Sina Lee, News Magazine ARTH 336 Final Project, University of Pennsylvania

NEWS Maga Zine DECEMBER 2019

Barcelona: A City of the Future Smart Strategy Building a Future City Redesigning the Grid: “Superblocks”

Topics on the Global Cities © Sina Lee / ARTH 336

SUMMARY

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Editor’s Letter

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The Future of the City: Smart City

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A city reinvented: Introducing the Smart City

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Why Barcelona?

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Smart Strategy in Barcelona: Building a future city

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The secret of the square ‘Superblock’

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Smart cities over the world in 2019 and after...

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Photo Reference

15 News Magazine Topics on the Global Cities Barcelona, Spain Director Elvan Cobb Editor Sina Lee

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Commercial University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104 sinalee@sas.upenn.edu issuu.com

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EDITORIAL

Barcelona, España

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laza Catalunya, the heart of Barcelona, is located in the Pompeii district of San Marti. About 3km east of it, I found a unique sight.

There was a children’s playground in the center of the intersection, and there were benches where all the locals could sit and enjoy their leisure.

The people who come here sit on the bench near the road and talk with their friends and family or read books. Cars sometimes run in the side lanes, but they do not interfere with the citizens’ leisure.

An old man was pushing his granddaughter on a swing at the playground, and the families were smiling at each other.

Barcelona is in the midst of innovative experiments that give people spaces to use, even if the space is in the middle of the intersection.

The reason that I was willing to travel to Barcelona is simple. There are many famous buildings. Of course, Gaudi’s buildings were beautiful, and the food was delicious. However, Barcelona is not just a typical city.

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There was a sense of comfort in the city that was felt indirectly. Never once did Barcelona feel complicated and confusing. People read books on the streets, walked animals, and were passionate at night. I could not leave the map on my body when I traveled to other cities, but it was easy to see the directions even if I walked around in Barcelona without it.

The streets were spotless and organized, and it felt like Barcelona’s city system was inside my tiny iPhone.

The smart city of Barcelona is on its way to becoming the ideal city of future cities all over the world.

I conducted a research on Barcelona.

I wanted to know how this beautiful city has become smart and to learn how people have changed the city.

I hope the readers will be inspired to travel to this beautiful and smart Barcelona.

Sina LEE Editor-in-Chief

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FEATURED I

The Future of the City: Smart City

THINKING FOR THE

NEXT

30 YEARS

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he Born district is located in the center of the city of Barcelona, Spain.

In front of the Barcelona Maritime School, there are car parking lots, capable of accommodating ten cars. One car parked in an empty space. When he connected to ‘Parker,’ a smartphone application, and after about 30 seconds, the number ‘3’ was changed to ‘2’. This means that the number of vacant three parking spaces has been reduced to two.

When you connect to this app, it shows in real time how many parking spaces are empty. In the past, we spent a lot of time and fuel searching for vacant parking lots, but now we can quickly find parking spaces with just a single app search. This saved the driver time and fuel, and the City of Barcelona was able to reduce traffic congestion by allowing drivers to find parking spaces quickly.” – JungHyun Park, article

“Parking satellite service • WiFi street light ... ‘Smart City’ Barcelona”, 2013

A smart city is a solid concept, not a specific endpoint, but a process that is defined according to context. Smart city means a city where cities can solve the problems they face efficiently and effectively, and as a result, it is a city where citizens’ work and lives are high and sustainable. The smart city has appropriately utilized new technology of the time in city planning. In the early days of the urbanization that started from the Industrial Revolution era, the city was a smart city that solved the problems of drinking water and energy, sewage disposal and traffic congestion and improved citizens’ economic wealth and quality of life.

At that time, Urban planning using physical infrastructure technology played a crucial role in its success.

Today, the city is a smart city that dramatically improves the efficiency of existing cities while at the same time substantially improving the city’s sustainability and governance system. Urban planning utilizing information technology is playing a pivotal role in today’s new technology have. Given the fact that it is not equipped with a physical infrastructure at the initial stage of urbanization, developing countries can successfully achieve urbanization through urban planning that uses infrastructure technology and information and communication technology at the same time. Developed countries are focusing on urban sustainability and governance through urban planning using ICT.

