Egyptian Architecture
Cosmology
Pyramids
Temples
Cosmology
Worldview Immortality
Pyramids
Temples
Space Evolution Hierarchy
Features Types
Cosmology
Worldview Immortality
Source: Olson, 2013
CREATION
EXISTENCE
AFTERLIFE
Nu - Atum
CREATION
EXISTENCE
Chaos - order Undefined - defined
AFTERLIFE
Neteru (gods) Pharaoh
CREATION
EXISTENCE
Human
AFTERLIFE
rebirth
CREATION
EXISTENCE
rebirth
AFTERLIFE
“The unperfected soul will be reborn again (reincarnated) in a new physical vehicle (body), in or-der to provide the soul an opportunity for further development on earth. This cycle of life/death/re-newal continues until the soul is perfected, by fulfilling the 42 Negative Confessions, during his life on earth.�
Gadalla (2001)
Kalife force
Kalife force
“The Egyptians did not make the sharp distinction between body and soul that is basic to many religions. Rather, they believed that from birth a person was accompanied by a kind of other self, the ka (life force), which, on the death of the body, could inhabit the corpse and live on� Kleiner (2010)
“Preserving the deceased’s body by mummification was only the first requirement for immortality in ancient Egypt. Food and drink also had to be provided, as did clothing, utensils, and furniture.” Kleiner (2010)
Pyramids
Space Evolution Hierarchy
Mastaba A type of Egyptian tomb, rectangular, brick or stone, flat roofed with sloping sides built over a tomb and connected by a shaft.
Step Pyramid Designed by first known architect – Imhotep, high priest, grand vizier, chief judge
Consists of a receding stack of six stone mastabas
Built from stone
The Perfection of Pyramids
the Pyramid at Meydum
the Bent Pyramid at Dashur
the Red Pyramid at Dashur
The Evolution of Pyramids
The Pyramids of Giza
“The pyramids are symbols of the sun. The pyramids were where Egyptian kings were reborn afterlife, just as the sun is reborn each day and dawn.� Kleiner (2010)
East
Valley temple
Purification and mummification
Causeway
Mortuary temple
Funerary furniture
Source: Kleiner (2010)
Funeral procession
Way out for high priest
Way out for workers
Temples
Features Types
Egyptian Temples The ancient Egyptians believed that temples were the homes of the gods and goddesses. Every temple was dedicated to a god or goddess and he or she was worshipped there by the temple priests and the pharaoh.
We can recognize 2 types of Egyptian temples:
Independent & rock-cut
Pylons In architecture, i.e. Egyptian temple, a large opening, doorway or entrance. Clerestory A part of a building that rises above the roofs-basically windows above eye-level primarily allowing light and ventilation. Hypostyle A form of architecture that has a roof supported by columns. Axial Plan The horizontal arrangement of the elements of a building or town along a central axis. Colonnade A series of columns.
Temple of Ammon, Karnak
Temple of Ammon, Karnak
Temple of Ammon, Karnak
Clerestory
Temple of Ammon, Karnak
Obelisk Court
N
Hypostyle Halls Great Hall
Sacred lake
Temple of Ramses III
Great Hall
Hypostyle Hall (north)
Hypostyle Hall (south)
Temple of Ramses III
Obelisk Court
Temples at Abu Simbel
ROCK-CUT TEMPLES RAMESES II AND NEFERTARY
Temples at Abu Simbel Relocation
The Aswan High Dam construction created an artificial lake which threatened the Abu-Simbel temples In 1964 The UNESCO and the Egyptian government undertook the task of cutting the temples out of their rock-cliff and reassembling them in a new man-made mountain.
The great temple was raised 60 meters and moved 180 meters to the west of its old site. Source: http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/88b1a/1ea9f7/
Removing the Sun Temple at Abu Simbel Ramses II
Other Egyptian Temples
Luxor Temple
Other Egyptian Temples
The Temple of Hatshepsut
References
Gadalla, M. (2001). Egyptian cosmology: The animated universe. Greensboro, NC: Tehuti Research Foundation. Cassel, C., Weller, P., History Channel (Television network), A & E Home Video (Firm), & New Video Group. (2006). Engineering an empire: Egypt. New York: History Channel. Kleiner, Fred. (2010). Gardners Art Through the Ages Vol 1. Gardners Books.
