MAMA RECONQUISTA: BALANCED DEVELOPMENT IN BUENOS AIRES METROPOLITAN REGION KATE ANDRUSENKO ANDREA ARAGONE LYNN VAN CALMTHOUT AISTE EIDUKEVICIUTE MARTINA GENTILI BOB KOSTER KSENIA POLYANINA GRETA RIESSELMANN SHYREEN SHAIB JUSTINA STEFANOVIC KRISTIAN SPASOV MEL TUANGTHONG THOMAS VINK
Studio: Globalisation Free choice Project Location: Buenos Aires, Argentina Prof. Vincent Nadin , Prof. Dr. Han Meyer Coordinator: Dr. Diego Sepulveda Carmona Tutors Buenos Aires: Prof. Flavio Janches, Andres Ferrari, Max Rohm, Carlos Galindez Space Syntax Tutor: Dr. Akkelies van Nes
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ABSTRACT Globalisation Free Choice is an urban design and planning studio elective at Delft University of Technology. The studio focuses on the complex relationship between regional and international urban systems, the development of public space and the evolution of cities undergoing major transformations. For the past four years, Globalisation Free Choice has focused on the planning and development issues surrounding the metropolitan region of Buenos Aires in Argentina. In a partnership with the University of Buenos Aires, students travelled in 2014 to Argentina to develop an urban strategy on the Rio Reconquista river basin, which lies north of the city center. The studio encourages students to create design-led solutions based on multidisciplinary research and the development of a strong theoretical planning framework. The journey to the Latin American nation exposes students to a different cultural, economic and political environment, which challenges their perceptions on a personal and professional level.
01
METROPOLITAN SCALE
FRAMEWORK
towards a multilayer approach The themes of globalization, governance/ politics and environment contextualizes the current social, economic, environmental and political conditions in Buenos Aires. The group selected three themes to scale and highlight the different elements which strongly influences the movement of the city’s functionality and multilayered network. The contextualisation of themes was not the sole purpose. It is also to guide and establish a critical line of questioning that would contribute and shape the overall structure of the final planning and design.
The following questions could be asked. How does globalisation effect the development of Buenos Aires? Is the current governance system strong enough to deliver large scale regional projects? It is important to note that the three themes are not mutually exclusive. The difficulty of understanding Buenos Aires derives from the complex relationship between the different themes. Nevertheless, the recognition of the current situation will allow for better oversight towards developing a viable urban planning & design framework.
STRATEGY
DIAGNOSIS CONTEXT
PROCESSES GLOBAL MARKET ((inter)national)
CONDITIONS URBAN FRAGMENTATION (absence or underdevelopment of connections)
ENVIRONMENT
GOVERNANCE /POLITICS
- SPATIAL - ECONOMIC - SOCIAL
MODERNIZATION
RAPID POPULATION GROWTH
PRIVATIZATION
UNBALANCED SPATIAL CONDITIONS: - functional relationship -hard infrastructure - soft infrastructure - environmental safety - ecosystem services - housing conditions -.....
S P A T I A L S E G R E G A T I O N
GOAL
APPROACH
Creating conditions for a balanced spatial development by...
...establishing connections that are absent or underdeveloped and managing environmental conflicts...
&
GLOBALISATION
LACK OF INSTITUTIONAL COLLABORATION
ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS (its relationship with the urban fabric)
FLOODING/ POLLUTION
The framework will provide a stable and sequential structure for the design of the Rio Reconquista river basin. Each stage focuses on an element or topic that contributed towards a final design by narrowing down and focusing on relevant issues. The context helped to understand and contextualize the current social, economic, environmental and political conditions in Buenos Aires. Looking forward from this context, six key conditions were defined, which strongly underline
-WATER -AIR -GROUND
I N J U S T I C E
...to move from exclusion to integration.
T U R N P O T E N T I A L S I N T O V A L U E S
VALUE OF LANDSCAPE
METROPOLITAN
VALUE OF BORDERS vs CENTRALITIES
MACRO
VALUE OF DEVELOPMENT
MICRO
the essential environmental and urban conflicts in Buenos Aires. These conflicts were summarized to a position that recognized the problems based on the diagnosis of Buenos Aires. From the diagnosis, a broad range of goals was proposed. Subgoals were split in order to organize the vast amount of actions required to tackle and achieve the broader goal. Once the actions were established, a micro scale design could be produced in line with the diagnosis and vision on a metropolitan scale.