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FEATURED II

A city reinvented: Introducing the Smart City

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INTRODUCTION

ities around the world are striving to create a smart city with future competitiveness, creativity, quality of life, and innovation.

In the future, the city’s competitiveness will be prominent for national competitiveness due to the urban population which is expected to become even more substantial in the total population. According to the World Urbanization Report of the United Nations Population Bureau in 2014, 54% of the world’s population lives in cities by 2014. The city population, which was 30% in 1950, is expected to grow to 66% by 2050. According to MIT’s Media Lab, the city is expected to account for 90% of its population growth, 80% of wealth generation, and 60% of total energy consumption. To deal with these changes, countries must address the housing, infrastructure, transportation, energy, and employment issues that will support the growing urban population.

These problems cannot solely rely on the quantitative expansion of infrastructure and the traditional development system. Efforts to raise the efficiency, productivity and creativity of the city as a whole must be carried out by actively utilizing the technologies that enhance the city’s competitiveness. Internet of Things (IoT) technology is a leading example today.

The Internet (IoT), which has been developing in earnest since 2014, is transforming the whole society into a new social system as well as leading the industry into destructive innovation. Notably, many functions and essential services of the city are connected with various sensors and

citizens’ smart devices, and the city information system can create an optimal urban environment. As a result, major cities in the world set big goals, such as resource conservation, quality-of-life improvement, and social innovation increase. Furthermore, many governments have been promoting the maximization of ‘the use of fossil fuels and renewable energy in buildings and public facilities,’ ‘energy saving,’ ‘green job creation,’ and the incorporation of the ‘Internet of things into objects around people such as street lightings, trash cans, park fountains, parking facilities.’

Also, through various conferences and expositions, they share their experiences and discuss ways to cooperate.

In 2014, Barcelona, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Singapore, Vancouver, and Vienna were selected as the smartest cities by the Smart Cities Council*. Boyd Cohen, an advisor to the committee’s advisory board, cited a broad category of evaluations: smart government, smart people, smart mobility, smart environment, and smart economy. The details include smart home numbers, broadband, mobile app interaction, carbon emissions, open government data, start-up numbers, renewable energy usage, and many EV charging points.

In major cities, smart strategies have begun to take advantage of opportunities to redevelop old cities, to design cities with entirely new concepts, or to look at the competitiveness of existing cities at a new level. For example, Barcelona embarked on a redevelopment initiative to revitalize underdeveloped urban areas and to implement a strategy to expand various projects across the city. Vienna is pursuing a smart

city strategy centered on projects to build a new future city. On the contrary, Vancouver sought to promote the future competitiveness of the city through the quality and environment of the green energy center while developing new future values of the city from past forestry and fisheries to travel, education, and new media.

Although each of these different backgrounds is different, the common characteristic of cities that have successfully promoted smart cities is that they have been continuously evaluating the operation and performance of the program, planning projects through communication with citizens, and simply applying advanced technologies to cities instead of just increasing the overall competitiveness of the city. These cities not only create a pleasant environment and reduce GHG emissions through smart city projects but also promote new creativity through the opening of data, recycling, and optimization of resources, as well as analysis of performance through specific indicators, and these become an excellent reference.

This magazine introduces Barcelona’s Smart City Strategy as a representative example that I will reference to set and promote explicit goals, communication, and cooperation between city government-parliament-citizen, continuous performance presentation and evaluation, and richness of relevant data.

Every year, Barcelona is included on the list of the best smart cities, and in 2015, it was named the world’s best smart city by BI Intelligence, a market research agency. It is also the only smart city to which I have traveled before.

* Smart Cities Council: A leading smart city advisory group with more than 5,000 members, aiming to create smart, sustainable cities around the world with digital technology and intelligent design.

Reference 1. Boyd Cohen, The Smartest Cities In the World, Fast Company, Nov. 20, 2014.

