SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW December 2023 by CFX Network, LLC

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Volume: 112. Issue.12. December 2023

INDEX L A U ANN 2023 W REVIE G N I S MIN G N I L SKIL

34 How the Mining Industry is plagued by Illegal Miners and Cassiterite Traders

23 Blasting shows African mines

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Volume: 112. Issue.12. December 2023

Rare earth discovery means coal mines could play key role in energy transition

Harmony Gold to delay Eva Copper project as seeks new permits

Blasting shows African mines the power of positive disruption As we prepare for another exciting Investing in African Mining Indaba in 2024, the theme of ‘positive disruption’ could not be more appropriate for the directions being forged in the field of mine blasting and explosives.

23 HOW THE MINING INDUSTRY IS PLAGUED BY Illegal Miners and Cassiterite Traders

South Africa: Aussie Mining Company ‘SLAPP Suit’ Partly Settled Out of Court

Sibanye CEO asks Shareholders to Hang in for ‘Ah-Ha’ Moment SIBANYE-Stillwater will move into net debt next year as capital expenditure from its battery minerals project pipeline ramped up, the miner said in a presentation. 05 Zimplats commits over US$362M on major projects for Q4 06 Adventus Mining and Luminex Resources to Merge 08 2023 Annual Consultative Conference and Inaugural Mining Skills Lekgotla 08 Mining People: Artisanal Gold Council, Centerra, Maple Gold, Taseko, Osisko 08 Anson begins Demo Plant Construction at US Lithium Project 10 Riversgold acquires new Lithium Tenement in Pilbara 10 ICMM publishes new resource

10 Northcliff continues to advance Sisson Tungsten-Moly Project 12 Slam Exploration Expands Lithium Portfolio Option Agreement for Peninsula Project 16 Former Coal Miners From Limpopo Launch Class Action Against Exxaro 16 Amex Exploration ends Q3 with in excess of C$14M in cash 16 QRC tallies up mixed year 18 Latin Metals Completes Airborne Geophysical Survey 18 Mali and Russia agree to build Gold Refinery in Bamako

Six South African defendants have reached an out-of-court agreement in a defamation case brought by Australian mining company MRC. The terms of the settlement have been kept confidential.

28 Uranium price hits 15-year high in 2023 28 Mainstream Renewable Power Secures Funding for 97.5 MW Solar PV Farm in South Africa 29 Charger and Rio Tinto reach farm acquisition agreement for lithium project in Western Australia 30 Golden Paulson Reboots Black Cats 37 Sibanye-Stillwater says Hydrogen catalyst will save Iridium market 38 South Africa: Gold One Clamps Down On Striking Miners 39 2023 Annual Index of Skillings Mining Review

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Zimplats commits over US$362M on major projects for Q4 The country’s biggest platinum group metal (PGM) producer Zimplats has committed a total of US$362.1 million on major projects as at 30 September 2023 as the group is geared to upgrade its operations.

ccording to Zimplats quarterly report for the period ended 30 Sep 2023, the group has committed millions of dollars to its major projects. This includes mine development and upgrade projects at Mupani and Bimha, base metal refinery refurbishment project, among others. The group said that the mine development and up-

grade projects at Mupani and Bimha progressed to plan during the quarter that ended 30 September 2023 with the group spending a total of US$341 million on the projects with an additional US$57 million committed against a budget of US$468 million. “The mine development and upgrade projects at Mupani and Bimha progressed to plan during the quarter. The projects to develop

Mupani Mine and upgrade Bimha Mine will replace Rukodzi Mine, which was depleted in FY2022, and the Ngwarati and Mupfuti mines, which will be depleted in FY2025 and FY2028, respectively Cumulatively, US$341million has been spent on these projects, with an additional US$57 million committed, against a total project budget of US$468 million,” Zimplats said.

In a significant development for Ecuador’s mining industry, Canadian junior Adventus Mining (TSXV:ADZN) (OTCQX:ADVZF) is set to acquire Luminex Resources (TSXV:LR) (OTCQX:LUMIF), forming a new entity focused on copper-gold development in Ecuador.

Adventus Mining and Luminex Resources to Merge Bolstering Ecuador’s Copper-Gold Development and Opportunities The transaction, structured as a merger, entails Adventus Mining absorbing Luminex, with Luminex shareholders receiving 0.67 of an Adventus share for each share they hold. This move is expected to consolidate the two companies’ strengths, leading to a more robust presence in the South American mining landscape.

Adventus chief executive Christian Kargl-Simard commented in a press release: “For Adventus shareholders, the new capital and acquisition of Luminex’s Condor project and other properties allows the creation of a stronger and more diversified company with one of the largest copper-gold exploration portfolios in Ecuador.” The newly formed company, which will continue to operate under the Adventus name and ticker, will focus on advancing two primary projects in Ecuador. The El Domo-Curipamba copper-gold deposit, currently at the feasibility stage, is recognized for its high copper-gold grades and low capital intensity. It has garnered interest from the Ecuadorian government and is undergoing environmental consultations, with a construction decision anticipated in the first half of 2024. The other key project is the Condor gold project, in the preliminary economic assessment (PEA) stage. Located in southeastern Ecuador, near the Fruta del Norte mine and the El Mirador copper mine, the Condor project’s preliminary economic assessment, completed in 2021, predicts a 12-year operation producing 187,000 ounces of gold annually. The merger will create a company with one of the largest exploration portfolios in Ecuador,

Skillings.net | December 2023

encompassing over 135,000 hectares across 13 projects. This expansion reflects a strategic move to consolidate a significant presence in a country rich in mining potential. The business combination has garnered support from influential figures in the mining sector, including geologist and entrepreneur Ross Beaty’s Lumina Group, local Ecuadorian investors, and strategic equity investors like Altius Minerals and Wheaton Precious Metals.

Mining is a significant contributor to Ecuador’s economy, ranking as the fourth-largest source of income last year, following oil, bananas, and shrimp, and contributing $2.8 billion to the state’s coffers.

The merger will create a company with one of the largest exploration portfolios in Ecuador, encompassing over 135,000 hectares across 13 projects.

Post-transaction, Adventus shareholders are set to own 61% of the new entity, with Luminex shareholders owning the remaining 39%. Ross Beaty is expected to be the sole shareholder with more than 10% of the issued and outstanding shares. Concurrent with the transaction, the companies announced a financing round of approximately $17.1 million, with participation from Beaty and Wheaton.

According to the country’s Chamber of Mining, this opposition is impeding nearly $1 billion in potential investment and delaying about 100 projects over the next two years. Despite these challenges, projects like SolGold’s (LON: SOLG) Cascabel copper-gold project, which recently received a 25-year license renewal, demonstrate the ongoing potential and interest in Ecuador’s mining sector.

This merger between Adventus and Luminex represents a strategic consolidation in the industry, aiming to leverage the strengths of both companies to advance copper-gold mining projects in Ecuador.

2023 Annual Consultative Conference and Inaugural Mining Skills Lekgotla

epartment of Higher Education and Training deputy director-general Zukile Mvalo has stressed the importance of ensuring that a lack of skills does not become a constraint for the recovery and growth of the mining and mineral sector, which is starting to show hints of recovery following a period of downturn.

Speaking at the 2023 Annual Consultative Conference and Inaugural Mining Skills Lekgotla, in Boksburg, on November 24, Mvalo said skills development, when done right, can reduce underemployment, decrease unemployment, increase productivity and improve standards of living.

Anson begins Demo Plant Construction at US Lithium Project ASX-listed mineral resources company Anson Resources has started construction on the demonstration plant at its Green River lithium project in the US.

his demonstration plant’s construction is considered to be the next major step in Anson’s plan to expedite the development of the Green River project. The company also noted that it secured the relevant approvals for the demo site and has already started the groundwork. The site will begin production next January. This follows the detailed geotechnical engineering study of the project, which began in May 2023. The plant is being built on the company’s previously acquired

industrial-use land. Once completed, it is expected to produce lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), which will be used by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and other potential offtake partners. Anson stated that it will continue to concentrate on replicating the direct lithium extraction (DLE) process used at its lithium innovation centre (LIC) in Florida. This site has started sample production for OEMs along with cathode active material (CAM) qualification test work.

Mining People: Artisanal Gold Council, Centerra, Maple Gold, Taseko, Osisko Management changes announced this November

Luchinski. Discovery Harbour named Clayton Fisher its new CFO and secretary.

The Artisanal Gold Council named Douglas Kao its global operations manager. Canterra Minerals has named Paul Moore VP exploration and David Butler exploration manager.

The new COO at EMP Metals is Paul Schubach. Alastair Brownlow left the role of CFO at Engold Mines. Maple Gold Mines made Kiran Patankar the permanent president and CEO and gave him a seat on the board.

CMC Metals named Jose Manuel Delgado interim CFO and a director to replace Mark

Martin Milette is now CFO of Quebec Rare Earth Elements.

Skillings.net | December 2023

Taseko Mines says Richard Tremblay is now COO and Terry Morris has joined the company as VP operations.

of Canterra Minerals. The newest director at Akwaaba Mining is Heidy Arocha Rodriguez.

World Copper said Nolan Peterson resigned as CEO and president. He is replaced on an interim basis by company chair Hendrik van Alphen.

Orla Mining appointed Rob Krcmarov to the board.

Board changes: Michael Power, formerly a board member at Buchans Resources, joined the board

Patrick Galletti joined the board of Pure Energy Minerals. Osisko Gold Royalties noted that Sean Roosen resigned his directorship. `Miroslav Reba has joined the board of Silver Valley Metals.

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ICMM publishes new resource to advance water stewardship ICMM has published a Water Stewardship Maturity Framework, a practical tool designed to help mining and metals companies enhance their stewardship of shared water resources in ways that are socially equitable, environmentally sustainable, and economically beneficial.

