Elements of space making in Indian Architectural context

NAGALAND

The Ao Naga Gate, also known as Mopungchuket, is a traditional ceremonial gate located in the Mokokchung district of Nagaland, India. It is considered one of the finest examples of Naga architecture and is an important cultural landmark for the Ao Naga tribe. Here are some of its architectural features:

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Wooden structure: The Ao Naga Gate is made entirely of wood, with no metal nails or screws used. It is built using the traditional mortise and tenon joint technique

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Roof: The roof of the gate is made of bamboo planks and thatch. The steeply pitched roof is designed to shed rainwater.

Carvings: The gate is adorned with intricate carvings of animals, birds, and human figures. The carvings are done by skilled craftsmen using traditional tools such as chisels and knives.

Location: The carving of the reptile is located on one of the wooden pillars that support the gate. It is positioned at the base of the pillar, with the head of the snake facing upward.

Natural ventilation: The weaving pattern of bamboo used in the construction of the gate allows air to circulate freely, providing natural ventilation. This helps to keep the gate well-ventilated and prevents the buildup of moisture and humidity

JOINERY DETAILS

These common joinery features can be seen in an Aao Naga gate:

A projecting tenon on one piece of wood fits into a similar mortise (or hole) in another piece of wood to form a mortise and tenon joint, which is a traditional carpentry technique These joints are frequently utilised to connect the horizontal and vertical gate frame members. Dovetail joints are an interlocking joint type that are frequently utilised in the construction of furniture connecting the diagonal braces in an Aao Naga gate

Where two pieces of wood overlap, there is a lap junction For the horizontal and diagonal elements of the gate frame of Aao Naga gates, lap joints are frequently used.

Half-lap joints: A half-lap junction is created by two pieces of wood that only partially overlap. It is similar to a lap joint The diagonal bracing and the horizontal gate frame elements may be joined together by half-lap joints in an Aao Naga gate.

Tongue and groove joints: A tongue and groove junction is created when a projecting tongue from one piece of wood fits into a corresponding groove from another piece of wood. The boards that make up the gate's panels in Aao Naga gates may be joined together using these joints.

CHATTISGARH

THE GHOTUL 1

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The Ghotul is a traditional youth dormitory found in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India. It is a communal space where young people from the Muria tribe come together to socialize, learn, and participate in cultural activities. Here are some of the architectural features of the Ghotul:

Circular structure: The Ghotul is typically a circular structure, with a thatched roof and walls made of mud and bamboo The circular shape is believed to represent the cycle of life and the interconnectedness of all things.

Central courtyard: The Ghotul has a central courtyard that serves as the main gathering place for the residents. It is an open space that is used for dance performances, meetings, and other cultural activities.

Decorative carvings: The walls of the Ghotul are decorated with intricate carvings and designs, typically depicting scenes from nature or tribal legends. The carvings are done using traditional tools such as chisels and knives.

Gender segregation: The Ghotul is typically segregated by gender, with separate dormitories for boys and girls. This reflects the traditional gender roles of the Muria tribe, where boys and girls are raised separately until they reach adulthood

Natural materials: The Ghotul is constructed using natural materials such as mud, bamboo, thatch, and wood This reflects the sustainable and eco-friendly practices of the Muria tribe

Raised platform: The Ghotul is typically built on a raised platform, which provides protection from floods and wild animals

JOINERY DETAILS THEGHOTUL

The following are some typical joinery features you might see in a ghotul: The horizontal and vertical sections of the frame are often joined using mortise and tenon joints, a traditional carpentry method. One piece of wood's tenon, or protruding piece, fits into another piece's corresponding mortise, or hole.

A lap joint is created when two pieces of wood cross each other. Lap joints are frequently utilised in Ghotul building to attach the horizontal elements.

Rafter joints: Purlins and rafters commonly make up a Ghotul's roof. The sloping beams that support the roof are known as rafters, and they are attached to the frame's horizontal components using mortise and tenon joints.

Purlin joints: Purlins are the horizontal beams that support the roof and run perpendicular to the rafters. Lap joints, mortise and tenon joints, and notched joints are just a few of the ways they are attached to the rafters.