2. IDC, ‘Worldwide Smart City 2013 Top 10 Predictions,’ February 2013, http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp? containerId = GI239209 3. MIT Media Lab City Science Homepage, http://cities.media.mit.edu/about/cities 4. UN Population Division, 2014, World Urbanization Report Revision Highlights NEWS MAGAZINE

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SMART CITY

Why Barcelona?

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arcelona is the second largest city in Spain and the capital city of Catalonia. In 2015, the population of the city was 1.6 million, and the total population of the surrounding metropolitan area was 3.21 million. Barcelona has started to attract attention in the world as a smart city since 2011. Xavier Trias, the mayor of Barcelona from 2011 to 2015, operated a platform for technological innovation in urban services. As a mayor, he set up a new team called Smart City Barcelona to identify and integrate new opportunities to enhance existing projects and services for citizens and businesses in cities. The Smart City Barcelona team identified 12 areas for intervention, including transportation, water, energy, waste, open government, and launched 22 programs covering 83 individual projects on overall urban systems. Since then, Barcelona has not only attracted attention as a smart city, but it has also made considerable progress regarding economic development and innovation.

The selection of Barcelona as the subject of this study is for two reasons: First, the City of Barcelona played a pivotal role in expanding the discourse of smart cities in the international society by holding the Smart City Expo in 2016.

Also, it is attracting attention as a successful example of innovation through smart cities internally. Zygiaris (2013) analyzed Barcelona, Amsterdam, and Edinburgh as

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critical examples of smart cities in a study that proposes a framework for analyzing smart ecosystem of smart cities, and highlights Barcelona as a smart city with an integrated layer structure. Rolando & Di Vita (2016) analyze London’s Idea Store and Barcelona’s 22 Innovation Districts as best practices on the city scale. Thus, in a variety of documents, Barcelona is considered a basic model smart city.

Second, Barcelona has a meaningful history in the field of right to the city, besides the smart city. The European Charter for the Protection of Human Rights in the City, which is one of the most representative international efforts for the protection of the city’s rights, was established in 1998 by Barcelona which was based on the Barcelona compromise proposed in the ‘European Cities Conference on Human Rights.’ Barcelona also defines itself as a ‘City of Rights’ and, through the human rights department of the City Council of Barcelona, the city strengthens the system of guaranteeing the protection of human rights in the local resources, ‘the Observatory of the Human Rights of the City of Barcelona.’

Barcelona’s efforts to ensure human rights have also had a positive impact on smart cities. Therefore, this is an appropriate case for our attempt to examine governance in smart cities.

In conclusion, selecting Barcelona as a case study seems to be an appropriate choice.

CITY AND POLITICS

Smart Strategy in Barcelona:

BUILDING A FUTURE CITY A common characteristic of prosperous cities that have successfully promoted smart cities is that they aim to increase the overall competitiveness of the city regarding continuous program operation and evaluation of performance, project planning through communication with citizens, and application of advanced technology to cities. The goal of the project is to understand the process and to get an implication as well as the background of the project through Smart City, ‘Cities of the Future’ theme in Barcelona. In addition to pleasant environment and greenhouse gas emission reduction, new areas such as increasing new creativity through data opening, resource recycling and optimization, and performance analysis through specific indicators are very effective to be analyzed as a definition of ‘City and Politics’ theme and ‘City and the Environment’ theme.

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he City of Barcelona is continuing its program of integrating urban planning, ecology, and information technology to ensure that the benefits of technology reach all neighborhoods and improve the quality of life of citizens. Since its inception in early 2013, the City of Barcelona has reopened the old Born district of Barcelona’s city center and has run a ‘smart city’ solution based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Based on that experience, everywhere in the city is now changing to a smart environment. The first step was the redevelopment of the old region, but this has led to the opportunity to explore the possibility of a smart city.

Barcelona’s approach is to pursue a long-term vision of building a productive human-centered community within the metropolis with goals of hyper-connected, super-fast, and zero emissions. The government expects to save €3 billion through the city’s new initiative in ten years1.

