was added on all sides with golden emblem installed
S H R I N E HONDEN: HONDEN: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Final form of the shrine derived from rice storehouse
S H R I N E HONDEN: HONDEN: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Components of the Honden (main sanctuary) include: •Tached roof (kaya-buki ) •Roof ridge billets (katsuogi •Decorated finials (chigi ) •Barge board •Gable-end pillar (munamochi bashira )
)
SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254
Katsuogi 鰹木 Log-like forms perpendicularly on top of the roof ridge to help weigh down the ridge and hold the straw roof in place.
SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254
Chigi 千木 Forked finials supporting the ridge board extending the ridge to form a V shape above the roofline, or sitting on the ridge to form an X shape. Cutting direction may indicate gender of the dedicated deity
SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254
SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254
Munomochi bashira 棟持柱 – Free standing large pillars sunken directly into the ground, supporting the roof ridge
SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254
KayaKaya-buki 茅葺–– Gabled thatched roof using grasses, reeds or straws
SHRINE HONDEN: HONDEN: COMPONENTS https://chrispythoughts.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/naik.jpg?w=547&h=254
S him m e i - zu kuri
Ta i s h a - z u k u r i
SumiyoshiSumiyoshi - zukuri
SHINTO SHRINE: SHRINE: T Y P O L O G Y
The oldest typology of Shinto Shrines ), Taisha ( may include Shimmei ( ) and Sumiyoshi ( ).
Constructed using round wooden pillars with boards laid horizontally forming the walls. Unpainted wood with copper or gold-plated hardware used. Gabled roof extends beyond the walls on all sides with katsuogi and chigi on the roofline. Entrance in the center on the non-gabled side under the eaves accessible through a steep wooden stair. There are no other doors or windows. One pillar on each gabled-side extends from the center of the roof ridge to the ground, independent from the wall, buried directly in the ground. Example: Ise Jingu, Mie Prefecture
SHINTO SHRINE: SHRINE: SHIMMEI - ZUKURI http://www.greenshinto.com/wp/2014/03/16/shrines-8-types-pt-1/
Symmetrical gable roof with gable on the front. The building is two-bays wide with the entrance in the front-right bay. It has a verandah and stairs as wide as the entrance leading to ground level. Gabled roof covering following its steep angle. Example: Izumo Prefecture
the
Taisha,
stairs,
Shimane
SHINTO SHRINE: SHRINE: TAISHA-ZUKURI http://www.greenshinto.com/wp/2014/03/16/shrines-8-types-pt-1/
It has a gable roof with the entrance in the center of the gabled side. The structure is two bays wide by four deep. It has flat roofline with deep overhang on all four sides with katsuogi and very tall chigi. Wooden members are painted vermillion and the wooden plank walls are painted white. The building’s interior is divided into front and rear with a wall and door parallel to the entrance separating the two. Example: Sumiyoshi Jinja, Osaka
SHINTO SHRINE: SHRINE: SUMIYOSHISUMIYOSHI - ZUKURI http://www.greenshinto.com/wp/2014/03/16/shrines-8-types-pt-1/
Nagare-zukuri
K a s u g a z u k u r i
HachimanHachiman - zukuri
SHINTO SHRINE: SHRINE: T Y P O L O G Y
Due to the introduction of Buddhism from China & Korea during the Classical period, the influence of Buddhist architecture was evident in Shinto Shrines.
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House
Philosophy of Aesthetics
PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI
SABI
Sources: (Right) http://flirtyfleurs.com/tag/green-bouquet-floral-design/ (Left) http://www.shinchosha.co.jp/tonbo/blog/kawase/
“Wabi sabi ( )is a beauty of things imperfect, impermanent and incomplete. incomplete It is a beauty of things modest and humble. It is a beauty unconventional.”
of
things
(Koren, 1994)
PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI
SABI
Misery of living alone in nature, away from society.
WABI
Suggested emotional state of discourage, dispirited and cheerless. A way of life, a spiritual path Inward subjectivity
Misery of living alone in nature, away from society.
SABI
PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI
SABI
Suggested emotional state of discourage, dispirited and cheerless. A way of life, a spiritual path Inward subjectivity
Wabi sabi (
) may be associated with characteristics of earthy, unpretentious, rustic, simplicity and mostly fashioned out of natural materials. It can be described as a way of seeing beauty in imperfections. Its aesthetics value is reflected in tea-arts, flower arranging, painting and architecture.
(Koren, 1994)
PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI
SABI
Material Qualities Natural Process Irregular Intimate Unpretentious Earthy Murky Simple Asymmetrical (Koren, 1994)
PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI
SABI
W
A
K E I
‘Harmony’ To be in harmony physically and spiritually with the environment and the inner self. ‘Respect’ An attitude that respects the nature of being (materials/objects).
S E I ‘Purity’ Clean, pure, simplicity
JAKU
PHILOSOPHY OF AESTHETICS: WABI
SABI
‘Tranquility’ A state of being tranquil and calm, represented by the concept of ‘emptiness’ .
Source: Bowl. Kazakes Ceramics http://www.kazakes.com/ /
Source: Horizon, 2003 . Kenya Hara. http://www.ndc.co.jp/hara/
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: Architectural Development of the Traditional Japanese House
The Traditional Japanese House Shinden Style
Shoin Style
Sukiya Style
Teahouse
Elements
Building style preferred by the Heian period aristocracy. It featured a central hall (shinden) connected to subsidiary buildings by long covered corridors.
Shinden Hall
Fountain Pavilion
SINDEN STYLE: STYLE: F E A T U R E S Source: Young, Young & Tan, 2004
Lesser Shinden Hall
Fishing Pavilion
Shoin style served as the model for early modern residential architecture. It was developed from the Shinden style to adapt the lifestyle of the ruling classthe samurai. The influence of Zen Buddhism on the samurai was evident in the adoption of simpler Shoin style.
Source: Young & Young, 2004
Source: Young, Young & Tan, 2004
Decorative alcove (tokonoma)
Staggered shelf
Desk alcove
SHOIN STYLE: STYLE : F E A T U R E S Source: http://aytch.mnsu.edu/URBS110/Asia/Japan
Tatami mat
Shoji door
Desk alcove
Decorative alcove (tokonoma)
Staggered shelf
The Audience Hall (Ohiroma) , Nijo Castle, Kyoto
SHOIN STYLE: STYLE : F E A T U R E S Source: http://www.city.kyoto.jp/
Tatami mat
Decorative door
Desk alcove
Decorative alcove (tokonoma)
Staggered shelf
Guest chamber, Seisonkaku Villa, Kanazawa
SHOIN STYLE: STYLE : F E A T U R E S
Tatami mat
http://www.seisonkaku.com/english/midokoro/midokorotop.html
Decorative door
Shoin style was too grand to be used for daily life. It was modified to create a more rustic atmosphere, associated with the tea ceremony. Sukiya style is shown in Katsura Detached Palace.
SUKIYA STYLE: STYLE : F E A T U R E S Source: http://classes.sdc.wsu.edu/
SUKIYA STYLE: STYLE : F E A T U R E S Source: http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/92248248.jpg
Tea drinking originated from China and was practiced by the aristocrats as a form of lavish entertainment. Tea was used as medicine by the Zen monks to keep them awake for long hours meditation. During the Kamakura period, the ruling samurai class adopted tea drinking as a spiritual practice, in the Zen Buddhism tradition.