Riversgold acquires new Lithium Tenement in Pilbara Australian gold exploration company Riversgold has signed an agreement with private company Redstone Metals to acquire the ELA 47/5069 tenement in Pilbara, Western Australia (WA). Riversgold will acquire the 74km² tenement, which lies 8km directly along strike from Azure Minerals’s Andover lithium project, whose drilling intersections were up to 209.4m at 1.42% lithium dioxide (Li₂O). Riversgold plans to acquire the tenement by paying A$50,000 ($32,791) to Redstone Metals within five days of executing the sale agreement.

Riversgold plans to acquire the tenement by paying A$50,000 ($32,791) to Redstone Metals

The pegmatites at Andover occur within the north-easttrending structural corridor, which is 5km wide.

The company stated that priority geophysics and drilling programmes will soon begin testing new pegmatite targets within the tenement. Upon either the grant of the tenement or withdrawal of application, or eight calendar months from the date of execution, whichever is earlier, the company will issue its shares with a total value of A$150,000. Riversgold chairman David Lenigas said: “To pick up such a sizeable tenement in the heart of what is turning out to be a new lithium province, following Azure’s lithium discovery at Andover, is brilliant for us. With the tenement’s location being so close to Karratha, exploration here can be almost yearround, something not always possible in the Pilbara region.

Skillings.net | December 2023

Featuring a range of leading practices and real-world examples from different operating contexts, the Framework addresses risks and priorities applicable at individual asset and corporate levels. It identifies five elements of water stewardship: governance and strategy; understanding water context, risks, and opportunities; integration in business planning and decision-making; performance and measurement; and transparency and reporting. It also outlines three progressive stages within these elements – basic, advanced, and leading. The Framework aligns with leading external guidance and reporting initiatives, including the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), Taskforce for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) and the Taskforce for Nature-related Financial Disclosure (TNFD).

Northcliff continues to advance Sisson TungstenMoly Project Northcliff Resources (TSX:NCF) provided an update on its Sisson critical minerals project about 100 km northwest of Fredericton, N.B., as it advances the Phase 1 field program. This phase includes geotechnical drilling, particularly where the tailings storage facility is planned. It will also include related engineering activities, responding to certain environmental impact assessment (EIA) conditions, and completing the archeological work program. The start of construction at Sisson has been pushed forward to Dec. 3, 2025, as discussions with First Nations and other conditions continue. “I would like to thank the local contractors for their assistance, as we continue to advance the Sisson project toward construction,” said CEO Andrew Ing. “Planning for field work in 2024 is underway. We will continue to work collaboratively with the regulators in New Brunswick and First Nations as we address EIA conditions.”

Slam Exploration Expands Lithium Portfolio Option Agreement for Peninsula Project Slam Exploration Ltd. announced that it has entered into an option agreement with Dustin Nanos and WhiteRock Corp. whereby SLAM can acquire 100% of the Peninsula Critical Mineral lithium project neighboring the Rose lithium-tantalum project operated by Critical Elements Lithium Corp.

he Peninsula project comprises 302 claim units covering 4,700 hectares in 4 claim groups located 10 to 30 kilometres northeast of the 60 million tonne Rose lithium-tantalum deposit and mine project operated by Critical Elements Lithium Corp. (“CRE”). CRE filed a positive feasibility study October 11,2023 for a potential mine at the Rose Deposit* based on the following reserves and resources:

Rose Deposit • CRE Website: 60 M tonne Rose Lithium Deposit as of August 1st, 2023. • Probable Reserves*: 26.3 M tonnes 0.87% Li2O and 138 ppm Ta2O5. • Indicated Resources*: 30.561 M tonnes 0.93% Li2O and 118 ppm Ta2O5. • Inferred Resources*: 2.384 M tonnes 0.78 % Li2O and 129 ppm Ta2O5.

Lithium Potential of the Area The Peninsula lithium project located northeast of the Rose lithium tantalum project as shown on Image 1 and is underlain by volcano-sedimentary and intrusive rock formations similar to those occurring on the Rose project. These formations could host pegmatites similar to the northeast-trending

Skillings.net | December 2023

CRE recently announced several new lithium discoveries and identified 4 new spodumene-bearing pegmatite outcrops in their “New Discovery Area” on the Rose project. According to CRE, “the apparent strike length along the outcrops exceeds 400 metres to date, the results from the initial 10 selected samples have been received.

Slam President Mike Taylor says: The lithium potential of this area is well established by the known 60 million tonne lithium tantalum resource on the Rose project to the west and the Whabouchi lithium mine 50 km to the southeast. There is excellent potential for lithium deposits on our Peninsula claims. SLAM wishes to thank Dustin Nanos and WhiteRock for this opportunity and is compiling data in preparation for an exploration program on the Peninsula project.

lithium pegmatite bodies that outcrop on the Rose project. Several potential areas of outcrop that are prospective for pegmatites can be identified from Google Earth and satellite views.

All samples are lithium-bearing and 50% of them report values over 3% Li2O with some results as high as… 5.62% Li2O… The reader is cautioned that grab samples are selective by nature and may not represent average grades”.

Infrastructure The Project is 50 km north-west of Nemaska’s Whabouchi lithium mine, 20 km south of Hydro Québec’s Eastmain 1 major hydroelectric dam and 80 km south of Goldcorp’s Éléonore gold mine. The project is 45 kilometers north of the Cree village of Nemaska located approximately 300 km north-west of Chibougamau. The four sections of the project are all accessible from the Route du Nord, an all season road from Chibougamau. It can also be reached from Matagami, via Route 109 and Route du Nord. The Nemiscau airport is 50 km from the project.

To acquire interest in the Peninsula lithium project, SLAM must pay WhiteRock a total of $125,000, issue WhiteRock 7,000,000 common shares (“Shares”) and make exploration expenditures in accordance over a period of three (3) years. Upon SLAM earning 100%, WhiteRock will retain a 1.5% Net Smelter Return (NSR) production royalty. SLAM retains the right to buy back one-third of the royalty equal to 0.5% NSR for a one-time payment of CAD $600,000 at any time. The Option Agreement and proposed Share issuances remain subject to approval by the Exchange. All Shares will be subject to a statutory hold period of four months and half the Shares will be subject to a hold period of eight months from issuance.

Image of Ears Fall Lithium Project located in in northwestern Ontario to be acquired by Slam Exploration Ltd. Source: SLAM Exploration Ltd.

SLAM will pay a finder’s fee of 700,000 Shares and 0.5% NSR (the “Finder’s NSR”) to a qualified arm’s length party. The Finder’s NSR will be granted only upon completion of the 100% earn-in by SLAM. SLAM retains the right to purchase this Finder’s NSR for $1,000,000 at any time.

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Neal Froneman, CEO, Sibanye-Stillwater

Sibanye CEO asks Shareholders to

Hang in for ‘Ah-Ha’ Moment SIBANYE-Stillwater will move into net debt next year as capital expenditure from its battery minerals project pipeline ramped up, the miner said in a presentation.

ressure on the group’s balance sheet would also be compounded by faltering platinum group metals (PGM) prices which comprise most of group revenue. However, the financial strain of projects would eventually ease and result in an “ah-ha” moment when revenue from battery minerals outstripped PGMs.

Skillings.net | December 2023

“Where we are in the market currently, especially with PGMs, and as capital expenditure on the Keliber project ramps up, we will go slowly into a net debt position,” said Charl Keyter, CFO of Sibanye-Stillwater of 2024’s outlook. Sibanye-Stillwater has committed to funding most of the €500m balance re-

quired to complete Keliber including its working capital and sustaining capital requirements. Equity funding of €250m had already been provided by the group. Keliber, which is located in Finland, will produce 200,000 tons of lithium concentrate

annually. First production, which will be from third party sources, is scheduled for 2025 with own production starting a year later. Lithium is a key mineral used in the manufacture of batteries for electric vehicles. The miner also expects to make an investment decision next year on the Rhyolite Ridge lithium/boron project in the US. If approved, Sibanye-Stillwater will have to fund $490m of the project for a 50% stake (currently 7.1% shareholding). Commenting on 2024, Keyter said net debt to adjusted Ebitda would remain “comfortably below” a ratio of 1x next year which is also well below Sibanye-Stillwater’s covenants with lenders of 2.5x net debt to adjusted Ebitda. “We are busy with our 2024 operational plans and have an opportunity to reset and plan the operations so that we remain well below covenant levels,” said Keyter. Funding of Rhyolite Ridge would be over four quarters and could involve external funding. “For Rhyolite Ridge, we will see our options at the time which also depends on cash flow.”

“There is a whole suite of options: term debt, or a bond,” said Keyter. “We can see a case where some [of Rhyolite Ridge] – about 40% to 50% – can be funded with free cash flow,” he said.

‘Ah-ha’ Investors would see an “ah-ha” moment when revenue from battery minerals such as lithium would start to contribute to overall revenue, said Neal Froneman, CEO of Sibanye-Stillwater. Currently up to 85% of the group’s revenue is from PGM sales. PGM prices have been hammered this year – the palladium price is down 43.5% this year – part of which is based on forecasts for a 30% absorption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) which don’t require PGMs. Froneman said this level of absorption was “driven by hype”. Electric power trains are “smart” and “modern” but availability of input minerals to make them was overstated, he said. “A portion of BEVs will not happen because they are too expensive … Something has got to give and penetration rates are highly overstated.”

Former Coal Miners From Limpopo Launch Class Action Against Exxaro Coal miners from the rural district of Vhembe in Limpopo have launched a class action against mining company Exxaro Group. They are being represented by Richard Spoor Inc attorneys. ‘There are occupational exposure limits that the mines are obligated to comply with, but we have seen across the board that these limits have not been complied with,’ says an attorney from Richard Spoor Inc, which is suing coal mining companies for failing to protect workers. The workers say they are ill and battling to survive as a result of various health conditions contracted while working on the Tshikondeni mine without adequate protective equipment or any compensation from the mine. This is the third class action Richard Spoor Inc has launched against coal mining companies. Father Stan Muyebe has since 2015 been trying to get compensation for miners who contracted the lung disease pneumoconiosis, commonly known as “black lung disease”, as a result of exposure to coal dust at Tshikondeni mine, now owned by Exxaro. Muyebe is a member of the Southern African Catholic Bishops’ Conference. He told Daily Maverick that he was alerted to the plight of the miners while helping displaced rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and Limpopo to navigate the land restitution process. He says that after hearing the pleas for assistance from miners, he approached attorneys at Richard Spoor Inc who he knew had been helping gold miners who contracted pulmonary silicosis.