Olson, A. (2013). Ancient Egypt. Retrieved April 4 2013, from http://www.sophia.org/ancient-egypt/ancient-egypt--2-tutorial
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Lecture Outline Introduction: Egypt . Greek . Roman
Geography/ Sociopolitic/ Religion Architecture The Roman Order The Arch & Concrete Roman Buildings
Khafre (Kleiner, 2011)
Menkaure and Khamerernebty (Kleiner, 2011)
Egyptian Sculpture
Seated scribe (Kleiner, 2011)
Egyptian Sculpture
Pyramids at Giza (Kleiner, 2011)
Egyptian Architecture
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut (Kleiner, 2011)
Egyptian Architecture
Kurous (Kleiner, 2011)
Greek Sculpture
Kurous (Kleiner, 2011)
Menkaure and Khamerernebty (Kleiner, 2011)
Photography by jh koh
Greek Sculpture
Photography by jh koh
Greek Sculpture Photography by jh koh
Photography by jh koh
Photography by jh koh
Greek Sculpture
Parthenon (Kleiner, 2011)
Greek Art /architecture
Corinthian capital (Kleiner, 2011)
Greek Art /architecture
Roman Sculpture
Photography by jh koh
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Rome: Geography The city of Rome was surrounded by the seven hills Northern hills- Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline & Capitoline Southern hills- Palatine, Aventine & Caelian Each hills were settled by different tribes.
The tribes encounter with each other and fought to gain control of land near Tiber river. This led to the unification of tribes and resulted in establishing the Roman race.
Rome: Social Institutions TRIBE Roman social institutions began with the family unit. CURIA
GENS
FAMILY
Families form the Gens, ruled by a chief ruler. Gentes form Curia, a small confederation of gentes, the chief ruler was assisted by a council of elders. Curiae form Tribe, ruled by a king (rex), assisted by a council of elders.
Rome: Social Institutions
ROMAN GOVERNMENT
TRIBE
CURIA GENS
FAMILY
Different Tribes united and became a single tribe. This led to the formation of the Roman government when all the Tribes were united as one. The Roman Government was ruled by a king, assisted by a council of elders (Senate). People of the curiae formed the Comitia Curiata, a general assembly where each curiae has voting rights to elect the king. A form of democratic monarchy.
Rome: Politics
Kingdom (753-510 BC)
Republic (510-27 BC)
Empire (27 BC–AD 1453)
Kingship overthrown •Romulus •Numa Pompilius •Tullus Hostilius •Ancus Marcius •Lucius Tarquinius •Priscus Servius Tullius •Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Headed by 2 consuls for 1 year. During emergency a dictator was appointed from the consuls for 6 months comitia centuriata
Famous emperors: Augustus 1st emperor Claudius Nero Vespasian Titus Trajan Hadrian
Rome: Religion Greek
Roman
Ruler of gods
Zeus
Jupiter
Queen of gods
Hera
Juno
Sea
Poseidon
Neptune
Underworld
Hades
Love & Beauty
Aphrodite
Wisdom
Athena
Minerva
War
Ares
Mars
Corn
Demeter
Ceres
Trade
Hermes
Mercury
Fire
Hephaestus
Vulcan
Venus
Like the Greeks, Romans believed in many gods that controlled different parts of the world (sea, mountain etc) Romans were more practical in believing their gods: do ut des (I give so that you will give) Romans adopted many Greek gods as their own Emperors were deified Christianity was adopted as official religion by Emperor Constantine
Roman Empire Map
more than 1,000,000, Rome With a population
needed a strict and efficient planning system to sustain itself Efficient water provision, roads, public buildings were important parts of the urban
design. Due to this fact, Roman architecture was
massive in scale, to serve the big population of its citizen.
Architecture and Urban Design in Rome
Rome: Architecture Romans were secular, concerned with material comfort. Many Roman buildings & engineering were designed to
Roman buildings are mostly
serve the people:
big-scale and
Forum, paved roads, bridges, aqueducts, theatre, bath & etc.
emphasising its magnificence.
Reflected the shift from religious to secularism
Roman architecture was influenced by Greeks
and
Etruscans. The use of arches and concrete enables better structural support and bigger span
Roman Columns
Greek Doric
Roman Tuscan
Roman Doric
Roman Ionic
Roman Corinthian
Roman Composites
Roman Columns
Roman Tuscan
Roman Doric
Roman Ionic
Roman Corinthian
Roman Composites
Inter Columniation Distance of placement of columns in X-axis, using radius as modular unit
1M=coupled
4.5M=eustyle
3M=pycnostyle
6M=diastyle
4M=systle
8M=areostyle
Super Columniation Placement of columns in Y-axis in multi storey buildings Composites
Corinthian
Ionic
Doric
The Arch
The Arch
The Arch
Arch were developed into vaults. Vaults were used in most Roman buildings.