Pegged joints are employed throughout the construction of the Ghotul to attach the numerous frame members. In this method, the two pieces of wood that are being linked are joined by drilling a hole through them and inserting a wooden peg to hold them in place.

Storage of Food

Food is kept in the ghotul in a granary or common chamber that is elevated to keep out damp and vermin. Large earthenware pots or baskets made of bamboo or other natural materials are used to keep the food.

Rice, millets, lentils, and other grains are some of the most often kept foods in the ghotul. Initially, these meals are thoroughly cleaned before being sun-dried to remove any moisture.

The floor of the granary is frequently covered with a layer of cow dung, which serves as a natural insect repellent and prevents moisture from entering the food storage area.

CHATTISGARH KAMAR HOUSE

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Bamboo frame: The Kamar house has a bamboo frame that provides structural support and stability. The bamboo is lightweight and flexible, making it easy to work with and transport

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Kamar house is a traditional house of the Kamar tribe found in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India. It is a unique example of sustainable and eco-friendly architecture, with several distinctive features. Here are some of the key architectural features of a Kamar house: 6

Mud walls: The walls of the Kamar house are made of mud, which is a locally available and eco-friendly material The mud is mixed with straw and water to create a plaster that is applied over the bamboo frame.

Thatched roof: The roof of the Kamar house is made of thatch, which is a natural insulator that keeps the interior cool in the summer and warm in the winter. The thatch is supported by a series of bamboo beams and is designed to shed rainwater quickly.

Raised platform: The Kamar house is built on a raised platform, which provides protection from floods and wild animals.

Low entrance: The entrance to the Kamar house is low and narrow, which helps to keep out animals and provides security. It also helps to retain warmth in the winter and keep the interior cool in the summer.

Decorative motifs: The exterior of the Kamar house is often decorated with colorful motifs and patterns, which are painted using natural pigments. These motifs are inspired by nature, mythology, and local traditions

JOINERY DETAILS

The joinery features of the homes are made to resist the region's harsh climate and are made of locally accessible materials including wood, bamboo, and mud. The following are some typical joinery features you could discover in a Kamar home:

The horizontal and vertical sections of the frame are often joined using mortise and tenon joints, a traditional carpentry method.

Dovetail joints are an interlocking joint type that are frequently utilised in the construction of furniture.

Notched joints: A section of one piece of wood is cut away to make room for another piece of wood in a notched junction. Notched joints are frequently utilised in Kamar homes to connect the frame's horizontal and vertical sections.

Scarf joints are used to link two pieces of wood together at either end. Scarf joints may be used in Kamar homes to attach the rafters that support the roof.

Bamboo joinery:. Bamboo pegs are a typical method for joining bamboo poles together. Another method is to wrap the joints in bamboo strips to keep them in place.

Storage of Food

Traditional Kamar homes are constructed of mud and bamboo, with a separate room or area designated for storing food. This area is typically elevated from the ground to keep out dampness and pests. 'Bara Ghar' or 'Bhojan Ghar' are two names for the food storage area.

Foods like as grains, legumes, and vegetables are kept in the Kamars. They employ the following methods for food storage:

The Kamars use bamboo baskets to store grains, lentils, and other foods. Clay pots: The Kamars keep their grains and pulses in clay pots as well. Before usage, the pots are dried in the sun after being covered with a coating of mud. To keep insects and other pests out after the food has been placed in the pots, the pots are covered with lids made of cloth or jute bags.

Drying: To get rid of moisture and stop spoiling, the Kamars dry grains, fruits, and vegetables in the sun.

Smoking: The Kamars also employ smoking to preserve their food. To increase the shelf life of meat and fish, they smoke them. Spices are first used to marinade the meat or fish, which is then hung on a bamboo stick.

GUJARAT BHUNGA

Bhunga is a traditional house of the Kutch region of Gujarat, India. It is a circular-shaped dwelling made of local materials such as mud, thatch, and timber, and has several unique architectural features Here are some of the key features of a Bhunga: 1

Circular shape: The Bhunga has a circular shape, which is believed to represent the cyclical nature of life and the universe The circular design also makes the Bhunga more structurally stable and resistant to strong winds.