Skillings.net | December 2023

Amex Exploration ends Q3 with in excess of C$14M in cash Amex Exploration (AMX.V) has published its updated financial statements. At the end of the third quarter, Amex had a positive working capital position of approximately C$9.5M, including C$14.2M in cash. A substantial portion of the current liabilities is represented by the ‘other liabilities’ and that’s likely related to the flow-through liability. The majority of the cash is held in GICs that are cashable at all times. The current interest rate on these GICs is 5.20% which indeed means the company is generating a nice interest income which likely covers the G&A expenses of Amex Exploration. The company is obviously still actively exploring its flagship Perron project and has elected to postpone its maiden resource calculation as the company wants to complete more drilling to fully understand the mineralized system that hosts the multiple high-grade zones at Perron.

QRC tallies up mixed year The Queensland Resources Council’s (QRC) 2023 exploration scorecard has highlighted the state’s strong endowments and government investment. The scorecard tallies exploration metrics for the 2022–2023 financial year, focusing on the state’s resource potential, commodity pricing, industry confidence and policy and regulation stability. Queensland scored top marks for its resource prospectivity yet again, as well as another strong year for coal prices. The scorecard’s thermal coal benchmark achieved a record average price of US$304, rising a further 23 per cent on the previous year. The state scored highly for its investment from the Queensland Government in funding and activities following its $245 million critical minerals strategy, as well as boosted investment across the board. Increased mineral exploration in Queensland continues to expand and saw the state score highly, with a focus on the north-west and north-east region. In 2022–23 Queensland’s mineral exploration expenditure, including coal, was $570 million, increasing 13 per cent from the previous financial year. The QEC explorers’ index increased by 15.7 per cent over the year, showing a hunger for mineral production in the state.

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Latin Metals Completes Airborne Geophysical Survey Map showing the Organullo property claims under option to AngloGold and the area where airborne geophysical survey has been completed. Image Credit: Latin Metals Inc.

Latin Metals Inc. made considerable development at its Organullo Project, where AngloGold Argentina Exploraciones S.A., a wholly owned subsidiary of AngloGold Ashanti plc., has the option to earn up to an 80% interest in the Project under an existing option agreement. AngloGold has completed an airborne geophysical study across the majority of the Project area, gathering magnetic and radiometric data.

Mali and Russia agree to build Gold Refinery in Bamako African country Mali has signed an agreement with Russia to build a new gold refinery in Mali’s capital city of Bamako, Reuters reported.

he agreement, which is a non-binding memorandum of understanding (MOU), was signed as part of a slew of agreements signed between the two countries. Claimed to be one of the largest gold refineries in West Africa when built, it is expected to have the capacity to refine 200 tonnes per annum (tpa). The project’s construction timeline was not disclosed. Mali’s minister of economy and finance Alousseni Sanou stated that the MoU will be valid for four years. In an interview with national television ORTM, he stated that the refinery should make it possible, “not only to control all

Skillings.net | December 2023

gold production but also to correctly apply all taxes and duties”. It is the latest deal signed by Russia to deepen its interests in the country, following a military coup in 2021 and with the withdrawal of French troops a year later. Last month, Russia’s state-owned atomic energy company Rosatom signed an MOU with Mali for exploration and mining of nuclear minerals for power generation. In August 2023, the country’s interim president Assimi Goita signed a new mining code into law, which aims to increase government ownership in gold concessions in the country. With the new

law, the government and local investors can increase their stakes from 20% to as high as 35%. Several mining companies such as Barrick Gold, Resolute Mining B2Gold, and Hummingbird Resources operate in the country. Nearly a fourth of the country’s fiscal resources are made up of gold, making it one of the largest gold-producing countries in Africa. Most of the gold is exported to South Africa, followed by Switzerland and Australia, according to Turkish state-run news agency Anadolu Ajansı.

“This extensive geophysical survey is a significant step for the Organullo project. With the survey complete, processing is in progress, and we look forward to seeing the results of the survey in due course. The data and interpretation will be integrated with existing data collected by AngloGold to help finalize drill targets. AngloGold Ashanti has submitted a drill permit for 11,900m and plans to commence drilling once this permit and other licenses are received.” Keith Henderson, Chief Executive Officer, Latin Metals

Airborne geophysical surveys use sensors and devices mounted on an aircraft to acquire subsurface data. Prior to drilling, the primary purpose is to gain a better understanding of the distribution of subsurface rock types and

mineralization. Due to the utilization of aircraft to collect data, the method is more expensive than ground-based methods, but it is more efficient and virtually fully non-invasive, limiting the impact on flora, fauna, and local residents. AngloGold’s survey covered the

majority of the Property in eleven days and acquired magnetic and radiometric data along 3,500 line-km. Survey lines were flown at an average flying height of 60 m above ground on a 100-meter northsouth and 1,000-m east-west spacing.

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Rare earth discovery means coal mines could play key role in energy transition From Pennsylvania to northern England, coal mines fueled the Industrial Revolution and fueled economic growth around the world. Today, however, the production and use of coal has become a sensitive issue, with critics criticizing the fossil fuel’s massive environmental impact.

roups such as Greenpeace describe coal as “the dirtiest, most polluting form of energy production”. From the United Nations secretary-general to the International Energy Agency, there is growing talk of phasing out coal. But the global situation is complex. A variety of factors play a role, not least the desire of some countries, especially emerging economies, to use coal as a tool for their own economic development. As the debate over coal continues, discussions about its use and associated infrastructure as part of the transition to a more sustainable future have become one of the most contradictory aspects of the energy transition. The company, along with researchers from mining consultancy Weir International and the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory, released an independent report providing a technical assessment of rare earth elements (REEs) found at one of its Wyoming mines. The results appear to be significant. “After 18 months of extensive core drilling and independent chemical analysis, NETL researchers and Ramaco now believe the Brooke Mine may contain

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the largest unconventional rare earth deposit ever discovered in the United States,” Ramaco said. Earlier this month, Ramaco CEO Randall Atkins explained his company’s initial The reasons for purchasing the site and how its plans have changed over time.

IN ADDITION TO COAL, other energy sources have the potential to produce by-products that are critical for sustainable technologies such as electric vehicle batteries. In southwest England, Geothermal Engineering Ltd. recently announced it will produce lithium as a byproduct of its geothermal power projects.

“It’s a fairly large reserve that’s available at a very reasonable price and we thought we could use it as a thermal coal project, but you know, about ten years ago, the world was changing very quickly,” he said.

“The idea of putting money into thermal mines became very unappealing. So our approach was basically, ‘What else can we do with this stuff?’ “ This led to the company embarking on a “ten-year quest to explore various other alternative uses for coal”. As China dominates the supply and refining of rare earths, discoveries like Wyoming’s could be strategically important as the race to adopt future technologies heats up. “Most rare earth deposits outside China are associated with ‘traditional’ mines and are located in hard-rock igneous rock deposits, which makes them difficult and expensive to mine and process,” Ramaco said. “In contrast, the rare earth elements at the Brook Mine have been described as ‘unconventional’ as they are predominantly found in clay layers above and below the coal seam itself,” it continued. “It is expected that they can be mined using normal open-pit mining techniques and processed in a more economical and environmentally friendly manner than traditional rare earth mines.”

A glimmer of hope? Wyoming is not the only region in the United States considering coal and rare

earth mining. In April, for example, West Virginia University announced that its researchers would receive an $8 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy. It is stated that the funding will allow them to continue developing and advancing “groundbreaking methods for the extraction and separation of rare earth elements and critical minerals from acid mine drainage and coal waste.” Elsewhere, Penn State researchers are also focusing on ways to extract rare earths and critical minerals from coal mine waste. Across the Atlantic, efforts are also underway to retrofit old coal mines so they can continue to be used for many years to come. In Scotland, researchers have been studying how water that fills disused mineshafts can be used to heat buildings in a decarbonized way. In addition to coal, other energy sources have the potential to produce by-products that are critical for sustainable

technologies such as electric vehicle batteries. In southwest England, Geothermal Engineering Ltd. recently announced it will produce lithium as a by-product of its geothermal power projects. According to the company, lithium is enough to power about 250,000 electric vehicle batteries each year. The company said: “GEL’s primary geothermal business includes the provision of baseload geothermal energy and heat and the production of naturally hot geothermal brines that can sustainably extract lithium as a by-product from UK land.” China’s transition to electric cars is so fast that Volkswagen is on track to post its worst local sales in years Despite these promising developments, the fact remains that coal continues to play an important role in power generation, accounting for just over a third of global electricity generation, according to the International Energy Agency.

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Software has of course been central to the positive disruption in the blasting space, and a key application has been in the planning of blasts. Today, mines can use blast planning programs like BME’s Blastmap to prepare each blast to the finest detail of complexity – then even simulate the results.

BME's commitment to safety and continuous improvement is transforming the blasting space, streamlining downstream processes for efficiency, cost reduction, and lower carbon emissions.

ccording to Ralf Hennecke, Managing Director of Omnia group company BME, mining has been facing the same winds of change that are impacting all sectors of the global economy, but has not just been adapting to new demands. Rather, the sector has been applying technologies that are taking safety and productivity to new levels. “From our perspective as mining technology partners, BME can certainly attest to how mines are ‘Embracing the power of positive disruption’,” said Hennecke. “We have no doubt that this is a critical element of African mining’s bold new future.” At the heart of what quality blasting is all about is to streamline downstream processes for

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mining customers. This invariably means efficiency, which has impacts on cost and carbon emissions.