TEAHOUSE: O R I G I N
Social Japan:
hierarchy
of
traditional
•Samurai •Farmers •Carpenters/artisans •Merchants Although the merchants were rich, their living style was governed by the Shogunate, prohibiting them to showcase their wealth. Some rich merchants became tea masters and designed teahouses with delicate aesthetics.
TEAHOUSE: O R I G I N
Teahouse design was seen as a counterstatement to the restrictions imposed by the upper class samurai (Kumarasuriyar, 2011). Tea ceremony was developed in accordance to the wabi sabi philosophy, particularly evident during the time of Sen no Rikyu ). ( Teahouse design took precedence from the farm house’s rustic and simplicity characteristics. Teahouse was designed to be very small (2 tatami mats), in contrast to the grand palace and castles of the upper class.
TEAHOUSE: O R I G I N
Interior view (left) and layout (right) of Tai-an Teahouse
Tea room design was based on the size of tatami mat. Common measurement may be 4.5 tatami mats.
TEAHOUSE: L A Y O U T Source: Nishi & Hozumi, 1996
Tai-an tea room designed by Sen no Rikyu was 2 tatami mats in size.
Tokonoma
TEAHOUSE: L A Y O U T http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/V3613/taian/index.html
Top: From left:- exterior view of window, interior view of window, crawldoor Bottom: view towards the interior from crawldoor
TEAHOUSE: L A Y O U T http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/V3613/taian/index.html
Top: Bamboo grill window interior view Bottom left: Anteroom Bottom right: Katte
TEAHOUSE: L A Y O U T http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/V3613/taian/index.html
Tokonoma Staggerd shelf Shoji door
Fusuma door Engawa
ELEMENTS OF TRADITIONAL HOUSE Source: Young, Young & Tan, 2004
Nishi, K., &Hozumi, K. (1996). What is Japanese
architecture?: A survey of traditional Japanese architecture. Tokyo: Kodansha International. Koren, L. (1994). Wabi-sabi for artists, designers, poets & philosophers. Berkeley, Calif: Stone Bridge Press.
Kumarasuriyar, A. C. (2011). Tea ceremony and Sukiya: negating social hierarchy. Young, D. E., Young, M., & Tan, H. Y. (2004). Introduction to Japanese architecture. Singapore: Periplus. Inaba, K., & Nakayama, S. (2000). Japanese homes and
lifestyles: An illustrated journey through history. Tokyo [u.a.: Kodansha International
REFERENCES
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE 24
April 2014
ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION
Human civilisations in India are some of the earliest recorded, and were contemporaries of civilisations in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. The history of India can be traced in fragments to as far back as 9,500 years ago. India's culture, economy and politics has had an influence on the history and culture of the nations in Asia over thousands of year.
EARLY ARCHITECTURE - Difficult to trace back the origin – to study evolution - Land of teak – most buildings were built of timber - Excavations led to the discoveries of ground plans of towns, Buddhist monasteries - Retain certain arrangement of domestic architecture - Later, they hollow out rock and built with bricks – religious establishments such as temples and monasteries) - Literature – vast public buildings and royal palaces (paintings and constructed by the Muslims)
THE ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS
EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION - Developed along the Indus and Ganges rivers
- Flourished around 2400 BC – 1500 BC - Shortly before it collapsed, IndoEuropean or Aryan invaders entered the Indian sub-continent - These two civilization blended and evolved, forming Indian civilization
- Hinduism and Buddhism had their origins and spread outwards - Followed by the rise of Maurya and Gupta Empires
The Indus Valley Civilization • One of the oldest in the world, dates back over 5,000 years, along the Indus River, Sarasvati River, Ghaggar-Hakra River, and their tributaries. • The Harappan culture grew out of earlier village cultures – hundreds of farming communities sprung up. The annual flooding of the Indus and its tributaries enabled the growing of many different crops in the rich soil. • Evolved into urban centers and complex civilization – Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Ganeriwala in Pakistan, and Rakhigarhi, Dholavira, and Lothal in India. The Vedic Civilization of the Indo-Aryans Most scholars today believe in some form of the Indo-Aryan migration hypothesis, which proposes that the Aryans, a semi-nomadic people, possibly from Central Asia or northern Iran, migrated into the north-west regions of the Indian subcontinent between 2000 and 1500 BCE. The classical Indian culture • Merger of the Vedic culture with the earlier Dravidian cultures (presumably of the descendants of the Indus Valley Civilization)
• For the next 1500 years – estimated to have had the largest economy of the ancient world between the 1st -15th c CE, controlling much of the world's wealth, from whence it rapidly declined during European rule. • Incursions by Arab and Central Asian armies in the 8th & 12th c were followed by traders from Europe, beginning in the 15th c.
MOHENJO-DARO 'Mound of the Dead'. Remarkable construction, considering its antiquity. Planned layout based on a grid of streets, with structures constructed of bricks of baked mud, sun dried bricks and burned wood. The city was divided into two parts, the Citadel and the Lower City. Most of the Lower City is yet uncovered, but the Citadel is known to have the public bath, a large residential structure designed to house 5,000 citizens and two large assembly halls.
Mohenjo-daro was successively destroyed and rebuilt at least seven times. Each time, the new cities were built directly on top of the old ones. Flooding by the Indus is thought to have been the cause of destruction.
Structure dubbed the ‘great bath’ in the excavated ruins.
Advanced drainage system, a variety of buildings up to two stories high and an elaborate bath area.
Modern India After the Arab incursions, similar quests for access to India's wealth influenced the history of medieval Europe, (Vasco Da Gama). Columbus discovered America whilst searching for a new route to India, and the British gained much of its resources after the incorporation of India in the Empire. • 18th c – From 1757, the British East India Company had begun colonising parts of India and by 1858, the British assumed political control over virtually all of India.
• 1947 – Independence – Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led, by Mohandas Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru brought independence. The subcontinent was partitioned into the Secular Democratic Republic of India and the smaller Islamic Republic of Pakistan. • 1971 – War between the two countries resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. • 21st c – Impressive gains in economic investment and output, world's largest democracy, self sufficient in terms of food, and is a fast-growing, economically strong country.
INFLUENCES • Hinduism – begins with the Indus civilization Aryans from the west settled in India and developed ‘Vedic’ literature as part of the Brahman religion. This became the Holy books • Buddhism and Jainism. Buddhism had the support of the royal class and was adopted by the masses. As Buddhism spread across the country, so did its monasteries and temples. As Hinduism re-established itself strongly, the Buddhist presence disappeared from India in the 13th c.
Religion • The Dharmic religions, one of the two main families of world religion (the other being the Abrahamic), originated in India. Every Dharmic religion originated in India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism and other schools. The philosophical-like treatment of these religions has generally made the idea of rivalry and conversion alien, leading to extremely close relationships between these faiths. • India is one of the most religiously diverse nations in the world, with one of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion plays a central and definitive role in the life of the country and most of its people. The religion of more than 80.4% of the people is Hinduism, considered the world's oldest religious and philosophical system. Islam is practiced by around 13.4% of all Indians.
