SPARKS Handbook 2023

MANAGING EDITOR: CELIA MATTHEWS celia.matthews@sng-publishing.co.uk

SENIOR GRAPHIC DESIGNER: LEE OWEN lee.owen@sng-publishing.co.uk

DISCLAIMER

SPARKS is published by SNG Publishing Ltd (SNG). All content and artwork is © SNG Publishing Ltd or its contributors and SNG and SPARKS are trademarks of SNG Publishing Ltd.

No part of SPARKS may be copied, transmitted or published in any form or by any means without prior permission.

Although SNG has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this publication, it does not verify any claims or other information appearing in the advertisements contained in SPARKS. It therefore cannot accept any responsibility whatsoever for consequences that may arise from the content or artwork contained in SPARKS, including any errors or omissions or any opinions or advice given therein. This publication and its content is not a substitute for professional advice on a particular matter.

Advertisements are accepted for publication in SPARKS only upon SNG Publishing Ltd’s standard terms of advertising.

y now you will have already started studying and working towards an exciting new career, in an incredibly rewarding and versatile industry. This will be one of the best decisions you’ve ever made! When you qualify, you’ll be a skilled professional in an industry that will always need you.

The SPARKS Handbook is designed to help increase your knowledge of the industry from day one, offering an insight into the brands and services that make it tick and ensure it remains an exciting and diverse industry to work in.

Think of this book as your trusty sidekick — an invaluable source of information that you can refer to at any time during your studies and your career.

Make sure you follow us on our social media channels. We run lots of competitions and giveaways, which are all free for you to enter!

Here’s to the start of your fantastic journey!

THE SPARKS LEARNER OF THE YEAR IS BACK FOR 2023!

The competition gives students the chance to be recognised for their hard work and skills. It’s a great opportunity to put your skills to the test and build self confidence.

During January and February we’ll be travelling across six regions of England and Wales in search of the best up-and-coming industry talent. Level 2 and 3 electrical learners from colleges nationwide will compete in a live practical installation for the chance to win this coveted award.

THE SIX REGIONS

South West

Petroc College, North Devon Campus

Tuesday 17th January 2023

Wales Coleg y Cymoedd, Ystrad Mynach Campus

Thursday 19th January 2023

North East

Darlington College

Tuesday 31st January 2023

North West

Wigan & Leigh College, Pagefield Centre Thursday 2nd February 2023

Midlands Stephenson College

Thursday 16th February 2023

South East Aldershot College

Tuesday 21st February 2023

Each regional winner will go on to compete in the grand final, taking place at the Schneider Electric Innovation Hub in Coventry on 26th & 27th April 2023

Alongside the prestige for both winning student and winning college, there are fantastic prizes up for grabs, with every competitor getting a certificate for taking part. The prizes have been donated by competition sponsors, including our Platinum sponsor Schneider Electric, along with Electric Center, IDEAL Industries, Aico, Luceco, Prysmian Group, The IET and Scruffs. The competition will be judged by the Technical Team at NAPIT.

We’re delighted to announce that the SPARKS Learner of the Year competition is now underway!

“It’s a great opportunity to put your skills to the test and build self confidence”

SCAN HERE

For more information about the competition and to check out last year’s test paper, head to:

#SPARKS

LOY23

Tom Gillam, Electrician Channel Manager, Schneider Electric

Last year’s winner Benjamin Fox, a 19 year old apprentice electrician from Exeter College, said:

“After seeing the magazine at college, I thought I’d give it a go. It’s a good experience and practice for your AM2S as well. Just the experience of being under pressure, time, and

“It is always a pleasure working with SPARKS, and Schneider Electric is proud to be the Platinum sponsor of the Learner of the Year competition. We see it as invaluable to try and build relationships with apprentices and learners as early on in their careers as possible, and the Learner of the Year competition is a great way to do this.”

BENJAMIN FOX

INDUSTRY CONTACTS

Aico Ltd

T: 01691 664100 I E: enquiries@aico.co.uk I W: www.aico.co.uk

Aico, an Ei Company, are the European market leader in home life safety, pioneering technologies and quality alarms. Their Connected Home offering expanded through HomeLINK, a high-tech software team innovating home integration and analytic technologies.

www.linkedin.com/company/aico-smoke-&-gas-protection

@AicoLimited

@aico_limited www.youtube.com/user/aicoalarms/videos

@Aico_Limited @aicoltd

BG Electrical

W: www.bgelectrical.uk

BG Electrical, part of Luceco Group is a leading manufacturer and distributor of high quality and innovative wiring accessories, circuit protection and portable power. With over 75 years of within the industry, BG Electrical has gained an invaluable reputation.

www.linkedin.com/company/luceco-group @bg_electrical_uk @lucecogroup @lucecogroup

BG SyncEV

W: www.syncev.co.uk

BG SyncEV, part of Luceco Group is a manufacturer and distributor of EV chargers for the residential and commercial sectors. Acquired by Luceco Group in March 2022, BG SyncEV is investing heavily in new product development and technical support, to meet future needs.

www.linkedin.com/company/luceco-group @syncev_uk @lucecogroup @lucecogroup

Bosch Pro

T: 0344 736 0109 I E: Bosch.ServiceCentre@uk.bosch.com

Bosch Professional engineer power tools, measuring tools and accessories to the highest standards, designed to meet the toughest jobs in the trade and make professionals more efficient every day on site.

