Degree Lecture Notes - Architecture Culture & History (part 1)

Egyptian Architecture

Cosmology

Pyramids

Temples

Cosmology

Worldview Immortality

Pyramids

Temples

Space Evolution Hierarchy

Features Types

Cosmology

Worldview Immortality

Source: Olson, 2013

CREATION

EXISTENCE

AFTERLIFE

Nu - Atum

CREATION

EXISTENCE

Chaos - order Undefined - defined

AFTERLIFE

Neteru (gods) Pharaoh

CREATION

EXISTENCE

Human

AFTERLIFE

rebirth

CREATION

EXISTENCE

rebirth

AFTERLIFE

“The unperfected soul will be reborn again (reincarnated) in a new physical vehicle (body), in or-der to provide the soul an opportunity for further development on earth.

This cycle of life/death/re-newal continues until the soul is perfected, by fulfilling the 42 Negative Confessions, during his life on earth.�

Gadalla (2001)

Kalife force

Kalife force

“The Egyptians did not make the sharp distinction between body and soul that is basic to many religions. Rather, they believed that from birth a person was accompanied by a kind of other self, the ka (life force), which, on the death of the body, could inhabit the corpse and live on� Kleiner (2010)

“Preserving the deceased’s body by mummification was only the first requirement for immortality in ancient Egypt. Food and drink also had to be provided, as did clothing, utensils, and furniture.”

Kleiner (2010)

Pyramids

Space Evolution Hierarchy

Mastaba A type of Egyptian tomb, rectangular, brick or stone, flat roofed with sloping sides built over a tomb and connected by a shaft.

Step Pyramid Designed by first known architect – Imhotep, high priest, grand vizier, chief judge

Consists of a receding stack of six stone mastabas

Built from stone

The Perfection of Pyramids

the Pyramid at Meydum

the Bent Pyramid at Dashur

the Red Pyramid at Dashur

The Evolution of Pyramids

The Pyramids of Giza

“The pyramids are symbols of the sun.

The pyramids were where Egyptian kings were reborn afterlife, just as the sun is reborn each day and dawn.�

Kleiner (2010)

East

Valley temple

Purification and mummification

Causeway

Mortuary temple

Funerary furniture

Source: Kleiner (2010)

Funeral procession

Way out for high priest

Way out for workers

Temples

Features Types

Egyptian Temples The ancient Egyptians believed that temples were the homes of the gods and goddesses. Every temple was dedicated to a god or goddess and he or she was worshipped there by the temple priests and the pharaoh.

We can recognize 2 types of Egyptian temples:

Independent & rock-cut

Pylons In architecture, i.e. Egyptian temple, a large opening, doorway or entrance.

Clerestory A part of a building that rises above the roofs-basically windows above eye-level primarily allowing light and ventilation.

Hypostyle A form of architecture that has a roof supported by columns.

Axial Plan The horizontal arrangement of the elements of a building or town along a central axis.

Colonnade A series of columns.

Temple of Ammon, Karnak

Temple of Ammon, Karnak

Temple of Ammon, Karnak

Clerestory

Temple of Ammon, Karnak

Obelisk Court

N

Hypostyle Halls Great Hall

Sacred lake

Temple of Ramses III

Great Hall

Hypostyle Hall (north)

Hypostyle Hall (south)

Temple of Ramses III

Obelisk Court

Temples at Abu Simbel

ROCK-CUT TEMPLES RAMESES II AND NEFERTARY

Temples at Abu Simbel Relocation

The Aswan High Dam construction created an artificial lake which threatened the Abu-Simbel temples In 1964 The UNESCO and the Egyptian government undertook the task of cutting the temples out of their rock-cliff and reassembling them in a new man-made mountain.

The great temple was raised 60 meters and moved 180 meters to the west of its old site.

Source: http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/88b1a/1ea9f7/

Removing the Sun Temple at Abu Simbel Ramses II

Other Egyptian Temples

Luxor Temple

Other Egyptian Temples

The Temple of Hatshepsut

References

Gadalla, M. (2001). Egyptian cosmology: The animated universe.

Greensboro, NC: Tehuti Research Foundation.

Cassel, C., Weller, P., History Channel (Television network), A & E Home Video (Firm), & New Video Group. (2006). Engineering an empire: Egypt. New York: History Channel.

Kleiner, Fred. (2010). Gardners Art Through the Ages Vol 1.

Gardners Books.