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Thatched roof: The roof of the Bhunga is made of thatch, which is a natural insulator that keeps the interior cool in the summer and warm in the winter. The thatch is supported by a central wooden post and a series of radial beams that extend outward.

Mud walls: The walls of the Bhunga are made of mud, which is a locally available and eco-friendly material. The mud is mixed with straw and water to create a plaster that is applied over a wooden frame.

Decorative motifs: The exterior of the Bhunga is often decorated with colorful motifs and patterns, which are painted using natural pigments

Veranda: The Bhunga has a raised veranda that serves as an outdoor living space. It is supported by wooden columns and provides shade and ventilation.

Courtyard: The Bhunga is built around a central courtyard, which serves as a space for socializing, cooking, and other activities.

JOINERY DETAILS

The following are some typical joinery features you could discover in a Bhunga home:

The wooden parts of the frame are often joined together in Bhunga home building using mortise and tenon joints, a traditional joinery method.

Tongue and groove joints: In a tongue and groove joint, one piece of wood fits into a corresponding groove on another piece of wood. Bhunga houses are built with a central wooden post that supports the roof as stabilising rods. To add to the structure's stability, bamboo or wood stabilising rods are put diagonally through the centre pillar and the wall panels.

Thatch binding: The thatch roof of a Bhunga house is fastened to the wooden rafters with a number of materials, such as rope, twine, or wire.

Cow dung plastering: The walls of Bhunga homes are frequently painted with cow dung. The dung is placed on the walls in a thin layer after being combined with mud and water. This method offers a smooth, long-lasting surface while also insulating the home.

Storage of Food

. The methods of food preservation employed in Bhunga homes are made to keep food fresh for extended periods of time in a hot, arid environment while guarding it from pests and rodents.

Earthen Pots: Bhunga homes frequently employ earthen pots, usually referred to as "matkas," to store grains and pulses. To keep moisture out and to prevent spoiling, the pots are covered with a layer of cow dung or clay and stored in a cool, dry environment.

Jute Bags: Jute bags are used to store grains including millet, rice, and wheat. To keep insects away, the bags are coated with neem leaves or dried chilies.

Using hanging baskets: Vegetables and fruits are stored in hanging baskets made of bamboo or other natural materials. To protect the food from pests and rats and to allow for air circulation to prevent rotting, the baskets are hung from the roof vegetables, fruits, and fish are frequently preserved via sun drying in Kutch's hot and dry climate. Until they are totally dry, the food items are spread out on mats or trays and left in the sun for several days.

Mangoes, lemons and chillies are among the veggies that can be preserved by the common practice of pickling. The veggies are diced.

MANIPUR RAHANGKI

Rahangki is a traditional house of the Kabui Naga tribe in Manipur, India. It is a unique example of indigenous architecture with several distinctive features Here are some of the key architectural features of a Rahangki house: 1

Bamboo frame: The Rahangki house has a bamboo frame that provides structural support and stability.

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Thatched roof: The roof of the Rahangki house is made of thatch, which is a natural insulator that keeps the interior cool in the summer and warm in the winter. The thatch is supported by a series of bamboo beams and is designed to shed rainwater quickly

Mud walls: The walls of the Rahangki house are made of mud, which is a locally available and eco-friendly material The mud is mixed with straw and water to create a plaster that is applied over the bamboo frame.

Raised platform: The Rahangki house is built on a raised platform, which provides protection from floods and wild animals.

Decorative motifs: The exterior of the Rahangki house is often decorated with intricate carvings and motifs, which are inspired by nature, mythology, and local traditions.

Veranda: The Rahangki house has a veranda that serves as an outdoor living space It is supported by wooden columns and provides shade and ventilation.

JOINERY DETAILS

The following are some typical joinery features one could discover in a Rahangiki home:

The wooden parts of the frame are often joined together in Rahangiki house building using mortise and tenon joints, a traditional joinery method. One piece of wood's tenon, or protruding piece, fits into another piece's corresponding mortise, or hole.