Trimurti The triad of Hindu Gods • Brahma the Creator • Shiva the Destroyer • Vishnu the Maintainer
Philosophy • Has had a tremendous impact on world thought, especially in the east. Various theistic schools of philosophy, such as the many schools of Buddhism and Hinduism, have has huge influences. • India also produced some of the longest and most influencial secular traditions of logic, rationalism, science, mathematics, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, etc. • The most famous school of Indian atheism, is Carvaka, considered by some to be the oldest materialistic school of thought in the world, as well as the philosophy of Buddhism and Jainism. • The period around 600-400 BCE marked a huge leap in both Indian philosophy and world philosophy in general, with contemporary Greek schools emerging simultaniously. Some philosophical concepts from India were intorduced to the Greeks, especially during the campaigns of Alexander the Great, and vice-versa, leading some schools of classical Greek philosophy to be almost identical to prior Indian schools. • Great emphasis placed on philosophy in India, which has existed since ancient times.
Design Influence The cerebral aspect of the Indian world affected architectural theory, especially the design of temples and cities that were considered a diagram of universal order. The theories included : : The earth was round and the circle was its primal form. : Also an absolute perfect order resided in the square in which was manifest the supreme principle, Brahma
The Metaphysical Architecture of the Temple •
The basic plan of a Hindu temple is an expression of sacred geometry where the temple is visualized as a grand mandala.
•
By sacred geometry we mean a science which has as its purpose the accurate laying out of the temple ground plan in relation to the cardinal directions and the heavens.
•
Characteristically, a mandala is a sacred shape consisting of the intersection of a circle and a square
THE INDIAN MANDALA • The sides of this perfect form, fixed by cardinal points, could be divided by any number up to 32, thus yielding between 1 to 1024 units or padas. • It was for the priest to select one of these variants or mandalas as the basis of a temple design or layout of the city. • The holy diagram still rules and every detail is subject to a strict system of canonical proportions. In early towns, a particular professional group would inhibit each pada.
Vastu • Vastuvidya (vastu) – the science of architecture – was already considered a major influence around 1000 BCE. • Because the individual is Cosmic, everything about individual life should be in full harmony with Cosmic life. • The entire universe is a composition of five basic elements – air, earth, fire, space and water. • These elements sustain us by providing energy. • A dynamic balance of matter and energy, in relation to our body, gives more flexibility of body and soul. • The elements should be given proper places during the construction of a building or spaces.
TEMPLES Cave temples (3rd c BC) typically represent the architecture of ancient times. No other buildings remain because they were of wood. Temples were built of bricks, but when Buddhism died out, these were destroyed or pulled down. Not satisfied with cave temples, entire sculpted rock temples were built. In contrast to the rock temples that imitated wooden temples of ancient times, the stone temples, built by laying cut stones one on top of another, was the model of sculpted stone construction.
THE BUDDHIST CAVES • The Buddhist caves were the earliest structures, created between the 5th-7th c. • Some of these monastery caves have shrines including carvings of Buddha, bodhisattvas and saints. In many of these caves, sculptors had endeavoured to give the stone the look of wood. • Most famous of the Buddhist caves is cave 10, a chaitya hall or 'Visvakarma' cave, popularly known as the ‘Carpenter's Cave’. Beyond its multi-storeyed entry is a cathedral-like stupa hall, whose ceiling has been carved to give the impression of wooden beams.. At the heart of this cave is a 15’ statue of Buddha seated in a preaching pose
AJANTA CAVES Ajanta caves were carved out from the 2nd c BC to 6th c AD, dedicated solely to Buddhism. Hewn from the near-vertical sides of a horseshoe-shaped ravine Contain spectacular artwork. Rediscovered in 1819 by a group of British troops Ultimately a total of 28 cavern shrines were found, many with interiors adorned with a swirling profusion of vibrant multicolored murals – paintings that rank among India’s most beautiful treasures. These Buddhist caves predate Ellora
• The 30 Chaityas and Viharas have paintings, which illustrate the life and incarnations of Buddha. The artist has lent his creativity in each work with an overwhelming sense of vitality
Caves functioned as ‘Chaitya Grihas’,’Sangharamas’ or ‘Viharas’ (monasteries).
STUPAS Represent the enlightened mind of the Buddha.
.
Constructed since the early days of Buddhism, often used to store relics from important teachers. One of the symbolic meanings is that they represent the five elements: the square base represents earth, the round dome is for water, the coneshape is fire, the canopy is air and the volume of the stupa is space.
The Stupa may exist in different forms
ELLORA CAVES • Structures in the Ellora caves represent the three faiths of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism
The 12 Buddhist, 17 Hindu and 5 Jain caves, built in close proximity, demonstrate the religious tolerance prevalent during this period of Indian history.
THE HINDU CAVES • The Hindu caves, constructed beginning in the 7th c, represent a different style of creative vision and execution skills – many were carved from the top down, so complex that they required several generations of planning and coordination to complete. • The Kailasa or Kailasanatha Temple is the centerpiece of Ellora – designed to recall Mount Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva. • The shrine is carved with niches, plasters, windows as well as images of deities, mithunas (erotic male and female figures) and other figures. • Being a south Indian style temple, it does not have a shikhara common to north Indian temples".
The Garbhagriha (sanctum) of the Kailash Temples – represents Shiva's abode on earth • carved out of one single rock, and covers an area double the size of Parthenon.
Kailasa Temple
• The resplendent temples are famed for the delicate sensuality and eroticism of their sculpture. • almost three-dimensional, with shades of pink in the stone imbuing the figures with gentle flesh-like tones. • Temples covered with incised human and divine forms in every aspect of life.
• All the carvings are on more than one level. U-shaped courtyard. columned galleries three stories high punctuated by huge sculpted panels, and alcoves containing enormous sculptures of a variety of deities., decorated with elaborate illustrative carvings. The base of the temple has been carved to suggest that elephants are holding the structure aloft.
Elephants with mahouts
THE HINDU TEMPLES • References to temples go back early (520 BCE), temples were called prasadas. • Buddhist elements and motifs have influenced temple architecture to a considerable extent. • Early temples were rock-cut (Kailasanatha temple at Ellora), later structural temples evolved. • Temples are classified by the form and shape of the shikhara and the distinctiveness of its decoration. Broadly divided into the following styles: • Central – resembles a range of mountains with columns of subsidiary halls also rising up towards the central column. • Northern – The shikhara of north and central India resemble an upturned cone that is decorated with miniature conical shikharas. • Southern – The shikhara tend to be made up of distinct horizontal levels that diminish to form a rough pyramid. Each level is decorated with miniature temple rooftops.
• Designed or the individual’s encounter with the divine energies.
• The interiors are often cave-like and dark to mimic the entrance into the hidden realms of the psyche. • Represents a miniature of the cosmic mountain and residence on earth of the Supreme Being as the ruler of the universe. • the temple structure itself is conceived of as the universe.
the axis mundi, the connection between the world of Gods and our own.