Olson, A. (2013). Ancient Egypt. Retrieved April 4 2013, from http://www.sophia.org/ancient-egypt/ancient-egypt--2-tutorial

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Lecture Outline Introduction: Egypt . Greek . Roman

Geography/ Sociopolitic/ Religion Architecture The Roman Order The Arch & Concrete Roman Buildings

Khafre (Kleiner, 2011)

Menkaure and Khamerernebty (Kleiner, 2011)

Egyptian Sculpture

Seated scribe (Kleiner, 2011)

Egyptian Sculpture

Pyramids at Giza (Kleiner, 2011)

Egyptian Architecture

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut (Kleiner, 2011)

Egyptian Architecture

Kurous (Kleiner, 2011)

Greek Sculpture

Kurous (Kleiner, 2011)

Menkaure and Khamerernebty (Kleiner, 2011)

Photography by jh koh

Greek Sculpture

Photography by jh koh

Greek Sculpture Photography by jh koh

Photography by jh koh

Photography by jh koh

Greek Sculpture

Parthenon (Kleiner, 2011)

Greek Art /architecture

Corinthian capital (Kleiner, 2011)

Greek Art /architecture

Roman Sculpture

Photography by jh koh

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Rome: Geography The city of Rome was surrounded by the seven hills Northern hills- Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline & Capitoline Southern hills- Palatine, Aventine & Caelian Each hills were settled by different tribes.

The tribes encounter with each other and fought to gain control of land near Tiber river.

This led to the unification of tribes and resulted in establishing the Roman race.

Rome: Social Institutions TRIBE Roman social institutions began with the family unit.

CURIA

GENS

FAMILY

Families form the Gens, ruled by a chief ruler.

Gentes form Curia, a small confederation of gentes, the chief ruler was assisted by a council of elders.

Curiae form Tribe, ruled by a king (rex), assisted by a council of elders.

Rome: Social Institutions

ROMAN GOVERNMENT

TRIBE

CURIA GENS

FAMILY

Different Tribes united and became a single tribe.

This led to the formation of the Roman government when all the Tribes were united as one.

The Roman Government was ruled by a king, assisted by a council of elders (Senate).

People of the curiae formed the Comitia Curiata, a general assembly where each curiae has voting rights to elect the king.

A form of democratic monarchy.

Rome: Politics

Kingdom (753-510 BC)

Republic (510-27 BC)

Empire (27 BC–AD 1453)

Kingship overthrown •Romulus •Numa Pompilius •Tullus Hostilius •Ancus Marcius •Lucius Tarquinius •Priscus Servius Tullius •Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

Headed by 2 consuls for 1 year.

During emergency a dictator was appointed from the consuls for 6 months comitia centuriata

Famous emperors: Augustus 1st emperor Claudius Nero Vespasian Titus Trajan Hadrian

Rome: Religion Greek

Roman

Ruler of gods

Zeus

Jupiter

Queen of gods

Hera

Juno

Sea

Poseidon

Neptune

Underworld

Hades

Love & Beauty

Aphrodite

Wisdom

Athena

Minerva

War

Ares

Mars

Corn

Demeter

Ceres

Trade

Hermes

Mercury

Fire

Hephaestus

Vulcan

Venus

Like the Greeks, Romans believed in many gods that controlled different parts of the world (sea, mountain etc) Romans were more practical in believing their gods: do ut des (I give so that you will give) Romans adopted many Greek gods as their own Emperors were deified Christianity was adopted as official religion by Emperor Constantine

Roman Empire Map

more than 1,000,000, Rome With a population

needed a strict and efficient planning system to sustain itself Efficient water provision, roads, public buildings were important parts of the urban

design.

Due to this fact, Roman architecture was

massive in scale, to serve the big population of its citizen.

Architecture and Urban Design in Rome

Rome: Architecture Romans were secular, concerned with material comfort.

Many Roman buildings & engineering were designed to

Roman buildings are mostly

serve the people:

big-scale and

Forum, paved roads, bridges, aqueducts, theatre, bath & etc.

emphasising its magnificence.

Reflected the shift from religious to secularism

Roman architecture was influenced by Greeks

and

Etruscans.

The use of arches and concrete enables better structural support and bigger span

Roman Columns

Greek Doric

Roman Tuscan

Roman Doric

Roman Ionic

Roman Corinthian

Roman Composites

Roman Columns

Roman Tuscan

Roman Doric

Roman Ionic

Roman Corinthian

Roman Composites

Inter Columniation Distance of placement of columns in X-axis, using radius as modular unit

1M=coupled

4.5M=eustyle

3M=pycnostyle

6M=diastyle

4M=systle

8M=areostyle

Super Columniation Placement of columns in Y-axis in multi storey buildings Composites

Corinthian

Ionic

Doric

The Arch

The Arch

The Arch

Arch were developed into vaults.

