Arvand HVAC 44 by sinax

‫ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﯾﮑﺘﺎ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﭼﻬﻞ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ‪ -‬ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺩﯾﻦ ‪۱۳۹۱‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﯿﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ‪۱۶۸۴ - ۴۲۷۰ :‬‬

‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻣﺘﯿﺎﺯ ‪ :‬ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﯾﮑﺘﺎ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻨﻮﭼﻬﺮ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺩﺑﯿﺮ ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﻬﺮﺍﻣﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ‪۲ ..........................................................‬‬ ‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ‪۴ ...................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ‪۸ ..........................‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ‪۱۵ .............................‬‬

‫ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﭘﺴﺘﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﯿﻢﺷــﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪﺭﺍﻩ ﺁﺩﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪۵۶۵۸۵۶۵۷ - ۸ :‬‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺪﯼ‬ ‫‪۵۶۵۸۴۹۹۸‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪۵۶۵۸۴۷۱۷‬‬ ‫‪۵۶۵۸۴۱۹۸‬‬ ‫ﻓﮑﺲ ﺗﺪﺍﺭﮐﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(۰۲۱) ۵۶۵۸۵۸۹۹ ،‬‬ ‫‪۵۶۵۸۶۰۳۶‬‬ ‫‪۵۶۵۸۴۹۸۳ - ۷‬‬ ‫‪(۰۲۱) ۸۸۷۳۹۸۸۰ - ۲‬‬ ‫‪(۰۲۱) ۸۸۸۰۲۶۷۷ - ۸ ، ۸۸۵۰۴۷۷۰ - ۴‬‬ ‫ﻓﮑﺲ ‪(۰۲۱) ۸۸۷۶۶۷۹۴ - ۵۶۵۸۵۰۷۹ :‬‬

‫ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﻟﯿﮏ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ‪۲۰ .....................................................‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﺪ؟ ‪۲۶ .............................................‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪۳۱ ..................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ‪۳۸ ........................................‬‬

‫‪www.arvandcorp.com‬‬ ‫‪info@arvandcorp.com‬‬ ‫‪sales@arvandcorp.com‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺭﺍﯾﮕﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺸــﺮﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺳــﺎﻝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﯾﮑﺘﺎ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﭘﺴﺘﯽ ‪ ۳۷۶۸۵ - ۱۱۳‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﻠﯿﻪﯼ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪﯼ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ARVAND Internal Magazine‬‬ ‫‪Managing Director : M. Shojaei‬‬ ‫‪Editor in chief‬‬ ‫‪: H. Bahrami‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﯾﺮ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨــﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺝ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺸــﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﺛــﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﻭﯾﺮﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﻋﻮﺩﺕ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﯾﮏﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺁﻏــﺎﺯ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ ﻓﺘﻮﻭﻟﺘﺎﯾﯿﮏ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 120‬ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺴــﮑﻮﻧﯽ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﻭ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ‪SolarCity‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺿﺎﯾﺖﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺷــﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻡ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﯾﮏﺳــﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻨﮑــﻪ ﻭﺍﻡ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻧﯿﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬

‫ﯾـﮏ ﺭﺍﻫـﮑﺎﺭ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾـﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴــﻪ‬

‫ﺍﮐﻨــﻮﻥ ﺑــﺪﻭﻥ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﺎﻟــﯽ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﯾــﻦ )‪ ،(NBI‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻬــﺎ ﺗــﺎ ﺣــﺪﯼ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺍﻧــﺮﮊﯼ ﮔﺎﻡﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎﺕ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑــﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﮐﻠﯽ ﻣﺴــﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ‪ HVAC‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﻭﺷــﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑــﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮔــﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑــﺎ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺍﯾــﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﭼﺸﻢﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺟﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻤــﺎﻝ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ‪10‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﺴﺖﻭﺟﻮﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﺿـﻪ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻨـﺎﻭﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ ‪AHR‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 2012‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺗﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺧﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﯼﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺗﺮﻣــﻮ ﺗــﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺳــﺎﺯﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﭘﺎﮎﺳــﺎﺯﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺸــﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻟﻦ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟــﻮﮊﯼ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺘــﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌــﺮﺽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﯽﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺩﻭﺍﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﯿﻮﻧﺰ )‪،(Clay Stevens‬‬

‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺭﺋﯿﺲ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﯿﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ‪ AHR‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 2012‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬــﺪﺍﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪19‬‬

‫ﯾﺎﻓــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ‪ AHR‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺻــﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼــﺎﺹ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 2012‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋــﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺗﯽ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻣــﻮﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬

‫‪ 1900‬ﻧﻔﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺍﺳــﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ‬

‫)‪ (GSA‬ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯾﯽ ‪25‬‬

‫ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪50‬ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻭ ‪ 11‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ‪ AHR‬ﺍﺯ ‪ 23‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 25‬ﮊﺍﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 20‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﻠﯿﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﯿﻮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺭﺍ ‪ 30‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 60‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼـﺎﺹ ﺑﻮﺩﺟـﻪ ﯾـﮏ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﺭﯼ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪﯼ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﯿﻔﺮﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪﯼ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫‪ 2012‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﮏﮐﻮﺭﻣﯿــﮏ ﭘــﺎﻻﺱ ﺑﺮﮔــﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺴـﺨﻪ ﺟﺪﯾـﺪ ‪,EnergyPlus‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﯾﻊﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻣﻞﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻧﯿــﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﯾــﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ‪ 7‬ﺩﺳــﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺁﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝﺳــﺎﺯﯼ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻧــﺎﻡ ﺗﺠــﺎﺭﯼ ‪ EnergyPlus‬ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮐــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷــﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﻫﺮ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴــﺨﻪ ‪ 7‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓــﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺧﻮﺭﺷـﯿﺪﯼ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺣﻞ ﺷـﺮﻗﯽ ﺍﯾـﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﯼ ﺷﺪ‬

‫ﮐﻤﭙﺎﻧــﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ ﺳــﻮﺧﺖ ﺯﯾﺴــﺘﯽ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺯﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻭ ﻧﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﺳــﻮﺧﺖ‬

‫ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ 25‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 45‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺳﺮﯾﻊﺗﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻧﯿــﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺍﺧﯿﺮﺍ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺁﺭﺍﯾﻪ ﻓﺘﻮﻭﻟﺘﺎﯾﯿﮏ ﺧﻮﺭﺷــﯿﺪﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻕ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺒــﻮﺩ ﻣﺪﻝﺳــﺎﺯﯼ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺮﯾــﮑﺎ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﯼ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪164312 .‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳــﺎﯾﺶ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪﯼ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ‪ ASHRAE‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ‬

‫‪ Long Island‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨــﺪ ﺑــﺮﻕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺣــﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 4500‬ﺧﺎﻧــﻪ ﻣﺴــﮑﻮﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﭘﺸــﺖﺑﺎﻣﯽ ﯾﮑﭙﺎﺭﭼــﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪﯼ ‪ 32‬ﻣﮕﺎﻭﺍﺗﯽ ‪Long‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﻭ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫‪ Island Solar Farm‬ﮐــﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬

‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﺒــﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺸــﺘﺮﮎ ﺷــﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﺮﻕ ‪ Long Island‬ﻭ‬

‫ﻃﯽ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺁﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ‪ 50‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

‫‪ International BP Solar‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺴﯿﻠﯽ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺑﺎﻟﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴــﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﺁﺭﺍﯾﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪﯼ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﯽ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 15‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻟﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﻣﯽﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺳــﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﯾــﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻬﺎﯼ ﺳــﻮﺧﺖ ﺯﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 500‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺯﯾﺴــﺘﯽ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫‪ ipod‬ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ‪ ipod‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﻧﯽ ﻓﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫)‪ (Tony Fadell‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠــﯽ ﻣﺒﺘﮑﺮﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮑﺪﻩ ‪Global‬‬

‫‪ 15‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻟﻦ ﺳـﻮﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳــﺘﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﯼ ‪WiFi‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺷــﺪﻩ ﺣﺎﺻــﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﯾــﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺍﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬

‫ﻓﺴﯿﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2010‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﺮﯾــﺪ ‪ 450000‬ﮔﺎﻟــﻦ ﺳــﻮﺧﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾــﺰﯼ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺛﺒﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﯼﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻏــﻦ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﮐﯽ ﻭ ﺟﻠﺒﮏ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ »ﻣﯽﺁﻣﻮﺯﺩ« ﮐــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻪ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾــﯽ ‪ 12‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿــﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﺭ ﻫﺰﯾﻨــﻪ ﮐــﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰﯼ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻧﯿــﻢ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎﺭﺩ ﺗﻦ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﺳــﻮﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ‬

‫ﮐﺮﺑــﻦ ﺍﺿﺎﻓــﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﮐﺸــﺘﯽﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻭﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺣﺴﮕﺮﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻮﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒــﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻗﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺶ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴــﺘﺎﻥ ‪ 2012‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﯽ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﺋﻤﯽ ﺭﻧﮕﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳــﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻗﯿﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ ﺷــﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺷــﻦ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪2003‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﺮﯾــﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ ﺳﺮﺩ ﯾﺎ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪Project‬‬

‫‪،Carbon‬ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴــﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ ipod‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۴‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﻯ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪The Practical Pumping Handbook :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﯼﮐــﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪ 1000‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﯿﻘــﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺨﺸــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪﯼ »ﻃﺮﺡ ﭘﺮﻩﯼ ﺷــﻌﺎﻋﯽ « ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻫــﺮ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﯾﮏ ﮔﺎﻟﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻮﺕ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ‪90‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬

‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺩﺭﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶﻫﺎ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬

‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺳــﺘﺎﯼ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﯼ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷــﻌﺎﻋﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯾــﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧــﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﮐﻠــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧــﺖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﮐﻢ ﻭ ﻫﺪ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬

‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩﯼ ﻻﺯﻡ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﯼ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‪ 1‬ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴــﻪﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﺑﻪﺳــﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺳﻤﺖ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾــﺞ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑــﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈــﻮﺭ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺭﻭﺍﺑــﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ 2‬ﻭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳــﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺩﯾﮓ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪N Q‬‬ ‫‪H 0.75‬‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﯼ‬ ‫= ‪NS‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﯾﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾــﺮ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼــﻮﺹ ﻓــﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄــﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫــﯽ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ‬

‫)‪ 5000‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﯿﻘــﻪ ﻭ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ( ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬

‫)‪ ،(BEP‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ‬

‫»ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ‪ «7‬ﻭ »ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻧﺎﻣﯽ‪ 5‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ‪ «8‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﯾﮏ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﮐﻢ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩﻩﯼ ‪ 500‬ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﮐﻠﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺷــﮑﻞ ﻭ‬ ‫‪10000‬‬

‫‪5000‬‬

‫‪3000‬‬

‫‪2000‬‬

‫‪1000‬‬

‫‪500‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ُﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ »ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪«4‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻩﯼ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﯽ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻩﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﺲ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (10‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۵‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫ﮐــﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻠﯽﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻔــﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫»ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻠﺨﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ‪ «9‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨــﺪﯼ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺴــﺘﻪﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﮐﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧــﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﺳــﺖﮐﻢ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﺑﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺧــﻮﺩ ﻫﯿــﭻ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﯽ ﻧــﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑــﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﻏﺬﺳــﺎﺯﯼ‬

‫ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (11‬ﻃﺮﺣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻃــﺮﺡ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺳــﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﯾــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﯼ ‪1500‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﻟﺒﻪﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 3000‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪﻧﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﯾﺖ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧــﻪﯼ »ﭘــﺮﻩﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴــﯿﺲ«‪ 10‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔــﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳــﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (12‬ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (13‬ﻃﺮﺣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﯼ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (14‬ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﯼ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۶‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﮔــﺮﺩﺵ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫‪ ،ANSI‬ﻟﻘــﯽ ﯾــﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠــﻪﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‪ 12‬ﻣﯿﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫــﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﯼ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ 0.015‬ﺍﯾﻨﭻ‬

‫ﻣﮑﺶ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﯼ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻌــﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ‪ 23‬ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﻓﺎﺻﻠــﻪﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﯾﺎﺩﺷــﺪﻩ ﯾــﺎ‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﮐﺎﺳﻪﻧﻤﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺳﺎﯾﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﯿﺶﺍﺯﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﮑﺶ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﯼ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﮐﻮﭘﻠﯿﻨﮓ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾـﺮ )‪ (15‬ﻃﺮﺣـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭙـﯽ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺶ‬

‫ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺎﺳــﻪﻧﻤﺪ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺳــﺘﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺟــﺰﺍﯼ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ‪ 13‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﻔﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺭﯾﻨﮓﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸــﯽ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﮑﺶ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ‬

‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﯾــﮏ ﯾﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺮﮎ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺁﺳــﯿﺐﺩﯾﺪﻥ ﮐﺎﺳــﻪﻧﻤﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﯾﻨﮓ ﺳﺎﯾﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ 14‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﭘﺸﺖ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﺑــﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﻤﻪﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦﺗﺮ‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮐﺎﻫــﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ‪ 15‬ﻭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺑــﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﯽ ﺭﺳــﯿﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﺳﻪﻧﻤﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﯾﻨﮓﻫــﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾــﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﯼ ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴــﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬

‫‪18‬‬

‫ﺭﯾﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﭘﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﯾﻨﮓﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺸﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﺠــﺎﺩ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﻟﯿﮏ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴــﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏﺗﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺳــﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣــﻮﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑــﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪﯼ ﭘﺮﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪﯼ‬ ‫ﮐﻢﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﺣــﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﺛﯿــﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﻟﯿــﮏ ﭘﻤــﭗ‪ 16‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ‪ 19‬ﻣﯿــﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ‪ 20‬ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓــﺬ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧــﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑــﺎ ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺸــﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪﯼ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﺍﺳــﺖ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺳﻪﻧﻤﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺳــﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑــﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠــﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﮐــﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻭﺳــﯿﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝﺗﺮﯾــﻦ ﻣــﻮﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻣﮑﺸــﯽ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫● ﭼﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻧﺮﻡ ﯾﺎ ﭼﮑﺶﺧﻮﺍﺭ؛‬ ‫● ﺑﺮﻧﺰ؛‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﮑﺶ‬

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‫ﻣﯽﮔــﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺳــﺎﯾﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﻻﺯﻡ‬

‫‪71‬‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﮏﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺍﻓﻘــﯽ ﺑــﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﮑــﺶ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﻫــﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠــﻪﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿــﻦ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺷــﺪﻥ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﯽ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠــﻪﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ‬

‫● ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺮﺑﻨﯽ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﯿﺎﮊ ﮐﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪4140‬؛‬ ‫● ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮐــﺮﻭﻡﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫‪ 12٪ ،11٪‬ﯾﺎ ‪13٪‬؛‬ ‫● ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻨﯿﺴﺘﯽ ﺳﺮﯼ‬ ‫‪400‬؛‬ ‫● ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ ﺳﺨﺖﮐﺎﺭﯼﺷــﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪4PH-17‬؛‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۷‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫● ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ ﺁﺳــﺘﻨﯿﺘﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﯼ ‪ 30‬ﯾﺎ ﺁﻟﯿﺎﮊ ‪20‬؛‬ ‫● ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﺿﺪﺯﻧــﮓ ﺩﻭﺗﺎﯾــﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪CD4MCu‬؛‬ ‫● ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ ﺁﻟﯿﺎﮊﻫــﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﻣﺘــﺪﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺳﺘﻠﻮﯼ‪ 24‬ﻭ ﺗﯿﺘﺎﻧﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﻓــﻮﻻﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺰﯼ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺴــﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻔﯿــﻪﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ‪ 25‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳــﯿﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﯿﺮﻓﻠﺰﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎﯼ ﻏﯿﺮﻓﻠﺰﯼ‪ 26‬ﻧﻘــﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻼﺳــﺘﯿﮏﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻓــﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴــﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻥﻗﯿﻤﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺁﺏﺑﻨــﺪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻣــﯽ ﺍﺟــﺰﺍﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘــﻪ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﭘﻼﺳــﺘﯿﮏﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﯾﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﮑﺎﻡ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧــﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺯﯾﻦﻫــﺎﯼ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻠﯽﺗﺘﺮﺍﻓﻠﻮﺭﻭﺍﺗﯿﻠﻦ )‪ (PTFE‬ﺍﺷــﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺳــﺘﺤﮑﺎﻡ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﯿﮏﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖﺷﺪﻩ )‪ (FRP‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﯽﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬ ‫‪1. Centrifugal Force‬‬ ‫‪2. Pump Flow Rate‬‬ ‫‪3. Non-dimensional Design Index‬‬ ‫‪4. Specific Speed‬‬ ‫‪5. Rated Speed‬‬ ‫‪6. Radial Vane Design‬‬ ‫‪7. Axial Flow Impellers‬‬ ‫‪8. Mixed Flow Impellers‬‬ ‫‪9. Vertical Propeller Pumps‬‬ ‫‪10. Francis Vane‬‬ ‫‪11. Open And Closed Impellers‬‬ ‫‪12. Clearance‬‬ ‫‪13. Mechanical Seal‬‬ ‫‪14. Pump-Out Vanes‬‬ ‫‪15. Axial Thrust‬‬ ‫‪16. Pump Hydraulic Efficiency‬‬ ‫‪17. Critical Clearances‬‬ ‫‪18. Wear Rings‬‬ ‫‪19. Axial Hydraulic Balance‬‬ ‫‪20. Rotating Elements‬‬ ‫‪21. Balance Holes‬‬ ‫‪22. Double Suction Pumps‬‬ ‫‪23. Axial Balance‬‬ ‫‪24. Hastelloy‬‬ ‫‪25. Water and Wastewater Treatment‬‬ ‫‪Facilities‬‬ ‫‪26. Nonmetallic Pumps‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۸‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻰ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪HVAC design manual for hospitals and clinics :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺗﺎﻣﯿــﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺳــﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﯿــﻦ ﻭﻇﺎﯾــﻒ ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﺎﻥ ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘﯽ‬ ‫● ﮐﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺁﺷــﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯾــﯽ ﺑﺮﻋﻬــﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻼﺕ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻄﯽ‬

‫● ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﯾﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪﺷــﺪﻩ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻪ ﮐﺴﯽ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻣﺠﻮﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻗــﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭﺿﻊ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

‫)‪(CDC‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ‬

‫● ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿــﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑــﯽ ﻣــﺪﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠــﻪ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (1‬ﺧﻼﺻــﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﻣﺪﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﯾﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ICBO ،BOCA ،‬ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑــﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﯽ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﯼ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺑﯿﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑــﻂ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ‬

‫ﻭ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﯿــﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺸــﺘﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿــﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﻂﻣﺸــﯽﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟــﯽ ﻭ ﮐﻠــﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑــﺎ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﺍﻣﺎﮐــﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﺯﺩﯾﺎﺩ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﭘﺸــﺘﯿﺒﺎﻧﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﮐﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺍﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤــﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺿﻮﺍﺑــﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔــﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫)ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ‪(AIA‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫● ﻣﻮﺳﺴــﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾــﯽ‬

‫● ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻨﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬

‫ﻋﺎﯾﻖﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟــﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﺏﺩﻫﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ )‪(ASHRAE‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣــﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫● ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯﯼ )‪(NFPA‬‬ ‫● ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻤﯿﺴــﯿﻮﻥ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﯽ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳــﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﻄﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋــﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﯾﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏﺷــﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ASHRAE‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1999‬ﻭ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ‪AIA 2001‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾــﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤﺎﺕ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﺼــﻮﺹ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﻔــﺮﺍﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫)‪ (1‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﺖﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺎﻉ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺧــﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﻟﮏ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺟــﻊ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣـﺎﻥ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫـﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎﮐــﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒــﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺑﻪﻃــﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ :(1‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫)‪(a‬‬

‫ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫)‪(b‬‬

‫ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮐﻞ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ )‪(c‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫)‪(m‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ )‪(d‬‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬ ‫)‪) (N‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ(‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ)‪(°‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬ ‫)ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﯿﻮﺱ(‬

‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻋﻤﻞ )ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﯽ( )‪(e) (r‬‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-20] 675‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻞ‪/‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ‪/‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻮﺳﮑﭙﯽ )‪(r) ،(q) ،(p) ،(e‬‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-20] 675‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺯﺍﯾﻤﺎﻥ )‪(p) (r‬‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-20] 675‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺭﯾﮑﺎﻭﺭﯼ )‪(p‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[25.6-22.2] 78-72‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ )‪(s‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺷﯿﺮﺧﻮﺍﺭﮔﺎﻩ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[26.7-23.9] 750‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖ )‪) (trauma room‬ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻥ( )‪(f) (s‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖ )ﺍﻭﺭﮊﺍﻧﺲ ﯾﺎ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﯽ( )‪(f) (s‬‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﯿﻬﻮﺷﯽ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺪﻭﺳﮑﭙﯽ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[22.8-20] 673‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻭﻧﮑﻮﺳﮑﻮﭘﯽ )‪(q‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[22.8-20] 673‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﻭﺭﮊﺍﻧﺲ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﯾﺎﮊ )‪(triage‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫)‪Yes (t‬‬ ‫‪((u‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﻼﺱ ‪(r) (e) A‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪(v)6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻭﯾﺲ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ )‪(g‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[25.6-22.2] 78-72‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖﺷﺪﻩ )‪ (i‬ﻭ )‪ (q‬ﻭ )‪(w‬‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﺑﺮﺩ )‪ (h‬ﻭ )‪ (q‬ﻭ )‪(x‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪(Yes (u‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫‪P/N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪(v)6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺯﺍﯾﻤﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺭﯾﮑﺎﻭﺭﯼ‪/‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺍﯾﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫)‪(LDRP‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ )‪ :(y‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ‪x‬‬ ‫)ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﻭﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ(‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[25.6-22.2] 78-72‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ‪ :‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ‪x‬‬ ‫)ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ‪/‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻧﺪﺍﮊ(‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﯾﮑﺨﺎﻧﻪ )‪(w‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫)‪Yes (j‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۰‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪﯼ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ :(1‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫)‪(a‬‬

‫ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫)‪(b‬‬

‫ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮐﻞ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ )‪(c‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫)‪(m‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ )‪(d‬‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬ ‫)‪) (N‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ(‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ)‪(°‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬ ‫)ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﯿﻮﺱ(‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )‪(y‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪،‬ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯼ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯽ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ )ﺳﯿﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ(‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷﻮﯼ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ )‪(y‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪،‬ﺳﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ )ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﯼ(‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ )ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪﺷﮑﺎﻓﯽ()‪(q‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺟﺴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ )‪(k‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪[21.1] 70‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺵ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺘﯽ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺼﯽ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﮑﻮﺳﮑﻮﭘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﺧﻠﻂ ﻭ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺘﺎﻣﯿﺪﯾﻦ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[23.9-21.1] 75-70‬‬

‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﺗﺮﺍﭘﯽ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[26.7-22.2] 720‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪60-30‬‬

‫‪[25.6-22.2] 78-72‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺪﺍﺭﮐﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞﺳﺎﺯﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺵ ‪ETO‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺪﺍﺭﮐﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪30-60‬‬

‫‪[22.2-25.6] 72-78‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫‪30-60‬‬

‫‪[22.2-25.6] 72-78‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪30-60‬‬

‫]‪72-78 [22.2-25.6‬‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۱‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫)‪(b‬‬

‫ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮐﻞ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ )‪(c‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫)‪(m‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ )‪(d‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﺷﻮﯾﯽ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﯾﯽ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﺭﺧﺘﺸﻮﯼﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺗﺨﺘﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺜﯿﻒ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺗﺨﺘﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪(optional)2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺷﻮﺗﯿﻨﮓ ﺭﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻟﮕﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮﯼ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻡ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﻫﺎ‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪Optional‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬ ‫)‪) (N‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ(‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Yes‬‬

‫‪No‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ)‪(°‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬ ‫)ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﯿﻮﺱ(‬

‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ‬

‫‪[25.6-22.2] 78-72‬‬

‫)‪ (a‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ )ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ( ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﯾﺲ‬ ‫)‪ (1988‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺷــﺮﺡ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﮐﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﯾﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ‪ z‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (b‬ﻧﺮﺥﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﺳﺎﯾﺶ‪ ،‬ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺮﺥﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﺥﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪62‬‬ ‫‪ ،ASHRAE‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ 62‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (c‬ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ ﯾﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺧﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﮑﻨﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺷﺮﻁ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷــﺪﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺘﯽ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ )ﭼﺮﺍﻍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ( ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯼ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (d‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﯽ ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮ ﻫﭙﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﮐﻮﯾﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ( ﻧﯿﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﯾﺎ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺛﻘﻠﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺒﺪﻝﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (e‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ‪ 100%‬ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (f‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖ )‪ (trauma room‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﮐﻤﮏﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﻭﺭﮊﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﯿﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﻧﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺗﯿﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (g‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳــﺖﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪ – ASHRAE‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (h‬ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﺑﺮﺩ )‪ (airborne infectious isolation‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷــﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﺠﺰﺍﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﯿﻖﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۲‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪﯼ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ :(1‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫)‪ (i‬ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖﺷﺪﻩ )‪ (Protective environment rooms‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (j‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﮑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻒﮔﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪﺍﯼ ‪ OSHA ،NIOSH‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﯾﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺭﯾﺴﮏ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (k‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺟﺴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ )ﻏﯿﺮﺳﺮﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﺍﯼ( ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻨﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ ﺟﺴﺪ )ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪﺷﮑﺎﻓﯽ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩﻣﺪﺕ ﺟﺴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (l‬ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳــﺎﺯﯼ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﮐﺶﻫﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫ﻫــﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽﮐﻪ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮐﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ‪ ،30‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺖﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪ ،ASHRAE 1999‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻫﻮﺍ ﯾﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﯾﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ‪ ،NFPA 90A‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ NFPA 96‬ﯾﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ‪.7.31‬‬ ‫‪) D1.p‬ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ‪ (AIA 2001‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (m‬ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻮ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭﺁﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﯾﻮﯼ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺠﺮﻭﺣﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﻧﺢ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﯽ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺭﺿﺎﯼ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽﮐﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (n‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﮑﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (o‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﯼ ﻧﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺗﮏ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﯾﺎ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮔﺮﻡﺗﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻃﺒﯽ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (p‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴــﻪ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻣﺴــﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ﺳــﮑﻮﻧﺘﯽ )‪ (NIOSH‬ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﯿﻬﻮﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺭﯾﺰ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﺷﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ )ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻒ( ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﮐﻠﯽ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫‪ = P‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ = N ،‬ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‪ = ± ،‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻠﺖ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﺯﺍﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻭ‬

‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨــﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﯿــﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻫﯿﺒﺮﯾﺪﯼ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﺷــﯿﺪﯼ ﻭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‪) ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺼــﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﻣــﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺑــﺎ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ ﺩﻭ ﯾــﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﺰﯾﻨــﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ(‪ ،‬ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻦ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧــﺮﮊﯼ ﮐﻠﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘــﺮﻭﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﮔﯿﺮﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺭﺍﺳــﺖﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫــﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻟﻘــﻮﻩ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﯼ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﯾــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧــﺮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﻫﺰﯾﻨــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫)‪ (LCCA‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﻣﺤــﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠــﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺭﺍﯾﮕﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﺯﺩﯾﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺑﺴــﺘﮕﯽ ﺑــﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﺏﻫــﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯾــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻤــﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۳‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔـﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﺠﻬﯿـﺰﺍﺕ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺣﺒﺎﺏﺧﺸﮏ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺧﺸــﮏ )‪ASHRAE (DB‬‬ ‫‪ 0.4%‬ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺗﺮ )ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ(‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ )‪ (MWB‬ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﺑﯿﺸــﯿﻨﻪ ‪ 99.6%‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ‬

‫ﺧﺸــﮏ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻮﺍﺑــﻂ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ‪/‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻠﯿﻨﯿﮏﻫﺎﯼ ﺳــﺮﭘﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﻫــﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ‪ ASHRAE 1%‬ﻭ ‪99%‬‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻃﯿﻔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺗــﺎﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﺎ ﻧﻘــﺎﻁ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻣﺘﻔــﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺯﻣﺴــﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻭﺿﻊ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ‪ WB‬ﻣﺎﮐﺰﯾﻤﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽﮐﻪ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﯽ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺑﺎﻻﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﺥ ﺩﻫﺪ؛‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺍﺗــﺎﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺳﺨﺘﮕﯿﺮﺍﻧﻪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺟﻮﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺨﯿــﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖﺯﺩﺍﯾــﯽ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺗــﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺟﻮﯼ ﺑــﺎﺭ ﮐﻞ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜــﺮ )ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻋــﻼﻭﻩ ﻣﺤﺴــﻮﺱ( ﺭﺍ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻫــﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﯼ )ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﯿﺰﯼ ﺁﺳــﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻌﮑﺎﺱ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻭ‪(...‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﯿــﻖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﻫــﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟــﯽ ﺑﻪﻃــﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‪ASHRAE .‬‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﯾــﻦ ﻧﺸــﺮﯾﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺟﻮﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪Design Weather Sequence Viewer‬‬ ‫‪ ،CD‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ‪ WYEC2‬ﻭ ‪ASHRAE‬‬ ‫‪ .EXTREMES‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﯾﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯿﮑﯽ ‪ASHRAE (www.‬‬ ‫)‪ ashrae.org‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﻮﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺷــﺪﻩ ﺟﻮﯼ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﺤــﻞ ﻭﺍﻗﻌــﯽ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫)ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﺩﺳــﺘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ – ASHRAE‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳــﯽ( ﻭ ﺳــﺨﺖﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ )‪0.4%‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬

‫‪ DB‬ﻭ‪ (...‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﮐــﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﺎﻥ ﺗــﺎﺯﻩﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﯽ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒــﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﯽ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺸــﮑﻼﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻫﺮﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﯽ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺭ ﮐﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺕﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺮﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﯿﮑﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺩﺳــﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠــﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨــﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺼــﻮﻝ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋــﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺑــﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻓﻌــﺎﺕ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﯾﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﯽ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﯾﻞﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺨﺖﻭﭘﺰ( ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﯽ ﻫﻮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺧــﺮﻭﺝ ﺣــﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿــﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺗﺼــﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯿﮑــﯽ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﭘﺸﺘﯿﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺿﻮﺍﺑــﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻣﺎﮐــﻦ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﺗﺎﺛﯿــﺮ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺳﺮﭘﺎﯾﯽ )ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ( ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻫﻤﯿــﺖ ﺍﺳﺎﺳــﯽ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻧﺴــﺒﺘﺎ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺳــﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺳــﻘﻔﯽ ﺗﯿﺮﻩﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﺑﻪﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻠــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬

‫ﺍﺯﺩﯾﺎﺩ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۴‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺑــﺎ ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧــﯽ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺗــﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﯼ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻔــﻆ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈــﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﯾﺎ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﯼ )‪ (EP‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻟــﺰﺍﻡ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿــﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﺼﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫● ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳــﺘﺮﺱ‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻭ ﺳــﻼﻣﺖ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻮﯾﻠﺮﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﺳــﻮﺧﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ ﯾﺎ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯾﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﺤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧــﯽ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺸــﺘﯿﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺳــﺮﭘﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬

‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬

‫ﻗﺴــﻤﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ‪ 100%‬ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺭﺍ‬

‫‪) EP‬ﺑــﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄــﺮﺍﺭﯼ( ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ؛‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﺩﺗﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧــﯽ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﺿــﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﮐﻨﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳــﺖﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺳــﺮﻭﯾﺲ ﻣﻬﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻘــﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﯾــﺎ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﻟﺘــﯽ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ‬

‫● ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟــﺰﺍﻡ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪﺍﯼ‬

‫● ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺁﺏ ﮔــﺮﻡ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻗﺴــﻤﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻤــﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﯽ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖﺷــﺪﻩ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺑــﻪ‬

‫ﻏﺬﺍﯾﯽ )ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ(‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺿــﺮﺭ ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫● ﮊﻧﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻫــﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﺳــﺎﺯﯼ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﮏ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠــﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﺑﺮﻕ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﺭﺳــﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺿﻄــﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺧﻨﮏﺳــﺎﺯﯼ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿــﻦ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺩﺭﮎ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺭﻭﺗﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺼﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺴــﺎﺗﯽ‬

‫ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻻﯾﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ‬

‫● ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺸــﺘﯿﺒﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﻧــﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿــﺖ ﻣﺤﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺫﺧﯿﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﻭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﯼ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﯽ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽﮐﻪ ﺍﺯﺩﯾﺎﺩ ‪ 100%‬ﻻﺯﻡ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻼﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﮏ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣــﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨــﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﻃﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﻕ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ‪) EP‬ﺑــﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﯼ( ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺴــﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﺑﻨﺪﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎﺩﯼ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺧــﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬

‫● ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺩﯼ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ‬

‫●‬

‫ﻓﻦﻫــﺎﯼ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﮔﺸــﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۵‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﺮﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪HVAC troubleshooting guide, c2009 :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﯾﺎ ﺳــﺮﻭﯾﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩﯼ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻭﺷــﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﯾــﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑــﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺳــﺖ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪﺩﺭﺳــﺘﯽ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿــﺮﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨــﺪ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈــﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧــﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﯾﯽ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑﺷــﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺮﻭﯾﺲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ‪،‬‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ .(1‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻨــﺪ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾــﺮ ‪ (2‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻧﻈﺮﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (1‬ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟــﯽ ﻭ ﻫﻤﯿﻦﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻃــﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿــﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮﺩ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾــﺮ‬

‫ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﺩ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ .(3‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻭ‬

‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺠﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﻻﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ‪ 0‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 250psi‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﺪ؛‬

‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮐﻤﯿﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻣﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﺍﯼ ﺑــﺎ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿــﺮﯼ ‪ 0‬ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ ،1939‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﺳــﺎﺯﯼ‬

‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑــﯽ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 300psi‬ﺳــﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻣﻮﺳﺴــﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫــﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾــﺶ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱﻫﺎﯼ ‪ 0‬ﺗﺎ ‪،1000‬‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﺩﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺩﺭﺳــﺘﯽ ﮐﺎﺭ‬

‫‪ 4000 ،3000 ،2000‬ﻭ ‪5000psi‬ﺧﺮﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪،‬‬

‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﯼ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺒــﻮﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑــﺎﺯﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﯿــﻦ ﺣــﺎﻝ ﻋﺮﺿﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۶‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺧﻄــﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﺗــﺮ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﺳــﺦ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺻﺪﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ )ﺷﺎﺧﺺ(‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫــﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ‪ ANSI‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺗﮑﺎﯼ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻗــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﺮﺍﻧﺲﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﻗﯿﻖﺗﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨــﺪﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾـﺮ )‪ (2‬ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺳـﻨﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸـﺎﺭﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺗـﺎ‬ ‫‪ 150psi‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿـﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺧﻼ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺑﯿـﻦ ‪ 0‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 30psi‬ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﯿـﺎﺱ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ ‪ 40-‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 115‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ )‪ 40-‬ﺗﺎ‬ ‫‪ 46/1‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮﺍﺩ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯﺭﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻨﯽ ﺁﻥﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﻃﯿﻒ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﻗﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻗﯿــﻖ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻠﺮﺍﻧﺲﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪ 0.25‬ﺩﺭﺻــﺪ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﯾــﮏ ﺻﻔﺤــﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪) 3A‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ( ﺗﮑﻨﺴــﯿﻦﻫﺎ‬

‫‪ 2‬ﺍﯾﻨﭽــﯽ ﭘﯿﺸــﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺪﺭﺝﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﮐﻮﭼﮏﺗﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻓــﯽ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‪،‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﻩ ﻋﻈﯿﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻗﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪0.5‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳــﺘﺮﺱ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟــﺎﺕ ‪0.5) A2‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﯽ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺻــﺪ(‪ 0.25) 3A ،‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ( ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ 4/5‬ﺍﯾﻨﭻ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﺗﻠﺮﺍﻧﺲﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣــﺪﺭﺝ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ‬

‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺩﻗﺖ‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿــﺮﯼ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻗــﺖ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﭼــﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﻗــﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳــﺖ؟ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤــﺎﻅ ﺍﺣﺘﻤــﺎﻝ ﺍﯾﺠــﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩﯼ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺍﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺘﺼﺪﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻄﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑــﯽ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳــﻨﺞ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻫﯿﭻ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺍﯾﺪﻩﺁﻟﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳــﻨﺞ ﺑــﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ‬

‫ﻓﻨﺮ ﻣﻮﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﮔﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﯿﺴــﯿﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭﭘﺬﯾــﺮﯼ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑــﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮐﯽ‪ 1‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﭘﯿﻨﯿﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻩ ﻣﯿﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺷﻦ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ‬

‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮐﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﭘﯿﭻ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﭘﯿﭻ ﮐﺎﻟﯿﺒﺮﺍﺳﯿﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (3‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷــﻮﮎ ﯾــﺎ ﺗﮑﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈــﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓــﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﮓﻧــﺰﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻟﯿﺎﮊ ﻣﻮﻧﻞ‪) 2‬ﺁﻟﯿﺎﮊﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿﮑﻞ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺒﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﺳــﺖ(‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘﯿﺶﮔﯿــﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۷‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

‫ﺁﺳﯿﺐﺩﯾﺪﮔﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺳــﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻮﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾــﺮ ‪ .(5‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﻮﺳــﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺳــﻮﺯﻧﯽ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﯼ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬

‫)ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪.(4‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﯾﻤﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺎﺕ ﻣﻬــﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﯽ‪ 3‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﯿﯿــﻦ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺁﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻮﺳــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪75‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺣﺎﺷــﯿﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﺍﺿﺎﻓــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﯿﺐ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳــﺘﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻌــﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﻟــﺮﺯﺵ ﺍﺷــﺎﺭﻩﮔﺮ‬

‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷــﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧــﺪﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾــﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺷــﻮﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺳــﻮﺯﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴــﺌﻠﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﭼﺮﺥﺩﻧــﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺳﻮﺯﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﺮ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.1‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﯽ‪ 4‬ﻣﯽﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻄﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‪ 8‬ﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﯾﻢ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﯾﮑــﯽ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮﺑﺨﺶﺗﺮﯾــﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺩﻟﯿﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﮐﻨﻨــﺪﻩ‪ 5‬ﯾــﮏ ﺍﺑــﺰﺍﺭ ﮐﻢﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺸــﮑﻼﺕ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﯿﺖ‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨــﻪ ﻧﻮﺳــﺎﻥ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻣﺬﮐــﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻗــﻒ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﯽ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬

‫ﮐﺎﻫــﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺩﺭ ﯾــﮏ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﺰ‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﮐﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺑــﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﺎﺧﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‪،‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﯼ ﮐــﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬

‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻧــﺪﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮﯼ ﺣﺎﯾﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﻪﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿــﻂ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﮐﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (4‬ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮐﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤــﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﺰﺍﯾــﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﺍﻥﺳــﺎﺯ ﻧﺎﭘﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﯽ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﮐﺎﺕ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻭ ﺳﯿﻠﯿﮑﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺳــﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺳــﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑــﯽ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻠﯿﮑﻮﻥ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﺒﺮﯾﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺬﺏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﮎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻗــﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﺴــﻬﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ ﮐﺜﯿﻒ ﭘﯿﺸــﻨﻬﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛــﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﯿﺴــﯿﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻤﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣــﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﮐﺜﯿﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴــﯿﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﺁﺳــﺎﻧﯽ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ )‪(9.23 C‬‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻄﯽ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺩﺭﺯﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫‪ 75 F‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺩﯾﺎﻓﺮﺍﮔﻤﯽ‪ 6‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪2‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺳــﻮﺯﻧﯽ‪ 7‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬

‫‪°‬‬

‫● ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ )‪-30F (-34°C‬‬ ‫● ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ )‪150°F (65.6°C‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۸‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺳــﻨﺞ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺍﯾﻦﺭﻭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﯿﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﻧﮕﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻔﻞ ﮐﻼﻫﮏ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺿﺎﻣﻦ ﻫﮑﺲ‬

‫ﭘﯿﭻ ﺳﺮﺗﺨﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺴــﺘﮕﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭﺳــﺎﯾﻞ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﯽ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗــﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺩﺭﺳــﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﯿﺒﺎﻥ ﺗﻔﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺭﯾﻨﮓ ﻭﯾﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻏﻼﻑ ﺟﺪﺍﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻫﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳــﻮﺭ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮐﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺮ‬

‫ﭘﯿﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﮓ ﻧﺰﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻏﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﻟﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻮﺯﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺯﻧﮓﻧﺰﻥ‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺳﻮﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺷــﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻔﻞ ﮐﻼﻫﮏ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﭻﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﺗﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺰﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ‬ ‫)‪ (3‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﮐﺸﺸﯽ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‪ 9‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﻟﯿــﺎﮊ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺁﻟﯿﺎﮊ ﺯﻧﮓ‬

‫ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻮﺯﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﻟﯿﺎﮊ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬

‫ﻧﻤﯽﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣــﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨــﺲ ﭘﻼﺳــﺘﯿﮏ‬ ‫ﺿﺪﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻘﯽ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦﮐﺎﺭﯼﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﯿﻖ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺯﺑﻨﺪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻭﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﻟﯿﺎﮊ ﻗﻠﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺳــﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺠﯽ ﻭ ﺳﻮﮐﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺵﮐﺎﺭﯼﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯼ ﻣﯿﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺯﻧﮓﻧﺰﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ ﺑــﻪﮐﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯿﻦ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺳﯿﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺭﺩﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﮐﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﮔﯿﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﺱﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﻐﺰﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺗﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (5‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻮﺯﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺗﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﻧﺰ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺯﻧﮓﻧﺰﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۱۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﺸﺘﯿﺒﺎﻥ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺳﻮﮐﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﻣﺴــﻄﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﭼﺎﺭ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﯿــﭻﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﯾــﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﯿﭻﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﯿــﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴــﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻫﻢﺧــﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺁﺳــﯿﺐ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﯽ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺰﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﺒــﻪ ﺍﺑــﺰﺍﺭ ﺧــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ؛ ﺯﯾــﺮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺗﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﯿﺎﯼ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (6‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﭘﯿﭻ‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﭘﯿﭻ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﯾﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺷﯿﺸﻪ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﭻ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﭘﯿﭻ‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳــﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﻣﺠﺮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﻪﺷﺪﻩ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ (6‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪،‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬

‫ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ‬

‫ﭘﯿﭻ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﭽﺮﺧﺎﻧﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﯽ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﭻ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺷﯿﺸﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫــﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗــﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﭻ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴــﺘﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬

‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺠﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫــﺮ ﺭﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿــﻦ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﺸــﮕﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﻔــﻆ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﯾــﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾــﺶ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﯽ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻧــﻮﻉ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎﺕ ﺻﺮﻓــﺎ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷــﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨــﺪ ﻧﯿﺰ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﯾﺎ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬

‫ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (6‬ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﭘﯿــﭻ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﺳــﻨﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤــﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫــﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧــﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺭﻭﯼ‬ ‫ﺻﻔــﺮ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳــﺮ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﯿﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺫﮐﺮﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺴــﺒﺖﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺰﺩ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﯽﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬

‫‪1. Ammonia Refrigerants‬‬ ‫‪2. Monel Steel‬‬ ‫‪3. Line Pressure‬‬ ‫‪4. Pulsating Pressure‬‬ ‫‪5. Restrictor‬‬ ‫‪6. Diafragm Seal‬‬ ‫‪7. Needle Valve‬‬ ‫‪8. Liquid-Filled Gages‬‬ ‫‪9. Vapor Tension Thermometer‬‬ ‫‪10. Recalibration‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۰‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻚ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪The Practical Pumping Handbook :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻫﺪ‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﯽ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ‬

‫ﻫﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ × 2.31‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪ = (psi‬ﻫﺪ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ(‬

‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﻣﮑــﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺳــﺮﻭﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ »ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ«‪ ،2‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻨﭻﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﯾــﺎ ‪ psi‬ﯾﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫»ﻫﺪ«‪ 3‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴــﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﮎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﯼ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫‪ ،60°f‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ »ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ« ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺩﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﭘﺮﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻭﯾﮋﻩﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳــﯿﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻫﺪ ﺑﻪﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺠﺴــﻢ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻌﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﮐﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ 1psi‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪60°f‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ × ﻫﺪ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ(‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = ﻓﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪(psi‬‬ ‫‪2.31‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮊﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،1 4‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳــﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ‪2.31‬ﻓﻮﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ،14.7psi‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫‪34‬ﻓﻮﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻪﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪﯼ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﺏ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾــﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 14.7psi‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺎ ‪34‬ﻓﻮﺕ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‪ .6‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬

‫ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺍﯾﻦﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﮐﻒ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺁﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ ‪15‬ﻓﻮﺕ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ‬ ‫‪15‬ﻓﻮﺕ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ ‪34‬ﻓﻮﺕ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮐﻞ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﮐﻒ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪49‬ﻓﻮﺕ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺑﯿــﺎﻥ ﮐﻠﯽﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪ ،60°f‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴــﺐ ‪ psi‬ﻭ ﻫﺪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﯼ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (1‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮐﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﯽ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۱‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫● ﺍﺳﯿﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺭﯾﮏ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪.1.8‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻼ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺴــﺒﯽ‪ ،7‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴــﻔﺮ‪ 8‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺖ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﯼ ‪ 20‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺒﮏﺗﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﯿﺪﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺭﯾﮏ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 80‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬

‫ﺟﻮ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﺎﺩﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪ ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪100‬ﻓﻮﺕ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ = ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ ‪ +‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬

‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻫﺮﯾﮏ ﺑﻪﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬

‫ﺧﻼ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ ﺳــﻨﺠﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻼ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪.(3‬‬

‫ﻧﺸــﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﯼ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖﺑﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻫﻤﯿﻦﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴــﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ = ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ ‪ -‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﻗﯿﻖﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘــﻼﻑ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﮑﺶ‪ 11‬ﻭ ﺩﻫﺶ‪ 12‬ﯾﮏ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪﯼ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺪ ﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﮐﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺪ ﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﮐﻞ )‪ (TDH13‬ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﯼ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻣﮑﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (2‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﺁﺏ ﺳــﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪ 1‬ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪﯼ ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﻭﺷﻦﺗﺮﺷــﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﯼ ﯾﮑﺴــﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ‪ 14‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪ ﻣﮑﺶ‪-‬ﻫﺪ ﺩﻫﺶ = ﻫﺪ ﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﮐﻞ‬ ‫‪T.D.H = :a 50 # 2.3 k + a 36 kD - :a15 # 2.31 k + a12 kD‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﯾــﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﯽ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫● ﻧﻔﺖ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪0.8‬؛‬

‫‪= 118.5 - 35.65 = 82.85 ft‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮐﻞ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟــﯽ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺪ ﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ‬

‫● ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪1‬؛‬

‫ﮐﻞ ﻭ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﯾﺎ ﺩﺑﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪50psi‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﯼ ﺗﺮﺳــﯿﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﯼ‬ ‫‪15psi‬‬

‫‪36in‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﯾﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺳﯿﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬

‫‪12in‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬

‫ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﺶ‬

‫ﻧﻔﺖ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‬

‫‪0.8‬‬

‫‪100ft‬‬

‫‪34.63psi‬‬

‫ﺁﺏ‬

‫‪1.0‬‬

‫‪100ft‬‬

‫‪43.29psi‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﯿﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺭﯾﮏ‬

‫‪1.8‬‬

‫‪100ft‬‬

‫‪77.92psi‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (3‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۲‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ‬

‫ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﯼ ﺩﺍﻧﺴــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺗﻼﻃﻢ‬

‫ﺩﺑﯽ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺑﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻫﺪ ﯾﺎﺩﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔــﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (5‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﮏﺧﻄﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﯼ ﻗﺎﯾﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﺑﯽ ﻓﺰﺍﯾﻨﺪﻩﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳــﻮﺭﺍﺥﻫﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﯼ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﻫﺪ‪-‬ﺩﺑﯽ ﻣﺴــﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (4‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺑﯽ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ 15‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ 16‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻔــﺮ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ‪ 17‬ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﭘﺲ‬

‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩﯼ‪ 20‬ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫــﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﮐﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺑﯽ ﻭ ﻫﺪ ﮐﻞ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﮐﻠﯽﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‬ ‫________ = ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﯾــﮏ ﺩﺑﯽ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻫﻤﯿﻦﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﯽ ﻭ ﻫﺪ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺍﯾﻦﺭﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ »ﻫﺪ‪-‬ﺩﺑﯽ«‪ 18‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (5‬ﺭﺳــﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ »ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﮏﺧﻄﯽ«‪ 19‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺼﺐ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﯼ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﺑﯽ ﺿﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺪ ﮐﻞ ﺗﻘﺴــﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‪ 21‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ )‪ (gpm‬ﻭ ﻫﺪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴــﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﯿــﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ × ﻫﺪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ × ﺩﺑﯽ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪gpm‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺐ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ( × ‪3960‬‬