CONCEPT
• The pyramid formed an essential architectonic element in any temple composition. • The structural system was essentially trabeated; stone was the basic raw material, minimal or no mortar was used. • Decoration was fundamental – figured sculpture and on the architectural elements. • The garba-griha or the womb chamber forms the central focus housing the deity of the temple, there is a circumambulation passage around. • The Hindu temple is not meant for congregational worship, the garba-griha is small in scale when compared to the whole temple complex. • A prominent roof called the shikhara surmounts the top of the Garbhagriha, and dominates the surroundings. • Pillared halls or mandapas are found preceding the garba-griha. • Approached by a flight of steps and is often built on a platform. A porch covers the entrance to the temples, which is supported by carved pillars.
Konark Sun Temple Central Indian style, shrine dedicated to the Sun God.
BY NOR HAYATI RAMLI 12/05/2016 11:31 PM
Byzantine Egyptian
Pre-Historic
Roman
Greek
Early Christian
Romanesque
History of Architecture
Near East
Indian
Chinese & Japanese
Historic Styles of Architecture
Southeast Asia
Islamic
Gothic
Malaysia
20th C: Modern
18th-19th C: Revival
Renaissance
Content • Where/What Southeast Asia? • Influences On Architecture • Chronological Architecture History of Southeast Asia & Malaysia • Conclusion: Influences on Architecture of Malaysian
Six Influences of Architecture Southeast Asia
Geographical & Geological
Climatic
Religious
Social
Historical /Origins Foreign Influences: Trade, Tribute, Invasion & Colonization
Geographical & Climate of Southeast Asia?
Malaysia in a glimpse West Malaysia East Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
South China Sea Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia)
Malaysian Borneo (East Malaysia)
Chronological History of Southeast Asia
Expand-marriage: Negrito, Senoi, Semang & Proto-Malay - nomadic, hunter gatherers, campsite: rock shelter/cave- tool crude stone as “Choppers� - xknowledge- Xdomesticate plant/animal- 7,000 begin pottery, agriculture, animal domestic & metallurgy
-
Australoid Distribution
Australoid Malay Peninsular Semang
Mani - Thai
Mani - Thai Australia
Andaman Is.
Aeta-Philippines
Vedda Sri Lankan
Papua
Austronesia Distribution
proto-Austronesians -origin traceable back to the South Chinese / Taiwan, - civilization Austronesian of cultivation of rice and taro, domestication of pigs, dogs, and chickenspottery and textiles, seafaring capabilities outrigger canoes and navigation by stars
Ainu-Philippines
Austronesian
Thatch Makeshift/Hut
Pre-Historic
>40000- 15000 BC Austroloid: Orang Asal: Negritos, Semang Shelters: Temporary Huts, caves & rock shelters 15000-2800 BC •Austronesian: Malay: •Stone Tools – •Kota Tampan, Perak •& Niah Caves, Sarawak •Advance Bifacial Stone tools-hunting, planting & built shelters – Tingkayu, Sabah 2800 – 500 BC Polished stone tools-hunt, planting, built shelters & earthenware Houses on stilts introduce by Austronesian migration
Traditional House
Indigenous Architecture in Malaysia
ii. Early Civilization of Southeast Asia
3rd century - early civilization in southeast Asia - Kingdom of Nam-Viet - flourish - 207 BC
ii. Early Civilization of SoutheastDominant Asia kingdoms - China and India-150 BC China and India interacted - Southeast Asia - thruâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; trade and tribute. Vietnam -fr 111 BC <1000 years - China invasion & colonization. India- civilization became predominant -unlike China conquer X violence - thru the heart,-Hinduism, Buddhism & Islam across the region.
2nd BC - 1st Century AD
Khmer Empire of HinduBuddhism- Cambodia. ruled -Indochina land - 4 cen, - Hindu--Buddhism monuments - its godkings. The empire territory -covered Thailand, Laos & Cambodia.
ii. Early Civilization of Southeast Asia
Angkor Wat, Cambodia
ii. Early Civilization of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia 4th Century
Langkasuka Kingdom
110AD “The archaeologists stumbled on between 5 and 7 ancient ships or barges. The masts (of the ships) were still visible. The ancient ships or barges measure 40-50 feet in length.” – Datuk Mohd Rawi, The Star
Early Kingdoms
500 BC-500 CE Bronze Drums, iron things: adzes, axes & long shafted knives - Port site of Kuala Selinsing, Perak- c. 200 BC & Inland of Bernam Valley-100-800 CE –trade routes to East Coast. Pile dwellings of wood at K. Selinsing. 200 BCE long-distance sea trade-between India, China & Malay Peninsular Bronze ware, beads, pottery & iron tools. Valuable object found deposited on grave sites 500–1300 BC The earliest Malay Kingdom appears at Bujang Valley in 5th Cen. Southern Kedah Permanent architecture- brick, stone & laterite of Buddhist-500 CE & Hindu Shrines->11th Cen. Upper part of wood – so only bases made of Brick survive. There is evidence of Iron agriculture tools & tech. skills in construction of architecture stone No evidence of domestic dwellings b’coz perisable const. material. Early kingdom evolved to Entrepôt - trade w. China, India, West & Southeast Asia. – under control Srivijaya & Tributary relations to China.
Lembah Bujang, Kedah
14th - 16th Century 1300–1500 Mass production of metal ware & pottery. Craftsmen's attached with royal courts-operates – royal & religious ceremonial & economic activities Arrival of Islam
14th Century – arrival of Islam – confirmed by the founding of Islamic Law inscribed on Terengganu Stone- 1303 CEgreatly change & influence Malay cultural & tradition. 15th Cent. 1403 refugee Sumatra princeTerengganu Inscription Parameswara founded new stateStone west coast of Malay Peninsular: Melaka Sultanatechallenge pre-eminence of Srivijaya -embraces Islam thru’ Indian Muslim merchantsMelaka become - important center of culture & craft
Parameswara
Terengganu Inscription Stone
Majapahit
Monument
Candi Sewu, Majapahit Kingdom
Pura Besakih Temple, Majapahit Kingdom Candi Bajang Ratu, Majapahit Kingdom
Mojokerto, Center of Majapahit Kingdom
Bali â&#x20AC;&#x201C; remnants of the Majapahit Kingdom Ancient Hindu
Power Struggles
16th Century
16th Century
1500:Majapahit Empire replaced the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya Melaka Kingdom: 1500 Melaka fr a small fishing village of > 200 people- settlement at - mouth of the Melaka River grows rapidly - as most convenient collecting point Of the valuable spices produced in the Spice Island (Moluccas) of the eastern archipelago. It develops into a vast-cosmopolitan trading centre, which Tamils, Arabs, Chinese, Persians, Javanese and others live, each at own quarter of the town - 150 years Melaka the hub - the east-west trade revolves. Descript. Chinese & Portuguese accounts: Wooden Palaces, Watch Towers & palisades on the hill (St Paul Hill) overlooking Melaka River & Strait. Countryside â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Malay houses: raised off the ground on tree trunks or bamboo posts. - rulers or village chiefs - elaborate carved wooden pillars. Immigrants & traders influence eg. Minangkabau, Sumatra: houses & building tech. & forms curved roof. Chinese:- courtyards & masonry staircases. East coast:- Patani, Thailand: artistic traditions &
Sultanate Palace of Malacca
Malaysia Vernacular House
Dusun House: Entire Bamboo Perak Kutai House: Woven Bamboo & Timber Traditional Malay Palace Timber & Shingles roof &
Iban Longhouse-verandah running the length of longhouselaid by strips of split bamboo for crops drying
Traditional House
Rumah Panjang Melaka
Traditional Houses
Power Struggles: Melaka vs. Portuguese vs. Dutch
16th Century 1511: Melaka's political domination - short-lived. - attracts attention of Portuguese whom seeking alternative routes to - Spices Islands bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;coz of the closure of the traditional overland trade routes due the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks.