Notched joints: A section of one piece of wood is cut away to make room for another piece of wood in a notched junction. Notched joints are frequently utilised in Rahangiki homes to combine.

Bamboo joinery: Bamboo is frequently utilised in the construction of Rahangiki houses, and the joinery details for bamboo differ from those for wood. Using bamboo pegs to connect bamboo poles together is a typical method. Bamboo strips wrapped around the joints and secured them in place is another method.

Using string, rope, or vine to lash items together is a common technique. Lashing may be employed in Rahangiki homes to fasten thatch to the roof structure or to hold the bamboo poles

Storage of Food

The methods of food preservation utilised in Rahangki homes are made to keep food fresh for extended periods of time while guarding it against rodents, insects, and dampness.

Bamboo Baskets: In Rahangki homes, bamboo baskets are frequently used to store grains, pulses, and vegetables. To keep moisture out, the baskets are lined with dried leaves or jute bags. After that, to keep rats and vermin out of the food storage chamber, the baskets are suspended from the roof.

Clay pots: Rahangki homes also utilise clay pots to preserve foods like pickles, ghee, and milk. The mud-coated pots are dried in the sun after being covered in it.

Drying: To preserve fruits, meat, and vegetables, drying is a prevalent technique in Rahangki households. The food is sliced or chopped into small bits, and then it is dried in the sun for a few days until it is totally dry. In clay pots or bamboo baskets, they are kept after drying.

Smoking is another technique employed in Rahangki homes to preserve meat and seafood. To completely dry and impart a smoky flavour, the meat or fish is hung for many days in a chamber with smoke. In order to preserve vegetables like radish, turnip, and cabbage, a common technique is salt preservation.

ODISHA

KUTIA KONDH

Kutia Kondh house is a traditional house of the Kutia Kondh tribe in the Kandhamal district of Odisha, India. It is a unique example of indigenous architecture with several distinctive features. Here are some of the key architectural features of a Kutia Kondh house: 1

Bamboo frame: The Kutia Kondh house has a bamboo frame that provides structural support and stability. The bamboo is lightweight and flexible, making it easy to work with and transport.

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Thatched roof: The roof of the Kutia Kondh house is made of thatch, which is a natural insulator that keeps the interior cool in the summer and warm in the winter. The thatch is supported by a series of bamboo beams and is designed to shed rainwater quickly

Mud walls: The walls of the Kutia Kondh house are made of mud, which is a locally available and ecofriendly material The mud is mixed with straw and water to create a plaster that is applied over the bamboo frame.

Raised platform: The Kutia Kondh house is built on a raised platform, which provides protection from floods and wild animals. The platform also serves as a space for cooking, socializing, and other activities.

Central hearth: The Kutia Kondh house has a central hearth, which is used for cooking and heating The hearth is made of mud and is located in the center of the house.

Veranda: The Kutia Kondh house has a veranda that serves as an outdoor living space It is supported by bamboo columns and provides shade and ventilation.

Decorative motifs: The exterior of the Kutia Kondh house is often decorated with colorful motifs and patterns, which are painted using natural pigments.

JOINERY DETAILS

The following are some typical joinery features one could discover in a Kutia Khond home:

The wooden elements of the frame are often joined together in Kutia Khond house building using mortise and tenon joints, a traditional joinery method.

Notched joints: A section of one piece of wood is cut away to make room for another piece of wood in a notched junction. Notched joints are frequently utilised in Kutia Khond buildings.

A Kutia Khond home's thatch roof is attached to the wooden rafters using a number of different techniques, such as rope, twine, or wire.

Bamboo joinery: Bamboo is a common building material used in Kutia Khond houses, and joinery details for bamboo differ from those for wood. Bamboo poles can be joined together using a variety of methods, including bamboo pegs. The joints can also be held in place using bamboo strips wrapped around them.

The Kutia Khond homes' walls are frequently plastered with mud. Applying a thick layer of the mud-straw-water mixture to the walls. With the aid of this method, the house is better insulated.

Keeping Food.