‫ﻫﻨــﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑــﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿــﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﯼ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﮎ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺐ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ( ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ × ﻫﺪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻮﺕ × ﺩﺑﯽ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪gpm‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪ × 3960‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ ‪ 67٪‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﯼ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ 0.67‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺑﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (4‬ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺑﯽ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺪ‪-‬ﺩﺑﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۳‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺑﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (6‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (7‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ‪NPSH‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄــﻪﯼ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺩﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ‬

‫ﻫﺪ ﻣﮑﺸــﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺧﺎﻟــﺺ ﻻﺯﻡ‪ (NPSHR) 22‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﭘﻤــﭗ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ »ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ« ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺣﺴــﺐ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﺭﺳﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪NPSHR .‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ BEP‬ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ )‪ (NPSHA‬ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪ‪-‬ﺩﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫــﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾــﺮ )‪ (7‬ﮐﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬

‫ﻫﺪ ﻣﮑﺸﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺑﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻤﭗ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﻟﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺒﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﻟﯿﮑﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫● ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﺪ؛‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۴‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫● ﺳﻄﺢ ﻫﺪ ﮐﻞ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ؛‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ؛‬

‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽﺷــﺪﻩﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ‬

‫● ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ‪ NPSH‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﻟﯿﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻞ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ 500gpm‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪ ﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﮐﻞ‪60‬ﻓﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ 500gpm‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪60‬ﻓﻮﺕ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

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‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (8‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﮐﻞ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳــﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﯼ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻭ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﯼ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻫﺪ ﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﮐﻞ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺑﯿﺎﻥﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻫــﺪ ﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﮐﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻫــﺶ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ )‪(BEP‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺒﯽ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ‪،‬‬

‫)‪ (BEP‬ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﺗﺮﯾــﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳــﺖ؛‬

‫ﻗﻄــﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺳــﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﯼ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻓﯽ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺪ‪-‬ﺩﺑﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺻﻞﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺍﯾﻦﺭﻭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺳــﻌﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬

‫ﺧﻄــﻮﻁ ﺟﺪﯾﺪﯼ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﻩﯼ ‪ 70٪‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 120٪‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﯼ ‪ NPSHR‬ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺳﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﻟﯿﮑﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬

‫ﻧﻤــﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﯼ‪ 24‬ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﻤﭙﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﯾﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﺭﺳــﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺳــﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏﺗﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﻫــﻢ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨــﯽ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ‪BHP ،‬‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷــﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﯾﻌــﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪1‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﮐﺎﺳــﻪﻧﻤﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﺮ‬

‫‪NPSHR‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺳــﺎﯾﺶ‪ 25‬ﻭ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﯽ‪ 26‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺩﺑﯽ ﺧﺎﺹ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻂ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ 72‬ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﯿﺐﺯﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﮎ‬

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‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺑﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (8‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﻫﺪ‪-‬ﺩﺑﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﯾــﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﺩﺑﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪ ﻣﮑﺸــﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫)‪ (NPSH‬ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﻃﻠﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳــﯿﺐﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺥ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۵‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻗﺪﺭﯼ ﮐﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﭼﺸﻢﮔﯿﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛‬ ‫‪BEP‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻣﮑﺸﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪﯼ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺩﻫﺸﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﮐﻢ ﺩﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻣﮑﺶ‪ 30‬ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻭﯾﺘﺎﺳــﯿﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺯﮔــﺮﺩﺵ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺑﯽ ﮐﻢ ﺭﺥ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫــﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄــﻪﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ )‪ (BEP‬ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ »ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ‪ «31‬ﻧﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺩﻫﺶ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺑﯽ‬ ‫‪32‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (9‬ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺴﺮﯾﻊ ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﯽﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﯼ ﭘﺪﯾﺪﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﮐﺎﻭﯾﺘﺎﺳﯿﻮﻥ‪ 29‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫــﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻫــﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴــﺘﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬

‫‪1. Pressure-Head Relationship‬‬ ‫‪2. Pressure‬‬ ‫‪3. Head‬‬ ‫‪4. Specific Gravity‬‬ ‫‪5. Absolute Pressure‬‬ ‫‪6. Perfect Vacuum‬‬ ‫‪7. Gauge Pressure‬‬ ‫‪8. Atmospheric Pressure‬‬ ‫‪9. Vacuum Gauge‬‬ ‫‪10. Differential Pressure‬‬ ‫‪11. Suction Pressure‬‬ ‫‪12. Discharge Pressure‬‬ ‫‪13. Total Dynamic Head‬‬ ‫‪14. Differential Head‬‬ ‫‪15. Pump Characteristic Curve‬‬ ‫‪16. Pump Performance Curve‬‬ ‫‪17. Reliability‬‬ ‫‪18. Head-Capacity Curve‬‬ ‫‪19. Single Line Curve‬‬ ‫‪20. Efficiency‬‬ ‫‪21. Power Input‬‬ ‫‪22. Net Positive Suction Head Required‬‬ ‫‪23. Composite Pump Performance Curve‬‬ ‫)‪24. Brake Horse Power (BHP‬‬ ‫‪25. Erosion‬‬ ‫‪26. Fatigue‬‬ ‫‪27. Pump Run-Out Condition‬‬ ‫‪28. Motor Driver‬‬ ‫‪29. Cavitation‬‬ ‫‪30. Suction Recirculation‬‬ ‫‪31. Minimum Flow For Stable Operating Condition‬‬ ‫‪32. Discharge Recirculation‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۶‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻰﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪HVAC troubleshooting guide, c2009 :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺸــﮑﻼﺗﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬

‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ‪ 1°F‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﻕ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺮﻡﺷــﺪﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﺴــﻂ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑــﺎ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺷــﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﯾــﮋﻩ ﺁﻥ ‪ 1.0‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻋﺒــﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺷــﺪﺕ‬

‫ﺁﻟﻮﻣﯿﻨﯿﻢ ‪ 0.2‬ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ‪ 0.2Btu‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺧﻄﯽ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧــﺪ ﺁﻟﻮﻣﯿﻨﯿﻢ ﺭﺍ ﯾﮏ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬

‫ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ 1Btu .‬ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﭘﻨﺞ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺁﻟﻮﻣﯿﻨﯿﻢ ﺭﺍ ﯾﮏ ﺩﺭﺟــﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷــﺪﻩ‬

‫ﯾــﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﻟﻮﻣﯿﻨﯿﻢ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴــﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕﺩﻫــﯽ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﯽ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻨﻘﺒﺾ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﮐﻠﯽ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝﻫــﺎ ﻫﻤــﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣــﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ ﮐﺎﻫــﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿــﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪ 200°F‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪200°F‬‬

‫)‪ (93.3°C‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ )‪ 200°F (93.3°C‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪180°F‬‬

‫)‪ (82.2°C‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﯼ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤــﺎﻅ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﯾــﮏ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﻤﯿﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫»ﻣﺤﺘــﻮﺍﯼ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ«‪ 3‬ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻣــﺎ ﺭﺍ »ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻄﻠــﻖ«‪ 1‬ﻣﯽﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪» ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ«‬

‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ )‪ -460°F (-273°C‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻧــﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛــﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻄﻠــﻖ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ‪) Btu‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺮﯾﺘﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ( ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫــﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘــﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿــﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺸــﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻣــﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺴــﻮﺱ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﻭﻟــﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ‬

‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ‪ 1 lb‬ﺁﺏ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ‪ 1°‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾــﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬

‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 39°F‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻏﯿــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ‬

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‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ ﻭ ﻫﻠﯿﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪،‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۷‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ )ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪ T‬ﯾﺎ ‪.(ΔT‬‬

‫ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﻤﯿﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺳﺒﺐ‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽــﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘــﯽ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﯾــﮏ ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﯼ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﮔﺮﻡ‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﯾــﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺟــﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺿــﺮﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﺳﺮﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ )‪ (ΔT‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﻡ ﯾﺎ ﺧﻨﮏ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﺑﺮﺣﺴــﺐ ‪ Btu‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ؛‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣــﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﯾــﮏ ﮔﺎﻟﻦ ﺁﺏ )‪ (lb 8.43‬ﺍﺯ ‪140°F‬‬

‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 160°F‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ × ﻭﺯﻥ × ‪ = ΔT‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ‬ ‫= ‪(160-140) × 8.34 × 1 = 20×8.34‬‬ ‫‪166.8Btu‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ‬

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‫ﯾﺨﭽــﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫــﻪ ‪ 1920‬ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷــﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗــﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﯾﺦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺷــﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫــﺎﯼ ﯾﺦ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬

‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﯾﺨﺪﺍﻥ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﯾﺨﺪﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺭﺷــﯿﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻋﺎﯾﻖﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺫﺧﯿﺮﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﯾﯽ ﻓﺎﺳﺪﺷﺪﻧﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮﻓــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺮﺍﻍﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫــﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝ ﻭ ﯾﺨﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﺘﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺗﻮ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺧﻨﮏﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﯾﺦﻓﺮﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 3413Btu/h‬ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﯾﮏﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﯾﺦ ‪ 50‬ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫‪ 100‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﯾﺨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻧﯿﻢﺭﻭﺯ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﯽ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻓﻮﺕﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﯾﺦ ‪ 50‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪﯼ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣــﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺧﻮﺭﺷــﯿﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ؟ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬــﺎﻥ ﺫﻭﺏ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﯾﺦ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ‪ 5‬ﻧﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ 300Btu/h ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻧﻈﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﯾﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻋﻤــﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺴــﺘﮕﯽ‬

‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ 144Btu‬ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣــﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺫﻭﺏ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﯾﺦ ‪ 50‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪﯼ‪ 50×144 ،‬ﯾﺎ ‪7200Btu‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣــﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺫﻭﺏ ﯾــﮏ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﯾﺦ ‪100‬‬

‫ﭘﻮﻧﺪﯼ‪ 14400 ،‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﯾﺨﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻫﻢﺭﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ‬ ‫)‪ (9‬ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﮐﻨﯿﻦ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﯾﺦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪ 32°F‬ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬

‫ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎ‪ 144Btu ،‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻥ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺴــﻮﺱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻗــﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ )‪74°F (23.3°C‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ‪ 32°F‬ﺑﻪ ‪ 212°F‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺴــﺘﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ 400Btu/h ،‬ﮔﺮﻣــﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬

‫‪ 180Btu‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬــﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺷــﺨﺺ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺍﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺨﯿـﺮ‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫)ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﺯ(‬

‫‪ 212°F‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ 970Btu‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ‪ 2‬ﯾﺎ ‪ 3‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻋﺮﻕ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓــﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺴــﻮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺑــﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻨﮏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺭﻭﺯ ﮔﺮﻡ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻢﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬

‫ﺁﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﯾﮏ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻗﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻨﮏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺒــﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗــﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﯿــﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﻋﺮﻕ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺵ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫ﻧﻈﯿــﺮ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﯾــﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‬

‫ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﮎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﯾﺰ‬

‫ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺗﻤﺎﯾــﺰ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﯾﺨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 1920‬ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۸‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨــﮕﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻡﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻗﯽﻣﺎﻧــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﺳــﺮﻋﺖ‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﺟﻮﺷــﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣــﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺧﻨﮏ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳــﭙﺲ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻓﻠﺰﯼ ﯾــﺎ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﮔﺮﻣــﺎ ﻣﯽﮔﯿــﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺧﻨﮏﺷــﺪﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺭﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﯼ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓــﺖ ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻓﻀــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻨﮏ‬

‫ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟــﻮﺵ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻄﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴــﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺟﻮﺵ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺧﻨﮏﺳــﺎﺯﯼ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔــﺎﻉ‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 10.000ft‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ‪(193°F) 89.4°C‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾـﺮ )‪ (9‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿـﺮ ﯾﺨـﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺟﻮﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪،100psi‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﺁﺏ )‪ 338°F (170°C‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺰﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺗﻤﺴــﻔﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺧﻨﮏ‬

‫‪ ،100 lb‬ﻣﯿﻌﺎﻥ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺷﻠﻨﮓ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺳﯿﮑﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺣــﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺦ ﺁﺑﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺁﺑﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺟﻮﺷــﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪.(10‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻤﺴــﻔﺮ ﻣﯽﺭﺳــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﯿــﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺟــﻮﺵ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘــﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﯾــﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺮﻣــﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﯾﺎ ﻣﯽﺟﻮﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬

‫ﻭﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺒــﺮﺩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ‪ 8‬ﯾﺎ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‪ ،9‬ﺷﯿﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﺴــﺎﻁ‪ ،10‬ﮐﻮﯾﻞ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ‪،11‬‬ ‫ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﯾــﺮ )‪ (11‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﯿﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺗﺎﻧﮏ ﯾﺎ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧــﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺒــﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﮔﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﮐﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑــﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮐﻮﯾﻞ ﺧﻨﮏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﮐﻢﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨــﺶ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﮐﻢﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﯾﺎ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ ﯾﺎ ﻣﮑــﺶ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ‬

‫ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﻡﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﯾــﮏ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺣــﺎﻭﯼ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺵ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷــﻌﻠﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺟﻮﺵ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ‬ ‫)‪ 212°F (100°C‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺷــﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﺳﺮﯾﻊﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﺟﻮﺷــﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (10‬ﻣﺤﺮﻟﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ )ﺟﺎﻧﺴـﻮﻥ‬ ‫)‪.((Johnson‬‬

‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﮐﻢ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﻣﯿﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﭘﺮﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻓﻌــﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻮﯾﻞ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۲۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﮐﺮﺑــﻦ )‪ ،(C‬ﻫﯿــﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ )‪ ،(H‬ﮐﻠﺮ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺯﻥ‬

‫)‪ (Cl‬ﻭ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭ )‪(F‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ‪ CHClF2‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺑﺎ ‪ R-12‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﯾــﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫــﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻪﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺑﻮ ﻭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺳﯿﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣــﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣــﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈــﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﯾﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (11‬ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﮐﻢﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺁﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳــﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ‪ 1‬ﺗﻦ ﻃﯽ ﻣﺪﺕ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﮐﻮﯾﻞ ﺧﻨﮏﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬

‫‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‪ 288000Btu ،‬ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﯿﻠﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﯾﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤــﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠــﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺍ ﯾــﺎ ﺁﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﯿﻦ ﺧﻨﮏﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻇﺮﻑ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﻌــﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺭﺍﯾﺞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻈــﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﮐــﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻨــﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺸــﺘﯽﻫﺎ‬

‫● ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿـﺎﮎ‪ :‬ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽﺗﺮﯾــﻦ ﻣﺒــﺮﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣــﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺳﻤﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫● ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴـﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔـﺮﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻭﻟﯿــﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ ﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴــﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦﺁﻻﺕ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﺭﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺳﻤﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﮑﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫● ﻣﺒـﺮﺩ ‪ :12‬ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﺒــﺮﺩ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳــﻂ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﮑﺎﻡ‬

‫ﭘﯿﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﻤﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴــﺐ ﺗﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﯾــﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫● ﻣﺒـﺮﺩ ‪ :22‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬

‫‪ R-12‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻠــﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ‬

‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ‬

‫ﻫﯿﭻ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺧــﻮﺍﺹ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿــﻦ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣــﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺑــﺎﻻﯼ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨــﺪﻩ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﺍﯾﺪﻩﺁﻝ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣــﺎ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳــﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻮﭼﮏﺗﺮ ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬

‫ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻨﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺍﯾﺪﻩﺁﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻑ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺸــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺗﻦ ﯾﺦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﯽ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺫﻭﺏ‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻣﺒــﺮﺩ ‪ 12‬ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﮐﺮﺑــﻦ )‪ ،(C‬ﮐﻠﺮ‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫‪13‬‬

‫ﺳﻤﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫)‪ (Cl‬ﻭ ﻓﻠﻮﺋــﻮﺭ‪ (F) 14‬ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻣــﻮﻝ‬

‫● ﻣﺒـﺮﺩ ‪ :40‬ﻣﺘﯿــﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾــﺪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺫﻭﺏ ‪ 1‬ﺗﻦ ﯾﺦ‪ 288000Btu ،‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺁﻥ ‪ CCl2F2‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ‪R-22‬‬

‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺠــﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۰‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳــﻮﺭ ﺗﻬﻮﯾــﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻣــﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑــﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦﺳــﺎﺯﯼ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣــﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﺯ ‪R-22‬‬

‫ﻧﻤــﯽﺭﻭﺩ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐﺷــﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﭘﯿﺸــﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﯾﮏ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻓﻨﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﻤﯽ‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻪﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﯿﺎﻟﯽ‬

‫ﺑﯿــﻦ ﺳــﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ‪ 2020‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ 2030‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧــﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺸــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ ﻗﺒــﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻏﯿﺐ ﺳــﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻢﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫــﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫــﺎﯼ ﻏﺬﺍﯾــﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﯿﻦﻫــﺎﯼ ﯾﺨــﯽ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻭﭘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﯿــﺰ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺻــﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣــﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﺳــﯿﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻗﯿﻤــﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥﺑﻪﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾــﺮ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨــﺶ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻣﺤﺴــﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪R-123 .‬‬

‫)‪ (CHCl2CF3‬ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾــﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺒﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮐﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫‪ R-11‬ﻭ )‪ R-134a (CH2FCF3‬ﻭ‬

‫ﮐﻠﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻀﺮﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ R-12‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ‪R-123‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ )‪R-12 ،R-11 (CCl3F‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻋﻠــﺖ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻦ ﮐﻠــﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬

‫)‪ (CCl2F2‬ﻭ ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﺩ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ R-123a .‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬

‫)‪ R-22 (CHClF2‬ﮐــﻪ ﺿﺮﺭ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻐﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﻊﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞﻫﺎ ﺧﺮﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫)ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ( ﺑﯿﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠــﯽ ﺍﺧﯿــﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒــﻮﻉ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺎﺷــﯿﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺝﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻀﺮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ‪ R-134a‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﯽﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬ ‫‪1. Absolute zero‬‬ ‫‪2. Specific heat‬‬ ‫‪3. Heat content‬‬ ‫‪4. Sensible heat‬‬ ‫‪5. Latent heat‬‬ ‫‪6. Refrigeration system‬‬ ‫‪7. Refrigeration from vaporization‬‬ ‫)‪(open system‬‬ ‫‪8. Tank‬‬ ‫‪9. Liquid receiver‬‬ ‫‪10. Expansion valve‬‬ ‫‪11. Evaporator coil‬‬ ‫‪12. Carbon‬‬ ‫‪13. Chlorine.‬‬ ‫‪14. Fluorine.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۱‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﻚﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪HVAC water chillers and cooling towers :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﮑﻤﯿــﻞ ﻧﺼــﺐ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻭﯾﺲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﯼ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﭘﻤﭗ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻧﺼﺐ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻤﯿﺰﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺻﺎﻓﯽ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺭﻭﻏــﻦﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺷــﻔﺖ ﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺷــﻔﺖ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺗﺴــﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﯿــﻢ ﻣﺤﺮﮎ ﺭﺍﻧــﺶ )ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺼﺐ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﮐﺸﺶ ﺗﺴﻤﻪ)ﻫﺎ(‬ ‫ﺏ( ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﯿــﻢ ﻫﻢﺭﺍﺳــﺘﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻂﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﺰﻭﻻﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻤﻪ)ﻫﺎ(‬

‫)ﻟﺮﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﻫﺎ( ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻣﺤﺮﮎ ﮔﯿﺮﺑﻮﮐﺲ )ﺩﺭ‬

‫‪ .10‬ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷﻮﯼ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﺍﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .11‬ﭘﺮﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺝ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺩﺳــﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﯼ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .12‬ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩﻣﺪﺕ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺁﻣﭙــﺮ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﭘﻼﮎ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺗﺴــﺖ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭖ( ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ‬

‫ﺷــﯿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﻓــﯽ‪ ،‬ﮔﯿﺞ ﯾﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ‪،‬‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺼﺐ(‬

‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﭘﺮﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .13‬ﺗﺴــﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳــﺘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡﮐﻦ )ﻫﯿﺘﺮ(‬

‫‪ .2‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷــﻔﺖ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﻭ ﻫﻢﺭﺍﺳــﺘﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﭘﻠﯿﻨﮓ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺷــﻔﺖ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺷــﻔﺖ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧــﺪﻥ ﺷــﻔﺖ ﺑــﺎ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺷــﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﻘﻪﺍﯼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻤﯿﺰﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷــﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ‬

‫ﺏ( ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻫﻢﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﻔﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔﯽ )ﺁﻧﺘﯽﻓﺮﯾﺰ(‪.‬‬

‫ﭖ( ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﮐﻮﭘﻠﯿﻨﮓﻫــﺎ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫‪ .14‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺼﺐﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﻨﺪﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳــﻔﺖﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﭘﯿﭻﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﯼﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬

‫ﻏﯿﺮﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﭼﺮﺧــﺶ ﺷــﻔﺖ ﺑــﺎ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥﯾﺎﻓﺘــﻦ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺤﺮﮎ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺷــﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﻘﻪﺍﯼ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .9‬ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩﻣــﺪﺕ ﻓﻦ)ﻫﺎ( ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯ )ﺍﯾﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻫﺮﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭖ( ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻮﻟــﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .15‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻭ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﻓﻦ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻣﭙــﺮ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻓــﻦ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋــﺎﺕ ﭘﻼﮎ‬

‫ﭖ( ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۲‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺷﯿﺮ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺎﯼﭘﺎﺱ ﻭ‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﻫــﺮ ﺷــﯿﻔﺖ( ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ‪ 70‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺍﯼ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﯿــﺶ ﺍﺯ ﯾــﮏ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﯽ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ ،(1‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﯿــﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻧﺴﺒﺖﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ‬

‫ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﯽﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺭﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪﯼ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷــﯿﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺳﯽ‬

‫ﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﮐﻨــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﯼ‬

‫ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺭﺳﻮﺏﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﻟﺠﻦﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﯽ ﭼﯿﻠﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﻓﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺗﺴــﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮﺩ ﺻﺤﯿــﺢ ‪) VFD‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺼﺐ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﮐﻠﯿﺪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﺗﺴــﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧــﯽ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁﻻﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻻ )ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺳﺮﺭﯾﺰ ﺁﺏ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﻗــﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﯿــﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺕ( ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺮﺍﺏ ﯾﺎ ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ‪ PH‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﯽ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻗــﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﯿــﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﺼﻔﯿــﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤــﺾ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻭﯾﺲ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻧﮕــﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﯾﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﯾــﺪ ﻭ ﻧﮕــﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑــﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧــﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳــﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴــﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺮ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﯼ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﯼ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻭﻗﻔﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﯾﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻘﺴــﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺻﺤﯿــﺢ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﺿــﻮﻉ ﺭﻭﺯﻣﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻈــﻢ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠــﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ‪ TDS،PH‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ‪،‬‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮﻩ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﯽﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻃﯽ ‪ 24‬ﺳــﺎﻋﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ )ﺁﺯﺍﺩ( ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﯿﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﯾــﺞ ﺁﻥ ﺑــﺎ ﺁﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﮔــﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﭘﯿﻤﺎﻧﮑﺎﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﮑﺮﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳــﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﻭ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻃــﯽ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫــﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵﺑــﻮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺸــﮑﻞ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﭘﺮﺳــﻨﻞ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺳــﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻟﺠﻦ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻭ ﺭﻓــﻊ ﻧﻮﺍﻗﺺ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺮﻭﯾﺲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﯾﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﯾــﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﯿﻐﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺗﻤﯿﺰﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﮎﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﻭﻏﻦﮐﺎﺭﯼ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺩﺳــﺘﯽ ﺷــﻔﺖ )ﻫــﺎﯼ( ﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥﯾﺎﻓﺘــﻦ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺧــﺶ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻓﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﮐﺸﺶ ﻣﺤﺮﮎﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺴﻤﻪﺍﯼ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﭘﺮﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧــﯽ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺑــﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﺗــﺎﺯﻩ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮﺩ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺳــﻮﺏﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﯽ‪ ،‬ﻟﺠﻦﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕــﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﯿﺰﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ )ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ(‪.‬‬

‫ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮﺩ ﭼﯿﻠﺮ ﻭ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﯼ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧــﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﯽﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗﺎ‬