Sustainable ramp-up? He highlighted that one of the many questions that will be posed at this year’s Indaba relates to how Africa will respond to the increased demand for battery minerals, and whether the continent can sufficiently ramp up production while sustainably managing environmental and social impacts. “This is a challenge to be faced as much by the mining companies themselves as their entire value chain, and calls for long term partnerships dedicated to innovation and constructive problem-solving,” he said. “In the blasting space,

we feel well-positioned to play our part – as our continuous improvement strategies have pushed the boundaries in terms of both sustainability and productivity.”

Right fragmentation In blasting, good rock fragmentation is key to unlocking the early stage efficiencies on mines, which are doubly significant because the loading, hauling and comminution phases that follow are among the mine’s most energy intensive. Making these functions smoother means that less energy is consumed, cutting costs and reducing the operation’s carbon footprint. “It has been a long journey towards improving fragmentation,” he said. “While BME entered the South African market in 1984

as a pioneer in cold emulsion explosives, this was followed by decades of investment in emulsion technology and our range of electronic and digital solutions – as well as equipment and accessories.”

Electronic detonation This allowed the company to constant leverage its offering with emerging technologies over time, which it embraced by building in-house expertise and capacity. Among BME’s most valuable lines of development was electronic detonation, which continues to enhance blasting outcomes through its safety, accuracy, reliability and flexibility. By allowing milli-second delays between detonations, and

by lengthening our firing window, mines are now able to design increasingly intricate blasts to suit their geological conditions and production requirements. Mines have also been able to initiate ever larger blasts, thereby limiting their pit disruptions and blast-related downtime. “Underpinning this capability has been BME’s own electronic initiation system – AXXIS – which is steadily evolved by our dedicated team of engineers, technicians and operators,” said Hennecke. Software has of course been central to the positive disruption in the blasting space, and a key application has been in the planning of blasts. Today, mines can use blast planning programs like BME’s Blastmap to prepare each blast to the finest detail of complexity – then even simulate the results.

BY EMBRACING THE circular economy approach, BME treats and re-uses this oil as a fuel agent in its quality emulsions, ensuring that it is safely disposed of during our high energy blasts. The benefits extend further, as the company has designed the collection network to include small businesses in local economies around mines.

Safe blasting A non-negotiable in Africa’s mines is the prerogative of safety, he pointed out. A high point for BME was its recent dual safety innovation in our flagship AXXIS Titanium system, where testing can be conducted at a lower voltage than detonation. “Expanding our operations into Africa, we have applied our safety commitment to the same global standard,” he said. “As an active member of Safex – the international industry body

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focused on the safe application of explosives – BME applies the highest standards across our operations. This is reflected in our zero recordable case rate (RCR).” BME has even made our contribution beyond the technical arena, and into explosives-related regulatory development in Africa. As a blasting pioneer in Africa, it was the first explosives company to be licensed in countries like Mauritania and Sierra Leone. Its experience meant it could assist government authorities there in drafting legislation that would pave the way for the responsible application of explosives.

Preventing oil hazards In addition to supporting the mining sector’s drive towards lower carbon emissions, it has also been vital for mining stakeholders to protect the environment in every way possible. Where innovatively applied, he explained, these efforts should also lead to positive social impacts – a key element of the environmental, social and governance (ESG) priorities that are growing in importance.

“BME has managed such an achievement with our used oil initiative,” he said. “By systematically and responsibly collecting used oil from customers and other sources, we remove this hazardous substance from the economy and prevent possible contamination of water and land.” By embracing the circular economy approach, BME treats and re-uses this oil as a fuel agent in its quality emulsions, ensuring that it is safely disposed of during our high energy blasts. The benefits extend further, as the company has designed the collection network to include small businesses in local economies around mines. This assists the social responsibility efforts of mines as they work towards promoting economic diversity and livelihood resilience in their host communities.

Innovation in blasting To support the global move towards lower emmissions, BME’s parent company Omnia Holdings has entered into a partnership with Swedish-based Hypex Bio Explosives Technology, which is at the forefront of innovative and sustainable civil explosives solutions. “Hypex Bio has developed a ground-breaking emulsion using hydrogen peroxide (HP). This first-to-market non-nitrate explosive emulsions reduces the carbon content of blasting by 90% over traditional sources. This technology has the potential to completely change the explosives supply industry,” said Seelan Gobalsamy, CEO of Omnia.

Bold future “It is well accepted that the bold new future for African mining cannot be business as usual,” argued Hennecke. “While companies like BME root their success in an operational foundation of secure supply chains and reliable delivery to customers across the continent, we also embrace the need for innovation and change.” This certainly applies to services and solutions, but also to how companies create the waves of success that generate opportunities for African economies all the way down the supply chain. “With Africa as our base, BME demonstrates what the continent has to offer other mining regions of the world,” he concluded. “Africa is responding actively to the revitalised search for minerals critical to the energy transition, and can leverage a more sustainable future from this opportunity.”

HARMONY Gold said it expected “some” downturn at its Eva copper project after saying earlier this week that license approval would take “longer than expected”.

Harmony Gold to delay Eva Copper project as seeks new permits

“An evaluation of the project’s permit modification and change requests determined that the project requires both minor and major permit modifications,” Harmony spokesman Jared Coetzer said.

armony Gold has announced that the Eva Copper project will be delayed as the company seeks new permits. The project was originally expected to be completed by the end of 2023, but it is now expected to be delayed by at least six months. “Key changes relate to proposed mixed flow solutions, water supply and on-site water management solutions, increased treatment rates and the future inclusion of wind energy,” he said. This will delay an update on the feasibility study for the

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ۘ The project is now expected to be delayed by at least six months. This means that the project is not expected to be completed until mid-2024. ۘ The delay is due to the need for additional permits. Harmony Gold is still working with the South African government to secure the necessary permits. ۘ The company is still confident that the project is viable. Harmony Gold is committed to investing in the project and believes that it has the potential to be a significant source of revenue for the company. ۘ The company is looking for ways to mitigate the impact of the delay. Harmony Gold is exploring options to reduce the cost of the project and to accelerate the timeline for completion.

project. “Although this has been somewhat challenging for Eva, we have organized our funding so that the intensity is manageable,” he said. The study should be completed by the end of this year. Harmony said in a first-quarter production update that net debt fell to $117 million. “As a result, our balance sheet is very healthy and our cash generation is strong, which puts our projects in a strong position,” Kozer said. Harmony has committed to spending approximately $65 million on capital projects this fiscal year, which ends June 30, 2024. billion rand. Operating free cash totaled $3.2 billion in the first quarter. The South African gold miner continues to produce highgrade mines at its Mponeng and Moab Khotsong mines, while its Hidden Valley mine in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is also performing well. The group’s average grade rose 18% yearon-year to 6.29 grams per tonne, driving gold production up 17% to 425,130 ounces (13,223 kilograms). Regarding the prospects of another project – Mponeng Deeps – Harmony CEO Peter Steenkamp told Miningmx in an interview today that the prospects are bright. “It’s not done yet,” he said of plans to bring the project to Harmony’s board of directors.

“But it’s an ore body you want to develop. It’s a great ore body that we bought from AngloGold,” he said. Harmony acquired Mponeng from AngloGold Ashanti in 2020 for about $300 million and another asset, Mine Waste Solutions. The Eva project is due to be completed in December 2022 with an upfront payment of approximately $170 million, funded through a revolving credit facility. According to a study by former owner Copper Mountain, the Eva will require $597 million in development funding before entering production. Harmony said at the time that commissioning of the project was expected to take two to three years following review and optimization studies. The Eva project has an expected mine life of 15 years and will produce 100 million pounds of copper and 14,000 ounces of gold per year.

Eva Copper Mine Project site photo. Credit: harmony.co.za

Uranium price hits 15-year high in 2023 For the first time in over a decade and a half, uranium prices have risen by over $80 per pound. In addition to this, the market has also seen disruptions in uranium supply, which has further contributed to the price increase. In recent years, the nuclear power industry has experienced a significant resurgence, resulting in a surge in uranium prices. For the first time in over a decade and a half, uranium prices have risen by over $80 per pound. In addition to this, the market has also seen disruptions in uranium supply, which has further contributed to the price increase. On Monday, Bloomberg reported that the futures market for uranium, specifically the variety known as yellowcake, reached a value of $80.25. As more countries aim to reach “net zero” emissions and nuclear energy becomes a more favorable option, the desire for uranium has risen, particularly in China and other developing markets. Nevertheless, a notable amount of the supply is concentrated in politically unstable regions. With the addition of speculative investors, prices have been further elevated, according to Konstantinos Venetis, a commodities economist at GlobalData TS Lombard. As per data presented by GlobalData, the parent company of Mining Technology, Niger is anticipated to contribute 4.09% of the world’s uranium production in 2023. While production is predicted to increase from 2,193.02 tonnes (t) in 2022 to 2,220.51t in 2023, there are concerns that output may decrease in the near future.