The Barcelona Smart City project includes the participation of many world-renowned companies and Spanish companies, including Cisco, and has established partnerships with major cities in the world such as Buenos Aires, Dublin, Seoul, and Yokohama. The Barcelona government also works with 12cat, IREC2, BDigital3, CTTC4, and Mobile World Lab. Barcelona regional companies are providing technology in communications networks, big data analysis, energy technology, and mobility solutions and are participating as partners in the Barcelona project.

Barcelona distinguishes smart city applications by areas such as public and social services, the environment, mobi-

lity, companies and businesses, research and innovation, communications, urban infrastructure, travel, civic cooperation, and international projects. Let’s look at some of the representative strategic plans.

New Bus Network The master plan in 2012 has created an orthogonal bus line to enhance public transport efficiency. Barcelona started operating five routes in 2012 and added five ways in 2013. Currently, four courses are being implemented, and three routes will be added in the future.

The new bus network not only simplifies route changes but also optimizes traffic signals, facilitates transit, provides information at bus stops, manages speed optimization, improves the efficiency of dispatch time and service provision, and reflects citizen demand.

Smart Lighting and Smart Water Already, in 2012, the city has set up a master plan that includes road-level lighting with remote control, which provides for converting 1,155 street lights to LED technology on the road. The streetlight serves as a wireless Internet router and monitors the population density through noise level and air pollution. In 2015, 3,360 streetlights were installed on 160 roads, so 50% of Barcelona’s lighting power is remotely controlled, has established remote irrigation control for the city’s green space, and has, so far, controlled 77 fountains remotely. Thus, 40% of the parks are providing automated water supply.

Smart Building and Energy Saving Two networks supply hot water to 64 buildings within 21 km. Twenty-seven of these buildings are undergoing energy monitoring, and 28 will be added in the future. Also, public buildings make electric energy self-sufficient.

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The Smart Bus Shelter “Tactile screens, with access to diverse App, WiFi, RTI, Static info, Single screen”

1 Detailed status of Barcelona Smart City website http://smartcity.bcn.cat/ 2 International Renewable Energy Congress 3 Barcelona Digital Centro Tecnológico - BDigital 4 Centre Tecnològic Telecomunicacions Catalunya

Emission Zero Mobility In addition to expanding the use of electric vehicles, the company is also promoting charging stations and car rentals. There are currently 500 hybrid taxis, 294 electric motorbikes, and 400 electric cars.

Open government To make the government ‘s activities more transparent to its citizens, it opened 44 civic-focused kiosks and 374 open data portals. Also, according to a case published in the 2014 Mobile Wall Congress, a smart trash can with a sensor is installed on the street to check the garbage level information in real time.

Reference 1. The Smart City Zone data, http://smartcity.bcn.cat / en / smart-city-areas.html 2. Park Jung-hyun, Parking satellite service, Wi-Fi street light ... ‘Smart City’ Barcelona, ​​Chosun Biz 2.0 November 1 3. Bloomberg News, Barcelona’s smart trash can on its way to the mobile future, February 13, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-23/barcelona-s-smart-trashcans-paveway-for-mobile-future

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“ ApparkB is a program that allows drivers to find and pay for municipal parking spaces easily.

A similar system called Fastprk has also been arranged to help tour buses with buses parked near the Sagrada Familia (one of the city’s famous attractions), reduce carbon emissions and reduce traffic around it. ”

“ The device in the picture, called Ubimetro, allows streetlights to become integrated components within a variety of IoT networks, using them both as power sources and transmission towers.�

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CITY AND ENVIRONMENT

The secret of the square

‘Superblock’

city in Barcelona

If you look down on Barcelona from the sky, you can see that square blocks (113.3 × 113.3m) are chopped up. In 1859, a civil engineer who proposed such a city plan, Ildefons Cerdà, placed a building on the outside of the block, and the empty central space envisioned a garden that could be used by all. Over time, the number and size of buildings on the block grew, and the central space was filled with parking lots and shopping centers.