Vaults were used in most Roman buildings.

Concrete: composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water Aggregate: gravel, chunks of stone and rubble, broken bricks Binding agent: lime or gypsum, pozzolonaa (special volcanic dust found in central Italy) Concrete was widely used because: •Strength that could span great lengths when forming arches, vaults & domes

•More economical & easier to work with •Fireproof •Could set underwater for bridge and harbour construction

Roman Concrete

Roman Roads

During the reign of Augustus, Rome expanded its transportation network massively.

The roads were mostly built by soldiers.

The roads were first surveyed to keep them straight.

Roman Roads Roadbeds were dug 3‘ down and 23’ across.

It was then filled with large gravel and sand for the foundation.

A layer of smaller gravel was placed down and leveled. The sides were lined with blocks and hand-carved stones.

Stones were often pentagonal in shape (five sided) and fitted together to make the top layer of the road. The roads were sloped from the center so rainwater would drain off into ditches at the sides of the roads.

Roman Aqueducts

Rome needs clean water supply to support the increasing population.

They built aqueducts to bring water from springs in the hills into the city.

The water would supply the needs at Forum and the public baths.

Roman Aqueducts

Roman Aqueducts

The aqueduct, when elevated, was carried by a series of Roman arches.

Temporary wooden braces could be removed once the aqueduct was built above the arches and spandrels.

Roman Aqueducts

Roman Aqueducts

Porta Maggiore built by Emperor Claudius

2 aqueducts built by Claudius, Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus met at Porta Maggiore in the city of Rome.

Greek Theatre

Roman Theatre

Greek Theatre at Epidauros

Roman Theatre at Bosra, Syria

The Colosseum: A Show Business Amphitheatre: A circular, semicircular, or elliptical auditorium in which a central arena is surrounded by rising tiers of seat Known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, the name colosseum was used in the Medieval times.

Built during the reign of Flavian Emperor, Vespasian.

The construction was financed by the sack of Jerusalem and built by slaves This building shows the might and power of Vespasian and his successors.

The Colosseum: Plan The oval footprint and gigantic size of the Colosseum makes it the most recognisable building in Rome Its shape linked to the semicircular plan of the Roman theatre, which is many centuries older.

The elliptical plan, measuring 188 x 156m, was designed to ensure good view using the Pythagoras theorem.

The Colosseum: Seating With 50,000 capacity, the building handled large crowds with efficiency.

Seating was separated according to social status (senators and rich in front seats); by gender (women at back, on wooden seating) by profession and marital status (bachelors and soldiers)

The Colosseum: Seating Ima Cavea: Emperor, the Vestal Virgins, priests, Senators

Maenianum Primum: members of the equestrian order and knights

Maenianum secundum imum: better, lower seats for the wealthy plebeians

Maenianum secundum summum: the upper seats for the poor plebeians

Maenianum summum in ligneis: steep wooden seats mostly for women

The Colosseum: Circulation 76 entrance gate arches were used by the general public 4 un-numbered gates were the Grand Entrances.

Public entrances were numbered providing easy access to the allocated seats.

Entrance arches gave admission to a corridor, running uninterruptedly around the building leading to staircases and passages to the seats.

The passages were called the vomitorium

The Colosseum: Circulation North Entrance: This entrance gate accessed the magistrates seating area South Entrance: The ceremonial entrance for the Emperor, Senate and Vestals, This entrance gate accessed the important seating area The Gate of Death - West Entrance / Exit: Dead gladiators and animals were carried away through this exit.

The Gate of Life - East Entrance / Exit: This entrance had direct access to the arena for gladiators.

The Colosseum: Subtructure Below the arena there was a massive, sophisticated service area Animals and gladiators contained in 32 cages, led via narrow passages to lifts, they were winched up into the performance area.

The Colosseum: Subtructure

An upper floor allowed the handlers to look down on the beasts and prisoners in safety and operate the capstans and winches to lift up The lifts were used to move up scenery for the stage sets adding to the thrill of the show.

The Colosseum: The Awning The awning, or velarium, consisted of Roman shades made sailcloth, in either canvas, linen or cotton, attached to spokes of rope.

The velarium or awning could be extended or retracted with ropes and pulleys according to the position of the sun - the original Roma shades.