@boschprouk @boschprouk

Hager

T: 01952 675675 I E: technical@hager.co.uk

Hager is a leading supplier of Energy Distribution, Wiring Accessories and Lighting Connection & Control products for residential, commercial and industrial buildings. We manufacture in 23 production sites around the globe and we service customers in more than 100 countries around the world.

W: hager.com/uk instagram.com/hager_uk facebook.com/HagerUK twitter.com/hageruk

Ideal Industries EMEA

T: 01925 444 446 I E: eur.sales@idealindustries.com

Founded in 1916, IDEAL is the world’s largest wire connector manufacturer and supplies quality products for fast, easy and safe installation including connectors, lubricants, fish tapes, benders, cutters, strippers, lockout/tagout devices, test & amp; measurement, datacom tools, accessories and testers.

W: www.idealind.com

Luceco Lighting

W: www.luceco.com

Luceco Lighting, part of Luceco Group is a manufacturer and distributor of high efficiency, energy saving LED luminaires. Established in 2013, Luceco Lighting has rapidly established itself as one of the leading brands for professional lighting in the UK.

www.linkedin.com/company/luceco-group

@luceco_lighting @lucecogroup @lucecogroup

Megger

T: 01304 502100 I E: uksales@megger.com

Megger has been a leader in electrical test and measurement globally for 130 years. From power generation to the power outlets in your home, Megger products cover almost every application within the Electrical Supply Industry.

W: www.megger.com @MeggerUK @MeggerUK

NET

W: www.netservices.org.uk I E: info@netservices.org.uk

National Electrotechnical Training (NET) is the industry charity responsible for the Installation Electrician and Domestic Electrician apprenticeship End Point Assessments, and the industry assessment of competence (the ‘AM2’). NET’s website provides full guidance on how to prepare for your assessment:

www.linkedin.com/company/national-electrotechnical-training-net-/ twitter.com/NET_Assessments

Schneider Electric

T: 0370 608 8608 I W: www.se.com

Schneider’s purpose is to empower all to make the most of our energy and resources, bridging progress and sustainability for all. We call this Life Is On. Our mission is to be your digital partner for Sustainability and Efficiency. twitter.com/SchneiderUKI

www.facebook.com/groups/TheElectricianGroup www.instagram.com/schneiderelec_electricians_uki/

WD-40

T: +44 (0) 8449 800838 I E: info@wd40.co.uk I W: wd40.co.uk

The world’s most iconic lubricant brand WD-40® boosts a range of lubricants, greases and cleaners used by professional tradespeople and DIY enthusiasts. Famed for its yellow and blue-canned Multi-Use Product, WD-40 offers ‘Specialist’, a range of products developed for professionals working in manufacturing, servicing, and maintenance.

AM2S

SPONSORED BY

WHAT IS THE AM2S?

Think of it as similar to a driving test – you spend months learning how to drive, then the test is where you put everything into practice and you are marked against strict criteria. The AM2S is just like this - it’s an in-depth assessment where you have to carry out specific tasks to show what you have learned during your apprenticeship.

Strict exam conditions are in place during the assessment, so this means no electronic devices or getting help from anyone else.

You’ll be monitored by an assessor who will be marking your work as the day progresses.

Once you pass the assessment, it’s one of the final pieces of the puzzle to completing your apprenticeship and becoming a fully qualified electrician.

Check out the next few pages for some top advice and tips on how to prepare for your AM2S.

To find out more visit: www.netservices.org.uk/am2s

ON TOP OF YOUR GAME

At the end of your apprenticeship you’ll need to complete the AM2S Assessment before you can become fully qualified.

WHAT IS THIS?

It’s an in-depth assessment where you have to carry out specific tasks to show what you have learned during your apprenticeship.

BE PREPARED!

NET has a Self-Assessment Checklist so you can look at exactly what you need to do and make sure you have gained the right knowledge and practical experience. The AM2S is the pinnacle of everything you’ve learnt during your apprenticeship. So why not be proud of your skills and training and make it your mission to pass first time?

CHECK OUT THE CHECKLIST!

HOW TO PREPARE

The ‘Readiness for Assessment Checklist’ from National Electrotechnical Training (NET) helps you decide if you are ready for the assessment.

All the tasks you need to carry out are laid out in the checklist. Read over each section and ask yourself ‘how much knowledge and experience do I have in this area?’

GETTING HELP

Towards the end of your apprenticeship, your training provider and/or employer should sit down with you and take a look at your current abilities, and where the gaps are, e.g. you may need more first-hand experience of Inspection & Testing.

For areas where you’re not feeling confident, your training provider should produce an action plan to help you work on these areas. If this is the case, don’t allow yourself to be put forward for the assessment too early.

SIGNING THE CHECKLIST

Before you’re allowed to book your assessment, the checklist must be signed by you, your employer and training provider to confirm you’re ready. Only sign the checklist when you feel you’re 100% confident to take the assessment.