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he challenge facing cities in the 21st century is in solving the contradictions between the need to reduce urban ecological footprints and the improvement of the quality of life, economic development, and convenience. The city structure of Barcelona is characterized by the grid-shaped road network of the ‘Plan Cerdà (1860)’ applied in the nineteenth century and the four-cornered square blocks known as ‘Manzana.’ The 113-by-113 square meter block from the Montjuic hill to the Bessus river basin, along with the grid-like 20, 30, and 60-meter wide road network, was designed to show a reasonable and flexible layout of public spaces and green spaces that were ahead of its time. During the last two centuries, the rationality and flexibility of the city, especially in the rapid changes in transportation, has become a symbol of Barcelona’s urban space.

The shape of the grid-like road network did not change much, but the changes in the way the citizens use the road network and the way in which the usual route of movement influences the city’s circulation following the trend of the age. This is a common phenomenon in many cities,

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which has led to a sharp increase in the urban population that exceeds the rate of population growth in the plan, resulting in a decrease in greenery.

As a solution to this problem, in the 80s, redevelopment of a new road planning and pedestrian space center was carried out in Barcelona to reduce the number of vehicles and recover the pedestrian space.

Especially in 2003, the “Pla de movilitat de districte de Gracia-supermancana de la vila de gracia”, Villa De Grace Mobility Plan, was the first attempt to make a superblock program in Barcelona. In this plan, specific roads were defined as roads for public transportation circulation and traffic concentration, and other roads were freed from traffic congestion by adjusting traffic circulation routes and concentrating major facilities on access roads.

In this context, since 1995, the City of Barcelona has been working on the implementation of the Albráchar Charter (1994), the Citizens Charter for Sustainable Cities (2002-2012), and the Citizens Charter for Sustainable Cities (2012-2022) and has introduced the Super Block demonstration program to create a more complex, compact, efficient and diverse city.

The Superblock model explained

Thanks to the flexibility of the Cérdar plan, even though Barcelona is a very dense city, the increase in traffic has not had a significant impact on public spaces. However, the fact that the grid network is an open system means that there may be a more efficient and convenient way to use the interface. A historical debate has begun on whether it is better to concentrate traffic on some roads to ensure space for pedestrian space and alternative means of transportation for the other routes, or if it is better to have the same amount of traffic on all the streets. The outcome of the controversy is that all roads are all different physical conditions such as persistence, connectivity, width, or function.

Even the streets in the Eixample area, where grid-like roads are applied, are all different from connectivity to nature.

This conclusion has resulted in a superblock model, which was reinforced through the ‘City Mobility Plan (Pla de mobilitat urbana de Barcelona, PMU) 2013-2018’ to streamline roads and rationalize the public transport network. ‘PMU 2013-2018’ has strategically established a public space mobility model based on superblocks that are wider than existing blocks, and these superblocks are aimed at improving the efficiency of urban traffic and at the same time improving the quality of public spaces. At the intersection of each block in the superblock, there are open spaces.

This can be planned as a city-friendly, eco-friendly infrastructure, and environmental and social functions will be strengthened to improve the quality of life by strengthening the connectivity of green spaces and increasing green spaces. The program relies on the participation of citizens to define a roadmap to improve their utilization of public space beyond the

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physical transformation of public space and to strengthen public and private collective responsibility for local change.

The Superblock Program aims to revitalize public spaces, improve urban complexity and social cohesion, improve sustainable mobility, expand biodiversity and urban green areas, and integrate urban self-sufficiency of urban metabolism and governance processes.

The roads in the surrounding area including the superblock are classified into three types according to the speed limit: a 30-zone road with a speed limit of 30 km/h, a 20-zone road with 20 km/h, and a 10-zone road with 10 km/h. A 30-zone road is the road with priority for traffic use and can maintain the existing road structure divided into two stages of sidewalks and streets. A 20-zone road is a pedestrian-only area in a residential area, and the maximum speed of the vehicle is limited to 20 km/h. In addition to traffic, 10-zone roads are roads that prioritize their use and function as a public space and are generally converted into a single platform type without distinction of height. The plan will be implemented step by step, and therefore, in the case of some 30 zone roads, it may be changed to 10 zone roads if the use as a public space is activated, other than the passage of the next road space.

An indication of the start of a super block with nine blocks combined. General vehicles other than ambulances or resident-owned cars can not enter the Superblock.