Porta Santiago, A Formosa
Pre-Historic
Early Kingdoms
Arrival of Islam
Power Struggles
British Influence
16th Century Power Struggles: Melaka vs. Portuguese vs. Dutch
1521: The Portuguese build St Paulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Church at top of the hill with stones from the demolished foundations of the Melaka Sultanate palace. In 1566-enlarge the building to its present size & in 2590 add a tower.
Dutch later pull down the roof. Around - roofless St Paulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are massive tombstones from Dutch times.
St Paul Church
Power Struggles: Portuguese vs. Dutch 17th Century
1641: The Dutch fr. Batavia (Jakarta) assaults & causes destruction of the Portuguese settlement of Melaka. Dutch controls until 1842 as its secondary trade port. The Portuguese withdraw into Goa, Timor and Macao. Dutch repair the fort, rebuild the town & bring their style of architecture to Melaka. Eg. Dutch Arch.- the three-storey Stadthuys (Town Hall) built b/w 1641-1660 - gable walls can be found in Dutch-style buildings in Indonesia and other Dutch empire.
Christ Church
17th Century
Architecture: End of 17th Cent.
Early 17th century - A permanent settlement of shopkeepers, craftsmen & farmers fr. southern China established Melaka. Chinese traders came & settles as early as the 14th century. Early settlers come w/o families - working ties w. local population: Dev. a distinctive brand – Baba & Nyonya-Malay language, dress, food & customs, but maintain the traditional Chinese urban house form. Earliest types of townhouses /‘row houses’, are built during the Dutch occupation of the town, including some of the houses in Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock (Heeren Street). They are much deeper than elsewhere in the country, and often extend from one street back to the next. 1650: The leader of the Chinese community in Melaka, the Kapitan China Lee Wei King, founded the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple to honor the visit by Admiral Cheng Hoon Teng 2 ½ centuries earlier. -the oldest Chinese place of worship in Malaysia - home to the three Eastern religious philosophies of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism: example of traditional Chinese temple architecture and craftsmanship, shaped by symbolism, mythology and geomancy.
Chinese Shophouses
Cheng Hoon Teng Temple Kapitan Lee Wei King
Chinese Clan House
Roof Brackets system: Tao-Kung
18th Century Architecture: Early of 18th Cent. 18th Century Dutch continue -rule Malay Archipelago- build palaces, mansions and churches, from Aceh in northern Sumatra to the Bandas and the Moluccas.-buildings exhibit Dutch architectural : thick walls, Dutch-style gables and double-sash windows 1710: The Melaka Portuguese build St Peterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Church, the oldest Christian church still in use in the Malay peninsula, in a mixture of indigenous and Manueline styles. Early 1700s: Mosques increase and take on a local position and role in the life of villages and among small communities of Muslims. They are probably simple structures, consisting of a wooden structure on stilts with a thatched roof. The Kampung laut Mosque,the oldest surviving large wooden mosque in Malaysia, is built at the mouth of the Kelantan River, purportedly by seafarers from Java who model it on the Agung Mosque at Demak, near Semarang, the prototype of many mosques in Java, which characterized by a square plan and a multi-tiered roof.
Kampung Laut Mosque
18th Century Architecture: Middle of 18th Cent.
1728: A ‘Melaka-style’ mosque emerges, the earliest eg. Terengkera Mosque & the Kampong Hulu Mosque. The Melaka mosque retains the Javanese-style square plan but timber walls are replaced by stone and brick. Chinese influences are evident in the rooftop ornament, pagoda-like multi-tiered roof and minaret.
Terengkera Mosque
1741-53: - Dutch build Christ Church in Melaka - style of classical Dutch architecture, using bricks shipped specially from Holland- Malaysia’s oldest Protestant church. 1786: Captain Francis Light founds Penang, an island off the coast of Kedah, whose Sultan cedes it to the East India Company in return for protection against Siam. This start of British involvement in the Malay Peninsulaprofound influence on the political system, administration, architecture and lifestyle of the country.
Kampong Hulu Mosque
Christ Church
Kampung Hulu Mosque
Terengkera Mosque
Pre-Historic
Early Kingdoms
Arrival of Islam
Power Struggles
British Influence
18th Century British Influience Architecture: End of 18th Cent. The Malayan ‘bungalow’ emerges, a mixture of European and local feature, such as timber posts and thatched roofs. A handful of grand garden houses, such as Francis Light’s ‘Suffolk House’, are built in a mixture of English and Indian (Anglo Indian) architecture.
1795: By end of the 18th century, Europe is in turmoil. Following the French invasion of the Netherlands, a government in exile takes refuge in England. In 1795, the British disembark in Melaka where they establish a joint Anglo-Dutch administration. Melaka goes into a decline as Penang and Singapore emerge as trading posts.
Suffolk House
Conclusion: Influences on Architecture Malaysian 1. Indian Kingdoms (from 4th, 5th, 7th â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 14th Centuries) 2. Malay Vernacular (5th - 15th Century to present)
3. Straits Eclectic (15th Century to mid-20th Century) 4. Chinese Baroque (19th Century to early 20th Century)
5. Chitya Indian Vernacular or Moghul Style (15th Century to Mid 20th Century) 6. Colonial (16th, 17th Century to mid-20th Century) 7. Modern (1950s â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1980s)
Pre-Historic
Early Kingdoms
Arrival of Islam
Pre-16th Century
16th Century
>40000- 15000 BC Austroloid: Orang Asli: Negritos, Semang Shelters: Temporary Huts, caves & rock shelters 15000-2800 BC •Austronesian: Malay: Stone Tools – Kota Tampan, Perak & Niah Caves, Sarawak •Advance Bifacial Stone tools-hunting, planting & built shelters – Tingkayu, Sabah 2800 – 500 BC Polished stone toolshunt, planting, built shelters & earthenware Houses on stilts introduce by Austronesian migration 500 BC-500 CE Bronze Drums, iron things: adzes, axes & long shafted knives Port site of Kuala Selinsing, Perak-c. 200 BC & Inland of Bernam Valley-100-800 CE –trade routes to East Coast.
1500: Majapahit Empire replaced the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya, the overlord of vast areas in Sumatra. Java and the southern Malay Peninsula from the 7th century to about the 13th century, and a centre of Malay culture and Buddhist religion. Melaka Kingdom: description Chinese & Portuguese accounts: Wooden Palaces, Watch Towers & palisades on the hill (lSt Paul Hill) overlookg Melaka River & Strait. –
Countryside – Malay houses: raised off the ground on tree trunks or bamboo posts. rulers or village chiefs – elaborate carved wooden pillars . Immigrants & traders influence eg. Minangkabau, Sumatra: houses & building tech. & forms - curved roof. Chinese : courtyards & masonry staircases. East coast: Patani, Thailand: artistic traditions & house styles-high-pitched roofs
Power Struggles
17th Century
1641: Assaults by the Dutch from of Batavia (Jakarta) culminate in their conquest and subsequent destruction of the Portuguese settlement of Melaka, Bugis control until 1842 as a trade emporium. The Portuguese withdraw into their enclaves of Goa, Timor and Macao.
