Arvand HVAC 43

‫ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﯾﮑﺘﺎ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﭼﻬﻞ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻡ ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪﻣﺎﻩ ‪۱۳۹۰‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﯿﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ‪۱۶۸۴ - ۴۲۷۰ :‬‬

‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻣﺘﯿﺎﺯ ‪ :‬ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﯾﮑﺘﺎ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻨﻮﭼﻬﺮ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺩﺑﯿﺮ ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﻬﺮﺍﻣﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ‪۲ ..........................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ‪۴ .......................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪۵ ...................................................‬‬

‫ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﭘﺴﺘﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﯿﻢﺷــﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪﺭﺍﻩ ﺁﺩﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪۵۶۵۸۵۶۵۷ - ۸ :‬‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺪﯼ‬ ‫‪۵۶۵۸۴۹۹۸‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪۵۶۵۸۴۷۱۷‬‬ ‫‪۵۶۵۸۴۱۹۸‬‬ ‫ﻓﮑﺲ ﺗﺪﺍﺭﮐﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(۰۲۱) ۵۶۵۸۵۸۹۹ ،‬‬ ‫‪۵۶۵۸۶۰۳۶‬‬ ‫‪۵۶۵۸۴۹۸۳ - ۷‬‬ ‫‪(۰۲۱) ۸۸۷۳۹۸۸۰ - ۲‬‬ ‫‪(۰۲۱) ۸۸۸۰۲۶۷۷ - ۸ ، ۸۸۵۰۴۷۷۰ - ۴‬‬ ‫ﻓﮑﺲ ‪(۰۲۱) ۸۸۷۶۶۷۹۴ - ۵۶۵۸۵۰۷۹ :‬‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ‪۱۳ ..................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ‪۱۹ .........................‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺴﺎﺕ ‪۲۶ .............................‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﺪ؟ ‪۳۵ ............................................‬‬

‫‪www.arvandcorp.com‬‬ ‫‪info@arvandcorp.com‬‬ ‫‪sales@arvandcorp.com‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺭﺍﯾﮕﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺸــﺮﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺳــﺎﻝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﯾﮑﺘﺎ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﭘﺴﺘﯽ ‪ ۳۷۶۸۵ - ۱۱۳‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﻠﯿﻪﯼ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪﯼ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ARVAND Internal Magazine‬‬ ‫‪Managing Director : M. Shojaei‬‬ ‫‪Editor in chief‬‬ ‫‪: H. Bahrami‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﯾﺮ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨــﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺝ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺸــﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﺛــﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﻭﯾﺮﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﻋﻮﺩﺕ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‬

‫ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻫﺸــﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‬

‫ﻟﻬﺴــﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳــﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﯼ ﭼﮏ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻬﯽ ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ CO2OLtec‬ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻘــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬

‫ﺁﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

‫ﺯﯾﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺭﺍﯾﯽ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﯾﺎﺭﻭﻣــﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﯼ ﭼﮏ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ‪ HFC‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺳـﯿﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﯼ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻧــﺮﮊﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺗﺎ ﺳــﺮﺩ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ‪ USA TODAY‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﺩﻩ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺑﺨﺸــﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺍﯾﻪﺷــﺪﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻮﺳــﻂ ﻭ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،201‬ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺘﯽ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻓﺮﻭﺷــﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﺬﺍﯾﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬

‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ‪ 1419‬ﺩﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﻨﺠﻤﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳــﺎﻝ ﭘﯿﺎﭘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ‪ CO2OLtec‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺳﯿﺴـﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾـﺪ ‪ CO2OLtec‬ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﮐﺮﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺷــﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺮﯾــﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺳــﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺪﻝ ‪CO2OLtec‬‬ ‫‪ TM‬ﻭ ﺑــﺎ ﺑﯿــﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 230‬ﻓﺮﻭﺷــﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴــﺖ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺴــﺎﺗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪ ﺩﻭﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺳــﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﺗﺴــﮑﻮ )‪ ،(TESCO‬ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷﯽ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﯼ ﭼﮏ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺳﻮﻣﯿﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷﯽ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾــﺪ ‪ CO2OLtec‬ﮐــﻪ ﺟﺎﯾــﺰﻩ ﻣﻌﺘﺒــﺮ‬ ‫‪ Environmental Pioneer‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﯾﺘﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼــﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﭼﺸﻢﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸــﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﺎﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﯾــﺮ ﺯﯾﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋــﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺷــﺮﮐﺖ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﯾﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ )‪ ،(NYSEUTX‬ﭘﯿﺸــﮕﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺩﻟﭙﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﮔﻔﺘﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﻓﯿﻠﯿــﭗ ِ‬ ‫)‪Delpech‬‬

‫‪،(Philippe‬‬

‫ﺭﯾﯿــﺲ‬

‫ﺷــﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺮﯾﺮ ‪» ،EMEA‬ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫‪ CO2OLtec‬ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﮐﺎﻫــﺶ ﺑﯿــﺶ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ 52000‬ﺗﻦ ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ‪17600‬ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻮﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯾﺎﻧﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳــﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷــﮕﻔﺖﺍﻧﮕﯿﺰ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻕ ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪1996‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫــﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺁﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫــﺮ ‪ 100‬ﺩﻻﺭ‪ 1/50 ،‬ﺩﻻﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﻫﺎ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ ﺳــﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﯾــﺖ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺳﻪ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺮﺏ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺍﺯﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﮐﺮﯾﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﯽ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺯﯾﺴــﺖ‬

‫ﺑــﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻈــﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬

‫ﺍﯾﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﯾــﮑﺎ )‪ ،(EPA‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺯﮔﯽ‬

‫ﺯﯾﺴﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪«.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ‪ CO2OLtec‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟــﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺷــﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺮﯾﺮ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒــﻮﻝ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﯾﺰﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﭘﺮﻭﭘﺎﻥ )‪،(R-290‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺟﻬــﺎﻥ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﻣــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺯﯾﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﺷــﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﯾﯽ ﺗﺴﮑﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2009‬ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ CO2‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺮﯾﺮ ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﺰﻭﺑﻮﺗــﺎﻥ )‪ (R-600‬ﻭ ‪HCR188C1‬‬ ‫‪ .((R-441a‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﯾــﺰﺭ ﻭ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝﻓﺮﯾﺰﺭﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﮕــﯽ ﻭ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦﺳــﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺨﺮﺏ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ‪ R-12‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪ R-22‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿـﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ‪HVAC‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺖ ﺍﯾﺎﻟﺖ ﻭﯾﺮﺟﯿﻨﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨــﻪ ﺑــﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺳــﺒﺰ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ‪Green‬‬ ‫‪Air‬‬

‫‪and‬‬

‫‪Ventilation‬‬

‫‪Heating‬‬

‫‪ Conditioning Vocational‬ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻧﯿﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵﻫــﺎﯼ ﺷــﻐﻠﯽ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑــﻮﻁ ﺑــﻪ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫‪ HVAC‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﮐﺴــﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯿﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻤﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮏ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﮑﻨﺴﯿﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿــﺖ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺭﺍﺳــﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺷــﺮﮐﺖ ‪ Jhonson Control‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺴــﺎﺕ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺸــﺮﻓﺘﻪ ‪ HVAC‬ﻭ ﺁﻣــﻮﺯﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻗﯽ ﻭ ﺷﻤﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﻃــﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺳــﻮﯼ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﺳــﻮﻕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯾــﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ‬

‫ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﯾﺰ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ‬

‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑــﻊ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ‬

‫ﻭﺭﺯﯾﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺭﻭ ﭘﺮﺳــﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ‪NIST‬‬

‫‪ 15‬ﺩﺭﺻــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼــﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳــﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑــﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﯾﺪ‪» :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﭘﻮﯾﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺗﺤﺮﮎﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﯾﺰ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺗﻤﻬﯿﺪﺍﺗﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﮎ ﻭ ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨــﯽ ﮐﻨﯿــﻢ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻋــﺎﺕ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪ 64‬ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬

‫‪ 69‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺧﻨﮏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺘــﯽ ﺑــﺎ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻄﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ‪ ،Intel‬ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ‬

‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮﯼ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪«.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﻣــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼــﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﯿــﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾـﺶ ‪ 30‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪﯼ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪2040‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ‪ ،Exxon Mobil‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﺷــﺪ ‪ 9‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎﺭﺩ ﻧﻔــﺮﯼ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺳﺴــﻪ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ ‪ 30‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺁﯾﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻭ ﻓﻨــﺎﻭﺭﯼ )‪ (NIST‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺯﮔــﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ‪ 30‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪﯼ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾــﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪«.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑــﯽ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﯾــﻊ ﺫﺭﺍﺗﯽ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺁﻏــﺎﺯ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧــﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ ﺷــﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ‪ 26‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ‪1/5‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻠــﺖ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻞ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺴــﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺯ ‪ 100‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2.5‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾــﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 2014‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﺍﺟﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻗﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﺸﻮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﺛﺒﺎﺗﯽ‬

‫ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺑﮑﺎﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷــﺮﮐﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﯾﺪ‪» :‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﯾﮑﺮﺩ ﻫﻤﺴﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ‪ Intel‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﮑﻨﺴﯿﻦﻫﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۴‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪HVAC troubleshooting guide, c2009 :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺫﯼﺻﻼﺡ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬

‫ﻋﺒــﻮﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻫــﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﯼ ﮐﻮﯾﻞ ﺳــﺮﺩ ﺟﺪﺍ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ‪ .‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗﻘﻄﯿﺮﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﮐﺶﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻌــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﮐــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﯼ ﮐﻮﯾــﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻠﮑــﻪ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬

‫ﺳﯿﻨﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺳﻄﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫــﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﺩﻭﺧﺎﮎ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻫﻮﺍﮐﺸﯽ؛‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﺸــﮏ ﻭ ﯾــﮏ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﯾﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺩﻭﺩﮐﺶ‬

‫ﻭ ﭘﯿﭽﯿــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﯼ ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳــﮑﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏﺳــﺎﺯﯼ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﺩﻭﺧﺎﮎ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﯾﺰ‬

‫ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﯾــﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ‬

‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺷــﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﮎ‪ ،‬ﺯﻧﮓﺯﺩﮔــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﯿﺎﻑ‪،‬‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻭ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ‬

‫ﻓﻀﻮﻻﺕ ﺣﯿﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺒﺰﯾﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻃﺮﺯ ﮐﺎﺭ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺳﺮﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖﺯﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬

‫ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸــﮏ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺸﮏ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺗﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖﺯﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺎﮎﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ )ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷــﻮ ﯾــﺎ ﺍﺑــﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧــﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺷــﻮﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻫــﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧــﻮﻉ‬

‫ﻭ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷــﻮ( ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺷــﻨﮕﯽ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﮐﺸﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﮑﯽ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺮﺩﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺳــﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺒﮏ ﺑﻪﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻫﻮﺍﺷــﻮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﮏ ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﮔﺬﺭﻧــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺁﺏﭘــﺎﺵ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺨــﺰﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻒ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺩﮐــﺶ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﺗﻔــﺎﻕ ﻣﯽﺍﻓﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺨﻤﯿــﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺁﺑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿــﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺏ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮔﺬﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﮐﺸﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﯿﻐﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﺍﺯﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﮐﺎﺳــﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻫﻢ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺖ ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﮎﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻋﻠــﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺳــﺮﺩ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻫــﻮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠــﯽ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﯽﺍﻓﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖﮔﯿــﺮﯼ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺏ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﺪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺑﯽ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ 50‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ‬

‫ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺯﮔﯿﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻭﺧﺎﮎ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳــﻼﻣﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻮﯼ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۵‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﻚﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪HVAC water chillers and cooling towers :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺟﻤﻊﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨــﺪ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1‬ﺩﻓﻊ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﮐﻞ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫)ﺑﯽﺗﯽﯾﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗُﻦ(‬

‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺁﺏﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬ ‫)ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺗُﻦ(‬

‫ﻋــﺪﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺁﯾﯽ ﭼﯿﻠﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺑﯽ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﯾﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ 1‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟــﻪﯼ )‪) :(1‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ × ‪÷ (500‬ﮐﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ =‪Fcdw‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺣﺴــﺐ ﮔﺎﻟــﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﯿﻘــﻪ‬ ‫)‪Fcdw=(gpm‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪ +‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﯽﺗﯽ ﯾﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ )‪ = (Btu/hr‬ﮐﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻓﻊﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ )‪ = (F°‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘــﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻣــﺎﯼ ﺩﻓﻊﺷــﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ 1‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬

‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒ ًﺎ ‪ 20‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 50‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯﭼﯿﻠﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻤﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﺳﻨﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒ ًﺎ ‪ 20‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 50‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ )ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﯾﮑﺴــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒ ًﺎ ‪ 20‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 50‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﺳﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﻭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺰﻭ ﯾﮑﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﭼﯿﻠﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪(.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﯼ ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳــﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﯿﯿــﻦ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ )ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ (1‬ﮐــﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒــﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴـﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬

‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸﯽ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺧﻨﮏﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺎﺳــ ًﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬

‫ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺮﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻗﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺧﻨﮏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﮑﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻤﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﮑﻞ ﺟﺬﺑﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸـﯽ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸﯽ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﻓﻊ ﮔﺮﻣــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ 1‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۶‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮐﻢ‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﮔﺸــﺖ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﺁﺏ ﮔﺮﻡ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺘﮏﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﺯﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﺁﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﯾﮑﺴــﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬

‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ )ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﺁﺏﮔﺮﻡ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺮﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﯾﮑﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮐﻢ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻃﻮﺭﯼ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺁﺏ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫــﻢ ﮐﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ًﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷــﻮﺩ‬ ‫)ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺁﺏﺳﺮﺩ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﺮﮐﺮﻩﻫـﺎﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮐﺮﮐﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﺍﺳــﺎﺯ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﯿﻨﺪﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫● ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﯾﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﯾﮏ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﮐﻞ ﺩﻓﻊﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ )ﺑﻪﺟﺰ ﮐﺮﮐﺮﻩﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (1‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫● ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﯾــﮏ ﺯﺍﻭﯾﻪ ‪90‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭﯾﭽﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺸــﺘﺮﮎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺝﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺷــﯿﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ ﯾﺎ ﺷﯿﺮ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﮑﺸﯽ ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻓﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ )ﻫﺎﯼ( ﻫﻮﺍ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺝ )ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﯼ(‪.‬‬ ‫● ﻫﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﮑﺎﮎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸﯽ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‪ِ ،‬ﻫﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﮑﺸــﯽ ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ)ﻫﺎﯼ( ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺝ )ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ(‪.‬‬

‫● ﮐﻮﭼﮏﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻘﺴــﯿﻢ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬

‫● ﮐﺮﮐﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺗﯿﻐﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺷــﺶ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﺭ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺮﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﯾﮏ ﺯﺍﻭﯾﻪ ‪180‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺍﯼ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﯾﮏ ﺯﺍﻭﯾﻪ ‪90‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺍﯼ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ‬

‫● ِﻫﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧــﯽ ﺑﺮﺝﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۷‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﯾﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ‬

‫● ﺁﺏ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳــﻄﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ )ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﻭﺩﮐﺸﯽ(‪.‬‬

‫‪TA < TB‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺁﺏ <ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫● ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻓﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﮐﻞ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ‪TB‬‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ ‪TA‬‬

‫● ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯼ ﭘﺎﺷﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫● ‪ PH‬ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ )ﺍﺳﯿﺪﯼ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﯾﺎ ﻗﻠﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ(‪.‬‬ ‫● ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺧﺎﺭﺝﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ )ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯿﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ(‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺳــﺎﯾﮑﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﯾﺎ ﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺧﺸــﮏ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ )ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ( ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ )ﺭﻓﺖ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ(‪.‬‬ ‫● ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺁﺑﯽ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫● ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺧﺸــﮏ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃــﻮﺏ ﻣﺤﯿﻄــﯽ ﻫــﻮﺍﯼ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺑــﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ )ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﺪﻩﺁﻝ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺪﻩﺁﻝ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃــﻮﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺧﺸﮏ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪(.‬‬ ‫● ﺑــﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺩ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺳــﺎﺯﻩﺍﯼ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﻭﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾـﺮ )‪ (2‬ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺳـﻄﺤﯽ ﻭ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴـﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (2‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﻞ )ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ (2‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪:(2‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺣﺠﻢ ﮐﻞ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ )‪T= (°F‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙــﯽ ﻣﺨﻠــﻮﻁ ﻫﻮﺍ ‪ -‬ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺣﺠﻢ ﮐﻞ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺣﺴــﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﯽﺗﯽﯾﻮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﮏ =‪hw‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻫﻮﺍ ‪ -‬ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﯽﺗﯽ ﯾﻮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﮏ = ‪ha‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ = ‪KaV/L‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻮﺕﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ = ‪K‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻮﺕ = ‪a‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ = ‪v‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﻓﻮﺕﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ = ‪L‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏﮔﺮﻡ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ )‪T1= (°F‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻓﻊﺷــﺪﻩ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺟﺬﺏﺷــﺪﻩ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪) .‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪:(3‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪:(3‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ = ‪L/G‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙــﯽ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺑﺨــﺎﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ‪ -‬ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﯽﺗﯽﯾﻮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﮏ = ‪h1‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۸‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙــﯽ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺑﺨــﺎﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ‪ -‬ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ‬

‫‪ T1 .2‬ﻭ ‪ T2‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﯽﺗﯽ ﯾﻮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﮏ= ‪h2‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ .(3‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷــﮑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬ ‫‪ Twb‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﯽﺗﯽﯾﻮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﻧﺪﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﮏ = '‪c‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴــﻪ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ )‪ (CTI‬ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )‪ (2‬ﻭ )‪ (3‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝﻫــﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨــﺪﻩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋــﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺧﯿﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﺍ ّﻭﻟﯿﻪ =‪BC‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﻣﮑﻤﻞ ﭼﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﯼ ‪ CTI‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺷﯿﺐ ‪CD= L/G‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳــ ًﺎ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫=‪DEF‬‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔــﯽ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻫــﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺧــﻂ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﯼ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧــﺪﺍﺭﺩ )ﺑﻪﺟﺰ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺧــﺎﺹ(‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺩﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺣﺴــﺐ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺴــﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﻪ‬

‫ﮐﺎﻣ ً‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﯽ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ =‪ .ABC‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﻪ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ‪ CD‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨــﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋــﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮔــﯽ ﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓــﺰﺍﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﺭﺍﯾﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﯽ ﭼﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪°F‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪°F‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (3‬ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺧﺮﯾﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑــﻪ ‪ 0233/0‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋــﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺗﻮﮔﯽ ﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﯼ ﻓــﻮﻕ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑــﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ‪ 013/0‬ﭘﻮﻧــﺪ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﯼ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮﺷــﺪﻩ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ‪ 85‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺝﻫــﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﺑــﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞﺿــﺮﺏ ‪ 013/0‬ﭘﻮﻧــﺪ ﺩﺭ ‪ 1045‬ﺑﯽﺗﯽﯾﻮ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﭼﺎﺭﺕ ﺳــﺎﯾﮑﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ (4‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﭘﻮﻧــﺪ ﯾﺎ ‪ 13.6‬ﺑﯽﺗﯽﯾﻮ ﯾﺎ ‪ 91‬ﺩﺭﺻــﺪ ﮐﻞ ‪ 15‬ﺑﯽﺗﯽﯾﻮﯼ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﺏ )ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (L/G=1‬ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻤﺘﺪ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺗﺎ ‪ 15‬ﺩﺭﺟــﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪ 78‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺧﺸﮏ ﻭ ‪ 50‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬

‫ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗــﺎ ‪ 3.3‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾــﺖ )ﺍﺯ ‪ 78‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ 81.3‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ 1‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺷــﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺑــﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺩﺭﺁﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ 2‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬

‫ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﯾﮏ ﺳــﺮﯼ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﯽ ﻫــﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ‪ 30.1‬ﺑﻪ ‪ 45.1‬ﺑﯽﺗﯽﯾﻮ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺸﮏ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ‪ 15‬ﺑﯽﺗﯽ ﯾﻮ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﯾﮏ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﭼﻪﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺭﺥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ؟ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ ،3‬ﺳــﻪ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑــﺖ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﯾــﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﻫــﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0/0103‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 14.699‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻨﭻﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (4‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ ‪ -‬ﺁﺏ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﺭﻟﯽ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۰‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ )ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ(‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑــﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻭﯾﮋﮔــﯽ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫــﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌــﺮﺽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ؛ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻧﺎﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺑﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻓﻊﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾـﺮ )‪ (5‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﻣـﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣـﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳـﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃـﻮﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃــﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﯾﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﺠــﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ )ﺗﺼﺎﻭﯾﺮ ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ ‪.(7‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼ ًﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ًﺎ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ 7‬ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫‪(GPM‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﮔﺎﻟﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ))‪GPM‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (6‬ﻭﺍﺭﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ (8‬ﻭ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻓﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ /‬ﺁﺏ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ ﺑﻪﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺻﻠﯿﺒﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺯﺍﻭﯾﻪ ‪ 90‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕــﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬

‫‪((GPM‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﮔﺎﻟﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ))‪GPM‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (7‬ﻭﺍﺭﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۱‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ /‬ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺻﻠﯿﺒﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺘﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻓﻦﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (8‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻓﻦ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﯿﻤﻮﺭ »ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﮑﺶﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ« ﯾﺎ »ﻭﻧﺘﻮﺭﯼ« ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﻓﻦﻫﺎﯾﺶ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻫﺪﺍﯾــﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ .(9‬ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ‬

‫ﻓﻦ)ﻫﺎ( ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﻫــﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺗﺤﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ »ﻭﻧﺘﻮﺭﯼ« ﭘﺎﺷﯿﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﮑﺶﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻦ)ﻫﺎ(‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻠﻮﯾﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﭘﺮﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻭﻧﺘﻮﺭﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﮐﻢ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۲‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻫﻮﺍ ‪ /‬ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﻫﻢﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻫﯿﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﺷﺸﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﮐﺮﮐﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﺩﯼ‬

‫ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﻫﮏ‬

‫ﮐﻢ ﻭ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﯾﯽ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻓﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺭﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﻭﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﯼ ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ 9‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺑـﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ »ﻭﻧﺘﻮﺭﯼ« ﯾﺎ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﮑﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺧــﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺟﺰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۳‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﻯ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪The Practical Pumping Handbook :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ‪ 1‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝﺗﺮ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ BS‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛‬

‫ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﮐﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﮑﺎﮎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﻭ‬

‫ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ ANSI‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﯽ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‪ 2‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ »ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ‪ API‬ﻭ ‪ ANSI‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿــﺐ ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻠﯽ ﺍﻣﺮﯾــﮑﺎ )‪ «(ANSI12‬ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﻃﯽ ﺳــﺎﻟﯿﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷــﺘﻪ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﻣــﮑﺎﻥ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑــﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫‪ API‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪API 610‬‬

‫ﺑــﺮ ﻣﺒﻨــﺎﯼ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ ANSI‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺍﻧــﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫»ﻣﻮﺳﺴــﻪﯼ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ) ‪ «(API‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﺰﻟــﻪﯼ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪80‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣــﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣــﯽ ﭘﺎﻻﯾﺸــﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﮑﺸــﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬

‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ ﺑــﺎ ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬

‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑــﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﮐﻢ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﯾﺖﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ ANSI‬ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﻃﺒــﻖ‬

‫ﺑﯿﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ‪ ،ISO‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ DIN‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‪ 3‬ﻭ ﺗﮏﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﯼ‪ 4‬ﻭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﮑﺸﯽ‬

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‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨــﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

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‫‪14‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،7‬ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ )ﭼﺸﻤﯽ(‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧــﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﮐــﺰﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠــﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﭘﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﺧﯿﺪﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ‪ 8‬ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﭘﺮﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ‪ 9‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸﯽ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ‪ 10‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ‪ 11‬ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿــﺎﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (1‬ﻃﺮﺣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﯼ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ANSI‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۴‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﻩﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ‬

‫● ﺩﻭﻏﺎﺏﻫﺎ؛‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺁﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻼﯾﻢ( ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺯﯾﺴﺖ‬

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‫ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺿﺮﺭﯼ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ‬

‫ﭘﻤــﭗ ‪ ،API‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎ ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻔﺘﯽ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑــﻮﻁ ﺑــﻪ ﭘﺎﻻﯾــﺶ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﯼ ﺳﺒﮏ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺸــﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ‬

‫ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﻭﺍﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﯿﻤﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ ﻭ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺯﯾــﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿــﺮﻭﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺷــﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ‪ ،‬ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺒﮏ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﯾﻊﻫﺎﯼ ﺳــﻤﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺷــﺪﻥ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿــﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣــﺖ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺷــﮑﻞ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻭ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺟﻮﯼ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪﮔــﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﮑــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺷــﮑﻞ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ ﻏﻠﯿﻆ ﯾﺎ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﮕﯽ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ‪ API‬ﺑﺮﺧــﯽ ﺍﻧــﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑــﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﻤــﻮﺩﯼ‪ 15‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﯿﺪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽﺍﯼ ﺍﺷــﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ ‪ API‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻗﻮﯼ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻗﻠﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺍﮐﺴــﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌــﺮﺽ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫــﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬

‫ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺗﻮﺩﻩﯼ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺳــﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﯿــﺮ ﻭ ﻧﮕــﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺯﯾﺴــﺖ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﺨﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺯﯾﺎﻥﺁﻭﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ؛ ﺣﺘﯽ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ﺗﮏﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺷــﺪﺕ ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ﻭ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺯﯾﺎﻥﺁﻭﺭﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﺗﺶ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻭﺗﮑﻪ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﯿﺎﻻﺕ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﯿــﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ‪ ANSI‬ﻭ ‪ API‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‪ 61‬ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩ‪،‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳــﯿﺐﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻏﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﻧــﮑﺎﺕ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮﯼ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﻪﺩﺳــﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻏــﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨــﺎﺏ ﭘﻤــﭗ ‪ ANSI‬ﻭ ﭘﻤــﭗ ‪API‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﯼ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿــﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪= ANSI‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ 300psig‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪300°F‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿــﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﺪﻧــﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪= API‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ 750psig‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪500°F‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺳــﯿﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻥ )ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ‪ 18‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﯾﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﯼ‬

‫‪ API‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﯽﮐﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫‪ ANSI‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳــﯿﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﯼ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫● ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎ؛‬ ‫● ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ؛‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (2‬ﻃﺮﺣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﯼ ‪API‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۵‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻔــﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﺁﻥﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

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‫ﻫــﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧــﻮﻉ ﭘﻤــﭗ ‪ ANSI‬ﻭ ‪API‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺩﻭﺗﮑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷــﻌﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ﮐﻮﭼــﮏ ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﯾﮑﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﺴــﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﯾﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭﻩﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﺻــﺪﻕ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‪ 20‬ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (3‬ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿــﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮐﺎﻣــﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴــﻪﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‪ ،‬ﮐﻤــﯽ ﺍﻧﺤــﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺷــﺪﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﻩﯼ ﺩﺍﺧﻠــﯽ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﻩﯼ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪﯼ ﺑــﺮﺵ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‪ 21‬ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩﻩﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩﯼ ﺑﻬﯿﻨــﻪ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬

‫ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﻫﺶ‪ 22‬ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‬

‫ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺠــﺪﺩﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬــﺖ‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻑ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳــﺎﻋﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﮑﻞ‬

‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺭﭘﯿﭻ ﺑﺪﻧــﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺠﯽ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸــﮑﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧــﻪ ﻣﯽﭼﺮﺧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑــﺎ ﺧﻤﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﺤــﻮﺭ‪ 28‬ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﯼ‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑــﺮ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﯾﺎﺩﺷــﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷــﮑﻞ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﯽ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭﺳــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳــﺘﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻪﻓــﺮﺩ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪﯼ ﺑﺮﺵ‬

‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭﯼ ﻏﯿﺮﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒــﺎ ‪60‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧــﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭﯼ‪ 23‬ﺣــﻮﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺯﺍﻭﯾﻪﺍﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺷــﻔﺖ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ 24‬ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ‪API‬‬

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‫ﺑــﺎ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧــﯽ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧــﻪ ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﻭ‬

‫ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺧﯿﺮ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﭼﺸــﻢﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﺷــﺪﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﺑــﺎ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺯﯾــﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪.(4‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (3‬ﻃﺮﺣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﺗﮑﯽ‬

‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻨﺜﯽﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬

‫ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ 26‬ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑــﻞ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﯾــﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﮐﻤــﯽ ﮐﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴــﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻬﯿﻨــﻪ )‪ (BEP27‬ﻣﻘــﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑــﺎﺭ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺩﺳــﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۶‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (4‬ﻃﺮﺣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﮑــﯽ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫــﺎﯼ ﺑﺪﻧــﻪﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾـﺮ )‪ (7‬ﻃﺮﺣـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ‪ ،API‬ﺁﺭﺍﯾــﺶ ﻣﮑــﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ 30‬ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (5‬ﻃﺮﺣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺧﻄﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﯼ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗــﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻄــﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻄﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ‪ ،31‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺰﯾﺖ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﯿﻦ ﮐﺎﺳﻪﻧﻤﺪ‬