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Mainstream Renewable Power Secures Funding for 97.5 MW Solar PV Farm in South Africa Mainstream Renewable Power, a global developer of renewable energy projects, has reached financial close on a 97.5 MW solar PV farm in South Africa. The project, located in the Free State province, will have 20-year Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) with Sasol and Air Liquide. Construction of the solar PV park in the Free State province will begin this year and is expected to be fully operational by 2025. The electricity generated is supplied to Sasol and Air Liquide’s operations in Secunda, Mpumalanga via the national grid. The power purchase agreement is part of a joint effort by Sasol and Air Liquide to decarbonise their respective operations. “We are proud to partner with Sasol and Air Liquide to provide them with efficient and cost-effective solutions for their decarbonization needs,” said Hein Reyneke, Managing Director Africa at Mainstream. As the South’s most successful renewable energy One of the developers in Africa, Mainstream, is considered a preferred partner for private power purchase agreements. These agreements are crucial to overcoming the country’s energy shortages as they can make a significant contribution to energy security and load shedding issues quickly and cost-effectively. We’re delighted that Mainstream is at the forefront of the energy transition. “

Charger and Rio Tinto reach farm acquisition agreement for lithium project in Western Australia ASX-listed Charger Metals and Rio Tinto Exploration (RTX), a subsidiary of Rio Tinto, have entered into a binding farm-in agreement for the Lake Johnston Lithium Project in Western Australia's Yilgarn region. This agreement marks a significant step forward for the development of this promising lithium project. Charger Metals has agreed to acquire the remaining 30% stake in the Lake Johnston Lithium Project from Lithium Australia for A$2 million, granting them full ownership of the project. RTX has secured the right to earn up to a 75% interest in the project by solely funding exploration activities over the next four years.

t the same time, Charger Metals also agreed to acquire the remaining 30% interest in the project from Lithium Australia for A$2 million. Upon completion of this move, the company will own 100% of the lithium project. Under the farm agreement, RTX will reimburse Charger A$500,000 for exploration costs. RTX secured the rights to acquire a 51% interest in the project by providing exclusive financing of A$10 million over four years for exploration and related costs. This includes an exploration commitment of at least A$3 million in the first 12 months, followed by A$1 million per annum thereafter. The first-year exploration program will be managed by Charger in consultation with RTX. The company will also pay Charger A$500,000 at the end of the exploration commitment. In addition, an additional A$500,000 will be payable if significant results greater than 20m wide and with a lithium oxide (Li2O) concentration exceeding 1.2% occur during the drilling program. Upon completion of the first phase of profitability,

RTX will acquire exclusive rights to an additional 24% interest in the project by exclusively funding a definitive feasibility study and $30 million in additional exploration and related expenses during the profitability phase. second stage. If RTX chooses the second phase, it will need to pay an additional A$1 million to Charger. If the company decides not to complete this phase, it must transfer 2% of its shares to Charger, keeping its ownership at 51%. The terms of the agreement also contain a dilution provision. If a party’s diluted share of the project is less than 10%, its share will be converted into a 1.25% gross sales royalty for the first 15 years of commercial production. Charger Metals managing director Aidan Platel said: “The exploration agreement with Rio Tinto is an excellent outcome for Charger and its shareholders and reinforces our belief that the Johnston Lake project has the potential to contain significant lithium deposits .”

Golden Paulson Reboots Black Cats Golden Paulson, a leading independent investment firm, has announced plans to reboot the Black Cats, a once-thriving mining company that fell on hard times in recent years. The firm is investing $100 million in the Black Cats, which will be used to develop new mining projects and expand the company's reach into new markets.

aulsens was appointed to care for care and maintenance in 2017, with Black Cat formally acquiring the mine from Northern Star Resources in June 2022. The company has since conducted detailed studies while also undertaking exploration activities to expand the mine’s resources.

Impact of the investment The Golden Paulson investment in the Black Cats is expected to have a significant positive impact on the company's future. The investment will provide the Black Cats with the resources it needs to develop new projects and expand into new markets. The investment is also expected to boost confidence in the Black Cats and the mining industry as a whole. This could lead to increased investment in the mining industry, which could create jobs and economic growth.

Now, WA Gold Exploration has released its latest recovery study for the mine, an improvement on its July study. Highlights of the latest research include capital at $2,900 per ounce of gold and operating cash flow after tax of $110.6 million, compared with $81.2 million in July. Paulsens recorded an initial mine life of three years in July, which has now increased to 4.2 years and continues to increase. The maximum cash withdrawal amount also decreased from $41.8 million to $38.5 million.

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“In just four months, the November study achieved Paulsens’ key objectives: increased production; improved recovery; reduced upfront investment costs; and stronger cash flow.” Gareth Thorley, Managing Director, Black Cat (Gareth Solly) said.

“With all approvals and a $60 million financing package in place, Paulsens is now focused on an internal operational plan that will include a number of high-grade veins that have not yet been mined in existing developments but are located outside of current resources. ” The Black Cats were founded in 1970 and quickly became a major player in the mining industry. However, the company's fortunes declined in the 1990s due to a number of factors,

including falling commodity prices and increased competition. In 2002, the Black Cats filed for bankruptcy protection. Golden Paulson believes that the Black Cats have the potential to once again become a successful mining company. The firm is confident that its investment will help the Black Cats develop new projects and expand into new markets. The Black Cats are currently developing two new mining projects: a gold mine in Nevada and a copper mine in Chile. The company is also exploring opportunities to expand into other mining projects in Africa and South America. Golden Paulson's investment in the Black Cats is a vote of confidence in the future of the mining industry. The firm believes that the mining industry is well-positioned for growth, as demand for minerals is expected to increase in the coming years. The Black Cats are excited to partner with Golden Paulson to develop new projects and expand into new markets. The company is confident that this investment will help it achieve its goal of becoming a leading global mining company. Black Cat will continue its current surface drilling program at the Apollo and Eastern Zone deposits, which is expected to help the company achieve Paulsens’ long-term incentive target of producing 60,000 to 70,000 ounces per year. “Regionally, we will continue exploration drilling to expand our significant resources and advance our vision to become the dominant player in three prolific gold deposits – the Paulsens in the Pilbara, the Coyote gold district to

Key highlights of the Golden Paulson investment in the Black Cats include: • $100 million investment to develop new mining projects and expand the company's reach into new markets • Development of two new mining projects: a gold mine in Nevada and a copper mine in Chile • Exploration of opportunities to expand into other mining projects in Africa and South America • Vote of confidence in the future of the mining industry • Goal of becoming a leading global mining company

the west of Tanami and the Kal to the east. East project. “Coming from Kalgoorlie,” Thorley said. “November’s study is an important step toward realizing this vision.” The Black Cats are expected to bring Paulsons his first gold medal in the second half of 2024. Overall, the Golden Paulson investment in the Black Cats is a positive development for the company and the mining industry. The investment is expected to help the Black Cats achieve its goal of becoming a leading global mining company.

Mark Caruso when he was still executive at Mineral Commodities with Minister of Mineral and Energy Resources Gwede Mantashe in February 2019. Caruso is pursuing defamation claims against environmental activists. Image: DMR Archive photo of the orignal defendants in defamation suits brought by an Australian mining company (from left to right): environmental lawyer Cormac Cullinan; Lutzville community activist Davine Cloete; social worker, author and commentator John GI Clarke; former Centre for Environmental Rights’ (CER) attorney Tracey Davies; Riaan Oberholzer; Wild Coast community activist Mzamo Dlamini; Tossie Beukes and former CER attorney Christine Reddell. The claims against Beukes, a journalist, and Oberholzer, her publisher, were dropped. source: groundup.org.za

South Africa: Aussie Mining Company ‘SLAPP Suit’ Partly Settled Out of Court Six South African defendants have reached an out-of-court agreement in a defamation case brought by Australian mining company MRC. The terms of the settlement have been kept confidential. But the former head of the company is continuing his personal R7-million damages claim against three of the defendants.

ust over half of the claims in a long-running R14.25-million “SLAPP” defamation action brought by Australian mining interests against six South African environmentalists and social activists have been settled out of court.

ployed by wealthy individuals or large corporations to sue critics for huge defamation damages in order to discourage, censor, intimidate and silence them or to tie them up in lengthy and very expensive court action.

The terms of the settlement agreement are confidential.

This particular action, involving a number of defamation claims in three cases, was brought by Australian mining company Mineral Commodities Ltd (known as MRC), its South African subsidiary, Mineral Sands Resources (MSR), then

SLAPP is an acronym for Strategic Litigation Against Public Participation and describes a legal strategy typically em-

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MRC executive chairman Mark Caruso, and MRC black empowerment partner Zamile Qunya. The six respondents were environmental lawyers Christine Reddell, Tracey Davies and Cormac Cullinan, social worker John GI Clarke, and community activists Mzamo Dlamini from the Wild Coast and Davine Cloete from Lutzville on the West Coast. They are alleged to have defamed the mining interests in books, interviews and presentations relating to the miners’

March 2021. He is still seeking damages of R1-million from Dlamini and R500,000 from Cullinan, as well as R5.5-million in 16 claims against Clarke. Cullinan said in reaction that the partial settlement was “not exactly what I wanted, but nevertheless I’m happy”. He described the Constitutional Court judgment that confirmed SLAPP suits are an abuse of legal process as “very significant”. “In my opinion, this helped to facilitate the settlement,” he said. “And I hope that the fact that the MRC companies have now settled this litigation in the wake of the Constitutional Court judgments will make other companies and wealthy individuals think twice about launching SLAPP suits against people who speak up in the public interest by criticising corporate actions that they believe are socially or environmentally harmful.

controversial activities on the Pondoland coast at Xolobeni and at the Tormin mineral sands mine on the West Coast. Summonses in the action were served more than seven years ago, in August 2016.

THE SIX RESPONDENTS WERE environmental lawyers Christine Reddell, Tracey Davies and Cormac Cullinan, social worker John GI Clarke, and community activists Mzamo Dlamini from the Wild Coast and Davine Cloete from Lutzville on the West Coast.

The case made local legal history earlier this year by being the first SLAPP suit to reach the Constitutional Court. The court made several rulings relating to legal principles involved in instituting and defending SLAPP and other defamation suits, but it did not consider the merits of the alleged defamations in this particular action.

“I accept that sometimes companies and their executives may believe that they are being unfairly criticised and that sometimes the critics may not have all the correct facts. However, our society is strengthened by robust public debates on issues of public interest and not by allowing wealthy corporations and individuals to bully critics into silence by abusing legal processes.”

This week, MRC settled its claim of R1-million against Dlamini and R500,000 from Cullinan in the first case. In the second case, MSR settled claims of R250,000 each against Reddell, Davies and Cloete, while Qunya settled his R500,000 claim against Cloete. All these settlements were by agreement.

In his response, Clarke said, “Having engaged with Mr Caruso from the very start of my involvement 16 years ago, it’s a pity that he has opted to continue his dispute through the courts. There are alternative ways of coming to an understanding and reconciliation of interests.