Concrete: composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water Aggregate: gravel, chunks of stone and rubble, broken bricks Binding agent: lime or gypsum, pozzolonaa (special volcanic dust found in central Italy) Concrete was widely used because: •Strength that could span great lengths when forming arches, vaults & domes
•More economical & easier to work with •Fireproof •Could set underwater for bridge and harbour construction
Roman Concrete
Roman Roads
During the reign of Augustus, Rome expanded its transportation network massively. The roads were mostly built by soldiers. The roads were first surveyed to keep them straight.
Roman Roads Roadbeds were dug 3‘ down and 23’ across.
It was then filled with large gravel and sand for the foundation. A layer of smaller gravel was placed down and leveled. The sides were lined with blocks and hand-carved stones. Stones were often pentagonal in shape (five sided) and fitted together to make the top layer of the road. The roads were sloped from the center so rainwater would drain off into ditches at the sides of the roads.
Roman Aqueducts
Rome needs clean water supply to support the increasing population. They built aqueducts to bring water from springs in the hills into the city. The water would supply the needs at Forum and the public baths.
Roman Aqueducts
Roman Aqueducts
The aqueduct, when elevated, was carried by a series of Roman arches.
Temporary wooden braces could be removed once the aqueduct was built above the arches and spandrels.
Roman Aqueducts
Roman Aqueducts
Porta Maggiore built by Emperor Claudius
2 aqueducts built by Claudius, Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus met at Porta Maggiore in the city of Rome.
Greek Theatre
Roman Theatre
Greek Theatre at Epidauros
Roman Theatre at Bosra, Syria
The Colosseum: A Show Business Amphitheatre: A circular, semicircular, or elliptical auditorium in which a central arena is surrounded by rising tiers of seat Known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, the name colosseum was used in the Medieval times.
Built during the reign of Flavian Emperor, Vespasian. The construction was financed by the sack of Jerusalem and built by slaves This building shows the might and power of Vespasian and his successors.
The Colosseum: Plan The oval footprint and gigantic size of the Colosseum makes it the most recognisable building in Rome Its shape linked to the semicircular plan of the Roman theatre, which is many centuries older. The elliptical plan, measuring 188 x 156m, was designed to ensure good view using the Pythagoras theorem.
The Colosseum: Seating With 50,000 capacity, the building handled large crowds with efficiency. Seating was separated according to social status (senators and rich in front seats); by gender (women at back, on wooden seating) by profession and marital status (bachelors and soldiers)
The Colosseum: Seating Ima Cavea: Emperor, the Vestal Virgins, priests, Senators
Maenianum Primum: members of the equestrian order and knights
Maenianum secundum imum: better, lower seats for the wealthy plebeians
Maenianum secundum summum: the upper seats for the poor plebeians
Maenianum summum in ligneis: steep wooden seats mostly for women
The Colosseum: Circulation 76 entrance gate arches were used by the general public 4 un-numbered gates were the Grand Entrances. Public entrances were numbered providing easy access to the allocated seats. Entrance arches gave admission to a corridor, running uninterruptedly around the building leading to staircases and passages to the seats. The passages were called the vomitorium
The Colosseum: Circulation North Entrance: This entrance gate accessed the magistrates seating area South Entrance: The ceremonial entrance for the Emperor, Senate and Vestals, This entrance gate accessed the important seating area The Gate of Death - West Entrance / Exit: Dead gladiators and animals were carried away through this exit. The Gate of Life - East Entrance / Exit: This entrance had direct access to the arena for gladiators.
The Colosseum: Subtructure Below the arena there was a massive, sophisticated service area Animals and gladiators contained in 32 cages, led via narrow passages to lifts, they were winched up into the performance area.
The Colosseum: Subtructure
An upper floor allowed the handlers to look down on the beasts and prisoners in safety and operate the capstans and winches to lift up The lifts were used to move up scenery for the stage sets adding to the thrill of the show.
The Colosseum: The Awning The awning, or velarium, consisted of Roman shades made sailcloth, in either canvas, linen or cotton, attached to spokes of rope. The velarium or awning could be extended or retracted with ropes and pulleys according to the position of the sun - the original Roma shades.