MAMA RECONQUISTA
02
CONTEXT
processes in Buenos Aires The literature review was the first stage in to living conditions, with cities becoming increasthe research process towards developing the stra- ingly spatially fragmented, rising levels of integic framework for the Rio Reconquista river ba- equality and damage to the natural environment. sin. The literature was selected to cover a broad The metropolitan context was divided into three range of political, economic, environimportant subcontexts: Globalisation, mental and social issues which affect “The privatization of public Governance & Politics, and Environment. all Latin American societies, amongst services in Buenos Aires These three influenced each other which Argentina, Overall, the litera- increased urban inequalities” and led to various relevant processes (Buenos Aires Fragmentation and ture review highlighted the changes Metropolization, Pirez, 2002, 153). in the metropolitan region. When experienced in Latin America, which this information is combined with have been beneficial in bringing much needed extensive spatial duality analyses, it became economic development to the cities and regions. apparent the region was dealing with heavily spatial conditions, leading to However, the consequences have equally been unbalanced very fragmented metropolitan region. detrimental to the urban environment in relation a
UNPRE
supranational organisations
METROPOLITAN FOUNDATION
investment media
Modernization
decisions
Ministry of Infrastructure corporate management control challenges ONABIEF PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
GLOBALISATION
GOVERNANCE POLITICS
Global market
Trade migration liberalization
Rapid Population Growth capitalization
knowledge
democracy
Privatization representations law rules
POVERTY
Technology
METROPOLIS lack of Institutional collaboration OF BUENOS AIRES responsibility
IBD [Inter-American
Ministry integration of Social Subsecretary Urbanism & Housing Development
Development Bank]
Environmental Organisations
ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Institutions AySA
mixture of different sustainability cultures/ traditions innovation Planet science ecosystem
Flooding
Pollution development GLOBAL resources CLIMATE CHANGE WARMING INTA [ Nat. Institute for Agriculture Technology]
National Business Performance Index (source: Americas GIA Member, Market Intelligence, The World Bank, 2012) GDP per Capita (US$ at PPP)
Global competitiveness Index (WEF, raking 2012-13)
Argentina
Brazil
18.036
12.120
94
48
Chili
18.450
Netherlands
“The serious groundwater drainage problem in Buenos Aires Conurbation is the result of 4 issues” (United States Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/ies/documents/argentina/aqm_tarela&perone.pdf ).
42.000
33
8
“Latin America is a bright spot in the post-recession global economy, with growth rebounding strongly in much of the region. In the years ahead, cities will be critical to regional growth." (Building competitive cities: The key to Latin American growth, McKinsey, 2011)
03
Cloud of issues, processes, actors in the Metropolis of Buenos Aires
METROPOLITAN SCALE
Import of water-supply
Limited coverage sewer/drainage
Reduction ground water pumping
Increased annual rainfall
“Buenos Aires’ major sources of pollution are transportation and industrial processes, but mainly transportation, as it is the source of over 90% of all the pollution” (Mitigation of Groundwater Drainage Problems in the Buenos Aires Conurbation, Argentina -Technical & Institutional Way Forward, Foster, 2002).
ABSA
Literature on processes in the Metropolis of Buenos Aires
“Constitution allows every immigrant with an address a residence permit access to free education and health” (International Organization for Migration: Argentina, www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/ where-we-work/americas/south-america/argentina.html).
“These metropolitan regions also introduce a ‘second degree’ fragmentation, on top of the metropolitan government structure” (Buenos Aires Fragmentation and Metropolization, Pirez, 156).
Federal Government
Province of Buenos Aires
Municipalities in Autonomous city the Metropolitan of Buenos Aires area
DUALITY MAPS
Conflicting issues in Buenos Aires Industry vs Infrastructure
Flood risk vs Affected infrastructure 0 1
5
10km
0 1
5
10km
damaged underground infrastructure damaged infrastructure damaged railways flooding area Airports
industrial parks
informal settlements
industrial areas mixed with other functions
flooding risk areas (informal settlements) gated communities flooding risk areas (gated communities)
informal settlements gated communities highway proposed highway provincial road railway
Waste disposal vs Open space
Water supply vs sewage 0 1
5
10km
0 1
lack of water supply
0 1
lack of sewage
5
5
10km
10km
Official waste disposal
lack of sewage and water
Informal waste disposal
gated communities
Gated communities
Informal settlements Open space
informal settlements coverage of both services gated t communities
0 1
0 1
5
5
10km
10km
Conclusion map High flood risk Industrial ring Lack of water & sewage Urban fragmentation Official waste disposal Informal waste disposal Gated communities Informal settlements
MAMA RECONQUISTA
04
Values, Ideas and a Concept
creating conditons for a balanced spatial development C omplex C ities
AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4)
City structure
+ C omplex C ities
AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4)
Conceptual conclusion of Buenos Aires
METROPOLITAN SCALE
Creating conditions forfor a abalanced spatial Values of the landscape Creating conditions balanced spatial development development
governance/ politics
MICRO SCALE
MACRO SCALE
globalisation
environment
The Dutch layer method was adapted to create a series of duality maps which highlighted the unbalanced conditions in Buenos Aires. The method consisted of overlaying three common main structures in most urban environment structures: substratum (water, underground, soil), networks (hard infrastructure) and occupation patterns (zoning, usage levels). Each layer was important to define interventions to create an effective synergy by conditioning and facilitating a concise spatial planning process. In the context of Buenos Aires, the method presented a highly fragmented urban landscape structure. The railway network created a radial metropolitan development going against the natural and substratum context. The history of expanding city borders provided a concentric structure which overlaps the fingers. More conflicts were demonstrated through the highly conflicting occupation patterns of industrial and residential
Value of the landscape
Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area
City Center infrastructure provided
Goal & value
Industrial ring with informal settlements lack of infrastructure
housing in the northern metropolitan areas of the city, which have expanded outside the original commuter belt into sensitive parks and greenscapes. Further analysis also highlighted the social issues, which could be partially attributed to the unbalanced and fragmented urban landscape. The metropolitan region can therefore be devided into different zones with a characteristic diversity of functions as well as a provision of services and infrastructure. CThis C diversity is represented in this drawing in which furthermore the distinction between inner city and surrounding regions becomes visible. In the current city structure, the radial development combined with the concentric structure is ignoring the rivers and landscape structure. Fortunately, the river system cuts through the metropolitan area, providing the possibility of linking many of the city’s systems together. The natural areas in the city could become an important player that connects different parts of the city. The opportunity is there to utilize this asset in favor of a more balanced development in Buenos Aires. To achieve this goal, the main consideration was the ‘value of the landscape.’ The rivers could be used as a local and regional connector, which could contribute to social and commercial
activities in order to benefit the area. This would include using the landscapes in and around the metropolitan region as determinative intersecting elements which should act as an activation zone along different fragmented areas. Thus, the strong identities of specific landscape elements could be used to provide better conditions for development of the different fragmented spaces. AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4) Concept for the Metropolis of Buenos Aires
MICRO SCALE
MACRO SCALE
METROPOLITAN SCALE
omplex ities
Urban Fragmentation unbalanced development
05
METROPOLITAN SCALE
Concept strategy: Use landscape as activator
The Rio Reconquista basin
This chapter defines the Rio Reconquista river basin in the northwest of the metropolis of Buenos Aires as the main landscape element. Connecting the Pampas south of the city with the Paranรก Delta and the Rio de la Plata this river has many different faces. In order to implement the previously described metropolitan vision on the macro scale of the river basin, within the bigger metropolitan context, the river context was specified, in which the two relevant keywords are Urban Fragmentation and Environmental Conflicts.