In the third case, MRC settled 13 claims against Clarke totalling R4.5-million. However, MRC’s controversial executive chairperson at the time of the alleged defamations, Mark Caruso, has not settled his linked cases. Caruso is no longer associated with the mining company. He resigned from the MRC board in 2020 and was fired from his chief executive position in

“Nevertheless, I respect his right to seek access to the courts for resolution. I just hope for his own sake that he doesn’t procrastinate, and has the courage of his convictions to take the stand and be cross-examined when that day arrives.” MRC and Caruso were invited to comment but have not done so.

LAST WEEK, A GROUP OF robbers armed with traditional weapons attacked a cassiterite mine at Rusave Mining Company in Rwinkwavu District, Kayonza District, injuring two miners.

How the Mining Industry is plagued by Illegal Miners and Cassiterite Traders 34

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winkwavu is known for its mining activities and hosts valuable minerals such as cassiterite and tungsten. There are several mining-related companies in the area, many of which operate legally. However, there are a large number of illegal miners who always engage in illegal behavior, including robbery. “It was around 3pm last Thursday. The gang attacked us when we were sorting the minerals and getting ready to call it a day. There were about 10 to 15 armed men carrying traditional tools such as pangas and forks. Hoe,” said miner Steven Bambanze. The gang demanded that the miners hand over all the minerals they owned. When the miners resisted, violence broke out. “They hit me on the head with a fork and a hoe and broke my arm,” Bambanze said of his experience. The robbers successfully stole 18 kilograms of cassiterite ore from the mine and escaped. The incident is just one example of widespread illegal activity in the area, with criminal gangs often involved in theft. “We share these products with illegal miners who sneak in at night. I was supposed to deliver 12 tons of cassiterite, but I only got 8 tons. The rest was mined illegally and taken by intruders at night,” said Rusave, who oversees the company said subcontractor Thamali Mukayiririza. There is suspicion that these illegal miners were involved in the robbery. Bizimana, one of the miners injured in the attack, pointed this out. “The illegal mining gang is made up of neighbors, friends, and former employees of Wolfram Mining and Processing Corporation. They form a syndicate and work with wealthy individuals who buy the minerals on the black market. They call themselves “Delta Force.”

Bizimana, who is being treated for his injuries, expressed his shock: “I know one of my attackers, he knows me. “I didn’t expect him to be involved in this type of crime. We exposed them and they were arrested and taken to the Lukla transit center, but they were released a few days later. We don’t know why. “ Illegal mining activities have plagued Reuven Kwawu for years. According to statistics from Wolfram Mining Company, a total of 147 illegal mining cases were reported in the seven months from March to October this year. 85 of them were sent to Lukla Transfer Center, 46 have been released, and 16 are still under investigation. These figures do not take into account illegal miners who go unnoticed. Ongoing illegal mining activities not only disrupt legal mining operations in the area, but also pose a serious threat to the environment, with miners often using dangerous methods, leaving waste in the pits, polluting water sources, and harming the surrounding environment. Aristarque Murara, coordinator of Wolfram Mining and Processing Ltd., stressed the need for tougher penalties for illegal mining activities. Current penalties are simply not enough to deter these individuals from engaging in such illegal conduct. “Minerals are valuable; black market mineral traders know that the consequences are not enough to stop their illegal activities, so posing as innocent shopkeepers are taking advantage of the situation. In a recent operation, a trader was arrested for possessing 700 kilograms of illegal minerals. Sentenced to two months’ imprisonment.” Ease of access to the black market in minerals in Rwinkwavu has become a growing problem, fueling illegal mining in the region, thanks to a network of connections with buyers in Kigali and elsewhere. This has a negative impact on the environment and threatens the safety of mining operations, the official said.

ing for a reputable mining operator, they can contribute to the local economy and ensure their safety and well-being,” she noted. “In addition, we encourage mining operators to increase security and employ armed guards. Our Regional Mining Task Force is conducting inspections to disrupt black market dealer networks.”

In an interview with The New Times, Kayonza District Economic Development Deputy Mayor Hope Munganyika expressed concern over the escalating illegal mining activities in the area. She stressed the need for stricter regulations and enforcement measures to crack down on illegal miners, and was supported by senators who supported the measures. She recommended that reputable mining operators ensure the safety of their mine tunnels is improved.

There are over 2,000 hectares of cassiterite mining in three areas of Kayonza district: Rwinkwavu, Rukara and Mwili. More than 800 workers earn a living by working in these mines.

We urge illegal miners to seek employment with mining companies rather than engage in illegal activities. By work-

More than 800 workers are employed in the minefields that spanning to over 2,000 hectares rich in Cassiterite

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According to Article 54 of the Unlicensed Mining and Quarrying Work Act, it is a crime to engage in mineral mining, mining, processing, trading or quarrying activities without a license. He or she shall be liable to imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 2 months and which shall not exceed 6 months and shall be liable to a fine of not less than 10 lakhs to 50 lakhs, or with either of these penalties only.

Sibanye-Stillwater says Hydrogen catalyst will save Iridium market According to SIBANYE-Stillwater, new technology for hydrogen electrolysis has been developed, which may lessen dependency on ruthenium, the more abundant sister metal to the rare platinum group metal (PGM) iridium.

he technique was created by Heraeus, a German business that recycles and refines PGM concentrate. It is a ruthenium-based catalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane water – PEM electrolysis. In August of last year, Heraeus and Sibanye-Stillwater first partnered to co-fund a three-year-long technological project that, if successful, would be commercialised by both companies. Fuel cells that run on hydrogen employ a chemical mechanism that splits water into hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity. However, an electrolyser and energy are needed in order to split the hydrogen atom. Green hydrogen requires sustainable energy sources to be produced.

there are only around nine metric tonnes of iridium mined per year, and it is widely utilized in many sectors. This is because less iridium is needed for PEM applications. If this pace of iridium scarcity premium is maintained, original equipment makers will find it costly to implement and eventually unfeasible. For one GW of capacity to be built, around 400 kg (14,109 oz) of iridium is needed. Reductions of less than 100 kg (3,527 oz) per GW are required in order to prevent shortages in supplies. Potential supply issues are reduced since the ruthenium-based catalyst can permit an 85% reduction in iridium when compared to an iridium oxide catalyst. The company reported that the primary production of ruthenium is 3.5 times that of iridium. Neal Froneman, CEO of Sibanye-Stillwater, stated, “As the world’s largest producer of primary iridium, we firmly believe that sustainable demand of these metals, with supply in mind, is beneficial for the entire industry.”

A green hydrogen capacity of around 175 gigawatts (GW) is anticipated by 2030, according to the Hydrogen Council, a consortium of over 150 businesses operating along the hydrogen value chain. Of this, 40 percent is anticipated to be created by PEM electrolysis, which would account for the majority of the 300,000 ounces of iridium produced annually. A system that depends on iridium, an exceedingly rare element. There will soon be supply shortages since

South Africa: Gold One Clamps Down On Striking Miners Jinyi Mine reportedly banned any miners represented by the Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (Amcu) from entering the mine following a threeday underground strike last week. long queues said: “The process of returning to normal work has begun. It is not safe to call everyone at the same time, so people will be called in groups.” “The situation at the entrance was caused by people not receiving text messages back.” Suspended miner Palesa Motloung told Scrolla.Africa that some miners with tags allowing access to the mines were asked by security guards stationed at the gate whether they were members of Amcu or the National Union of Mineworkers before entering. (NUM). Allowed to go further. “When they answered that they were Amuku, the guards tore up the form and were told to go home and await further correspondence from the mine,” she said. “Our future depends on fighting for our rights.”

Mineworkers at the entrance of a goldmine in Springs, near Johannesburg, South Africa, Wednesday, Oct. 25, 2025. A company official says more than 100 miners have escaped from the mine after being held underground for three days by fellow employees in a union dispute. (AP Photo)

ast Modder Mining Company also issued suspension letters to 20 miners suspected of being leaders of the general strike. A large group of miners were called to work from the mine on Tuesday morning, but to their surprise their tags were deactivated and they were denied access to the mine. Miners were seen standing in long lines, braving the cold, stormy weather. A text message sent to miners about the

Skillings.net | December 2023

Amcu representative Musa Khalipha said he was first on the list and was labeled as the instigator of the strike. “There are 20 Amcu miners on this list. This is an attempt to stop us from fighting for workers’ rights,” he said. “We are now waiting for the employer to send us further information.” Last Monday, a group of more than 543 miners refused to reappear and demanded that the mines recognize Amcu, a union in which the majority of its members represent miners. Since 2012, the NUM has been the only union representing miners at the mine, which is a closed operation, but NUM has lost members to Amcu over the years. When Scrolla.Africa contacted Springs Mine spokesman Chris Nchabeleng, he said the mine was unable to comment at this time but would issue a statement later this week.

2023 Annual Index of Skillings Mining Review Perusing through our 100+ annual index will give the reader a good retrospective of 2023. New headings reflect trends unique to what has been an extremely interesting year. There is an increasing emphasis on sustainability - clean technologies, waste water management, re-vegetation and adherence to legislation.

JANUARY 2023 Article

Wobbly Coal Production Sparks Resilience for Coal Mining Jobs in the US

Demand for Battery Materials Skyrockets as Net-Zero Emission Goals Penetrate Australian Industries

Pegmatite Identified At Forrestania Resources’ New Calypso Prospect

Copper Prices Will Remain Under Pressure Due To Macro Headwinds

RC Infill Drilling Completed at Burke Graphite Deposit

Rise in European Demand Hits Coal Mining in Turkey

Employment and wages in the mineral mining industries

Illegal gold Miners Accused of Destroying a Sacred Mountain in Venezuela

Article

Sustainable Mine Design Begins With A Cultural Change

Biggest Lithium Mines in the World

Chinese Managing Cobalt Mines In DRC By Remote Control

Iron Ore to focus on Stimulus, Shrugs Off China’s Rising Covid-19 Concern

Is Copper becoming the new lithium

Article

Drilling In Process at Lynn Lake Nickel Sulphide Project

2023 Iron Ore Industry Update: Market Projections, New Players, and Emerging Trends

Experts from Virginia Tech Tapped to Explore Impact of Gold Mining in Virginia, USA

Biden Failing To Support US Miners?