The most popular way to store food in urban Jaisalmer is by refrigeration. Fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy products are just a few examples of the perishable foods that are kept in refrigerators, which are generally accessible.

Airtight Containers: Dry food items like grains, lentils, and spices are frequently stored in airtight containers in metropolitan Jaisalmer. These containers are made to keep food fresh for a longer amount of time and to keep moisture out.

Vacuum sealing is another contemporary method of food preservation employed in Jaisalmer's cities.

In the city of Jaisalmer, fruits and vegetables are preserved through canning. The food is put inside a jar, then the lid is put on top. In order to destroy any bacteria and produce an airtight seal, the jar is then submerged in boiling water for a predetermined period of time. In urban Jaisalmer, freeze drying is a technique used to preserve food items like fruits, vegetables, and meat. After being frozen, the food is put in a vacuum chamber, where the ice evaporates and is replaced by a dried food product. Food prepared in this way is frequently used for backpacking and camping.

URBAN JAISALMER

Urban Jaisalmer houses are a mix of traditional Rajasthani architecture and modern construction techniques. Many of these houses are multi-story buildings that feature balconies, terraces, and courtyards. Here are some of the key features of urban Jaisalmer houses: 1

Sandstone construction: The buildings in Jaisalmer are made of local yellow sandstone, which is a durable and beautiful material. The sandstone is cut into blocks and arranged in a pattern, giving the buildings a distinctive appearance.

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Jharokhas: Jharokhas are projecting balconies or windows that are a characteristic feature of Rajasthani architecture. In urban Jaisalmer houses, jharokhas are often adorned with intricate carvings and serve as a decorative element.

Courtyards: Many urban Jaisalmer houses have central courtyards, which provide natural light and ventilation to the interior spaces.

Terraces: Urban Jaisalmer houses often have terraces on the upper floors, which offer panoramic views of the city and surrounding desert. The terraces are often used for socializing and entertaining guests.

Modern amenities: Many urban Jaisalmer houses have been renovated or built in recent years with modern amenities such as air conditioning, plumbing, and electrical systems. These houses retain the traditional architecture while offering the convenience of modern living.

Haveli architecture: Some urban Jaisalmer houses are havelis, which are large, ornate mansions that were built by wealthy merchants and nobles in the 19th century. Havelis often feature intricate carvings, frescoes, and stained glass windows, and are considered architectural treasures.

JOINERY DETAILS THEURBANJAISALMER

When building a Jaisalmer home, the wooden parts of the frame are often joined using the traditional joinery method known as mortise and tenon connections. One piece of wood's tenon, or protruding portion, slides into the corresponding mortise, or hole, in another piece of wood.

Notched joints: In a notched joint, a piece of wood is cut away to make room for another piece of wood. The horizontal members of Jaisalmer homes are frequently joined together using notched connections.

Keeping

The most popular way to store food in urban Jaisalmer is by refrigeration. Fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy products are just a few examples of the perishable foods that are kept in refrigerators, which are generally accessible.

Airtight Containers: Dry food items like grains, lentils, and spices are frequently stored in airtight containers in metropolitan Jaisalmer. These containers are made to keep food fresh for a longer amount of time and to keep moisture out.

Jali work: Houses in Jaisalmer frequently have beautiful stone lattice work called jali. Sandstone blocks are carved and shaped to create the intricate patterns and designs for the Jali joinery detailing.

Plastering: The inside and exterior walls of Jaisalmer homes are frequently finished with plaster. Over wire mesh or wooden lattice, a thick coating of plaster is put, which is subsequently completed and smoothed

Sandstone carving is a popular art form in Jaisalmer, where a lot of homes have elaborately carved stone entrances, window frames, and arches. Sandstone is cut and shaped with chisels and hammers for the joinery intricacies of carving.

Vacuum sealing is another contemporary method of food preservation employed in Jaisalmer's cities. In the city of Jaisalmer, fruits and vegetables are preserved through canning. The food is put inside a jar, then the lid is put on top. In order to destroy any bacteria and produce an airtight seal, the jar is then submerged in boiling water for a predetermined period of time. In urban Jaisalmer, freeze drying is a technique used to preserve food items like fruits, vegetables, and meat. After being frozen, the food is put in a vacuum chamber, where the ice evaporates and is replaced by a dried food product. Food prepared in this way is frequently used for backpacking and camping.