MAMA RECONQUISTA
06
CONTEXT
processes around the Rio Reconquista basin The Rio Reconquista is placed in a more specifriver basin. The river dealt with a high level of inic context, as a result of the metropolitan analysis dustrial contamination, due to processes like the in relation to the theoretical framework. At the Rio global market and a lack of institutional collaboReconquista river basin. Two important issues conration. Another issue was the big flood risk of the textualized unbalanced development: Urban Fragriver, damaging property, environment and social mentation and Environmental structure. The third environmenConflicts. Urban Fragmentation “Every year 150.000 people come tal conflict was closely related to was defined as an absence or to Buenos Aires in the hope for a better life” the people. (Informal) garbage (Strategic perspectives, Garay & Lanfranchi, 2014) underdevelopment of connecdisposals constituted an importtions on a spatial, economic and social level. These ant issue along the river basin. Because of the lack keywords were related to the before mentioned of institutional collaboration, combined with the metropolitan processes. The Rio Reconquista river population growth. There is no system of garbage basin is containing a high level of urban fragmencollection for the informal areas, causing inhabitation due to population growth, modernization tants to dump their garbage in the very same rivand privatization (gated communities versus inforer they use for their other needs and recreation. mal settlements). This Urban Fragmentation is also closely related to the Environmental Conflicts in the
IBD gated Private Parties communitiesImmigration ownership Municipalities
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
FRAGMENTATION
Cloud of issues, processes, actors in the Rio Reconquista basin
Development
CLIMATE CHANGE sustainability
Living Conditions
COMIREC Lack of control RIO organisation Ministry Urbanism & Housing UNPRE Responsibility of Social affordability RECONQUISTA WASTE Development Decision making process Property damage ONABIEF Accessibility BASIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROVINCIAL
POPULATION Subsecretary of GROWTH
Networks GOVERNMENT CONFLICTS Services Integration POLLUTION management lack of Institutional River maintenance OPDS Ministry of collaboration residents FLOODING CEAMSE Infrastructure METROPOLITAN FOUNDATION
Actors are speaking, From the informal settlement, it is concerning the Rio Reconquista approximately a 45 min walk to the nearest trainstop (Google maps, 2014)
“The Rio Reconquista is the second most polluted river in South America” (Comirec, Mara Anselmi, 2014)
“Urban fragmentation implies an organization of space – understood as both a process and a resulting spatial state – in which impermeable boundaries and enclosure have a central role. It is a state of disjointing and separation which is often coupled with socio-economic and/or ethnic divisions”
(Burgess, 2005, p. 21)
“The development of the city does not progress at the same pace as population needs and evolves following patterns of exclusion” (Strategic perspectives, Garay & Lanfranchi, 2014)
07
MACRO SCALE
“Como fuera mencionado anteriormente,
la población total de la Cuenca del Reconquista suma 4.239.091 habitantes. Está integrada por 18 partidos4. El 92% de la población reside en áreas urbanas y el 70% de la misma se localiza en la Cuenca Media. Será objeto de esta presentación, la sección correspondiente a la Cuenca Media, dadas sus avanzadas condiciones de urbanidad y la vasta complejidad de las problemáticas que a ésta atañen.” (Proyecto Reconquista, Rodríguez)
“Environmental conditions continue to decline and the overall impacts tend to weigh most heavily on the disadvantaged sectors of the population” (Strategic perspectives, Garay & Lanfranchi, 2014)
“Las generalizadas condiciones de vulnerabilidad son producto de la disposición de los residuos sólidos domiciliarios en basurales clandestinos a cielo abierto, la toma indiscriminada de agua subterránea, así como también la libre circulación de los efluentes líquidos domiciliarios e industriales que, sin depuración ni soporte material de infraestructura de saneamiento, afecta superficialmente a importantes sectores del área de influencia del proyecto.”(Proyecto Reconquista, Rodríguez)
DUALITY MAPS
Conflicting issues around the Rio Reconquista Flood areas vs Living
Work vs Pollution
AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4)
C
WORK vs POLLUTION WORK PLACES
FLOODING
INDUSTRIES
RIO RECONQUISTA
3RD CATEGORY INDUSTRY CONTAMINATION
HISTORICAL FLOODINGS ( 1967 and 1985)
DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE WATER
DIFFERENT WAYS OF LIVING
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
INFORMAL SETTLEMENT GATED COMMUNITIES
Density vs Acces to clean water
Public space vs Waste C ities
C ities PUBLIC SPACE vs WASTE
DENSITY vs. ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER POPULATION (hab/ha)
PUBLIC RECREATIONAL OPEN SPACE
0 - 25
OPEN SPACE WITH SPECIFIC FUNCTION
26 - 50
FORMAL DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
51 -75
INFORMAL DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
76 - 100 100 - 1200
AMOUNT OF WASTE PER MUNICIPALITY: (daily per person)
AMOUNT OF HOUSES WITH ACCES TO CLEAN WATER (percentage of the households)
LESS THAN 600 gr 600 gr - 1 kg
0 - 25 %
MORE THAN 1 kg
26 - 50 %
AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4)
Conclusion map
no water
lack of facilities and centres
no sewage no water less dense
lack of access
waste formal and informal
density lack of water
lack of centre
no sewage
density no water & industrial waste
industrial waste
Spatial analysis MAMA RECONQUISTA
08
Values and Ideas
creating conditons for a balanced spatial developement
River Structure
C ities
AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4)
Translating the Processes urban fragmentation
...Establishing connections that are absent or underdeveloped...