The Colosseum: The Awning
Other Entertainment: Circus Maximus
Forum: the center of Roman public life
The descendant of the Greek agora for the Romans began as a market place, turned into commercial, political and ceremonial center of the civilization buildings surrounding it are normally large and dominate the space Buildings commonly found in the forum include temples, basilicas, and bath
Forum: the center of Roman public life
Forum Romanum Located in the valley of Palatine and Capitoline Hills Additions, modification and growth by successive republicans and emperors led to its development Buildings were arranged with no preordained order The buildings loosely define the space of the forum
Forum Romanum
Connecting to Imperial Fora
Forum Romanum was too congested, the successive emperors built their new forums adjacent to it. The forums were varied in their form, but they displayed rational order in their organization
Imperial Fora
Part of the Imperial Fora
Constructed on the order of Emperor Trajan with the spoils of war from the conquest of Dacia which ended in 106. Designed by Trajan’s architect, Apollodorus of Damascus
Extensive excavations were required- eliminated the sides of the Quirinal and Capitoline Hills
Forum of Trajan
Forum of Trajan Temple of Trajan
Trajan’s Column To Trajan’s Market
Basilica Ulpia
To Forum of Augustus
A Roman hall of justice, typically with a high central space lit by a clerestory and lower aisles all around it, and with apses for the seats of the judges
Commercial and governmental activities First basilica – 184 BC – Basilica Porcia
Other Basilicas: Aemilian Basilica 179 BC Julian Basilica Basilica Opimia 21 BC Basilica Sempronia 169 BC Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine 308 312 AD Served as the model for Christian church design
Basilica
Basilica of Maxentius
Basilica of Maxentius
started by the Emperor Maxentius in A.D. 308 but was completed by the Emperor Constantine in A.D. 312 is one of the impressive buildings of the Forum Romanum different from other tradition basilicas, because its design was derived from the central halls of imperial Roman Baths
Roman Temples
For worshiping the Roman gods Inherited the Greek architectural style and very much influenced by the Etruscans Standing on high base with columns
Temple of Jupiter, the very first-known Roman temples
Roman Temples
Rectangular
Circular (Tholos)
Roman Temples
Porch Bearing Wall Temple of Fortuna Virilis
Roman Temples
Temple of Vesta, Tivoli
Tholos: a circular building with a conical or vaulted roof
Parthenon, Athens
Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome
The Pantheon Built during the reign of Emperor Hadrian A temple for all gods
The Pantheon The Pantheon consist of two parts; the an entrance portico and a rotunda The portico is 8 columns wide and 3 columns deep and leads to the entrance of the temple The columns are of unfluted Corinthian order
The wall of the rotunda is 3 storeys high on the outside; they are made up of brick faced concrete and support the dome roof of the temple
The oculus eliminates the stress of heavy concrete and illuminates the interior Coffers helped to lighten the weight of the dome and save the amount of concrete used
The 20’ thick solid concrete wall acts as the foundation to support to the dome
The concept of
space-
Relationship between space and cosmos
Sphere-
a representation of perfection with no start and end
Coffered ceiling
resembles the rhythm and movement of the cosmos- sphere
Oculus
represents the connection with the cosmos (sun-pagan worship)
Comparison of Egyptian, Greek & Roman Architecture
building materials
Egyptian
sun-baked mud brick and stone
Greek
mud, wood, plaster and stone, marble and limestone for temples
Roman
Same as Greek + concrete
purpose of the building
construction details
style of columns
Comparison of Egyptian, Greek & Roman Architecture
building materials
Egyptian
Pyramids- tombs for Pharaoh's afterlife Temples- to worship the gods
Greek
Object/art to honour the gods, Ornate outside but plain inside
Roman
Public buildings, Ornate both exterior and interior, reflecting the pursuit of pleasure
purpose of the building
construction details
style of columns
Comparison of Egyptian, Greek & Roman Architecture
building materials
Egyptian
Post and lintel, Temples-rectilinear
Greek
Rectilinear, post and lintel, pediment supported by columns, set on a plinth for a base
Roman
Arches and domes, variation in forms
purpose of the building
construction details
style of columns
Comparison of Egyptian, Greek & Roman Architecture
building materials
Egyptian
Geometric, botanical, hathoric
Greek
Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders, Favouring Doric and Ionic
Roman
Tuscan, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, Composite orders, Favouring the more ornate Corinthian
purpose of the building
construction details
style of columns