HAVELI

Havelis are traditional mansions that were built by wealthy merchants and nobles in Rajasthan, India, during the 19th and early 20th centuries Jaisalmer, a city in Rajasthan, is famous for its havelis, which are characterized by their intricate carvings, frescoes, and stained glass windows. Here are some of the key architectural features of havelis in Jaisalmer:

1 Sandstone construction: Like most buildings in Jaisalmer, havelis are made of local yellow sandstone, which gives them a distinctive golden hue The sandstone is cut into intricate patterns and shapes, and used to decorate the exterior and interior of the haveli.

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Jharokhas: Jharokhas, or projecting balconies, are a characteristic feature of Rajasthani architecture, and are often found in havelis. The jharokhas are decorated with intricate carvings and provide a shaded seating area from which to view the street below.

Courtyards: Most havelis have a central courtyard, which is surrounded by living spaces and provides natural light and ventilation. The courtyards are often decorated with plants, fountains, and other features that create a peaceful and relaxing environment

Frescoes: Havelis in Jaisalmer are famous for their intricate frescoes, which depict scenes from Hindu mythology, local folklore, and historical events The frescoes are painted on the walls and ceilings, and are characterized by their vivid colors and fine details.

Water storage: It was common for havelis in Jaisalmer to have stepped levels for water storage Stepped levels were constructed using locally sourced materials such as stone, brick, and lime mortar. The levels were built in a stepped or terraced pattern, with each level slightly lower than the one above it. The capacity of water storage tanks varied depending on the size of the haveli and the needs of its inhabitants Some tanks could hold up to several thousand liters of water.

JOINERY DETAILS

Carved wooden brackets: The balconies or overhanging roofs of havelis are frequently supported by intricately carved wooden brackets Mortise and tenon joints or notched joints are frequently used to attach these brackets to the wall.

Complex stone carvings, including arches, pillars, and balustrades, can be seen on the façade of havelis Chisels and hammers are used to cut and shape the stone in the joinery details of stone carvings.

Jali work is a kind of elaborate stone or wooden latticework that is frequently seen in havelis. Havelis frequently have elaborate doorways with complex carvings and inlaid patterns Mortise and tenon joints are used in the joinery of these doorways to attach the timber frame and the door panels.

Decorative plasterwork: The external and interior walls of havelis are frequently finished with plaster Over a wire mesh or wooden lattice, a thick coating of plaster is put, which is subsequently completed and smoothed The plaster is then frequently carved with artistic patterns to produce a lovely, textured surface

The elaborate and ornamental approach to construction used in these stunning houses is reflected in the joinery features of havelis These structures are made to be practical as well as to display the workmanship and expertise of the builders.

Keeping Food.

The methods of food preservation utilised in Havelis were created to keep food items fresher for longer in a hot, dry environment.

Earthen Pots: In Havelis, water, milk, and curd were frequently stored in earthen pots. These pots' porous clay construction allowed water to gently evaporate, keeping the contents cool. In Rajasthan's hot and dry climate, this strategy was especially helpful.

Pickling: In Havelis, pickling is a popular way to preserve produce, meat, and other foods. The foods are then put into glass jars or earthen pots after being marinated in a concoction of salt, oil, and spices. It was pickled.

Drying: In Havelis, drying is a common technique for preserving foods such fruits, vegetables, and meat. For many days, the food items are laid out in the sun to dry until they are thoroughly dehydrated. The food items are dried and then kept in airtight containers to keep moisture out.

Clarified butter, also known as ghee, is a staple in Indian cooking and was frequently used in Havelis to preserve food. Ghee can be used to preserve fruits and vegetables and has a longer shelf life than ordinary butter.

Spices: An vital component of Indian cuisine, spices were frequently utilised in Havelis to preserve food.