‫‪ .8‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭﺍﺷﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﭽﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻟﺠﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻭﺍﺷﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﯿﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (1‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫‪ .9‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﯾﺪ ﮐﺎﻣــﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻠﺰﯼ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ )ﺣﺪﺍﻗــﻞ ﺭﻭﺯﯼ ﯾﮏﺑﺎﺭ ﯾﺎ ﯾﮏﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۳‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺷﯿﻔﺖ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺧﺸﮏ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ‪ /‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮐﻢ ‪ /‬ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ‪ /‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮐﻢ‪ /‬ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ‪ /‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮐﻢ‪ /‬ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (1‬ﺑﺮﮒ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫‪ .6‬ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻓﻦﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﺎﻅﻫــﺎﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﻭ ﮐﺮﮐﺮﻩﻫــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈــﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻭﻏﺒــﺎﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻐﺎﻝﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮐﻠﯿﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﯿﭻﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭖ( ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺷــﻔﺖ ﻓﻦ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫‪ 1000‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﯾﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺎﻩ ﯾﮏﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻣﺤــﺮﮎ ﮔﯿﺮﺑﻮﮐــﺲ ﻃﺒــﻖ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺻﺎﻓﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺕ( ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻤﯿﺰﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﺭﻧﮕــﯽ ﺑﻪﻭﯾــﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﮑﯿﻪﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﺍﯼ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻤﯿﺰﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺻﺎﻓﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ ‪ /‬ﻭﻧﺘﻮﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﻧﮕــﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﻨﻈــﻢ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻟﺠﻦﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﯿﺰﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧــﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻟﺠﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻠــﺰﯼ ﻣﻌﯿﻮﺏ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰﯼ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﮐﺶ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻣﺤﺮﮎ ﮔﯿﺮﺑﻮﮐﺴﯽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷــﻮﯼ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ‬

‫‪ .10‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺸــﺘﯽ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧــﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ )ﺑﻪﻭﯾــﮋﻩ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﺷــﺎﻫﺮﺍﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻭ‬

‫ﻃﯽ ﻓﺼﻞ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ )ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﯾﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸــﺎﺭ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‬

‫ﻭ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﯼ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻫﻔﺘﮕﯽ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻤﯿﺰﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺻﺎﻓﯽ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﮏﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷــﯿﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺷــﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﯾﺎ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﯾــﺎ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥﮐﻨﻨــﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈــﺮ‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ‬

‫‪ .5‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﺴﻤﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﯿﺮﺑﻮﮐﺲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﺘﻮﺭﯼ ﯾــﺎ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳــﻄﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓــﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﯼ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﮑﺶ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﯾــﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺻﺎﻓﯽﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺻﺎﻓﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ ﭘﺮﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻓﯽ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺍﺳــﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻋﻤــﻮﺩﯼ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺻﺎﻓــﯽ ﺣﻮﺿﭽــﻪ‬ ‫)ﭼﺎﻫﮏ( ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺭﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧــﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴــﯿﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﯾﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺷـﺶ‪ :‬ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﯾــﺪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۴‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﯿﺰﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳــﻄﻪ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺘــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﯿﮑﻞ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃــﻮﺏ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺷــﺶ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ ﯾﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺁﺏ ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﻟﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻟــﻒ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﯾﺞﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺮﭼﻪ ﺳــﯿﻤﯽ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎﻧــﻪ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷــﻮ ﺩﻫﯿــﺪ ﻭ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﯿﯿــﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﯽﺭﺿﺎﯾﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﯾﺪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬

‫ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﯾــﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬

‫)ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﯿﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﯾﺎﺗﯿﮏ ‪ 10‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﯾﮑــﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 2‬ﺳــﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ(‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻮﻕ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﭘﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺳﮑﺖ ﯾﺎ ﻭﺍﺷﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﮐﺮﮐﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‪ :‬ﮐﺮﮐﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺭﺍﺣﺘﯽ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺏ( ﺷــﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺷــﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬

‫ﻭ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﺮﺩ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺷــﺶ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﺳــﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺘــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﯿﮑﻞ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﯿـﺐ ﻧﻮﺍﻗـﺺ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿــﺮﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺒــﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨــﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻧﺼــﺐ ﻭ ﻧﮕــﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬

‫ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﯾﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺧﯿﻠﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﯽ ‪ -‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﯼ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﯾﻦ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺳــﯿﮑﻞ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‬

‫ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﻭﻇﺎﯾــﻒ ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽﺷــﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻟــﻒ( ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺴــﺘﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻪ ﺩﺳــﺘﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧــﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺷﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﻧﺠــﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ‪) .‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬

‫ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﯼ )ﮐﺎﺳﮑﺖﻫﺎ( ﺭﺍ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏــﺎﺯ ﻓﺼــﻞ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﯿﮑﻞ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺭﺍ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﺧﯿﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻭ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸــﺖ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ‪،‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑــﺮﺝ(؛ ﭼﻮﻥ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ‬

‫ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣــﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﯼ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬

‫ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ‬

‫ﻭ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﭘﺮﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﻣﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﺼــﺐ ﺯﯾــﺎﺩﯼ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺱﻫــﺎﯼ ﻓﻠــﺰﯼ ﻫﻢﺁﻟﯿﺎﮊ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛‬

‫ﮐــﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑــﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ؛‬

‫ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷــﺮﻃﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺷﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﯼ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﯾﺎ ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻣﺠــﺪﺩ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬

‫ﺁﺳﯿﺐ ﻧﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬

‫ﭖ( ﺷــﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺑــﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺸــﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣﻮﻧــﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻫــﻮﺍﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺧــﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﯿــﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺒـﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﺍﯼ ‪ -‬ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪﺍﯼ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻭ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۵‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃــﻮﺏ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫‪ .8‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻫــﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺗﺒــﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻣﺮﮐــﺐ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺧــﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾــﻦ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴــﺌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴــﺌﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ‬

‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﻭ‬

‫ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃــﻮﺏ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )ﻭ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﻋﻤﻖ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺁﯾــﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ(‪ .‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳــﻄﺢ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ‬

‫ﺁﺏ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺷــﺮﺍﯾﻄﯽ‬

‫ﯾﺎ ﺧﯿﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﻦ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸــﯽﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ًﺍ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﯾــﮏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺣﻞ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺮﮎ ﻓﻦ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﻦ‬

‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﮑــﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴــﯿﻞ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ‬

‫‪ .9‬ﺍﮔــﺮ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸــﯽ ﺁﺏ ﺭﻓــﺖ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﯾﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﻣﮑﺶ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴــﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺤﯿــﺢ ﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺑﺎﻻﺗــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﻦ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﺷﯿﺐ ﺗﯿﻐﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻗﻄــﺮ ﻟﻮﻟــﻪ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﯾــﺎ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥﮔﺮ‬

‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﺥ ﻓﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﺎ ﯾﮏ ﭼﺮﺥ ﻓﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﺸــﮏ ﮐﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺁﯾــﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽﮐﺎﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﯿﻐﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﻟﻮﻟــﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﺴــﺌﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿــﻦﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺭﻓﺖ‬

‫ﺁﺧﺮﯾــﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻧﺘــﺎﮊ ﮐﻞ ﻓﻦ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ‪ 3.5.2‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﯼﭘﺎﺱ ﺑﻪﻃــﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭼﯿﻠﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺒﺢﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴــﺌﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺩﺍﻡﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﮑﺶ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺣﻞ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻦ ﺩﻭﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺧﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣــﻪ ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﻧﮕــﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﻨﻈــﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮﺩ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻓﻦ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤــﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪﺗــﺮ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺁﺑﺸــﺎﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﻓﻠــﺰﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﯾــﮏ ﺻﻔﺤــﻪ ‪ PVC‬ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ 15‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 20‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪﺗﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺁﺑﺸــﺎﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺼــﺐ ﺑﺮﺝﻫــﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﮐــﺐ ﯾــﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﯾــﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺑــﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﭘــﺮﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﻮﯾــﺾ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗــﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬

‫ﭼﻨﺪﺳــﻠﻮﻟﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﮑــﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻟﻮﻟــﻪ‬

‫ﺑﯿــﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣــﺪ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿــﺰﺍﻥ ‪ 25‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﺮ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤــﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷــﺪ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯽﺁﺏﺷﺪﻥ ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘــﺮﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪﺗــﺮ ﺗﻌﻮﯾــﺾ ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﯽ‬

‫ﻧﻤﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺁﺳــﯿﺐﺩﯾﺪﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﮎ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﻭ ﺳــﺮﺭﯾﺰﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺑــﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨــﺪﻩ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺸــﮑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‬

‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾــﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸــﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻟﺠﻦ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۶‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺝ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﺟﺒــﺎﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﮑﺶ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾــﯽ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺎ )ﺍﻟــﻒ( ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺝ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻓﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾــﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﯿﻠﯽ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳــﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻣﺤﯿﻄــﯽ ﯾﺎ )ﺏ(‬

‫ﺭﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺟــﺎﯼ ﻓﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ‬

‫ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﯾﺦ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾــﻖ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺻﻼﺣــﺎﺕ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻧﮑﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﯿﻠــﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈــﺮ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨــﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥﺑﻪﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ ﯾﺦ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓــﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺑــﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪،‬‬

‫ﺕ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺝ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳــﻠﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﯾﺦ ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝﻫـﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺷــﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﯼﭘﺎﺱ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﯾﮏ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺳــﻠﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺫﻭﺏ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻭﺿﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪) .‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺴــﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺌﻠﻪ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔﯽ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﯾﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉﺷــﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼــﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺝﻫــﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨــﺪﻩ ﻣﮑﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺒــﺎﺭﯼ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔــﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺳــﯿﺐﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﺴــﺘﻌﺪﺗﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﯾﺰ ﺭﻭﯼ ﮐﺮﮐﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻟــﻒ( ﻓــﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 2‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ 3‬ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻓﻦ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 15‬ﺗﺎ‬ ‫‪ 20‬ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭖ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻓﻦ ﺩﻭﺳــﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮐﻢ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ( ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺙ( ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱﮐــﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓــﻦ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻦﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎﯼﭘﺎﺱ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺝ( ﻓﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺮﮎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﺭﻓــﺖ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬

‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮﻩ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔــﯽ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻇﺮﻓﯿــﺖ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻈــﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻫﺮﮔــﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻫــﺎﯼ ﺿﺪ ﯾــﺦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘــﺮﻝ ﻣﻘــﺪﺍﺭ ﻫــﻮﺍﯼ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﮑﻨﯿﺪ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬

‫ﺑﮕﯿــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻓﻦ ﺩﻭﺳــﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺨﯿــﺮ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﯽ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻓﻦ ﺗﮏﺳــﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ‬

‫ﻫﻤﯿﺸــﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺴــﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ( ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺳﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻗﯿﻘ ًﺎ ﺯﯾﺮ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﯾﺦ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﺪﻫﯿﺪ‬

‫ﺫﻭﺏ ﮐﻨﯿــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳــﻌﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺷﻤﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﯾﺦ‪ ،‬ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔﯽ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤــﻞ ﺫﻭﺏﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﯾﺦ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺍﮔــﺮ ﺑــﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺴــﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑــﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﯾــﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﯾــﺦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‬

‫ﺑــﺎ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﭼﺮﺧــﺶ ﻓﻦ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺎﺯﯼ ﻧﺒﺎﺷــﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ‬

‫ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﺮﺍﺳــﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﺩﻫﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻔﺎﻇــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭ ﮐﺮﮐﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺳﯿﺮﮐﻮﻟﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞﺭﺳــﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺗﺎﺛﯿــﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳــﻄﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺁﺳﯿﺐ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﺍﯼ‬

‫ﯾﺦ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺭﺍ ﺫﻭﺏ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳــﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾــﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﺟﻬــﺖ ﻓﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﻠﯿﺪ ﭼﭗﮔﺮﺩ ‪-‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺯﻣﺴــﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ ﻻﯾﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﯾﺦ ﺭﺍ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖﮔﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻮﺗــﻮﺭ ﺳــﻪﻓﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧــﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺑــﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑــﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺩﻭ ﺳــﯿﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺳﯿﻢ ﻋﻮﺽ‬