Dutch repair the fort, rebuild the town & bring their style of architecture to Melaka. Best example of Dutch architecture - the three-storey Stadthuys (Town Hall), built between 1641 and 1660 - gable walls can be found in Dutchstyle buildings in Indonesia and other outposts of their empire. Early 17th century - A permanent settlement of shopkeepers, craftsmen & farmers fr. southern China established Melaka
British Influence
18th Century 18th Century Dutch continue -rule Malay Archipelago- build palaces, mansions and churches, from Aceh in northern Sumatra to the Bandas and the Moluccas.-buildings exhibit Dutch architectural : thick walls, Dutch-style gables and double-sash windows 1710: The Melaka Portuguese build St Peter’s Church, the oldest Christian church still in use in the Malay peninsula, in a mixture of indigenous and Manueline styles.
Early 1700s: The Kampung laut Mosque, the oldest surviving large wooden mosque in Malaysia, is built at the mouth of the Kelantan River, purportedly by seafarers from Java who model it on the Agung Mosque at Demak, near Semarang, the prototype of many mosques in Java, which characterized by a square plan and a multi-tiered roof
Pile dwellings of wood at K. Selinsing. 200 BCE long-distance sea tradebetween India, China & Malay Peninsular bronzeware, beads, pottery & iron tools. Valuable object found deposited on grave sites 500–1300 BC The earliest Malay Kingdom appears at Bujang Valley in 5th Cen. Kedah... Permanent architecture- brick, stone & laterite of Buddhist500 CE & Hindu Shrines>11th Cen. Upper part of wood-so only bases made of Brick survive. No evidence of domestic dwellings b’coz perisable const. material. Early kingdom evolve to Entrepôts-trade w. China, India, West & Southeast Asia. – under control Srivijaya & Tributary relations to China.
Pre-Historic
1511: 16 Melaka city-port falls th Century to the Portuguese & becomes the centre of Portugese eastern trading empire. The Portuguese build a substantial fort, A Famosa, Only one of the four gateway bastions, Porta Santiago, remains. European architecture, in the style of Manueline Gothic (the last phaseof Gothic Architecture in Portugal) named after King Manuel I (1495-1521), is for the first time transplated to the East. It is characterized by squareshaped, barn-like structures. 1521: The Portuguese build St Paul’s Church at top of the hill with stones from the demolished foundations of the Melaka Sultanate palace. In 1566-enlarge the building to its present size & in 2590 add a tower. Dutch later pull down the roof. Around roofless St Paul’s are massive tombstones from Dutch times.
Early Kingdoms
Chinese traders came & settles as early as the 14th century. Early settlers come w/o families - working ties w. local population -Develop a distinctive brand - Malay language, dress, food & customs, but maintain the traditional Chinese urban house form. Earliest types of townhouses /‘row houses’, are built during the Dutch occupation of the town, including some of the houses in Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock (Heeren Street). They are much deeper than elsewhere in the country, and often extend from one street back to the next. 1650: The leader of the Chinese community in Melaka, the Kapitan China Lee Wei King, founded the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple to commemorate the visit by Admiral Chenh Ho 2 ½ centuries earlier.
Arrival of Islam
1728: A ‘Melaka-style’ mosque emerges, the earliest eg. Terengkera Mosque & the kampong Hulu Mosque. The Melaka mosque retains the Javanese-style square plan but timber walls are replaced by stone and brick. Chinese influences are evident in the rooftop ornament, pagoda-like multi-tiered roof and minaret.
1741-53: - Dutch build Christ Church in Melaka - style of classical Dutch architecture, using bricks shipped specially from Holland- Malaysia’s oldest Protestant church. 1786: Captain Francis Light founds Penang, an island off the coast of Kedah, whose Sultan cedes it to the East India Company in return for protection against Siam. This start of British involvement in the Malay Peninsulaprofound influence on the political system, administration, architecture and lifestyle of the country.
Power Struggles
British Influence
1300–1500 Mass production of metalware & pottery. Craftmens attached with royal courts-operatesceromonial & enomic activities 14th Centuary – arrival of Islam – confirm by Islamic Law inscribed on Terengganu Stone- 1303 CE- greatly change & influence Malay cultural & tradition. c. 1403 refugee Sumatra prince- Parameswara founded new state-west coast of Malay Peninsular: Melaka Sultanate- challenge preeminence of Srivijaya -embraces Islam - Indian Muslim merchantsbecome - important center of culture & craft
1650: The of the 16thleader Century Chinese community in Melaka, the Kapitan China Lee Wei King, founded the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple to commemorate the visit made by Admiral Cheng Hoon Teng 2 ½ centuries earlier. -the oldest Chinese place of worship in Malaysia - home to the three Eastern religious philosophies of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. --example of traditional Chinese temple architecture and craftsmanship, shaped by symbolism, mythology and geomancy.
16th Pre-Historic
Early Kingdoms
Mosques proliferate and take on a local position and role in the life of villages and among small communities of Muslims. They are probably simple structures, consisting of a wooden structure on stilts with a thatched roof.
Century
17th Century
Arrival of Islam
17th Century
The Malayan ‘bungalow’ emerges, a mixture of European and local feature, such as timber posts and thatched roofs. A handful of grand garden houses, such as Francis Light’s ‘Suffolk House’, are built in a mixture of English and Indian (Anglo Indian) architecture.
1795: By end of the 18th century, Europe is in turmoil. Following the French invasion of the Netherlands, a government in exile takes refuge in England. In 1795, the British disembark in Melaka where they establish a joint Anglo-Dutch administration. Malaka goes into a decline as Penang and Singapore emerge as trading posts.
Power Struggles
18th Century British Influence
Langkasuka
BY NOR HAYATI RAMLI 12/05/2016 11:34 PM
History of Architecture Historic Styles of Architecture Greek
Roman
Byzantine Early Christian
Egyptian Near East Pre-Historic
Romanesque
Southeast Asia
Malaysia Islamic
Indian Khmer, Cambodia 1stC - 9th-16th C
Chinese & Japanese
Philippines
Indonesia 9th C
Thailand Laos, Indochina 20th C: Modern
Gothic
18th-19th C: Revival Renaissance
Six Influences of Architecture Southeast Asia
Geographical & Geological
Climatic
Religious
Social
Historical /Origins Foreign Influences: Trade, Tribute, Invasion & Colonization
Early Civilization of Southeast Asia
2nd BC - 1st Century AD
Cambodian Architecture
Angkor Wat
Angkor Thom & Bayon Temple
Borobudur Architecture
Borobudur Architecture
Prambanan Architecture
Sukhothai Architecture Sukhothai Site
Unesco World Heritage List in 1991 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sukhothai + Si Satchanalai and Kamphaeng Phet constitutes a masterpiece of the first Siamese architectural style.