RURAL JAISALMER

In rural Jaisalmer, the traditional architectural style is quite different from the havelis found in the city

Here are some key features of rural Jaisalmer architecture: 1

Mud and thatch construction: In rural areas, buildings are typically constructed from mud and thatch, which are readily available materials The walls are made of mud, while the roofs are thatched with straw or grass.

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Simple designs: Rural buildings in Jaisalmer are typically simpler in design than havelis They often have flat roofs and minimal decoration, although some may have small niches or alcoves for religious or decorative purposes.

Courtyards: Like havelis, rural buildings also often have a central courtyard, which serves as a gathering place for family and community events. The courtyard is often shaded by a tree or canopy, and may have a well or other water source

Functional features: Rural buildings in Jaisalmer are designed to meet the practical needs of daily life. For example, they may have a separate area for livestock, or a raised platform for sleeping to keep cool during the hot summer months.

Preservation of traditional techniques: Despite the simplicity of rural Jaisalmer architecture, there is still a focus on preserving traditional building techniques and designs. Many rural buildings are constructed using age-old methods, passed down through generations of craftsmen.

RURAL JAISALMER

In rural Jaisalmer, the traditional architectural style is quite different from the havelis found in the city

Here are some key features of rural Jaisalmer architecture: 6

Small, high-placed windows: To protect against the hot desert sun, windows in rural Jaisalmer buildings are typically small and placed high up on the walls This allows for natural light and ventilation while reducing the amount of direct sunlight that enters the building.

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Decorative elements: Despite their practical purpose, windows in rural Jaisalmer buildings are often decorated with intricate patterns and designs. These may include carved stone frames or screens, or colored glass inserts.

Ventilation: With the hot and dry climate in Jaisalmer, proper ventilation is essential. Many rural buildings incorporate vents or small openings in the walls to allow for air flow and cooling.

Protection from the elements: In addition to the harsh sun, rural Jaisalmer buildings also need to protect against sandstorms and monsoon rains. Some buildings have small shutters or awnings over the windows to provide additional protection

Religious or cultural significance: In some cases, the fenestrations in rural Jaisalmer buildings may have religious or cultural significance For example, some buildings may have small niches or alcoves for religious icons or offerings, or decorative elements that reflect local beliefs and traditions.

RURALJAISALMER

JOINERY DETAILS

Mortise and Tenon Joints: In Jaisalmer homes, beams and columns are frequently joined with this sturdy joint

Using a dovetail joint, two pieces of wood can be joined at an angle It is distinguished by a number of wedge-shaped tabs that interlock and fit into corresponding slots.

Finger Joints: This joint resembles the dovetail joint, however it has a series of interlocking fingers instead of interlocking tabs. In contrast to the dovetail joint, which consists of interlocking tabs, the finger joint consists of interlocking fingers that fit together like a set of puzzle pieces

Halving Joints: Two pieces of wood are sliced in half, and then they are fitted together so that the cut ends interlock

In order to create a lap joint, two pieces of wood must be placed over one another and secured with nails or screws.

Keeping Food.

The food storage methods employed by the locals of rural Jaisalmer, which is located in Rajasthan's Thar desert, are largely made to preserve food in the area ' s hot and dry climate.

Grain Storage: In rural Jaisalmer, grain storage is a crucial component of food preservation. Large sacks made of fabric or jute are frequently used by farmers to store their grains, including wheat and rice. To keep the grains fresh for extended periods of time and to prevent moisture from entering, these sacks are kept in cool, dry regions of the home

Rural Jaisalmer people also use conventional refrigeration techniques to keep their food fresh Keeping perishable foods, such vegetables, in storage is a widespread practise in the area. In rural Jaisalmer, pickling is a customary way to preserve fruits and vegetables The meal is marinated in a solution of salt, oil, and spices before being placed in glass jars or earthen pots for storage. The food's flavour is improved and it is preserved by the pickling procedure.

Sun-Drying: In rural Jaisalmer, sun-drying is a popular technique for preserving fruits, vegetables, and meat. For many days, the food items are laid out in the sun to dry until they are thoroughly dehydrated The food items are dried and then kept in airtight containers to keep moisture out.

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