‫ً‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔﯽ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾــﯽ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﮑﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ‬

‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﯿﺐﺩﯾﺪﮔﯽ ﻓﻦ ﻭ‬

‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۷‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺏ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺗﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‬

‫ﯾــﮏ ﺭﺍﻩﺣــﻞ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾــﻦ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺻﺎﻓــﯽ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺸﮏﺷــﺪﻥ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑــﺮ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔــﯽ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ‬

‫ﭘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷــﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎﺕ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﯼﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺯﻧﮓﺯﺩﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺳــﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸــﯽ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ »ﺧﺸــﮏ« ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺣﻞﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ ﺯﯾــﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔــﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵﺷــﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬

‫)ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺁﺏ( ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌــﺮﺽ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺗﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪﺍﺳــﯿﻮﻥ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ )ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪.(2‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻤﮑــﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺑــﺎ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻥﯾﺎﻓﺘــﻦ ﻓﺼــﻞ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ‪،‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺧﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔﯽ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ‬

‫ﺭﺳــﻮﺏ ﯾــﺎ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺳﯿﮑﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺑﺎﺭ‬

‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﻘﯿﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﭘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻨﺪﺍﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ‬

‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﻞﺷــﺪﻩ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻟﻮﻟــﻪ ﺁﺏ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﯾﺎ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥﮔــﺮ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻃــﻮﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺷــﺮﻭﻉ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪) .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺯﻧﮓﺯﺩﮔﯽ ﺁﻫﻦ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻗﺒــﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵﮐــﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﯾــﮏ‬

‫ﻣﺲ ﯾﺎ ﭘﻼﺳــﺘﯿﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺴﺖ ﻣﯽﺷــﮑﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬

‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮﻭﺏﮐــﺶ ﻏﯿﺮﺍﮐﺴــﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕــﯽ ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺸــﺘﮏ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺝ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗﺎ »ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﺭ« ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮﮊﯾﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺑﺮﺳــﺎﻧﯿﺪ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍﮐﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮﮊﯾﮑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺿﺎﻓــﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﺭﺳــﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻟﺠﻦ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺘﮏ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﺳﺴﺖ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﻪﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞﺭﺳــﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻃــﯽ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵﺑــﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﯾــﮏ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔــﯽ ﻻﯾﻪﺍﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺎﯼﭘﺎﺱ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 3‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ 5‬ﻗﺒــﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺳــﯿﺮﮐﻮﻟﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪) .‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﯾﺪ( ﻭ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﯽ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺑﺮﺝ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺭﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻃﺮﻑ ﭼﯿﻠﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﭙﺮﯼﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻤﭗ)ﻫﺎ(‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻭ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷــﻮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ‪ PH‬ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ )‪ (2‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‪C :‬؛ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‪NC :‬؛ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﺑﺎﺯ‪NO :‬‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﮏ ﺧﻨﮏ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۸‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﻯ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪HVAC troubleshooting guide, c2009 :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﯾﺰﺩﺍ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨــﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫــﺎﯼ ﺣــﺎﻭﯼ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﻫــﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﯽ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺟﺬﺏ ﯾﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ‬

‫ﺟﺬﺏﺷــﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﺎﺕ ﻣﯿﻌﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻭ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﯾﺎ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺧﻨﮏﺷــﺪﻥ‬

‫ﯾــﺎ ﻣــﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻪ ﮔــﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺳــﻮﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫــﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺘــﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﻝ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﯿﻌﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾــﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺎﺭﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺬﺏ‬

‫ﻧﻬــﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﮔــﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﭼﮕﺎﻟــﺶ‬

‫ﻭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨــﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯿﻌﺎﻥ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﯾــﮏ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳــﺮﯾﻊ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺬﺏ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮔــﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺧﻨﮏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺧﻨﮏﺷــﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺧــﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻄﻠــﻮﺏ ﯾــﮏ ﻣﺒــﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ‬ ‫ﺁﺑــﯽ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﺣــﺎﻭﯼ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﻭ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑــﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮔــﺮﻭﻩ ﺳــﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺬﺏ‬

‫● ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﯽﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏ ﺑﻪ‬

‫● ﺳﻤﯽ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠــﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫● ﻣﯿﻌﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪،‬‬

‫● ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (1‬ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺬﺏ ﯾﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫»ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴـﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔـﺮﺩ«‪ :‬ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴــﯿﺪ‬

‫● ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺧﻨﮏﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫● ﺗﺤﺖ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﮔــﺮﺩ‪ ،(SO2) 1‬ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﯾــﺎ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﯽﺭﻧﮓ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (1‬ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺳﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺑﻮﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬

‫● ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐﺷﺪﻥ‬

‫● ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫● ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔــﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺑــﺎ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﯿﺪﺳــﻮﻟﻔﻮﺭﯾﮏ‪ 2‬ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ‬

‫ﺟﺬﺏ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺴــﻮﺱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﯿﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﯾﺮ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺧﻨﮏﺷــﺪﻥ ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﯼ ﻣﺨــﺮﺏ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟــﯽ‪ ،‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ ﮐﻠﺴــﯿﻢ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴــﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣــﺎﯼ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‪ .‬ﺣﺠﻢ‬

‫ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ ﺳﺪﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ؛ ﺑﻪﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳــﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬

‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﯿــﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺮﺩ‬

‫● ﺳﺒﺐ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫● ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺳـﻮﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﮔــﺮﻭﻩ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺩﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۳۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ :(1‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ )‪(F°‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ‬ ‫)‪(Btu/lb.latu‬‬

‫‪14.0‬‬ ‫‪-10.6‬‬ ‫‪55.6‬‬ ‫‪-28.0‬‬ ‫‪-110.5‬‬ ‫‪10.0‬‬ ‫‪74.8‬‬ ‫‪-21.7‬‬ ‫‪-114.6‬‬ ‫‪48.0‬‬ ‫‪-41.4‬‬ ‫‪117.6‬‬ ‫‪38.4‬‬ ‫‪-37.7‬‬ ‫‪-50.1‬‬

‫‪172.3‬‬ ‫‪177.8‬‬ ‫‪177.0‬‬ ‫‪554.7‬‬ ‫‪116.0‬‬ ‫‪173.5‬‬ ‫‪78.31‬‬ ‫‪71.04‬‬ ‫‪63.85‬‬ ‫‪104.15‬‬ ‫‪100.45‬‬ ‫‪63.12‬‬ ‫‪58.53‬‬ ‫‪54.20‬‬ ‫‪76.46‬‬

‫ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ‬ ‫ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﺰﻭﻝ )ﺍﯾﺰﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﻥ(‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺋﻮﻥ ‪11‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺋﻮﻥ ‪12‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺋﻮﻥ ‪13‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺋﻮﻥ ‪21‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺋﻮﻥ ‪22‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺋﻮﻥ ‪113‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺋﻮﻥ ‪114‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺋﻮﻥ ‪115‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺋﻮﻥ ‪502‬‬

‫ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾﺪ ‪ 35‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ 70‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﯿــﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾــﺪ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺑﯽﺭﻧــﮓ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﯽﺑﻮﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺳــﻮﺯﺵﺁﻭﺭ ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ؛ ﻟــﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﯿﻦﺩﻟﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾــﻊ ﺑﯽﺭﻧﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧــﺎﻡ ﺁﮐﺮﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻮﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺪﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾــﺪ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﭼﺮﺑﯽﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫»ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿـﺎﮎ«‪ :‬ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿــﺎﮎ‪ 4‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒــﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺷــﯿﻦﺁﻻﺕ ﺑــﺰﺭﮒ ﺻﻨﻌﺘــﯽ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﯾﺰﺭﻫﺎﯾــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﮐــﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺴــﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﯾﯽ ﺑــﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑــﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫‪ 177.8Btu/lb‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻮﯼ ﺗﻨﺪﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺣﺘﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﻧﻔــﻮﺫ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﺷــﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺪﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺑــﻮﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ ﮐــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺷــﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺟﻮﺵ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‪-28°F ،‬‬

‫ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ )‪ (SO2‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪14°F‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﯿﻌﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫)‪ (-33°C‬ﻭ ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ ‪-107.86°F‬‬

‫)‪ (-10°C‬ﻣﯽﺟﻮﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬

‫)‪ (-77.7°C‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺤﻼﻝﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ )ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ‪172.3Btu/ ،(latu‬‬

‫ﺧﺸﮏ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﻻﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫‪ lb‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪166Btu/‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘــﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺳــﺒﺐ‬

‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ lb‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﯽ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣــﺎﯼ ﻧﻬــﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ‪18°F‬‬

‫ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ‬

‫)‪ 555Btu ،(-7.7°C‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺋﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺘﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻟﺠﻦ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺎﮎ ﻭ ﺳﯿﺎﻩﺭﻧﮓ‬

‫ﻓــﻮﻻﺩﯼ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺧﻨﮏﺳــﺎﺯﯼ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺳﯿﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺤﺖ‬

‫ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻨﮏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴــﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ‪-10°F‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﯽ‬

‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻧﻤﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﮑﺶ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ‬

‫)‪ (-23°C‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 125‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 200psi‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻏﯿﺮ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁﺳﯿﺐﺭﺳــﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﮑﺶ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﻪﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴــﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺒــﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈــﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺁﺛــﺎﺭ ﺳــﻤﯽ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾﺪ‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿــﺎﮎ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﺗــﺎﺯﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎﮎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫)ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ( ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬

‫»ﻣﺘﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾـﺪ«‪ :‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﻣﺘﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾــﺪ‪ -10.6°F (-23.3°C) ،(CHP) 3‬ﻭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ - ۴۰‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿــﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﭘﻤﭙــﺎﮊ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺟــﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺯﯾــﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻧﻤﮑﯽ ﺗﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﮑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮ ﺧﻨﮏ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥﺑﻪﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻤﮑﯽ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﺏﻧﻤﮏ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩ )‪ -6°F (-21°C‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﻼ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﯿــﻪ ﮐﻢﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﻤﺪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺍﮐﺴﯿﮋﻥ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪125‬‬

‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳــﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 200psi‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﯼ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺳــﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻨﮏ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﮎ ﺍﺳــﺖ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ )‪ 35.6°F (13.1°C‬ﻭ‬

‫»ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ«‪ :‬ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ‪784‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﯽﺭﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﮐﻢﺑﻮ‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫»ﮐﻠﺮﯾـﺪ ﮐﻠﺴـﯿﻢ«‪ :‬ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ ﮐﻠﺴــﯿﻢ‬

‫‪ 360.5°F (182.5°C) ،lb‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﯿــﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻃﻌﻤﯽ ﺍﺳﯿﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬

‫)‪ (CaCl2‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﯾــﺎ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺑــﻮﯼ ﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺗﺮ ﻭ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟــﻮﺵ ﺁﻥ )‪5°F (-15°C‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ‬

‫ﻃﻌﻤﯽ ﺷــﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺛﺮﯼ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻠــﺰﺍﺕ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺲ ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 300psi‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻤﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﻄﯿﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮐﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ )‪8°F (26.6°C‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿــﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻭ ‪ 1000psi‬ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻣــﺎﯼ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧــﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺧﻨﮏﺷــﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ )‪ 87.8°F (31°C‬ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻀﺮ ﻧﯿﺴــﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﮑﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺧﻨﮏ‬

‫ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﮐﺴــﯿﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‪،‬‬

‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴــﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺧﻔﮕﯽ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠــﺐ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺩﯼﺍﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻤﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿــﺐ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑــﺮﺩ ﻧــﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺰﯾﺖ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺗﻌــﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄــﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻼﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫»ﺍﺗﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾﺪ«‪ :‬ﺍﺗﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﺮﺍﯾﺪ‪(C5H5Cl) 6‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﯾﺨﭽﺎﻝﻫــﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺣﺘﯽ ﻗﻠﻊ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺮﻡﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ ﻭﺍﺷــﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﯽﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬

‫‪1. Sulfur dioxide.‬‬ ‫‪2. Sulfurous Acid.‬‬ ‫‪3. Methyl chloride.‬‬ ‫‪4. Ammonia.‬‬ ‫‪5. Calcium chloride.‬‬ ‫‪6. Ethyl chloride.‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪...‬‬

‫ﭼﯿﻠــﺮ ﺟﺬﺑــﯽ ﮔﺎﺯﺳــﻮﺯ‬

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