‫ﻣﮑﺶ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﻓﻀــﺎﯼ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺳــﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﻭ ﮐﻮﭘﻠﯿﻨﮓ ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﯼ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻄﯽ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﻇﺎﻫــﺮﯼ ﺧﻄﯽ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﯿﺐ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ‬

‫ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﯿﻮﻩ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ »ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﯼ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﮑﺸــﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﭘﻤﭗ« ﻻﺯﻡ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗــﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤــﻮﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼــﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ NPSH32‬ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﻓــﺎ ﺭﻭﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﻣﺪﻭﺭ ﺑــﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪(5‬‬

‫ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺴﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ‪ NPSH‬ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﮑﺸﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻣﺪﻝﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ‪،‬‬

‫‪34‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪63‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻄﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬

‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻄﮑﺎﮐــﯽ‪ 33‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﯿﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﯿﭻ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﻠﻨﺞ ﺳﻤﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻫﻢﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ‬

‫ﻣﮑﺶ ﺗــﺎ ﻣﺮﮐــﺰ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘــﺪﺍﺭ ‪NPSH‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ‬ ‫‪37‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘــﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻄــﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴــﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄــﯽ ﻣﺰﯾﺖ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﯿﻨــﯽ ﻋﻤــﻮﺩﯼ‪،38‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺧــﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻬــﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺬﻑ‬

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‫ﭘﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺭﺍﯾﺸﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪،‬‬

‫ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻧﺪﺍﺳــﯿﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺳــﯽﺭﯾﺰﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺯﻣﯿــﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻫــﺶ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾـﺮ )‪ (6‬ﻃﺮﺣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻧـﻪﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻧــﻮﻉ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﮐــﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺑــﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺪﻧــﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺭﺳــﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۷‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺁﻣــﺪﻥ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺑﯿﺶﺍﺯﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤــﭗ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺮﮎﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ‬

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‫ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﺼﻮﯾــﺮ )‪ (9‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ‪،API‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﭘﺸﺘﯽ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻭﺍﺷــﺮ ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﯼ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭﯼ‪ 54‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤــﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺗﺼــﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻠﺰﺑﻪﻓﻠــﺰ‬

‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿــﺐ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﭘﺸــﺘﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺮﺟﺎﯼ ﻧﻤﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (8‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‪/‬ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ‪ANSI‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ‪ ANSI‬ﻭ ‪،API‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‪ 46‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫‪ ANSI‬ﺭﻭﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﺯﯾﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺑﯿــﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺳــﯽ‪ 47‬ﭘﻤــﭗ ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺳــﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻨﺒﺴــﻂ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ‪ 48‬ﺷــﺪﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‬

‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔــﺬﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫــﺎﯼ ﮐﻢ ﺑﻪﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﻧﺒــﻮﺩ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺗﯽ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (9‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪ API‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ‪ /‬ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬

‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻮﯼ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ‪API‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﯼ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ‪ ANSI‬ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺍﺷﺮ ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﺸﺘﯽ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘــﻪﯼ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﯾﺎ ﺑــﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻫﺶ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﯽﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﭼﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺳــﯽ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨــﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﺸﺘﯽ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻧــﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﯿﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﺟﻔﺖﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‪،43‬‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ‪ API‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯽ ﺭﺍ‬

‫‪ API‬ﻭ ‪ ANSI‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺤﮑﻢﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺸــﺘﯽ‪ 40‬ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﺑــﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﺤﮑﻢﻧﺸﺪﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (8‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﭘﯿﭻ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺒﺴــﺎﻁ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫‪42‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺯﯾﺮﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﭻ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ‬

۴۳ ‫ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬- ۱۸ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

29. Reliability 30. Top Suction / Top Discharge Arrangement 31. Inline Vertical Pumps 32. Net Positive Suction Head 33. Friction Losses 34. Stuffing Box 35. Coupling 36. Diffuser Casings 37. Multistage Pumps 38. Vertical Turbine Pump 39. Diffuser Vanes 40. Back Cover 41. Gasket 42. Bearing Frame Adaptor 43. Mating Faces 44. Fracture 45. Compression Gasket 46. Mounting Feet 47. Baseplate 48. Thermal Stresses 49. Cooling Jackets

...‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬

4. Single Stage 5. End Suction Pumps 6. Impeller 7. Pump Volute 8. Centrifugal Force 9. Fluid Discharge 10. Volute Casing 11. Pressure Energy 12. American National Standards Institute 13. American Petroleum Institute 14. Chemical Process Applications 15. Vertical Shaft 16. Design Pressure 17. Slurries 18. Operating Conditions 19. Pump Case 20. Flow Rate 21. Cut-Water 22. Discharge Rate 23. Thrust Loads 24. Pump Shaft 25. Bearings 26. Resultant Unbalanced Loads 27. Best Efficiency Point 28. Shaft Deflection

‫ﻓﻠﺰﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﯾﺎﺩﺷــﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ‬ .‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ‬API ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿــﺖ ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫــﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮐــﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ‬ .‫ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬،‫ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﯽ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ‬ANSI ‫ﺑــﺎ ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺘﺤﮑﻢﺗﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ‬49‫ﻣﺴــﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨــﺪﻩ‬ .‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﭘﯽﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬ 1. Pump 2. System Operating Pressures 3. Centrifugal Pump

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪HVAC design manual for hospitals and clinics :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ‬

‫ﺭﻓــﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﯿﻄــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﺩﻣﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺁﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒــﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠــﺰﻡ ﺑــﻪ ﺭﻓــﻊ‬

‫ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ‬

‫● ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺧﻄـﺮ‪ :‬ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻮﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﻃﺒﯽ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺁﺳــﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ‪،‬‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺟﻬﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻠﮑــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺴــﻬﯿﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨــﺪ ﺑﻬﺒــﻮﺩﯼ ﻧﯿﺰ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻫﯿﭻ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑــﺮﺩ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺁﺳــﻮﺩﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﯾﻊﺗﺮ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨــﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖﻭﺳــﺎﺯ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑــﻪ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﯿــﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﺬﻑ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳــﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻣﺎﮐــﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺧــﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺭﻗﯿﻖﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻭ ﺳــﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﭘﺸــﺘﯿﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﯿﻔــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻇﺎﯾﻒ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺗﺎ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺯﯾﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﺗﮑﺎ‪،‬‬

‫● ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻃﺒﯽ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸــﺨﯿﺺ ﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻃﯿﻔﯽ‬

‫ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﺴــﺒﺘﺎ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ‬

‫ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯﯼ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺩ ﺳﻬﯿﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻧﯿﮏ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻭﺩ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺖﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

‫)ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼﺯﺍ( ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﺗﺮﯾــﺎ )ﺍﯾﻮﺍﻥ( ﯾﺎ ﺩﺭﯾﭽﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﭼﺎﻟﺸﯽ‬

‫ﻧﯿــﺎﺯ ﺑــﻪ ﺭﻭﯾﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﺳــﺨﺖﮔﯿﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻪﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟــﯽ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪﺍﯼ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﯾﮑــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻭ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻃﺒﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺜــﯽ ﺧﻼﺻــﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺼــﻮﺹ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺍﯾﻤﻨـﯽ ﺟﺎﻧـﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﯽ‬

‫● ﮐﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﻣﺤﯿﻄـﯽ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺟــﺮﺍ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻭ‬

‫ﻃﺒﯽ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﻧــﻮﺍﻉ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﯾــﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﯿﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪،‬‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﻣﮑﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬

‫ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﻭ‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪﺍﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۰‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺷــﻌﻪ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑــﺎ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍﯾﺠــﺎﺩ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﯿــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑــﻪ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﺧﻄــﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﯾﺴــﺘﯽ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺿﻌﯿﻒﺷﺪﻩ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨـﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺎﺳـﯽ ﺍﻣﺎﮐـﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒـﺖ‬

‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬

‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻐﺰﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ( ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳــﺘﺎﻧﯽ )ﺍﺧﺬﺷــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎ( ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭﯼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔــﯽ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ )ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ( ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﯾﺎ ﺁﺳــﯿﺐ ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻃﯿﻒ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛‬

‫ﺑﻪﻫﺮﺣــﺎﻝ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺷــﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫● ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺴــﺮﯼ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺼﺒﻪ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﯾــﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫ﺁﺑﻠﻪﻣﺮﻏــﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻋﻤــﻮﻡ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﮎ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﯾــﮏ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻃﺒﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑــﻊ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﻃﺒﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻧﯿﮏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴــﺮﯼ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧــﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ‬

‫ﺭﻧــﺞ ﻣﯽﺑــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾــﻦ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬

‫ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬

‫ﮐﺸــﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘــﻮﻩ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺏﻫــﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﻗــﻞ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫــﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﯾــﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﺴــﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄــﺮ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺑﻪﺳــﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻃﯿﻔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﺮﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻟــﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺜﯿﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺭﺷــﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛــﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣــﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ‬

‫ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﻤﮑــﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺩﻭ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻧﺴــﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬

‫ﺯﯾﺴﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬

‫ﺁﻧﭽــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟــﯽ ﺩﯾﺪﻩ‬

‫)ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻠﻊ( ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻭ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ ﻣﺎﻫﯿــﺖ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢ ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﯽ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓــﯽ ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺯﯾﺴــﺘﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌــﺮﺽ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﯾﺎ ﺣﯿــﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺷــﺪﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﻣﺴــﺘﻌﺪ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫــﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ‬

‫● ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑــﺎ ﺯﺧﻢﻫــﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺯﺧﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬

‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ؛ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﯽ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﺪﻥ )ﺩﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼﺸــﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ‪ (...‬ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺏﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺷــﺤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﺯﺩﺍﯾﯽ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺘﯽ‬

‫ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﻓــﻆ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬

‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻄﺴــﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺳــﺮﻓﻪ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﯽﻫﻮﺷــﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﯾﺎ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺷﯿﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ ﺗﻤــﺎﺱ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬

‫ﮔﺎﺯﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﺣﺘــﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼﻫــﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬

‫● ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧــﯽ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﯽ‬

‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﯿﺐ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺴــﺘﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﺗﻀﻌﯿﻒ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫● ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﺩﺳـﺘﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑــﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﻓﺘــﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫــﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ )ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﯼ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۱‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺁﻟــﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‪(...‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﻪﻧﺸﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﻪﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺭﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢ‬

‫ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﭘﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﯾﺎ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻄﺴﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ‪ 100000‬ﺫﺭﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬

‫● ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺮﻓﻪﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﯽ ﺁﻥ‪ :‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺍﻣﺮﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ‪ 10000‬ﺫﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﮑــﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺷــﺶ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫● ﻋﻄﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ ﮔﻔﺖﻭﮔﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ‬

‫ﻗﻄــﺮﺍﺕ ﺧــﻮﻥ ﺁﻟــﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﯾــﮏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺘـﻼ‪ :‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺫﺭﺍﺗﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺳــﺒﮏ‬

‫● ﺗﺰﺭﯾـﻖ ﺳـﺮﻧﮓ‪ :‬ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﯾــﮏ‬

‫ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫــﻮﺍ ﻣﻌﻠــﻖ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺳــﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﮐﻨﻨــﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﺪﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﯽ ﺳﺮﻧﮕﯽ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺴــﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ ﭘﺨﺶ‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺭﺥ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﯽﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻫﻮﺍﯾــﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺗﻌﻠﯿـﻖ‬

‫ﻣﺠـﺪﺩ‬

‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺏﻫـﺎﯼ‬

‫● ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺣﺸـﺮﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬

‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﯾــﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺟــﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﻢ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺶ ﯾﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ‬

‫)‪ 5-1‬ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﻥ( ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸــﺨﯿﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺒـﻮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﻃﺒﯿﻌـﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ )ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺷــﺤﺎﺕ ﺣﯿﻮﺍﻧﯽ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﯽﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺏﻫﺎ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻭﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﻭ‪ (...‬ﺑﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﯾﺎ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳــﺎﺯﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﯽ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﮒﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﯾﺮﻭﺱﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺧﺎﮐﺮﻭﺑﻪ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣــﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺛﺎﺛﯿﻪ )ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻏﺬﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻋــﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﺗﺨﺖﻫﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ‬

‫● ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﺑـﺎ ﻗﻄـﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﯾـﻊ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﯽ‬

‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﮐﺶ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻪﻧﺸــﯿﻦ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺱ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻄﺴـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻓﻪ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺜــﻼ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﻼﺯﻣﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﮔﻔﺖﻭﮔﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺴـﺮﯼ‪ :‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺁﻟــﯽ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮﺁﻟــﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺗﺐﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺧﺘﺨــﻮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻗﻄــﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺟــﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬

‫ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﺮﻩﺍﯼ ﮐــﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 5‬ﻣﯿﮑــﺮﻭﻥ( ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎ‬

‫● ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻖ ﻗﻄـﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺳﺮﺩﻭﺷﯽ‪ ،‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖﺯﻥ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﻪﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮﯼ )ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐــﻦ(‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻖ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿــﻦ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﯾﺎ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪﺷﮑﺎﻓﯽ‬ ‫ﺭﺥ ﺩﻫﺪ؛ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺵ ﯾﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﺮﻗﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺣﻤـﻞ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧــﺮﺥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪1000‬‬ ‫ﺗﮑﻪ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ )ﻫﺎﻣﺒﺮﻭﺱ ‪.(1988‬‬ ‫● ﺗﺸـﺪﯾﺪ )ﺑﺎﺯﺳـﺎﺯﯼ( ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿـﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‪ :‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻃﻮﺑــﺖ ﻭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۲‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﺩﻭﻏﺒــﺎﺭ ﺟﻤــﻊ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷــﯿﻮﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬

‫ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺒــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘــﻦ‬

‫ﺳــﯿﻨﯽ ﻗﻄﺮﻩﮔﯿﺮ ﮐﻮﯾﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﺳﺨﺖﮔﯿﺮﺍﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﺒﺎﺱﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﻃــﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻋﺎﯾﻖﻫــﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺭﻋﺎﯾــﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﯾﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺮﻧﮓﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻻﺕ ﺧﻮﻧﯽ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﯾﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷــﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﯽ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﺷــﻬﺮﯼ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﮔــﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣــﺎﺕ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﮐﻠــﯽ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﻤﯿﺴــﯿﻮﻥ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﯽ ﺗﺎﻣﯿــﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ )‪(JCAHO‬‬

‫● ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﺗــﺎﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿــﻦ ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸــﺨﯿﺺ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒــﺎﻥ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻭ‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ ﺭﻭﺵﻫــﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤــﯽ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﻭﺯ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟــﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒــﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﻌــﺪﺍﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥﻫــﺎ ﺳــﻄﻮﺣﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺯ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ )ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧـﯽ ﺭﻭﺵﻫـﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ( ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌــﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﯽ ﯾــﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫● ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﺑــﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﺠــﻢ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﭘﺰﺷــﮑﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺸــﺨﯿﺺ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪﻫــﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﯿــﺎﺕ ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﯾﻠﯿﺰﻩﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﺯﺩﺍﯾﯽ‬

‫‪ CDC‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷــﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ‬

‫ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧــﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺑﺘﻼﯼ ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﺍﯾﻨﮑــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈــﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ‪ CDC‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﮐﻠﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺑﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﯿﻠﻮﺱ ﯾﺎ ﻭﯾﺮﻭﺱ ﺍﺑﻮﻻ ‪ 0.1‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﯾﮏ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ( ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ‬

‫● ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﺸﻮﯾﯽ ﻭ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫــﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺠﻢﻫــﺎﯼ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺳــﺖﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﺍﺳــﺖ؛ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﮐﻨﻨــﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺧﺪﻣــﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒــﺖ‬

‫ﺧــﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠــﻪ ﮐﺸــﻨﺪﻩﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﻼ ﻧﯿﺰ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬

‫● ﭘﯿﺶﺑﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ ﭘﻮﺷــﺶﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﯾﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﺳﮏﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ ﻭ ﭘﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺏ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮑﺶﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﭘﺮﺳــﻨﻞ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﯾﮑﺮﺩ ﮐﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼــﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒــﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﯿــﻒ ﻭﺳــﯿﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ‬ ‫ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﯽ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﯽﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺗﮑﻨﯿــﮏ ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﯾﻞﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﯿــﮏ‬ ‫ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻃــﻮﻝ ﻋﻤــﻞ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ ﺭﻭﺵﻫــﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤــﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺭﻭﯾﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﻟﺘــﯽ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘــﯽ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫ﺭﻭﯾﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺎﺯﯼ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽﺳﺎﺯﯼ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﺧﺘﺸــﻮﯾﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﺯﺩﺍﯾــﯽ‬

‫ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﻤﯿﺰﮐﺎﺭﯼﻫــﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﮐــﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒــﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺭﻋﺎﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺵﮐﺎﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻃــﻮﺭﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧــﻞ ﺭﻓﺖﻭﺁﻣﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﻭ ﮐﺜﯿﻒ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۳‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺳــﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰﺍﯾــﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﮕﻬــﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻮﮎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﺴﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﯿﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿــﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺨــﺶ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻌﯿﻒﺷــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﻟــﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺑﺴــﺘﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﺬﻑ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ )ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﯾﭽﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ )ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ(‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌــﺮﺽ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫــﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯾــﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺩﻣــﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ ﻣﺤﯿــﻂ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﻄﯿﺮ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺑﯽ‪ ،‬ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﮑﺲ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾــﮏ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﮐﻪ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾـﻪ ﮐﺎﻫـﺶ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ )‪Dilution‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫‪ :(ventilation‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﯽﺷﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪ ﮐﻢﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﺑﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻀــﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻧﯽ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻟــﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯿﺖﻫــﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠــﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐــﻪ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭﺍﯾﯽ ﺑﻪﻃــﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧــﺮﺥ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫــﻮﺍﯼ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﻬــﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻤﻨــﯽ ﺑﺪﻥ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺯﯾﺴــﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﻬﺮﺳــﺖ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺳﻌﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﻬــﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﮐﻠﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺳــﯿﻢ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑــﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻄــﺮ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻞ ﻓﻀﺎﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫــﺎﯼ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻓﻌــﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﻃﺒــﯽ ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻭ‬

‫ﭼﻬــﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺁﺧــﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﯿــﻪ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﮔﯽ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺟﻬــﺖﺩﺍﺭ )ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﮐﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ )ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ( ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺷــﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﻟﯿــﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ( ﻭ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﻭ‬

‫ﺷــﻮﺩ ﯾــﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗــﺎﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑــﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸــﺘﯽ )ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۴‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ( ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‬

‫ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﺭﺳــﯿﺪﻥ ﺑــﻪ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ )‪Directional‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬

‫‪ :(airflow‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺗــﺎﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯾــﯽ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﺍﻗــﻞ )‪75cfm (35L/s‬‬

‫ﺧــﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪﻃــﻮﺭ ﯾﮏﺟﻬﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻀﺎ‬

‫ﯾــﺎ ﺍﺧﺘــﻼﻑ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ‪0.01 in.w.g.‬‬

‫ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﯿــﻪ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ‬

‫)ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ( ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬

‫)‪ (2.5Pa‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﯼ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬

‫ﻣــﯽﺭﻭﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺳــﺎﺯﯼ‬

‫● ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﯽ )‪plug‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎ ﭘﺨﺶ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺍﺳــﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺟﻬــﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﻫﻮﺍ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧــﻞ ﯾﺎ ﺧــﺎﺭﺝ ﯾــﮏ ﻓﻀــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎ‬

‫ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﯾــﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﺼــﻞ ﺑــﻪ ﺁﻥ‪ .‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺭﻓﺖ‪/‬‬

‫ﺟﻬــﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸــﺘﯽ‪/‬ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﯾﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑــﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﺑﻨﺪﯼ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﯾﮑﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺧــﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻀﺎ )ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﯾﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺵ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (flow‬ﯾــﺎ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻻﯾــﻪﺍﯼ )‪laminar‬‬ ‫‪ (flow‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺣــﺪ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺑــﺎ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿــﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﯾﻔﯿﻮﺯﺭﻫــﺎﯼ ﺭﻓــﺖ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏﺟﻬﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈــﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﭼﯿﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷﻮﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺣــﺬﻑ ﮐﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﯾﺎ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸــﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤــﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﺩﺭﯾﭽﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺭﻓــﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﮔﺸــﺖ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺛــﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯼ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﺭﻓﺘــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﮐﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸــﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺑﯿﻨﺖﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻤﻨــﯽ‬ ‫ﺯﯾﺴﺘﯽ )‪ (biosafety cabinet‬ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺳــﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺴــﺒﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ )ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻ ﺣــﺪﻭﺩ ‪100fpm‬‬ ‫)‪ ((0.5m/s‬ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺪ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫــﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺗﻨﻔﺴــﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﯿﻖﺗــﺮ ﺍﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻃﺒــﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸــﺮﯾﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻠــﯽ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۵‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻔﯿـﻪ ﭘﺮﺑـﺎﺯﺩﻩ )‪High efficiency‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴـﺒﯽ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘـﻮﻩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺑﻪﭼﻨﺪﯾـﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺎﺛﯿـﺮ‬

‫‪ ،(filtration‬ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﺍﻋﻈﻢ‬

‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺍﻓﮑﻨﯽ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺏﮐﺸﯽ ﻣﺎﻭﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻔﺶ‬

‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫــﻮﺍﯼ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪﺷــﺪﻩ‬

‫)‪ (UVGI‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻓﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺏﮐﺸــﯽ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬

‫● ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎﺕ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫● ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧــﺮﺥ ﺩﻭﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﻤﯽ ‪ 90%-95%‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬

‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺴــﺖ ﻟﮑﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻭﻏﺒﺎﺭ )ﺩﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫‪ UVGI‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ‪-270‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖﻫــﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﭙﺎﺕ( )‪ 99.9% (ASHRAE‬ﺍﺯ‬

‫‪ 200‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﯽ )‪ (RH‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺪﺕﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺷــﺪﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ )ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﻭﯾﺮﻭﺱ‪،‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻫــﺎﮒ( ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺯﯾﺴــﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺭﻓﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷــﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻣــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﯾﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺑــﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﯽﺷــﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ ‪ 70%-40 RH‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫● ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮ ﻫﭙﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ‪،97.99%‬‬

‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﮐﺸﯽﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻓﻦﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺯﯾﺴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺫﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪UV‬ﭘﮑﯿﺞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﯿﺪﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫● ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 0.3‬ﻣﯿﮑــﺮﻭﻥ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‬

‫‪ UVGI‬ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳــﻂ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺗﻪﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧــﯽ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿــﻦ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﭘﯿﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ؛ ﯾﮑﯽ‬

‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺍﻓﺸــﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﯾﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ‬

‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺘﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯼ ﻭ ﮐﭙﮏ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﮎ‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﭙﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺸــﮏ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻡ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﻭﯾﺮﻭﺱﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺴــﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺨﺸــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫــﺎﯼ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.01‬ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ‪ UVGI‬ﺳﻄﻮﺡ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺫﺭﺍﺗﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺳــﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﮐﻠﯽ‪،‬‬

‫)ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ( ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ‪ UVGI‬ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺑﻪﻃــﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗــﺮ ﻣﺘﺼــﻞ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﯿــﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﯾﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ؛ ﮔﺮﺩﻭﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧــﯽ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻻﻣﭗ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﻣﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﺳــﻮﺧﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻝﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺤــﺮﮎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻓﯿﻠﺘــﺮ ﻫﭙﺎ‪/‬ﻓــﻦ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾــﻦ‪ UVGI ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣــﯽ ﮐــﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸــﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ‪ 70%‬ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻣﺤﯿــﻂ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍﯾــﯽ ﮐﻤﺘــﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑــﻪ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺩﻻﯾﻞ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻻﯾﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺮﮐــﺰﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ )ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ( ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ‪ UVGI‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﯾــﺾ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀــﺎ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ‬

‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ )ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﻫﭙﺎ( ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭﺍﯾﯽ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﻟﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺷﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺏﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﻣﯽﭘﺬﯾﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﮏﺷــﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺷــﺶﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﯽ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﯽ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﺣﺒﺲﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﺲﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺒــﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺭﯾﻪ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺩﻣﺎﻫــﺎﯼ ﺑــﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫــﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻞ ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪60%‬‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺧــﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﺑﺘــﻼ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪...‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۶‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪HVAC troubleshooting guide, c2009 :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷــﺪﻩ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﻫﻠﻪﯼ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻧﻮﻉ‬

‫ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﮑﻨﺴﯿﻦﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﭼﺴــﺒﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﻣﺸــﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ‬

‫ﮐﺸﺸﯽ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﮔﯿﺮﻩ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺴــﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﺲ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺒﺎﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻖ ﻏﻮﻃﻪﻭﺭﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳــﻨﺎﺩ ﻓﻨﯽ ﺩﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺭﯾﺨﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﯾﻨﭻ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸﯽ ‪6‬‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻓﻮﺗﯽ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻃﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‬

‫ﮐﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻏﻮﻃﻪﻭﺭﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻖ‬

‫ﺍﻣــﮑﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﯾــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻫﻨــﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺍﻣﺮﯼ ﺣﺎﯾﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺍﯾﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﯿﺸــﻪﺍﯼ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻏﻔﻠﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺟﯿﺒﯽ‬

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‫ﻣﺘﺼــﺪﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤــﻞ ﺩﺭﭘﻮﺵ ﮐﻮﺭﻩ‬

‫● ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻠﺰﯼ‬

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‫● ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞ‬

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‫● ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﯽ‬

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‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺟﯿﺒﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﯿﭻﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻌﺸــﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﻫﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴــﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺟﯿﺒﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﺒﺴــﺎﻁ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬

‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺷﯿﺸﻪﺍﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﯿﻮﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﯿﺰﯼﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻤﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿــﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫــﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﯾﺎ ﺧﺸﮏ ﻫﻢ‬

‫ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺣﻼﻝﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﮑﺸــﺪ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺷﯿﺸــﻪﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﻫﯽ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۷‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺪﯾﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﮎﺧــﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺴــﻔﺮ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﺟﯿﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﯼ ﻧﻤﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺟﯿﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻫــﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﮎﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﯿﻮﻩ ﺫﺧﯿﺮﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﯾﺦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺫﺧﯿﺮﻩ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﯾﺦ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻤﮏ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺠﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻗﻄﻌﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻏﺬ ﯾﺎ ﭘﺎﺭﭼﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺁﻫﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻪ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺰﻧﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﭘﺪﯾﺪﻩ ﺗﺮﮎﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﺟﯿﻮﻩ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮑﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﯽﻣﺘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻘﺮﺑــﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ ﺳــﯿﻢﭘﯿﭻﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯽﻣﺘﺎﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺟﯿﺒﯽ ﺩﯾﺠﯿﺘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ ﻟﻮﻻﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﯽ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮ ﮐﺮﻭﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (1‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻ‬

‫ﺟﯿﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﯾﺎ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ‪ .(3‬ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﺣﺲﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﻓﻠﺰﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮﻃﻪﻭﺭ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﮐﻮﭼﮑــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳــﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻋﻼﻣﺖﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾــﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿــﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﻫــﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 1000‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ )‪ 537/8‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳــﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮﺍﺩ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳــﺘﺮﺱ‬

‫● ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺷﯿﺸﻪﺍﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏﺷــﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮﺍﺩ )ﺳﻠﺴﯿﻮﺱ( ﻭ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯽﻣﺘــﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﯼ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥﺑﻪﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺎ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ!‬

‫ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺟﻌﺒﻪﺩﻧﺪﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸــﮑﻼﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﯿﻮﻩ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺟﯿﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ .(2‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﯾﺪﻩﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﮎﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﺮﮎﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺟﯿﻮﻩ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﯽﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۸‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﯾﮏ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﯿﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﺍﯾــﺎﯼ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﻓﻠﺰﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺻﻠــﻪ ‪ 0/5‬ﺍﯾﻨﭻ ﺗﺎ ‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻨﭽﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﭘﯿﭻ ﺑﯽﻣﺘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕﺩﯾﺪﻩﺍﯼ ﺟﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯾﺸﺎﻥ ‪ 3‬ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﻩ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ‪2‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯽﻣﺘﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﺷــﺪﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻤــﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨــﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺳــﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻣــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺕﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯽﻣﺘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳــﺎﯾﻞ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺲﮔﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻤﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (3‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (2‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺟﯿﻮﻩﺍﯼ‬

‫ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻏﯿﺮﻫﻤﺠﻨﺲ ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ‬

‫● ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻡﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻧﯿﺮﻭ ﯾﺎ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ‬

‫● ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ‬

‫● ﮐﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ‬

‫● ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ‬

‫ﮐﻢﺷﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼ‬

‫● ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﺪﺭﺝﺷــﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺁﻣﭙﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﻠﯽﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﯾﺎ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺁﻣﭙﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬

‫● ﻣﺒﺪﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ‬

‫ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻡﮐﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