Thailand Sukhotai Buddha Kingdom 13th-15th Century
Prang
Mandapa/ Mondop
Wat Si Sawai, Sukhothai
Buddha at Wat Mahathat Celadon plate, Sukhotai Era
Reclined Buddha statues
Kamphaeng Phet City
1768- Thailand was first united as one under Ayutthaya Kingdom (13501767 A.D.): Kingdom of Ayutthaya consist of 5 dynasties
AYUTTHAYA KINGDOM
Chedi
Phra Prang
Phra Chedi
Triple Prang
Wat Phra Sri SanPhet , Ayutthaya Phra Narai Gateways Ratchaniwet (King Narai's Palace) - Gate. King Narai built his second capital in Lopburi in the late mid 17th century.
Wat Chai Wattanaram, Ayutthaya
Wat Chai Wattanaram, late Ayutthaya period.
Prang at Wat Phutthai Sawan, early Ayutthaya period. 'Thai'-styled prang (rounded). The top of the prang tapers off gradually.
Khmer monument at Phimai, Nakhon Ratchasima province, Isaan, Thailand. Clearly, the central prang tapers off towards the top in steps.
Phra Prang Sam Yod, Lopburi - Three Khmer styled prangs. The size of the prang tapers off in steps towards the top.
Prang
Wat Phutthai Sawan, early Ayutthaya period. 'Thai'-styled prang (rounded). The top of the prang tapers off gradually Phimai, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Clearly, tapers off towards the top in steps.
Thai Temple
• • • • • • •
• •
6. Ho Traibuilt elevated 9. Cremation 3. Bell Tower 4. Monks Quarter 8. Sala 7. Sala Kanprien 5. Ho TraiLibrary – built in the pond 1. Viharnassembly Hall 2. Chedi or Stuppa
WAT •
Thai Buddhist temple or monastery.
•
Complex - collection of buildings, shrines, and monuments within a courtyard that is enclosed by a wall.
Wat Phra Singh, the largest temple in Chiang Mai, northwestern Thailand. (Luca I. Tettoni/Corbis)
•
Walls - often white washed, usually encloses a rectangular area. The wall demarcates the temple compound, called putthawat, or the sacred enclosure.
•
Ideally the main entrance faces east.
Traditional Architecture Typical Thai Village along a waterway Self contain village: Temple, School, market village market: -cluster of Chinese shophouses Floodwaters: houses of village - built on stilts
Pre-Historic
Early Kingdoms
Foreign Contacts
Power Struggles
Architecture
Traditional Thai Houses Early traditional timber house -simple structure - bamboo, .
& thatch of palm tree
Thai Traditional
Floating House, Bangkok
Tamnak Daeng/Red House Sala
Northern Thai House
Northern Rice Barn
Front View
Central Plains House Wall Panel
Top View
Gate Gable end
THAI HOUSES
www.koleksyon.com/.../thai_architecture.asp
ROYAL HOUSES • Similar in design to those of commoners except that they were generally closer to the ground and had more decorative features. • Tamnak Daeng or “Red House”built by King Rama I as a residence for one of his queens, originally in Ayutthaya style but acquired more Rattanakosin elements during several moves. • King Rama V presented the house to the museum as a reminder of an architectural style then becoming rare.
www.koleksyon.com/.../thai_architecture.asp
:www.thai-eyes.com Residence of Her Royal Highness the Princess Mother “Mae Fah Luang”, Doi Tung, Chiang Rai/North Thailand
KALAE (Galae) • Decorative carved element as a top roof ending. • Mostly carved from teakwood widely used in North Thailand, the former kingdom of Lanna.
•
Horns of the water buffalo.
Central plains houses • • • •
Elevated on stout round posts Steep roofs with curved bargeboards Paneled walls leaning slightly inward Various components are prefabricated to enable easy dismantling and reassembly. • House consists of a single unit with an outside veranda, while those accommodating larger families might have several separate units arranged around a central platform. •
Luang Prabang, Laos, Indochina
Architecture of Philippines
Architecture of Manila, Philippines Manila Cathedral, Intramuros
Fort Santiago
Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte
The End
+ NATION STATE the Asian experiences
1
Modernity Nation State
OUTLINES
Asian Experiences India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia
Conclusion
2
Modernism MODERN
MODERNITY
NEW Society, Way of Life, Architecture
Modern Society Industrial Civilization
3
Rise of CAPITALISM
MODERNISM PRE - CONDITIONS Emergence of SOCIALIST countries
4
Institution of representative DEMOCRACY
MODERNISM P R E - C O N D I T I O N S INDIVIDUALISM Increasing role of SCIENCE + TECHNOLOGY
Spread of SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
MODERNISM PRE - CONDITIONS
URBANIZATION
INDUSTRIALIZATION
MODERNISM PRE - CONDITIONS
Mass literacy + Proliferation of MASS MEDIA
7
the AGE OF DISCOVERY
PERIODS OF
MODERNITY
the RENAISSANCE the REFORMATION + COUNTER REFORMATION
the AGE OF REASON the ENLIGHTENMENT
PERIODS OF
MODERNITY
the ROMANTIC era the VICTORIAN era
the MODERN era
PERIODS OF
MODERNITY the POSTMODERN era
10
the arrival of the PRINTING PRESS
MODERNITY I M P O R T A N T EVENTS
the ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
the AMERICAN revolution the FRENCH revolution
the revolutions of 1848 the RUSSIAN revolution
ï&#x201A;§ the FIRST WORLD WAR + the SECOND WORLD WAR
MODERNITY I M P O R T A N T EVENTS
12
Lower INFANT MORTALITY rate
THE
PARAD O X
Decreased DEATH STARVATIONS
FROM
Eradication DISEASES
FATAL
OF
MODERNITY B E N E F I
T S
of
some
EQUAL TREATMENT of people with different backgrounds + incomes 13
Modern W A R F A R E
MODERN I TY
NON-SUSTAINABLE environment
NEGATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
PSYCHOLOGICAL + MORAL HAZARDS of modern life – alienation, feeling of rootlessness, loss of strong bonds + common values, hedonism, etc. 14
SOCIOLOGICAL THOUGHT – Dynamic; Human intervention.
POLITICAL THOUGHT – New forms of Government ; DEMOCRACY.