environmental conflicts
! Value of borders vs centralities
conflicts
Urban vs unit Urban units Value of centralities borders
Buffer zone
Urban Units
...And managing
environmental Urban unit
Urban unit
Buffer zone
Urban unit Buffer zone Buffer zones
connections and managing environmental conflicts. In order to achieve these goals the macro scale concept was created which contains two elements - The Urban Unit and the Buffer Zone. The Urban Unit was intended as a social approach to act as a new type of centrality for the local community. A system of carefully defined Urban Units should lead to increasing services, accessibility and development opportunities by effectively linking the informal settlements into the residential structure. The Buffer Zone was conceived as an environmental approach to act as a barrier against inappropriate development in and nearby the river system. the Buffer Zone works both ecological (as a buffer for the river from the people) and social (for the people from the river). The Urban Units and Buffer Zones need a backbone to operate coherently, so linking back to the metropolitan scale, the Rio Reconquista is used as an activation zone by placing these urban units and buffer zones along the river, relating to the types of spaces, generated in the areas that need them the most. The urbanized areas on the map are the places in highest need or places with the biggest potential to create an urban unit. The green areas in the map show the places which either are dealing with large issues concerning contamination, pollution or flooding; or places that had a high potential to become an area to help with managing these issues. Two areas were chosen for elaboration in the next chapter: San Martin and Moreno. 09
MACRO SCALE
Value
Buffer Zones Buffer zone
Different conflicting uses of space become apparent by filtering different layers and combining them as duality maps. The adjacent map combined these maps to find the most conflicted areas. Some examplary conclusions were: the areas with a high number of informal settlements also had the highest flood risk; open areas which could potentially be public spaces often had a high level of contamination or pollution. From the spatial analysis of the Rio Reconquista river basin, a new type of urban fragmentation seemed to dominate the macro scale. Along the river, certain areas appeared where a high level of activities and conflicts overlapped, related to the different dualities in the usage of space, and other spaces where activity was scarce. The fragmentation pattern defined these two types of spaces and at the same time acknowledged the spaces that were left undefined. By regarding the duality of ‘heavy activity’ versus ‘scarce activity’ as a potential instead of a negative type of urban fragmentation, this potential could be transformed into a value of ‘borders’ versus ‘centralities’. Through identifying different areas as either a border or a centrality, those different types of spaces are dealing with the two subgoals of establishing Concept for Rio Reconquista basin
Actual situation in Rio Reconquista basin Urban unit
Buffer zone
moreno san miguel
merlo
san isidro
ituzaingo
general san martin
URBAN UNIT Connection for both sides of the river
Function and Value of the areas
Protection from river floods
Supporting social cohesion (identity)
BUFFER ZONE Give room for the river and water storage
Open space for people & environment
Provides contrast to urban units
Municipalities of Moreno and San Martin Moving forward to the micro scale, two areas were chosen to illustrate how the macro concept could be implemented in the local scale. The first location is a part of San Martin municipality, next to the Rio Reconquista. The second area is in the municipality of Moreno, situated on the western side of the river.
MAMA RECONQUISTA
106
CONTEXT AND PROCESSES Identifying local scale
infrastructure SAN MARTIN
MORENO
AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4) ! "#$%&' AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4) ! ()(&*
entials
Potentials isolated areas
ructure
no river accessibility
Rural houses infrastructure built environment
nfrastructure
railway
o connect to n fabric
connections
edge between urban and landscape
built environment
Rural houses
Green sections along the river Open landscapes
edge between urban lack of services and landscape
built environment open spaces
nvironment
ormal and informal neighbourhood
starting to connect to bad quality housing the urban fabric
Open landscapes
lively social tissue
close to school
ment
room for development contaminated river
close to school
open spaces
open spaces
paces
water
Problem solving
open space
open spaces
Flood safety Living conditions Accessibility
ces
Planning, managing, containing no ood risk
no ood risk
The issues of the micro scale are closely related to the macro context (urban fragmentation and environmental conflicts), and the even bigger metropolitan context (globalisation, governance & politics, and environment). This chapter takes the macro concept vision of the Rio Reconquista and shows how it can be implemented in two example areas with the different contexts. The area in a municipality of San Martin has to struggle with a very dense informal settlements, a flooding threat and many issues in terms of accessibility and living conditions. The second area, wihich is located in the municipality of Moreno, does not have the same issues yet, but recently, in the unidefined open space , which is a big part of the area, the new informal settlements have appeared. In this case, the concept is based 11
MICRO SCALE
Immigration Safety Integration
Values
on planning, managing and containing, in order to prevent it from the same problems, as the area in San Martin already have. In this scale, not only the current situation should be considered, but also the changes that population growth and urban sprawl caused to the areas in San Martin and Moreno over the time. These processes in both locations have set the general goal on the micro scale: to move from exclusion to integration. The meaning of integration is related not only with integrating different urban structures with each other, but also including the river and the landscape to the urban system, using the existing value of the area. In order to achieve this intention, the suggested concept for these urban units takes into account the potential of time, which could be transformed into the value of development.