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‫ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪﺍﯼ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﯿﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻭﺍﺳــﻂ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞ ﺑﻪﺳﻤﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﯿﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬

‫ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ‬

‫‪ 2‬ﺍﯾﻨﭻ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ‪ 4‬ﺍﯾﻨﭻ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻏﻮﻃﻪ ﻭﺭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳــﯿﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻘﺮﺑــﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺧــﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺸﮑﻠﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﯾﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻧــﺪﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳــﯿﻢﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﯿﺸﻪﺍﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑــﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﯾﭽــﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﯾﭽﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﮔﺸــﺖ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻣﯿﺴــﺘﻮﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﻠﺰﯼ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﻨــﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻌــﺮﺽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺮﯾﻌﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻡﺷــﺪﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻣﯿﺴﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺁﺳــﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺷــﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫــﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻋﺎﯾﻖﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺁﺳﯿﺒﯽ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﮑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﺯﻣﺨﺖ ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﺩﻗﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﭼﻨﺪﺗﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻠﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻧــﻮﻉ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﯽ ﺩﻣــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻤﮏﺯﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﯾﮏ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺣﺲﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺳــﻂ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺣﺲﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﯾﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺣﺘﻤــﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺧــﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻗﺘــﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﺲﮔﺮ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﺴﺘﻮﺭ‪ 7‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ ± 1°F (5.0°C‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﻩ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۰‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷــﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ ‪ -325‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 250‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ )‪ -198‬ﺗﺎ‬ ‫‪ 121‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮﺍﺩ( ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﻋﻤﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺳــﺦﺩﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺒﺎﺏﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭﯼﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﮔﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﻪﺩﺳــﺖﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﮐﻮﯾﻞ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﮐﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻌﺒﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳــﺘﺮﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫)ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ .(4‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﻌﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﻧﮑﺘﻪﺍﯼ ﺣﺎﯾﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (5‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (4‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۱‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻣﻮﯾﯿـﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﻗـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺣﺮﮐـﺖ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﭙﯿﭽﺎﻧﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﯾﺪ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﯾﺨﺘﻪ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﭘﯿﭽﺎﻧﺪﻩﺷـﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﯾـﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻩﺯﺩﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﯾﯿﻦ ﭘﺮﻫﯿﺰ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻩﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻧﺎﺯﮎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﮔﺮﻩﺧـﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﮏ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻧﺎﺯﮎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﺮﻩ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺻﺎﻑﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﻮﭼﮑـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﭙﯿﭽﺎﻧﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺳﯿﻢ ﮔﺴﯿﺨﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻫﯿﭽﮕﺎﻩ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﭙﯿﭽﺎﻧﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻣﻮﯾﯿـﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴـﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﺎﻑ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ --55‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﯿﭻﮔﺎﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻧﭙﯿﭽﺎﻧﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺷﯿﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫‪-6‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﮎﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻼﯾﻢ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ --77‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺎﮎﮐـﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﯾﺎ ﮔﺮﯾﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻣﻮﯾﯿـﻦ ﯾﺎ ﺣﺒـﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺘـﺮﺍ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﭼﻪﺍﯼ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺸﮏ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳـﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪-8‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (5‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑﻪﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﯾﯿﻦ‪ 9‬ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡﺷــﺪﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺯﺩﻭﺩﻥ ﮔﺮﯾﺲ ﯾﺎ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺷﺎﺭﮊﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﯾﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡﺷﺪﻥ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﮎﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻼﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺷﯿﺸﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﺩﻗﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡﺷــﺪﻥ ﺧﻂ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺭﺍﻩﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﻏﻮﻃﻪﻭﺭﺷﺪﻥ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬

‫ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﯾﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡﺷﺪﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ‬

‫ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ )‪-14.4°C‬‬

‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡﺷــﺪﻥ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ‪ (-12.2°C‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﯽ ﻭ )‪ 20°F (-6.7°C‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﯽ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﯾﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۲‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺵ ﻓﺮﺿﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﺷﺪﻥ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﺧﺺ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺧﻂ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﯽ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﺶ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﮏ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪.(6‬‬ ‫ﺑــﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﮑﺶ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺮﻭﯾﺲ ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻌﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ‪ 10‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ ،(7‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (6‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺳﺘﯽ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯿﮏ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﻣﯽﺁﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡﺷــﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻫﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴــﺖ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯿﮏ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﯾﮏ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﻗﻌــﯽ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪5‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (7‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﯿﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﺑﯿـﻦ ‪ -50‬ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺗﺎ ‪1500‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾـﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿـﺮﯼ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣـﺎﯼ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﯿـﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺳـﻨﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﺎﺗـﺮﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮﺩﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻗﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬ ‫‪2‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱﻫﺎﯼ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﺮﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫)ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۳‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿـﻪ ﮐﻮﭼـﮏ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔـﺮﻡ )ﮔﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﮔﺮﻡﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺘﺼﻞﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺎﺭﮊ ‪ w‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ‬ ‫)ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ(‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﯿﺮ ﻋﺒـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎ ﺩ ﻝ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ ﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮﺍﯼ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣﻮﻧـﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳـﯿﻢ ﭘﯿﭻﻫﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗـﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺳـﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺳﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‬

‫ﭘﯿﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻮﭖ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺳـﺮﺩ ﺑـﺎ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺷﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﮎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻓﻨﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﺷـﮑﺎﻑ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﭘﯿـﭻ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻓﻨﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (8‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﯿﻠﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺳــﺮ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺶ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔــﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (8‬ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﮐﺸــﯿﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ )‪ (F-1‬ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ )‪ (F-2‬ﻭ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﻓﻨﺮﯼ ﺷﯿﺮ )‪ (F-3‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﺷﺪﻩﺍﯼ ﻧﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺳــﯿﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (9‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 37‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۴‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫‪(34psi‬‬ ‫‪ 37‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ))‪34psi‬‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻢ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬

‫‪27psi‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ‪ 37 ......‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫‪) .3‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ‪ 27psi‬ﺍﺳﺖ(‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫‪(7psi‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺮ ))‪7psi‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (9‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪.27psi‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺎ ‪ -‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺩﻭ ﺩﻣــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫــﻢ ﮐﻢ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﺩﺳــﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪37°F - 18°F = 9°F :‬‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﯾﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫● ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷــﯿﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺷــﯿﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳــﻮﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯽ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘــﯽ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ ﺷــﺶ ﺗــﺎ ﺩﻩ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬ ‫)‪ -14/4‬ﺗﺎ ‪ (-12/2‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﯽﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬ ‫‪1. Pocket Thermometer‬‬ ‫‪2. Thermocouple Thermometer‬‬ ‫‪3. Thermocouple Thermometer‬‬ ‫‪4. Resistance Thermometer‬‬ ‫‪5. Dial Thermometer‬‬ ‫‪6. Laboratory Temperature Baths‬‬ ‫‪7. Thermistor‬‬ ‫‪8. Superheat Thermometer‬‬ ‫‪9. Capillary‬‬ ‫‪10. Evaporator‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۵‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻰﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪HVAC troubleshooting guide, c2009 :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾــﺪ‪ 1‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨــﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺧﻨﮏﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﮑﺎﻧــﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﮔﺮﻣــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ‬

‫ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧﺪ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾــﺮ ‪ .(1‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 1920‬ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ‬

‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺬﻑ ﺣــﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﻏﺬﺍﯾﯽ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺣﻔﻆ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻭ ﻃﻌﻢ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻫــﻢ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌــﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯽﺷﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﺬﻑ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺩﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﯽ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳــﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑــﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻧــﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﯼ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻨﮏ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‪ 2‬ﻣﺎﯾﻌﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﯼ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻧﺴــﺒﺘﺎ ﮐﻢ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﯽﺟﻮﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﯿﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺟﻮﺷــﺶ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺭﯾﺨﺘﻦ ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﺭﻭﯼ ﭘﺸــﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺧﻨﮏﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﯾــﮏ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﻣﯽﺟﻮﺷــﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺨﭽﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1806‬ﺗﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﯾﻞ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 1900‬ﯾﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﮐﺸﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﯿﻮﺍﻧﮕﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺍﻣﺮﯾــﮑﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﯾﺦﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﯾﻞ ﺩﻫﻪ‬ ‫‪ 1800‬ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﯾﺦ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﯾﺦ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺨﺴــﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫــﻪ ‪ 1880‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﯾــﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻩ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒــﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1920‬ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘــﻪ ﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺰﻝﻫﺎﯾﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿــﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺘــﯽ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞﻫﺎﯾﻤــﺎﻥ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﻧﺴــﮑﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪ ﺗــﺎ ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏﻫــﺎﯼ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳــﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۶‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺣﺴــﺐ ﺣﻮﺍﺱ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﻔــﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﭘﻨﺞﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮐﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺍﺱ ﻻﻣﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺸﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﯾﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﻮﺍﯾﯽ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﯿﻨﺎﯾــﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿــﻢ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺸــﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗــﻢ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺘﺸــﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﭼﺮﺧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

‫)ﺗﺼﺎﻭﯾﺮ ‪ 3‬ﻭ ‪.(4‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ‪ 105‬ﺟﺰ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛‬

‫ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﮐﺸــﻒ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﯽﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺫﺭﺍﺗﯽ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻨﯿﺎﺩﯼﺗﺮﯾــﻦ ﻣــﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬــﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺷــﻤﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺭﻭﻧــﺪ‪ 94 .‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿــﻞ ﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺲ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺑــﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽﺷــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬

‫ﻭ ﻧﯿﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﯾﻌﻨــﯽ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﯾــﮏ ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﯾﺎ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﺸــﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎ ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻧﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾـﺮ )‪ (1‬ﯾﮑـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﯿـﻦ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝﻫـﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺟﺴــﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺧﻼ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭﻫــﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻓﻊ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾــﺎ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺣﺮﮐﺘﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﺑﯿﺶ‬