Experts weigh in on potential mining boom in Australia: What to expect in the industry’s future

US Arm of Komatsu Opens Job Roles in Finance

Nuclear Site Could Replace Lost Mining Jobs In Nottinghamshire

Exploring the Mining Industry in Australia: Job Opportunities, Entry Points, and Qualifications

Finance-Related Jobs in Mining

Russia’s Iron Ore Reserves: How Much Does the Country Have?

New Technology Transforms Old Gold Mine To A Source Of Future Employment

Exploring the Rare Mineral Resources of the United States: A Look into the Nation’s Mining Industry

Earth AI Starts Field Work at Fontenoy

Canada’s New Critical Minerals Strategy

Mining Safety and Health: Best Practices, Regulations, and Resources

Western Lenders Restrict Financial Services to Coal Miners

IT Graduates Secure Jobs in the Mining Industry: Proving Transferable Skills and Opportunities

Statistics

Crude Steel Production

Mining Human Resources: Job Opportunities, Responsibilities and Skills November 2022 crude steel production

Crude steel production December 2020

FEBRUARY 2023

Article

Starting a Mining Company: A Step-by-Step Guide for Entrepreneurs

Article

How Data Analysis is Revolutionizing the Mineral Mining Industry

Exploring the State of Employment and Wages in the Mining Industry

The World Steel Association publishes Sustainability Indicators 2022 report

New Regulations Announced by OSMRE

Tata Motors ADS is to be delisted from NYSE

Assessing and Monitoring Open Pit Mine Highwalls: A Necessary Step for Safe and Efficient Operations

Comparing Mineral Resources: The Battle Between the USA and China

Top 5 Mineral-producing States in the US

Mining: A Physically Demanding Industry

Exploring Career Paths: Can Mining Engineers Find Success in the Oil Industry

Unlocking the Potential of the Mine-to-Market Value Chain: A Hidden Gem in the Mining Industry

Working Remotely for a US Company from Australia Everything You Need to Know

Revolutionizing the Supply Chain: Innovations in Mineral Mining and Transportation

Landing a Mining Industry Job:Uncovering the Top Strategies

From smartphones to Electric Cars: The Mineral Mining industry plays a crucial role in our daily life

Unlocking Profit: The Most Lucrative Metals to Mine and Process

Mining Engineer Job Opportunities 2023

Great Lakes Winter Shipping Delays Continuing

Interview: Lindsey Schultz, the CEO of MRC Recruiting

Mineral Mining Industry Trends 2023

Canada’s REE industry: Exploring the Potential to Boost Rare Earth Production for US Supply

Skillings.net | December 2023

MARCH 2023

Article

Exploring the Vitality of Great Lakes Ports Shipping: Navigating the Waves of Prosperity

Digging for Talent: How Mineral Mining Companies are Recruiting Skilled Workers in the Competitive Job Market

Top-Paying Jobs in the Gold Mining Industry

Coal Production Sparks Resilience for Coal Mining Jobs in the US

mployment Growth and High Earnings in E Mining Industry: A Look at Recent Trends and Future Predictions

Mining Engineering Graduates: Navigating Your Career Path in the Mining Industry

Exploring the Challenges and Innovations of Underground Mining Operations

Mining magnate Gina Rinehart Offers a Challenge to Industry Decarbonisation Opponents

Exploring the Perception of Poor Quality Iron Ore in Japan

Tesla Ventures into Mining Industry: Securing Sustainable Supply Chain for Batteries

Revolutionizing Mining Industry: A Look at the Latest High-Tech Innovations

The Iron Throne: Navigating the Volatile Global Iron Ore Prices

Exploring Afghanistan’s Mining Industry

Why Iron Ore Prices are Soaring: The Challenges and Opportunities Facing the Mining Industry

December 2022 crude steel production

Uncovering Riches: The Pros and Cons of Surface Mining for Mineral Extraction

Crude steel production December 2020

Statistics

APRIL 2023

MAY 2023

Article

American Pacific Mining Corp Announces 2023 Drill Plans for Gooseberry Project in Nevada

Kentucky Coal Mine Closures Economic, Environmental, and Social Impacts and Opportunities for Growth

Digging Deeper: The Future of Mining Engineering as a Career in the USA

Top 10 Expat Jobs with the Highest Pay

Unlocking the Potential of Processing Mineral Raw Materials: Boosting Efficiency and Profitability

Article

Why Australian Mining Jobs Pay So Well

Australia’s Tough Decision Withholding Iron Ore from China Amid Escalating Tensions

Ten Trends that will shape the Iron Mining Industry in 2023

The Iron Ore Market

How to Locate Prospective Copper Mine Buyers

A Move Towards Sustainability: China’s Crackdown on Cash-for-Copper Trade

EV vs. Conventional Cars: A Comparison of Minerals Used

What’s Next for the Mining Industry Coal Mining Jobs Decline as Clean Energy Takes Over

Balancing Environmental and Economic Priorities in the Minerals Industry: Discovering the Meaning of Sustainability

Which Country Takes the Top Spot? WorldRenowned Gold Mining Experts

The surge in Copper Prices: China Optimism Boosts Metal to Highest Level Since June

Insights from Industry Professionals: Leadership, Job Goals, and Navigating Career Paths

Top Biggest Mining Companies in the World: Resilience, Sustainability, and Innovation Amidst Global Challenges

Starting a Lithium Mining Company? Key Considerations & Steps for Success

Securing Investor Funding for South African Mining Projects

Dystopian Underworld of Illegal Mining in South Africa: A Multifaceted Approach Needed for Sustainable Solutions

Exploring the Best of British Columbia’s Mining Industry

Article

Advancements in Explosives Engineering & Blasting Technology

Recap of M&A Activities Continue Unabated

Risk of Buying and Selling Gold in Congo

STATISTICS

JUNE 2023

Article

Energy Transition Targets at Risk as Labor Shortage Looms

Global Mining Industry Assets Unearthed : A Comprehensive Look into the World’s Mining Wealth

Cobalt Mining in the DRC Requires Urgent Attention; A Call for Responsible and Sustainable Practices

Lucrative Graduate Degree Mining Jobs; Unlocking High-Paying Careers in the Industry

Top Junior Mining Stocks Exploring the Hidden Gems

Unveiling the Top 10 Coal Mining Stocks for Investors

Ukraine Coal Mines Confront Increasing Challenges and Risks Amidst Russian Invasion

Mining Industry Faces Employment & Talent Challenges: Amidst Technological Advancements

Article

Metso Secures Order to Supply Mill Lining Solutions to Copper and Gold Mine in SouthEast Asia

The Versatility of Cobalt: Facts, Characteristics, and Applications in the Mining Industry

The Ultimate Guide to Coal Mining and Transportation: Processes, Techniques, and Environmental Impact

Navigating Biden’s Latest Climate MinefieldAn Examination of EV Mineral Deals

Rio Tinto Makes a Surprise Acquisition of Scandium, Aiming to Revolutionize the HighTech Industry

Global Supply Length, High Food Inflation Hurts European Polymer Demand, Squeezes Margins

Minnesota Power receives EEI Emergency Response Award

Insights from Industry Professionals. The Trusted Adviser: Empowering Mine Personnel with Expert Guidance. Interview with Michael Meidow VP Technical Support, CR Powered by Epiroc. United States

Gold: A Steadfast Investment Amidst Economic Uncertainty

Exploring Insights from Mining Industry Professionals: A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, and Environmental Responsibility

Behind the Mining Productivity Upswing: Technology-Enabled Transformation

North American Iron Ore: Unleashing Potential in a Competitive Landscape

Revolutionizing the Iron Ore Mining Industry Technological Innovations, Sustainability Initiatives, and Community Engagement Shape the Future

Unearthing the Power: Exploring Common Types of Mining Equipment Revolutionizing the Industry

2023 Metal Prices Guide: Exciting Trends and Market Updates You Need to Know

China’s Equity Markets Open Up to International Investors in the Mining Industry

Unearthing the Secrets of Geotechnical Engineering:An Essential Field for the Mining Industry

NewRange Copper Nickel: A Rebranded Commitment to Sustainable Mining in Minnesota

Gold Stocks Glittering Amidst Market Turbulence Technical Analysis Unveils Promising Trends

Exploring the US Domestic Supply Chain: Key Factors and Trends in the Mineral Mining Industry

Building Carbon Neutral Mines A Sustainable Future for the Mining Industry

Climate-Smart Mining:Paving the Way for Minerals in the Fight Against Climate Change

Africa’s Mineral Wealth Draws Global Attention and Investment

JULY 2023

Skillings.net | December 2023

AUGUST 2023

Article

P 08

Article

Digging Up Employment opportunities; The Impact of Mines on Job Creation in Canada

Unearthing Riches in the Digital Era The Remarkable Influence of Digital Marketing on the Mining Industry

Into the Depth: A Glimpse into the Life of American Coal Miners

Unearthing Consequences The Dark Side of Mining’s Footprint on Earth

Unearthing Riches: Metal Ore Mining Industry Continues to Prosper Amid Global Demand

The Perils of Deep Underground Mining: Unveiling the Dangers Lurking Below

Cultivating Expertise, Authority, and Trust in Mining Recruitment Strategies for Attracting Top Talent

Separating Subsurface Wealth : Unlocking Mineral Rights Ownership Independent of Land

Huawei’s Innovation Reshapes Coal Mining Pioneering Digital Transformation in an AgeOld Industry

Mineral Mining Corporation: Empowering the US Workforce and Driving Economic Growth in the Mining Industry

Forging Bonds Below Earth’s Surface The Inextricable Link Between Mining and Oil & Gas

Shifting Tides: Examining the U.S. Reduction in Coal Reliance Compared to Global Trends

Navigating the U.S. Mining Industry’s Green Revolution Harvesting Prosperity, Cultivating Sustainability

A Deep Dive into the Factors : Behind the Copper Prices Decline

Cobalt Red’s ‘Horror Show’ Illegal Artisanal Mining Persists in the Congo Despite Legal Barriers