Green
CONTEXT AND PROCESSES Identifying local scale
Cloud of issues, processes, actors in the municipality of San Martin.
CLIMATE CHANGE
insurance premium ECOSYSTEM Pollution parque Suarez
CEAMCE PROPERTY DAMAGE unirec
FLOOD SAFETY land erosion
Trenes de Buenos Aires S.A.
ministry of infrastructure ASHIRA technology Integration COLLABORATION
Lack of Control AySA ABSA Subsecretary
recognition
SAN MARTIN MUNICIPALITY INFRASTRUCTURE
of urbanism & housing POLLUTION lack of public space fragmentation IBD Residents of Moreno
affordability
ACCESSIBILITY NETWORK
LIVING CONDITIONS
Connections
Rapid Population NGO´s OPDS Growth IMMIGRATION urban sprawl Networks POVERTY centrality
organisations
municipality of San Martin
LACK OF HOUSING
ministry of social development
DEVELOPMENT Cloud of issues, processes, actors
governance
in the municipality of Moreno. collaboration Residents of Moreno representation sustainability
Subsecretary of urbanism & housing URBAN SPRAWL Rapid Population IBD Growth
INTEGRATION
ABSA AySA
affordability
Accessibility
ASHIRA connectivity MORENO municipality of Moreno Lack of Housing MUNICIPALITY INTA
Poverty
media
environment comirec
IMMIGRATION
Fragmentation Mercosur multiculture
rapid Population growth
process climate change
SAFETY
unirec
URBAN SPRAWL NGO´s
Subsecretary ofGovernance social development political innovation financial market OPDS decision making
Located in the eastern part of the river basin, San Martin needs the solving of existing problems, related to the informal settlements, the river, and problems with connectivity. The three important keywords are ‘Living Conditions’, ‘Accessibility’ and ‘Flood Safety’. These three issues influenced each other heavily: the living conditions of the inhabitants of the informal settlements are rather poor, due to the high flood risk. Also, the fragmentation of living conditions, instigated by the big number of gated communities contrasting the informal settlements, caused a lack of accessibility. Even though the informal settlements have been in this area for a considerable period of time, they still lack the access to basic needs such as soft and hard infrastructure. In Moreno, the issues that occur in San Martin have not yet developed as dramaticaly. However, taking into account ongoing trends, without any
interventions Moreno seems to develop in the same way, with the same problems. This area is situated on the peri-urban border, containing a low inhabitant density and a lot of open spaces. In context of the process of rapid population growth, a high number of immigrants are moving towards this area. The three keywords here are ‘Immigration’, ‘Safety’ and ‘Integration’. Due to the immigration, new inhabitants settle in a chaotic structure, obstructing integration into the formal system. Also, social and economic safety, in terms of health, education and work, became hardly attainable. The main concern for this area therefore is not about problem solving, but how to plan ahead, which basically means that a new planning approach should be introduced. Up till these days, the actors focused purely on containing and eliminating existing issues, without thinking ahead to prevent possible future issues. MAMA RECONQUISTA 12
TIMELAPSE
C omplex C ities
AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4)
Spatial conclusion
METROPOLITAN SCALE
legenda train track unpaved road secundary road
legenda
main road newly built
train track
industrial
unpaved road
residential
secundary road
public/open space
legenda
MACRO SCALE
water shrubbery/trees
newly built
unpaved road
industrial
secundary road
residential
main road
public/open space
train track
newly built
water
unpaved road
industrial
shrubbery/trees
residential
public green
river bank
C omplex C ities
private green
AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4)
legenda
filled lagoon
C omplex C omplex CC ities ities
legenda
AR0400 AR0400Globalisation: Globalisation:Research Researchon onthe theUrban UrbanImpact Impact(2013-2014 (2013-2014Q4) Q4)
unpaved road
legenda secundary road legenda
September 29th, 2006.2006 San September 29th, January 6th,Martin 2014 legenda newly built
unpavedroad road unpaved
secundary road main road
train track
industrial secundaryroad road newly built secundary
unpaved road
residential newlybuilt built newly
industrial
public/open space industrial industrial
residential
secundary road
water residential residential shrubbery/trees public/openspace space public/open
water
newly built
public green water water
industrial
river bank shrubbery/trees shrubbery/trees shrubbery/trees private green publicgreen green public riverbank bank river
legenda
privategreen green private
train track
legenda legenda unpaved road
January 2nd, 2012 legenda January 2nd, 2012. Moreno
January 3nd, 2014
train track
January2nd, 2nd,2012 2012 January legenda legenda unpaved road
January3nd, 3nd,2014 2014 January
traintrack track road secundary train unpaved road main road unpaved road secundary road newly builtroad secundary mainroad road industrial main
public/open space water
river bank legenda private green
train track shrubbery/trees open space
landfill legenda
unpaved road filled lagoon
river bank legenda
main road unpaved road
private green Spatial conclusion: General San Martin newly built road secundary train track landfill legenda legenda unpaved road
January 6th, 2014 main road industrial
traintrack track road secundary train
newly built residential newly built
unpaved road main road unpaved road
industrial public/open space industrial
secundary road newly builtroad secundary
residential water residential
mainroad road industrial main
public/open space shrubbery/trees public/open space
newly built residential
water green public water
built Januarynewly 3rd, 2014
January 3rd,industrial 2014. Moreno industrial public/open space residential
water Januaryresidential 3rd, 2014 2014 January 3rd,
shrubbery/trees river bank shrubbery/trees public green privategreen green public
public/open space shrubbery/trees public/open space
river bank landfill river bank
traintrack track road secundary train
newly built residential newly built
waterspace open water
private green filled lagoon private green
unpaved road main road unpaved road
industrial public/open space industrial
shrubbery/trees river bank shrubbery/trees
landfill landfill
secundary newly built road
residential water residential
secundary road The timelapse schemes shows the tendency public/open space shrubbery/trees main road industrial of newmain informal settlements appearing in both public/open space road areas. The maps of San Martin from 2006 to 2014, water newly built water newly built showed the informal settlements using undefined shrubbery/trees industrial shrubbery/trees industrial to settle in, even if those open space areas where nearby the highway or the railtracks. Also, the impact of social issues on the environment became obvious, where a lagoon that was still existing in 2006 was completely filled up with garbage as an informal landfill by 2014. Looking to Moreno, in 2012, the area was mostly contained of open green space, where at that time there were no informal settlements.