The location of the Superilla del Poblenou (the 9 green squares) in the fabric of the urban design of Barcelona. The arrows indicate the driving directions for motor traffic.

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Benefit The city’s new cell unit, Superblock, presents a new mobility model and the urban planning model in Barcelona. The Superblock is expected to have a positive impact on accident rate reduction in both the new mobility model and the urban planning model.

As regards the new mobility model, Superblocks can reduce the utilization of private vehicles through sustainable alternative mobility. Given that there is a direct relationship between the distance traveled by a private vehicle and the accident rate, as well as the fact that bicycle accidents are mainly caused by interactions with private cars, the decline in accident rates through the introduction of Superblocks is apparent. Moreover, by improving the bike infrastructure in parallel with the Superblock, we will improve the road network of bicycles, a representative sustainable mover.

Concerning the new urban planning model, Superblock is a defined transport area with a more stable speed of 10, 20, and 30 km/h. The speed of 10 km/h leads to a decrease in traffic accident rate and lower risk

of collision. Therefore, if ten zones increase, more accidents will be reduced.

A single platform road with a speed limit of 10 km/h is not a significant problem for people with mobility impairments and is compatible with the various functions of the public space.

Most traffic accidents occur in connection with intersections. There are 16 general-general road intersections in one of the nine blocks (3x3) existing blocks, which are four general-general road intersections and eight general-super block inner road intersections, which will turn into four super block inner road intersections.

Therefore, the number of intersections with a high risk of collision per superblock will decrease from 16 to 4.

Inside the superblock, accident risk is reduced through the intersection of 10 zone roads. The crossings of the superblock and the existing road network are installed with crossbars, including a specific signboard and a speed bump to enter the superblock. As a result, vehicles entering the superblock will forcibly reduce speed.

These intersections are equipped with traffic lights on public roads so that pedestrians can safely move from one superblock to another.

The new functions inside the superblock of Poblenou in four categories. Public space, play zones, sport zones and urban renewal locations.

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Implication The Superblock project is continually controversial due to the differences in positions among citizens, and it is still an unfinished project underway. However, it is an important project that attracts the attention of many cities in the world, as it aims to transform the road space, which was recognized only as a space for moving in the modern city, into a public space in which citizens’ daily activities of daily life are spread. Also, recognizing the seriousness of the environmental pollution caused by the vehicle and the problem of infringement of the public space of the car, and suggesting a reasonable and productive solution to this problem, all the modern cities suffering from the same problem should show their direction in the future.

Reference 1. Compromis BCN Clima (http://ajuntament. barcelona.cat) 2. PMU BCN 2013-2018 (http://mobilitat.ajuntament.barcelona.cat) 3. Pla del verd i de la biodiversitat de Barcelona (http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ecologiaurbana) 4. Mesura de govern omplim de vida els carrers lla implantaci de les superilles (https://www. slideshare.net/Barcelona_cat/mesura-de-govern-oomplim-de-vida-els-carrers-lla-implantaci-de-les-superilles) 5. Superilles barris a velocitat humana (https:// www.slideshare.net/Barcelona_cat/superilles-barris-a-velocitat-humana) 6. Supermancana vila de gracia (http://www. bcnecologia.net)

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CONCLUSION

Smart cities over the world in 2018 and after...

BARCELONA A city that helps other cities move smarter in the right direction

20 18 A ccording to Navigant Research, a smart city market research firm, 80% of 170 projects worldwide is related to energy, transportation, and government services, 50% is related to transportation or mobility, and 45% is energy-related projects. 70% of IDC documents is also focused on the three major smart urban elements, such as energy, transportation, and safety.

The smart city strategy of big cities around the world is not very different. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving the overall quality of life, the active use of Internet technology, and increasing productivity and creativity are common goals. The most significant implication of exemplary cities is that they mostly have a broad category of strategic goals and are continually presenting and evaluating these strategies and achievements to citizens. All purposes are presented quantitatively through numerical values, and it is very realistic to realize them. The cooperation with specialized companies is being made in selecting related technologies and products. I also think that the transparency of the process and the fineness of the performance report are important policy realizations for us to refer to.