change to
MODERNITY in
different
fields
SCIENCE + TECHNOLOGY – inventions
INDUSTRY WARFARE CULTURE the ARTS + ARCHITECTURE 15
M OD E R N ARCHITECTURE
18
a REJECTION OF HISTORICAL styles as a source of architectural form (historicism) an adoption of the principle that the MATERIALS + FUNCTIONAL requirements determine the result
M O D E R N ARCH I TECTURE
an adoption of the MACHINE AESTHETICS a REJECTION OF ORNAMENT
CHARAC T ERIS T ICS
a simplification of form + elimination of “UNNECESSARY DETAIL” an adoption of EXPRESSED STRUCTURE “FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION” 19
The nation state is a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign/ independent entity for a nation as a sovereign/ independent N A T I O N S T A T E territorial unit. The state is a political + geopolitical entity; The nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity. 20
22
ASIAN EXPERIENCES
INDIA THAILAND SINGAPORE LAOS PHILLIPINES BRUNEI MYANMAR VIETNAM CAMBODIA INDONESIA MALAYSIA the (8) symbols
INDIA Before 1947
1947 – INDEPENDENT from BRITISH partition of British India into the two nations India and Pakistan the region of Punjab was also split between India and Pakistan. The Indian state of Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part of Pakistan during the partition. After several plans to make additions to existing cities were found to be infeasible for various reasons, the decision to construct a new and planned city was undertaken. After 1947
THE GOVERNORâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S PALACE
THE PARLIAMENT BUILDING
THE HIGH COURT
THE SECRETARIAT
General plan of THE CHANDIGARH CAPITOL BUILDINGS. 25
PARLIAMENT BUILDING, Palace of Assembly 1952 - 63 The Assembly Hall is made in a hyperbolic shell with an average thickness of 15 cm, constant throughout its surface, resulting in a very low cost and a minimum of weight (here the principle of industrial cooling towers has been applied to the architectural intentions). This shell does not terminate in a horizontal but in an oblique section which shall receive a metallic framework (aluminum). This framework will become a veritable physical laboratory destined to ensure the interplay of natural lighting, artificial lighting, ventilation and acousticelectronic mechanisms." 26
PARLIAMENT BUILDING, Palace of Assembly 1952 - 63
THE HIGH COURT, 1952 - 56 Main entrance with free-standing wall
Brise -Soleil in the main facade
28
THE HIGH COURT, 1952 - 56
OPEN HAND MONUMENT open to give and open to receive
THAILAND
Kharu Summanakharu Hall, Nakhon Ratchisma, 1960
1932 – 48 : rise of MILITARY GOVERNMENT 1948 – 73 : the ‘STRONG MAN’ era 1973 – 92 : between AUTOCRACY + DEMOCRACY
Public Relations Department Building, Bangkok, 1963
SINGAPORE The history of the Republic of Singapore began when Singapore gained its independence and became a republic following an ejection from Malaysia on 9 August 1965. After the separation, the fledgling nation had to become self-sufficient, and faced problems including mass unemployment, housing shortages and lack of land and natural resources such as petroleum. During Lee Kuan Yew's term as prime minister from 1959 to 1990, his administration curbed unemployment, raised the standard of living and implemented a large-scale public housing program. The country's economic infrastructure was developed, racial tension was eliminated and an independent national defense system was created. Singapore evolved from a developing nation to first world status towards the end of the 20th century
Singapore Conference Hall and Trade Union House, 1961-1965
LAOS
The Palace Museum, Luang Prabang ,1904-1909
1860 – 40 : COLONIAL ERA
1945 : INDEPENDENCE declared 1946 : CONFLICT with French 1975 : LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Presidential Palace, Vientiane, 1900
PHILIPPINES
Chapel of the Holy Sacrifice, 1955
1946 : INDEPENDENCE granted by US
1946 - 72 : Period of CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY similar to the US.
Ramon Magsaysay Center, 1967
Parliament House, 1968
BRUNEI 1839 – INDEPENDENCE granted 1888 – Britain declares Brunei a protectorate 1959 – Self Government 1984 – SOVEREIGN STATE
Brunei Museum, 1968-70
MYANMAR
The Strand Hotel, Strand Road, Yangon, 1900
1948 – INDEPENDENCE granted by Britain and The Union of Burma formed 1962 – ‘BURMESE WAY TO SOCIALISM’ 1974 – New Constitution + Formation of Socialist Republic of THE UNION OF BURMA High Court, Yangon, 1905 – 1911
REUNIFICATION PALACE, Ho Chin Minh City, 1962 – 1966
VIETNAM 1859 – 85 : FRENCH INDOCHINA 1946 – 54 : INDOCHINA WAR between French in the South and Vietminh in the North 1954 : COUNTRY PARTITIONED. Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the North and the Republic of Vietnam (RVN) in the South. Vietcom Bank, Ly Thai Ho road, Hanoi, 1930s
CAMBODIA 1863 – 1940 : COLONIAL ERA 1953 : INDEPENDENCE from France 1955 : Norodom Sihanouk elected and period of “BUDDHIST SOCIALISM” begins 1970 : KHMER REPUBLIC proclaimed Central market of Phnom Penh, 1937
INDONESIA
The city was renamed "Jakarta â&#x20AC;&#x153; (Djakarta, Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia) by the Japanese during their World War II occupation of Indonesia. Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from allied-occupied Jakarta during their fight for Indonesian independence and established their capital in Yogyakarta. In 1950, once independence was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital. Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno, envisaged Jakarta as a great international city. He initiated large government-funded projects undertaken with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture. Projects in Jakarta included a clover-leaf highway, a major boulevard (Jalan Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument, major hotels, and a new parliament building
Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, Indonesia (1955 - 1984)
MONAS, Jakarta, Indonesia (1961)
Independence in 1957 September 17 1963 , DYMM Yang Di Pertuan Agung Tuanku Abdul Rahman, named 8 SYMBOLS upon which the foundation of the NEWLY-FORMED NATION OF MALAYSIA would be based
In conjunction of formation of Malaysia on September 16 1963 In a rally – called upon the citizen to re-affirm faith + confidence in the new Malaysia.
MALAYSIA
By 1963, Malaysia had created + activated political + social institutions, through which MODERNIZATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION were committed + realized
THE
(8)
SYMBOLS
MALAY S IA 1. THE PARLIAMENT BUILDING â&#x20AC;&#x201C; as a monument to faith in PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRARY
PARLIAMENT BUILDING, 1967
THE
(8)
SYMBOLS
MALAY S IA 2. THE NATIONAL MOSQUE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; as monument to FREEDOM OF WORSHIP
THE
(8)
SYMBOLS
MALAY S IA 3. THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGES and INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING as faith in EDUCATION + ENLIGHTENMENT OF THE PEOPLE.
University Malaya
THE
(8)
SYMBOLS
MALAY S IA 4. THE STADIUM MERDEKA 5. THE STADIUM NEGARA as symbols of A HEALTHY MIND THROUGH A HEALTHY BODY.
THE
(8)
SYMBOLS
MALAY S IA 6. THE NATIONAL MONUMENT as it stood for the spirit of SACRIFICE IN DEFENCE OF THE NATION.
THE
(8)
SYMBOLS
MALAY S IA 7. THE LANGUAGE + LITERATURE AGENCY â&#x20AC;&#x201C; as symbol of the rich heritage + special position of the NATIONAL LANGUAGE.
THE
(8)
SYMBOLS
MALAY S IA 8. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM as a focal point for the development of NATIONAL CULTURE.
the 8 SYMBOLS represented THE NATION’S AIM IN THE NEW ERA OF POST-INDEPENDENCE.
Creation NATION
ARCHITECTURE : AS PHYSICAL EVIDENDENCE
NATION BUILDING refers to the process of constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state. This process aims at the unification of the people within the state so that it remains politically stable and viable in the long run. Nationbuilding can involve the use of propaganda or major infrastructure development to foster social harmony and economic growth
NATION STATE
of
IDENTITY
for
THE
CONCLUSION
The formulation of the National subject into one of the National Culture was a project graduated in different degrees for each Post-Colonial state in Southeast Asia, and in various present forms.
Buildings + Murals were attempt to PHYSICALLY MATERIALIZE a translation of NATIONALISM TO NATIONAL CITIZEN.
49