13
January 6th, 2014. San Martin January 6th, 2014
train track road secundary public/open space
main road
MACRO SCALE MACRO SCALE MACRO SCALE
MICRO SCALE METROPOLITAN SCALE METROPOLITAN METROPOLITAN SCALE SCALE
train track
public green
landfill
MICRO SCALE MICRO SCALE MICRO SCALE
main road
MICRO SCALE
filled lagoon
filled lagoon space However, byopen 2014, itSpatial is clearly visible that new conclusion: Moreno river bank landfill informal settlements are appearing, disadvantaging river bank January 6th, 2014 the open space and natural landscape areas. The private green private green Spatial conclusion: Moreno growth of the informal settlements within these Spatial conclusion: Moreno landfill areas are alarming; there is a lack of sanitation, landfill January 6th, 6th, 2014 2014 January hard and soft infrastructure, which is a form of spatial injustice, as services can not connect to these developments, separating people living in such areas from the main community. Following the trend, it could be predicted that in both ,San Martin and Moreno, undefined open spaces are going to be taken over with informal settlements, if these areas will lack a clear function and usage. open space private green
From Exclusion to Integration
CONCEPT & STRATEGY
CONCEPT
From exclusion to integration
Reconquista
flood safety
accessibility
immigration
!
living conditions
C omplex C ities
integration
safety
AR0400 Globalisation: Research on the Urban Impact (2013-2014 Q4)
METROPOLITAN SCALE
development
Value of
STRATEGY
Through the value of development
Establishing connections & Managing environmental developmentconflicts
MICRO SCALE
MACRO SCALE
Establishing connections & managing environmental conflicts
Interrelated centralities Connection urban unit & buffer zone
From the timelapses, it could be concluded that informal settlements of different typologies tend to settle in former open green spaces, causing essential obstacles for integration into the formal structure. Since the goal was to create conditions for a better balanced development, it is important to integrate the river into the urban structure, but also to integrate different urban structures with each other. Thus, the goal for the scale was to move from exclusion to integration, taking potential of time and turning it into the value of development. Using this value, the general micro concept vision was defined as the gradual integration of the whole
system internally, applying different sets of actions taken through time. Various unrelatedConcept centralities need to be integrated with each other by establishing connections. In the existing situation, the urban structure completely turns its back on the river, with the inhabitants lacking relation with the river to provide for their needs and recreation. To make sure the Rio Reconquista could serve as a backbone for the previously described systems of Urban Units and Buffer Zones, it was important for the urban structure and the river to be integrated with each other on a micro scale. MAMA RECONQUISTA
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IMPLEMENTING THE CONCEPT San Martin
e
urban fabric
lagoon water park for public use undefined open space existing open space
highway regional road
legenda room for the river informal settlements water urban fabric landfill private open space lagoon water park for public use undefined open space existing open space
highway regional road
1 legenda
room for the river
informal settlements water
urban fabric
landfill
private open space lagoon water
park for public use
undefined open space existing open space
highway
regional road
legenda
room for the river
informal settlements water
urban fabric
landfill
private open space lagoon water
park for public use
undefined open space
existing open space
highway
regional road
Population growth
ent in city open
mal
The 0 line: Current situation
ACTIONS
STAKEHOLDERS
& level of involvement legenda
Improving
room for the river
Embankments (flood risk protection, public space, garbage management)
informal settlements
Informal basic needs (water, sewage, tenure, public transport, garbage management)
-residents & NGO -municipality of San Martin -provincial government -COMIREC -national government -residents &NGO -land owners -municipality of San Martin -provincial government -ABSA -AySA -national government -ministry of social development -subsecretary of urbanism and housing
New housing and water storage (land-use, adaptive housing and water management)
-residents & NGO -land owners (lagoon area) -municipality of San Martin -provincial government -private sector -OPDS -national government -subsecretary of urbanism and housing
water
urban fabric
landfill
private open space lagoon water
park for public use
undefined open space existing open space
highway
regional road
Experimenting
legenda room for the river
informal settlements water
urban fabric
water
park for public use undefined open space existing open space
Designating
room for the river informal settlements water
-residents & NGO -municipality of San Martin -provincial government
urban fabric
landfill
private open space lagoon
-municipality of San Martin -provincial government -COMIREC -UNIREC -OPDS -national government water
MICRO SCALE
STAKEHOLDERS
ACTIONS
& level of involvement -COMIREC -UNIREC -OPDS -municipality of San Martin -provincial government -national government -residents of San Martin -NGO -land owners -municipality of San Martin -ministry of social development
Room for the river (water management)
-residents of San Martin -NGO -municipality of San Martin -private sector
Community center (land-use and function) Commercial connection (land-use and function, local economy)
-residents of San Martin -NGO -municipality of San Martin -provincial government
Public space (land-use and function)
-residents of San Martin -NGO -municipality of San Martin -private sector
Connection between informal settlements (infrastructure & accessibility)
lagoon
legenda
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1.Improving and Providing: Basic needs and Water Management 2.Experimenting and Developing: Adaptive housing and Public space 3.Designating and Intergrating: Community Center with District Park and Urban Farming, Extended Urban Structure
private open space
regional road
River bank connection (infrastructure and accessibility)
developments. Moreover, there is a lot of open space with a potential to be transformed for the public needs. In order to use these potentials the set of actions was chosen:
landfill
highway
City park with sport facilities (landuse and function)
The area in San Martin is located in the flood risk zone, where dense informal settlements are situated, which have a poor quality of housing and lack of services. Warehouses located nearby the river create unsafe open space, which is used for garbage disposal. In addition, highway isolates this area from the river. Such conditions cause extension of informal settlements, urban fragmentation. However, access to the railway and the highway makes the area attractive for future