Striking a Balance: Maximizing Benefits and Minimizing Costs in Mining

U.S. Congress introduces Critical Minerals Security Act to Safeguard Supply Chains from DRC

INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS: Leadership, Career Progression, and Industry Trends

Unraveling the Environmental Complexity of Mineral Mining: Challenges and Impacts

Unearth the Future: Pioneering Technologies That Will Revolutionize the Mining Landscape

Environmental Regulations’ Effectiveness in Iron Ore Mining

Singapore’s Cutting-Edge Lab-Grown Diamond Facility

Professional Perspectives: Mining Industry

Exploring Earth’s Hidden Secrets: Mineralogists Uncover Nature’s Precious Gems

Thyssenkrupp’s Game-Changer: World’s First Rail-Running Conveyor System for Tier 1 Copper Miners

Scientific Alchemy: Lab-Made Minerals Pave the Way for Innovative Discoveries

DRC Mining’s Crucial Role in Green Transformation Energizing Global Growth

Unearthing Earth’s Treasures: Strip Mining Reveals Abundance of Minerals

The Wealth Beneath the Surface A Rich Array of Minerals Found in the Democratic Republic of Congo

June 2023 crude steel production

Power Struggles South Africa’s Mining Industry Faces Worsening Challenges

World Steel in Figures 2023 now available

July 2023 crude steel production

WorldAutoSteel Showcases Steel E-Motive

2022 Global Crude Steel Production Totals

SEPTEMBER 2023 Article

Indonesia Embraces Resource Nationalism A Game-Changer for Economic Progress

Exploring Innovative Financing Methods

OCTOBER 2023

NOVEMBER 2023

New Mining Code: A Bold Move by Mali

MRC 40 Years of Global Search Experience

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Three benefits of a single supplier for bucket protection

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Metso awarded contract to deliver MP800 cone crushers

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ISOEnergy closes $36.6M private placement for uranium hunt

Mining Industry Skills Shortage Hinders Digital Transformation

DRC Closing In on Peru as World’s No. 2 Copper Producer

Consequences of Tech Skills Shortage in Mining Industry: Impeding Growth and Innovation

Brazil Potash’s Autazes Potash Project Receives Support in Unanimous Vote from Mura Indigenous People

Navigating Uncharted Waters Uncertainty in the Mining Industry Shakes Global Profit Forecasts

Botswana and De Beers signs 10-year diamond sales deal

China’s Role in DRC Cobalt Extraction Ethics Economic benefits and Ethical concerns

Strong quarter for Rio Tinto

Rio Tinto cuts Iron production estimates

MINING INDUSTRY INSIGHTS A Round Table Discussion

Blood on the Mountain: Why you should watch this Coal Mining movie

Water Scarcity A Looming Challenge for the Mining Industry

Eskom plans to delay closure of coal-fired power plants

The Great Wall of Subsidies: How China’s Financial Support Alters Global Trade Dynamics

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China's Dominance in Rare Earths: A Threat to Western Dependence

IMARC 2023:Australia poised to take global lead in critical minerals

Evolution of the Mining and Metals Industry: Sustainability, Technology, and Community Engagement in the Modern Era

A Clash of Promise and Peril in the American West

key trends and challenges facing the mining and metals industry in 2023

Genex contracts with Fortescue for long-term purchase of 337.5 MW of power for Bulli Creek solar project (BCP)

Breaking Barriers Challenges for Minorities and Women in the Mining Industry

Cobalt Prices Driven by Sentiment; What Is the Actual Demand?

Lithium The New White Gold? An Investment Perspective

Three technologies critical for green steel

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Centamin aims to over 500k ounces production in new Sukari mine worldsteel Short Range Outlook October 2023

Gold Rush in the Tropics Unveiling the Severe Degradation and Deforestation Caused by Gold Mining

August 2023 crude steel production

Steel toecaps are a foundation of worker safety

Skillings.net | December 2023

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SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW STASTISTICS

OCTOBER 2023 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

orld crude steel production for the 71 countries reporting to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) was 150.0 million tonnes (Mt) in October 2023, a 0.6% increase compared to October 2022. Africa produced 1.9 Mt in October 2023, up 3.5% on October 2022. Asia and Oceania produced 108.8 Mt, up 0.8%. The EU (27) produced 10.6 Mt, down 7.1%. Europe, Other produced 3.6 Mt, down 0.2%. The Middle East produced 5.0 Mt, up 5.0%. North America produced 9.3 Mt, the same as in October 2022. Russia & other CIS + Ukraine produced 7.4 Mt, up 12.9%. South America produced 3.4 Mt, down 8.7%. The 63 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 97% of total world crude steel production in 2022. Regions and countries covered by the table: Africa, Asia and Oceania, European Union (27), Europe,other, Middle East,

North America, Russia & other CIS + Ukraine, South America.

Top 10 steel-producing countries China produced 79.1 Mt in October 2023, down 1.8% on October 2022. India produced 12.1 Mt, up 15.1%. Japan produced

Table 1. Crude steel production by region

Table 2. Top 10 steel-producing countries

change oct % change jan-oct % jan-oct 2023(mt) oct 23/22 2023 (mt) 23/22

Africa Asia and Oceania

7.5 Mt, up 2.6%. The United States produced 6.8 Mt, up 3.4%. Russia is estimated to have produced 6.3 Mt, up 9.5%. South Korea produced 5.5 Mt, up 6.5%. Germany produced 2.9 Mt, down 8.8%. Türkiye produced 3.0 Mt, up 4.2%. Brazil is estimated to have produced 2.6 Mt, down 10.2%. Iran produced 3.1 Mt, up 3.5%.

oct 2023 (mt)

% change oct 23/22

jan-oct 23 (mt)

% change jan-oct 23/22 1.4

1.9

3.5

18.2

4.3

China

79.1

-1.8

874.7

108.8

0.8

1165.2

1.6

India

12.1

15.1

116.3

12.1

Japan

7.5

2.6

72.9

-3.0

EU (27)

10.6

-7.1

106.8

8.8

Europe, Other

3.6

-0.2

34.2

-8.6

Middle East

5.0

43.4

0.0

North America

9.3

0.0

91.6

-2.8

Russia & CIS+ Ukraine*

7.4

12.9

73.7

3.1

South America

3.4

-8.4

34.2

Total 71 countries

150.0

0.6

1,567.3

United States

6.8

3.4

67.4

-0.8

6.3 e

9.5

63.5

5.3

South Korea

5.5

6.5

55.9

0.2

Germany

2.9

-8.8

30.1

-4.1

Türkiye

3.0

4.2

27.5

-8.8

-6.7

Brazil

2.6 e

-10.2

26.5

-8.6

0.2

Iran

3.1

3.5

25.1

-0.1

Russia

The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2022. Regions and countries covered by the table:Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Viet Nam,European Union (27),Europe, Other: Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Türkiye, United Kingdom,Middle East: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States,Russia & other CIS + Ukraine: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine,South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

Skillings.net | December 2023

2022 GLOBAL CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION TOTALS TOTAL WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION WAS 1,878.5 MT IN 2022, A 4.2% DECREASE COMPARED TO 2021.

Source – World Steel Association Rank Country

2022

2021

% 2022/ 2021

Rank Country

2022

2021

% 2022/ 2021

China

1 013.0

1 034.7

-2.1

Poland (e)

7.7

8.5

-8.6

India

124.7

118.2

5.5

Austria

7.5

7.9

-4.7

Japan

89.2

96.3

-7.4

Belgium (e)

6.9

0.4

United States

80.7

85.8

-5.9

Ukraine

6.3

21.4

-70.7

Russia (e)

71.5

77.0

-7.2

Netherlands

6.1

6.6

-7.2

South Korea

65.9

70.4

-6.5

United Kingdom

6.1

7.2

-15.6

Germany

36.8

40.2

-8.4

Pakistan (e)

6.0

5.4

10.9

Turkey

35.1

40.4

-12.9

Australia

5.7

5.8

-1.9

Brazil

34.0

36.1

-5.8

Thailand

5.3

5.5

-2.9

Iran

30.6

28.3

8.0

Bangladesh (e)

5.2

5.5

-5.5

Italy

21.6

24.4

-11.6

Argentina

5.1

4.9

4.5

Taiwan, China (e)

20.6

23.2

-11.2

Sweden

4.4

4.7

-5.9

Viet Nam (e)

20.0

23.0

-13.1

South Africa

4.4

5.0

-12.3

Mexico

18.2

18.5

-1.6

Czechia

4.3

4.8

-11.0

Indonesia (e)

15.6

14.8

5.2

Kazakhstan

4.1

4.5

-8.0

France

12.1

13.9

-13.1

Slovakia

3.9

4.9

-20.4

Canada (e)

12.0

13.0

-7.8

Finland

3.5

4.3

-18.5

Spain

11.5

14.2

-19.2

Algeria (e)

3.5

0.2

Malaysia (e)

10.0

9.1

10.0

United Arab Emirates

3.2

3.0

7.1

Egypt

9.8

10.3

-4.6

Others

37.2

39.5

-5.7

Saudi Arabia

9.1

8.7

3.9

World

1 878.5

1 960.4

- 4.2

e – annual figure estimated using partial data or non-worldsteel resources. * The world total production figure in this table includes estimates of other countries that only report annually.

Sustainability Indicators 2023

he World Steel Association (worldsteel) today publishes its Sustainability Indicators 2023 report. worldsteel uses eight indicators to measure key aspects of the steel industry’s economic, environmental and social sustainability performance on an annual basis. worldsteel members have been providing data

for the eight indicators every year since 2004. A total of 94 steel companies and associations were included in this year’s data collection. The 41 companies who provided data for all eight indicators are listed in the report. The World Steel Association

(worldsteel) is one of the largest and most dynamic industry associations in the world, with members in every major steel-producing country. Worldsteel represents steel producers, national and regional steel industry associations, and steel research institutes. Members represent around 85% of global steel production.

SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW December 2023

Articles inside

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