‫ﺍﺗﻢﻫــﺎﯼ ﻫــﺮ ﻋﻨﺼــﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺗﻌــﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﯽ ﺭﺍﯾﺞﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﯽ ﺍﻟﮑﺘــﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻌــﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﯾﻌﻨــﯽ ﺁﺏ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫــﺎﯼ ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﯾﮑﺴــﺎﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪.(2‬‬

‫ﻫﯿــﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﯾــﮏ ﺍﻟﮑﺘــﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﯾــﮏ‬

‫ﺍﺗﻢ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗــﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻢ ﺁﻟﻮﻣﯿﻨﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ‪ 13‬ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺳــﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺍﺗﻢ ﮐﻮﭼﮏﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻭ ‪ 13‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗــﻮﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺭﻫــﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻨﺎﻡ ‪-‬‬

‫ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ :‬ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺗــﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﻔــﯽ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒــﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻢﻫــﺎﯼ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ‬

‫‪ -‬ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺟــﺬﺏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺷــﻐﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻇﺮﻓﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﯾﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺍﺗﻢ ﺍﮐﺴﯿﮋﻥ‬

‫ﻭ‬

‫‪ 2‬ﺍﺗﻢ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻑ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﺴــﻂ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (2‬ﺩﻭ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝ ﻣﯽﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺗﻢ ﺍﮐﺴﯿﮋﻥ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ )‪.(H2O‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۷‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻡ‬

‫‪ 13‬ﺍﺗﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ‪ 14 ،‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ(‬ ‫ﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﻮﺱ ))‪13‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻋﺒــﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ‬

‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ‬

‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺯﻣﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻩ ﯾﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﯾﮑﺴــﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﮑﺎﻥﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻢ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ‬

‫)‪) (kg‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 1000‬ﺍﺳــﺖ( ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴــﯽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ‪slug4 ،‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﻢ ﺁﻟﻮﻣﯿﻨﯿﻢ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (3‬ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﯾﮏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﮐﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻭ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﯾﺎ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﻫــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺴــﯿﻢ ﺣﺠﻢﻫــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺩﺳــﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ )‪(1 lb‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻫــﻮﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺠــﻢ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧــﺪ )‪ (1 lb‬ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻢ‬

‫ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﯾﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺴــﯿﻢ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (4‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪﺩﺳــﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾــﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼــﻮﺹ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯽﺷﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫــﺎ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭼﯿﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻧﮑﻨــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ‪ ،‬ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﺎﻥ ﺷــﯿﻤﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ )ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺁﺷــﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﯿﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻡ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ‬

‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﯿﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺮﻭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﯾﺎ ﮐﺸﺶ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾــﻒ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﯿــﺮﻭ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳــﻄﺢ‬

‫‪ = F‬ﻧﯿﺮﻭ‬

‫ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺍﻋﻤــﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬

‫‪ = A‬ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫ﺁﺷــﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧــﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿــﺮﻭﯼ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ‬

‫‪ = P‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﮑﻨﺴــﯿﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﯾــﺪ ﺣﺎﯾــﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺳــﻤﺖ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﺸــﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‬

‫ﺑﺪﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴــﯽ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻧــﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻮﺕﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﯾــﺎ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۸‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻨﭻﻣﺮﺑﻊ )‪ (psi‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﯽ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺻﺎﻑ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﯿﭻﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﯿﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳــﮑﺎﻝ )‪ (kpa‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳﻨﺞ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮﺍﺕ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬

‫ﺑــﻪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﻄﻠــﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻢ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳــﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺨﺸــﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﭻﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪﻻﯾﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﯾﺞﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻣﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔــﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟــﻪ ﻓﻨﺮﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻢ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺭﺑﻮﻥ )‪ (Bourbon‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻋﮑﺲﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳــﻨﺞ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾــﺮ ‪ .(6‬ﺩﻣﻨــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻩ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﯽﺭﺳــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻨﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﺳﮑﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻇﺮﻓﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ﭘﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺎﻭﯼ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺭﻭﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻇﺮﻑ ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‬

‫ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽــﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻻﯾﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﻓﻨﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺪﯾــﻦ ﻣﺎﯾﻞ ﻋﻤــﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻨﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺟﻬﺖﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﻪﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‪ 7‬ﻧﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺳﺮﺍﯾﺖ ﻧﮑﻨﺪ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ .(5‬ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝﺗﺮﯾــﻦ ﺍﻧــﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ‪14.7psi‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺧﻤﺶ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﻨﺮﯼ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ‪ 6‬ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 1.013×105N/m2‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻢﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺳــﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺣﺮﮐﺘﯽ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ .(7‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺍﺗﻤﺴــﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻣﺘﺮ‪ 8‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﯿﭽﯽ‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻧــﻮﻉ ﺍﺻﻠــﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺧﺸــﮏ ﻭ‬

‫ﯾــﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨــﺪ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﺩﺍﯾﺮﻩﺍﯼ ﺧﻤﯿﺪﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺟﯿﻮﻩﺍﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺧﺸﮏ‬

‫ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﯿﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﯼﺷﺪﻩ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ‬

‫ﺑــﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫ﺧﻼ ﺟﺰﯾﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

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‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻣﻨﻘﺒــﺾ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻋﻘﺮﺑــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳﻨﺞ ﯾﮏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

‫ﺟﻨﺒﺶ‬

‫ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻣﺘــﺮ ﺟﯿــﻮﻩﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﯾــﮏ ﻟﻮﻟــﻪ‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺷﯿﺸــﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ‪ 34in‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻮﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﯿﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺟﯿﻮﻩ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (5‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻢ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (6‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻧﺸــﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴــﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ‪29.92in‬‬

‫ﺟﯿﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 759.96mm‬ﺟﯿﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :2‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﯼ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫)ﺩﻗﯿﻘــﺎ ‪ + 15 lb (14.7‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ = ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥﮔﺮ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﯾﻨﭻ ‪30 -‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺥ ﺩﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﺩﻧﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:3‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﯾﺎ ﺧﻼ‬

‫‪ = 160 lb‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (7‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻓﻨﺮﯼ ‪.Bourdon‬‬

‫‪ = 10 lb‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻨﭻﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ‪ psia‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ‪ psig‬ﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫‪ 14.7‬ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔــﺎﻉ ﻣﺘﻔــﺎﻭﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺠﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺧﻼ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴــﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃــﻮﺭ ﻫﻢﺯﻣــﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫»ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﻣﺮﮐــﺐ«‪ 13‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺧﻼ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻓﺎﺣﺸﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻤﯿﺖ‬

‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺻﺤﯿــﺢ ‪ psia‬ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‬

‫‪ psi‬ﺑﻪ ‪ kpa‬ﮐﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ‪ psi‬ﺭﺍ ﺿﺮﺑﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ 6.9‬ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ Psi‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ 14‬ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴــﻔﺮ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ‪ psia‬ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻻﺳﺘﯿﮏ ﻣﺎﺷــﯿﻦ ‪ 28psi‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 42.7psia‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫= ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:4‬‬ ‫‪ = lb 160‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‬ ‫‪ 10‬ﺍﯾﻨﭻ ﺧﻼ = ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ‬ ‫‪ = 175 lb = 15 + 160‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــ = ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾــﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ‪15‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺴــﯿﻢ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ 16‬ﺑﺮ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫‪17‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫــﺎﯼ ﻓــﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺛﯿــﺮ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﮑــﻮﺱ ﺑــﺮ ﺿﺮﯾــﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪18‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــ = ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :1‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫‪ 185 lb‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪،3‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧــﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ؛‬

‫‪ = 28psi‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = 14.7psi‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‬

‫)ﺩﻗﯿﻘﺎ ‪ + 15 lb (14.7‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ =‬

‫‪ = 42.7psi‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻨﭻﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬

‫)ﺩﻗﯿﻘﺎ ‪ + 15 lb (14.7‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ =‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﯾــﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺗــﺎ ‪150°F‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ‪ psig‬ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ‬

‫‪ 8:1‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ 20:1 ،4‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺳﺒﺐ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۴۰‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۳‬‬

‫)‪ (65.6°C‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺳــﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﯾﮏ ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ )ﻣﮑﺶ(‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ‪ R-22‬ﻭ ‪ R-12‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﻫــﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ‪ 10:1‬ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ‬

‫)‪18°F (-7.8°C‬ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ‪175‬‬

‫‪ lb‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒــﺮﺩ ‪(R-12) 12‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺒــﺮﺩ ‪ (R-22) 22‬ﺭﺍ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﮐﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ )‪ -35°F (-37°C‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﮐﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ )‪ ،-35°F (-37°C‬ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ‪ R-22‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑــﺮ ‪ 10.9:1‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ‪ R-12‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ 17.4:1‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫‪ R-22‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﯿﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ‪ R-12‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﻪﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾــﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺟﺪﯼ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (8‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾــﺮ )‪ (8‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﯽﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬ ‫‪1. Refrigeration.‬‬ ‫‪2. Refrigerant.‬‬ ‫‪ :New England .3‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺷﺶ ﺍﯾﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺎﺯﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﯿﺎﻧﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪5939.14‬‬ ‫ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ‬ ‫‪5. Pressure-indicating device.‬‬ ‫‪6. Bourdon spring tube.‬‬ ‫‪7. Atmospheric pressure.‬‬ ‫‪8. Barometer.‬‬ ‫‪9. Aneroid barometer.‬‬ ‫‪10. Mercury barometer.‬‬ ‫‪11. Sealed chamber.‬‬ ‫‪12. Gage pressure.‬‬ ‫‪13. Compound gage.‬‬ ‫‪14. Absolute pressure.‬‬ ‫‪15. Compression ratio.‬‬ ‫‪16. Absolute head pressure.‬‬ ‫‪17. Absolute suction pressure.‬‬ ‫‪18. Back pressure.‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪...‬‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

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