park for public use undefined open space existing open space
highway
regional road
-residents of San Martin -NGO -municipality of San Martin -ministry of social development
Education center (land-use and function)
-residents of San Martin -NGO -land owners -municipality of San Martin -provincial government -ABSA -AySA -national government -ministry of social development -subsecretary of urbanism and housing
Informal settlements into formal (land-use, hard & soft infrastructure, social activation)
-municipality of San Martin -private sector -provincial government -national government
Extended urban structure (land-use & infrastructure)
Providing
water
private open space
Developing
room for the river informal settlements
landfill
Integrating
Current situation legenda
SCENARIOS
San Martin
The essential actions for San Martin aim at improving the basic needs as well as making room for the river and improving its embankments. Afterwards, a higher safety level can be initiated by experimenting with new adaptive housing and water storage. At the same time, a new public spaces are created and better connections to health and education. For advanced actions, the actual formalization of the informal settlements should be facilitated. Also, the area could be connected to the much larger scale, by creating a city park with sport facilities, which could serve for people both from municipality and the region. Certain areas are designated with specific functions to provide missing functions, as well as to regulate spaces to
Advanced actions Essential actions
Additional actions
Integrating & Designating
Experimenting & Developing
Improving & Providing
No actions
New developments
From Exclusion to Integration
protect it from new informal settlements. The scheme bellow illustrates how these developments are proposed in terms of essential, additional and advanced actions. These scenarios does not have an actual timeline, but they are based on population growth, which is inevitable and has the biggest influence on development of the area. By moving through the circles in a diagonal way, different levels of actions are being implemented. The circles in the horizontal line means that the development has stopped at some point and just population is growing. However, there is always a possibility to continue the set of actions, considering the population number at the time.
Current situation
Scheme of scenarios
Future situation
Population growth
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n e
IMPLEMENTING THE CONCEPT Moreno
l
Population g rowth
ment
eas as
Integrating
Activating
Designating
ACTIONS
17
STAKEHOLDERS
& level of involvement
Urban areas (change of land-use)
-municipality of Moreno -provincial government -national government
Public space (local infrastructure and land-use change)
-residents of Moreno -NGO -municipality of Moreno -private sector
New public space and functions (landuse, infrastructure, functions, financing)
-residents of Moreno -NGO -municipality of Moreno -private sector
New developments (land-use, functions, housing)
-municipality of Moreno -private sector
Community center (People’s awareness & education)
-residents of Moreno -NGO -municipality of Moreno -provincial government
Area to larger scale (infrastructural connection) Governance (policy)
-municipality of Moreno -private sector -provincial government -national government
Functions (services & economy)
-municipality of Moreno -private sector
River (water and pollution management, water infrastructure)
MICRO SCALE
-municipality of Moreno
-residents of Moreno -NGO -municipality of Moreno -COMIREC -UNIREC -OPDS -provincial government -national government
Values
1.Designating and Providing: Public space, Hard and Soft infrastructure 2.Activating and Regulating: New functions, Landscape and Water management. 3.Integrating and Contributing: Policy, Economy and Services. STAKEHOLDERS
ACTIONS
& level of involvement -municipality of Moreno -provincial government -national government
Roads (infrastructure)
-municipality of Moreno -land owners -ABSA -AySA -provincial government -ministry of social development -subsecretary of urbanism and housing -national government -municipality of Moreno -provincial government -national government -provincial government -COMIREC -UNIREC -municipality of Moreno
Sewage system Water supply Land tenancy (Hard infrastructure basic needs)
Possibility of informal settlements (land-use and defined public space) Landscape (shaping public space, preventing it from the informal settlements, reducing flood risk)
-COMIREC -UNIREC -OPDS -national government -ministry of social development -municipality of Moreno -provincial government
Threat of river (water management)
-residents of Moreno -NGO -municipality of Moreno -private sector
Economy (local economy and taxation)
-residents of Moreno -NGO -provincial government -municipality of Moreno -private sector
Health and education (programming community center)
-residents of Moreno & NGO -municipality of Moreno -private sector -INTA
Providing
k
access to jobs and other services. Moreover, the unit is located on the edge of formalized urban structures as well as a natural landscape, which could be used for agricultural activities and public space. In order to use these potentials the set of actions was chosen:
Regulating
Main issues in the municipality of Moreno is related to lack of such things like infrastructure, acces to the river, housing quality, sanitary services and public space. The area also suffers of contamination along the river banks, where the informal settlements are appearing. In response to the identified problems, a set of potentials of the area was recognised. There is a bus terminal and a railway station nearby, to which the urban unit can The 0 line: Current situation be connected. This could provide more travelling possibilities and
Food (provision of agricultural land)
Contributing
Current situation
SCENARIOS Moreno
The essential actions in Moreno ensure that the current settlement will be provided with hard and soft infrastructure. Moreover, the land-use plan will be changed for the new functions to appear. The additional actions are based on the keywords of ‘Activating and Regulating’. The main goal is to place facilities along the Rio Reconquista to activate the riverfront and prevent it from the informal settlements. By the last step of advanced actions the settlement will be integrated in the structure of the surroundings, by providing educational, commercial and agricultural activities, which can contribute to the economy of the municipality and the region.