The Colosseum: The Awning

Other Entertainment: Circus Maximus

Forum: the center of Roman public life

The descendant of the Greek agora for the Romans began as a market place, turned into commercial, political and ceremonial center of the civilization buildings surrounding it are normally large and dominate the space Buildings commonly found in the forum include temples, basilicas, and bath

Forum: the center of Roman public life

Forum Romanum Located in the valley of Palatine and Capitoline Hills Additions, modification and growth by successive republicans and emperors led to its development Buildings were arranged with no preordained order The buildings loosely define the space of the forum

Forum Romanum

Connecting to Imperial Fora

Forum Romanum was too congested, the successive emperors built their new forums adjacent to it.

The forums were varied in their form, but they displayed rational order in their organization

Imperial Fora

Part of the Imperial Fora

Constructed on the order of Emperor Trajan with the spoils of war from the conquest of Dacia which ended in 106.

Designed by Trajan’s architect, Apollodorus of Damascus

Extensive excavations were required- eliminated the sides of the Quirinal and Capitoline Hills

Forum of Trajan

Forum of Trajan Temple of Trajan

Trajan’s Column To Trajan’s Market

Basilica Ulpia

To Forum of Augustus

A Roman hall of justice, typically with a high central space lit by a clerestory and lower aisles all around it, and with apses for the seats of the judges

Commercial and governmental activities First basilica – 184 BC – Basilica Porcia

Other Basilicas: Aemilian Basilica 179 BC Julian Basilica Basilica Opimia 21 BC Basilica Sempronia 169 BC Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine 308 312 AD Served as the model for Christian church design

Basilica

Basilica of Maxentius

Basilica of Maxentius

started by the Emperor Maxentius in A.D. 308 but was completed by the Emperor Constantine in A.D. 312 is one of the impressive buildings of the Forum Romanum different from other tradition basilicas, because its design was derived from the central halls of imperial Roman Baths

Roman Temples

For worshiping the Roman gods Inherited the Greek architectural style and very much influenced by the Etruscans Standing on high base with columns

Temple of Jupiter, the very first-known Roman temples

Roman Temples

Rectangular

Circular (Tholos)

Roman Temples

Porch Bearing Wall Temple of Fortuna Virilis

Roman Temples

Temple of Vesta, Tivoli

Tholos: a circular building with a conical or vaulted roof

Parthenon, Athens

Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome

The Pantheon Built during the reign of Emperor Hadrian A temple for all gods

The Pantheon The Pantheon consist of two parts; the an entrance portico and a rotunda The portico is 8 columns wide and 3 columns deep and leads to the entrance of the temple The columns are of unfluted Corinthian order

The wall of the rotunda is 3 storeys high on the outside; they are made up of brick faced concrete and support the dome roof of the temple

The oculus eliminates the stress of heavy concrete and illuminates the interior Coffers helped to lighten the weight of the dome and save the amount of concrete used

The 20’ thick solid concrete wall acts as the foundation to support to the dome

The concept of

space-

Relationship between space and cosmos

Sphere-

a representation of perfection with no start and end

Coffered ceiling

resembles the rhythm and movement of the cosmos- sphere

Oculus

represents the connection with the cosmos (sun-pagan worship)

Comparison of Egyptian, Greek & Roman Architecture

building materials

Egyptian

sun-baked mud brick and stone

Greek

mud, wood, plaster and stone, marble and limestone for temples

Roman

Same as Greek + concrete

purpose of the building

construction details

style of columns

Comparison of Egyptian, Greek & Roman Architecture

building materials

Egyptian

Pyramids- tombs for Pharaoh's afterlife Temples- to worship the gods

Greek

Object/art to honour the gods, Ornate outside but plain inside

Roman

Public buildings, Ornate both exterior and interior, reflecting the pursuit of pleasure

purpose of the building

construction details

style of columns

Comparison of Egyptian, Greek & Roman Architecture

building materials

Egyptian

Post and lintel, Temples-rectilinear

Greek

Rectilinear, post and lintel, pediment supported by columns, set on a plinth for a base

Roman

Arches and domes, variation in forms

purpose of the building

construction details

style of columns

Comparison of Egyptian, Greek & Roman Architecture

building materials

Egyptian

Geometric, botanical, hathoric

Greek

Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders, Favouring Doric and Ionic

Roman

Tuscan, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, Composite orders, Favouring the more ornate Corinthian

purpose of the building

construction details

style of columns