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In the future, even in a place that plans to have a smart city, a more comprehensive and future-oriented smart city strategy should be planned based on a specific point of view, and quantitative targets should be set for each point of view. It is also necessary to operate technical advisory committees to judge the application of advanced technology and its development to achieve the target. The advisory committee should be composed of experts who have practical technology management and corporate experience at significant companies.

Also, communication with citizens should be made through the use of social media. It is necessary to accept citizens’ opinions and ideas on various channels and to collect views on the process and procedure continuously. It is essential to operate the way of a continuous conversation with the citizen by transparently disclosing how to implement the set goal and technical cooperation and utilization with the participant.

Finally, the municipal government is responsible for measuring the greenhouse gas emissions from public institutions, maximizing the use of public parking facilities, providing information services through public facilities, and establishing public spaces and facilities that combine internet technology and facilities. It is necessary to pursue policies to continuously improve the quality of the project by measuring the level of public participation of citizens.

“How does that help me now?”

“Choose a mayor who can make the best use of the environment and technology to develop the city, and furthermore, create a city where they interact!”

Reference 1. Navigant Research, Navigant Research Leaderboard Report: Smart City Suppliers Assessment of Strategy and Execution for 16 Smart City Suppliers, 2014

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PHOTO REFERENCE

page 3 Advertising Smart City Expo World Congress Barcelona, http://www.flashnet.ro page 5 Advertising Delta Airlines, http://memographer.com/2014/01/delta-air-lines-the-history-in-magazine-advertising/ page 8 Advertising Vueling Airlines, https://www.padelamatoriale.it/

page 11 Bus Screen Josep Mension, Barcelona’s new bus network, May 21, 2015

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page 12 ApparkB app Adam Nethersole, Barcelona - How Smart Technology is Underpinning an Urban Tech Revolution, OCTOBER 2017, https://verneglobal.com/blog/ barcelona-how-smart-technology-is-underpinning-an-urban-tech-revolution

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page 13 Smart Street Light Nicholas Fearn, MWC 2018: World’s first streetlight powered smart cell lights up, February 21, 2018, https://internetofbusiness.com/mwc-2018-worlds-first-streetlight-powered-smart-cell-lights/

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page 14&cover Skyview of Superblocks Jose Maria Miñarro Vivancos, Eixample Barcelona, December 15, 2007, https://www.flickr.com/photos/oseillo/2113048668 page 15 Skyview of Superblocks HyunJung Park, Superblocks in Barcelona, March 14 2018, http://www. hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/822759.html

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page 16-18 Superblocks Diagrams Sintesi Angles, Urban Mobility Plan of Barcelona, PMU 2014-2018, October 2014

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page 17 An indication of the start of a super block HyunJung Park, Superblocks in Barcelona, March 14 2018, http://www. hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/822759.html

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page 19 Advertising FC Barcelona and NIKE, Inc. Extend Relationship, May 20 2016, https:// news.nike.com/news/fc-barcelona-and-nike-inc-extend-relationship page 20 Advertising Apple iPhone,https://www.apple.com/

page 22 Smart city pictogram Glen Kuecker and Kris Hartley, No Silver Bullet: The New Urban Agenda and Smart Cities, March 13 2018 NEWS MAGAZINE

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News Magazine

Topics on the Global Cities - Barcelona Sina LEE, December, 2019 As I listened to the topic of the global cities classes, I generally aimed at analyzing cities around the world in various ways, including physical and social perspectives, and studying historically human interactions and sustainability through networks. However, I have been studying specific cities with themes that are appropriate for them, and seem to have learned intensively about essential facts.

The method of expressing this final project through various mediums (in this case, a magazine format) was more affectionate than the technique of simply investigating using the text alone, doing my research more thoroughly. Through this opportunity, I have learned that Barcelona is a city that is more historically deep and insightful than the fact that it is just one of the European cities. The smart technologies of Barcelona and the related environment and strategies were very interesting, and I learned that I should pay much attention and effort to my city of Seoul. In the future, I hope that Seoul City plans more comprehensive and future-oriented smart city strategy based on its specific point of view.