The scheme bellow illustrates how these developments are proposed in terms of essential, additional and advanced actions. These scenarios does not have an actual timeline, but they are based on population growth, which is inevitable and has the biggest influence on development of the area. By moving through the circles in a diagonal way, different levels of actions are being implemented. The circles in the horizontal line means that the development has stopped at some point and just population is growing. However, there is always a possibility to continue the set of actions, considering the population number at the time.
Advanced actions Essential actions
Additional actions
Integrating & Contributing
Regulating & Activating
Designating & Providing
No actions
New developments
From Exclusion to Integration
Current situation
Scheme of scenarios
Future situation
Population growth
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STAKEHOLDERS AND CONCLUSION
Identifying the key actors. Moving through different scales Stakeholders in the different scales
Multiscalar proposal
EXTERNAL ORGANIZATIONS -CEAMSE (Ecological Coordination Society of the State Metropolitan Area) -Universidad de Buenos Aires
-Parque Suarez -COVELIA (cleaning and waste collection company)
NATIONAL SCALE -National government
-Metropolitan Foundation
-UNPRE (Ministry of Economics and Public Finances)
-Trenes de Buenos Aires S.A.
-IBD (Inter-American Development Bank)
-ONABE (National organization of the administration of goods)
-ONABIEF (National organization PROVINCIAL SCALE of the administration of railway goods) -Subsecretary of -OPDS (Provincial organisation Urbanism & Housing of sustainable development) -INTA (National Institute of Agriculture technology)
-ASHIRA (cleaning and waste collection company)
-UNIREC (Coordination Unit of the Rio Reconquista Project)
-COMIREC (Committee of the Rio Reconquista basin)
moreno san miguel
moreno moreno
-Ministry of Social development (Census Rio Reconquista basin)
merlo
san miguel san miguel
MUNICIPAL SCALE
san isidro
merlomerlo
ituzaingo
general san isidro san isidro
-Municipality of San Martin/Moreno
san martin
ituzaingo ituzaingo
-Provincial government
-ABSA (Aguas Bonaerenses S.A.)
general general san martin san martin
LOCAL SCALE legenda
-Residents of San Martin/Moreno -AySA (Aguas y Saniamientos Argentinos)
room for the river informal settlements water
-Land owner lagoon area (private party)
urban fabric landfill private open space lagoon
-Land owners (unknown private party)
legenda legenda room for room the for river the river informal informal settlements settlements water water
water park for public use undefined open space existing open space
urban fabric urban fabric landfill landfill
highway regional road
private private open space open space lagoon lagoon water water park forpark public for use public use undefined undefined open space open space existingexisting open space open space
highway highway regionalregional road road
STAKEHOLDERS
CONCLUSION
Stakeholders are an essential part in developing a functioning plan for the Rio Reconquista river basin. Considering their possible contribution to revitalize the river, the process became more viable and effective. The stakeholders were categorized into different levels, which allowed the plan to deal with the management of concerns of each stakeholder and recognize their role in the implementation of the planned actions. On the highest scale, the national levels of governance and financial system should support the initiatives of the lower scales by providing fundings, access to tools and integrating the various regions together. The medium scale, represented by the municipalities, would manage the regional systems. It could provide structure to transport, funding and social systems. On the local scale, the implementation of the project would be organized by those actors effected strongest by the daily systems.
To conclude this design proposal with all of its assets the three scales should be taken into account and be summarized as follows: Based on the diagnosis of the metropolitan area, a goal was to provide conditions for a balanced spatial development, using the ‘value of the landscape’. Therefore the rivers can be used to link natural and infrastructural systems, and work as local and regional connectors, contributing to social and commercial activities. At the Rio Reconquista river basin, two important issues contextualize unbalanced development: urban fragmentation and environmental conflicts. These conflicts were turned into values of Borders versus Centralities, and resulted in the concept of The Urban Units and the Buffer Zones. Related to the bigger context of the river (urban fragmentation and environmental conflicts) and the metropolitan area (globalization, governance & politics and the environment) two locations have been selected to illustrate the replicable approach for the river basin. The goal was to create conditions for balanced development by using the river as a backbone for development. It is important to integrate the river into the urban structure, but also to integrate different urban structures with each other. This is why the goal for this local scale is called “From exclusion to integration”. Therefore, each scale influences one another, by making the overal concept multiscalar, in order to contribute not only for the local needs, but aswell improve the city and the region in terms of better environmental, social and spatial conditions.
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MICRO SCALE
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