“Only sign the checklist when you feel you’re 100% confident”

TOP TIPS!

In the days and weeks before your assessment, look carefully at NET’s Pre-Assessment Manual. This goes into detail and lists the common errors that people make, so you can avoid making the same mistakes!

FOLLOW THE SPECIFICATION

● You must follow the specification that is given to you for the assessment. Many fail simply because they did what they thought was best rather than following the written instructions.

SAFE ISOLATION

● Students also fail because they did not correctly safely isolate before starting the installation task. Make sure you practise the 10-point safe isolation test before your assessment!

INSPECTION & TESTING

● Remember to verify your test results against BS7671 requirements and record on the documents supplied.

● Don’t take shortcuts that you might have learnt on site! Follow the technique shown by your college or training provider. If you’re unsure how to carry out a test, check the On-Site Guide and Guidance Note 3 which you’ll have during the assessment.

● As you carry out each test, record your results straight away on the test sheets provided. Blank forms are on the NET website to look at before your assessment. Check out the Top Tips videos BEFORE your assessment, at www.netservices.org.uk/videos

AMPED UP

The

Ohm’s

and

+

testing, importantly it’ll help you to practice the safe isolation process, which is a critical part of your AM2S assessment.

CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES

CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES

TYPES OF CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES INCLUDE:

FUSES:

A. High Rupturing Capacity (HRC) or High Breaking Capacity (HBC) fuses: These are designed to handle very high fault currents, as they have a high breaking capacity, and are manufactured in a range of nominal ratings from 3A to 500A.

B. Plug-Top Fuses: Found in every 13A plug-top or fused connection unit, ranging from 1A to 13A.

C. Semi-Enclosed Fuses: Often called rewireable fuses, these are now often replaced by circuit-breakers.

D. Cartridge Fuses: Similar to HRC fuses and often found in consumer units, these are intended for use by ordinary persons so are common in residential installations.

Cartridge fuse for household 10A

CIRCUIT-BREAKERS:

Circuit-breakers are probably the most frequently used protective devices and they are available in one of the following formats:

A. Miniature Circuit-Breakers (MCBs): These devices are often used as protection for final circuits and come with nominal ratings between 3A and 125A.

MCBs

B. Moulded Case Circuit-Breakers (MCCBs):

These are larger circuit-breakers, generally used in the large panel boards that protect distribution circuits.

CIRCUIT-BREAKERS HAVE TWO FORMS OF OPERATION:

● Via a magnetic trip: A solenoid within the circuit-breaker where a pre-set value of overcurrent creates a magnetic field strong enough to instantly disconnect the device.

● Via a thermal trip: A slightly longer process, where an overcurrent heats up a thermal device, such as bi-metallic strip, causing disconnection.

THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF MINIATURE CIRCUIT-BREAKER:

● Type B: These would typically be used to protect lighting and socket circuits where sudden over-currents do not occur during switching.

● Type C: These would typically be used in commercial and industrial environments, to protect loads that surge on starting, such as discharge lighting or motors.

● Type D: These should only be used on very specialist loads, where high inrush currents may be expected, such as transformers, x-rays and welding sets.

RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDS):

RCDs are different from circuit-breakers as they do not provide short-circuit or overload protection. They are often built into wiring accessories, such as socket outlets and fused connection units, and are incorporated into consumer units as an RCCB or RCBO.

RCDs monitor the current passing through the device into the circuit (live) and the value coming back (neutral). If these values are different, some current must be escaping to earth. If the difference between the values on either side, i.e. live and neutral, is bigger than the residual operating current setting, the device will trip.

RCD Residual Current Device

RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT-BREAKERS WITH INTEGRAL OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (RCBOS):

An RCBO is a circuit-breaker that also has an RCD built into it, giving it overload, short-circuit and residual earth current protection. RCBOs fitted for circuit protection require a neutral connection as well as the live, because they need to monitor the individual circuit current for imbalances.

WHAT IS AN ARC FAULT?

Where the electrical current jumps between two conductive materials.

PARALLEL ARC FAULT

SERIES ARC FAULT

HOW DO ARC FAULTS OCCUR?

HOW DOES AN ARC FAULT DETECTION DEVICE (AFDD) WORK?

They use microprocessor technology to analyse the waveform of the electricity being used to detect any unusual signatures which would signify an arc on the circuit. This will cut off power to the affected circuit and could prevent a fire. They are far more sensitive to arcs than conventional circuit protective devices.

THE LAUNCH OF AFDD WITH PROTOOLS

Equipped with built-in advanced diagnostics software, once the Hager RCBO/AFDD or MCB/ AFDD device has tripped, installers can quickly identify the cause for the disconnected circuit at the push of a button on the front of the device.

The multicoloured LED display will flash in a different sequence of colours to identify the fault. With the ability to identify 8 statuses, the device will instantly detect if a Series Arc, Parallel Arc, Overvoltage, Residual Current Fault, Overload, Short Circuit, AFDD failure or manual trip has occurred, saving time and improving diagnostic ability.

Whilst the extensive testing program provides a stable platform for today, it is possible that an electrical goods manufacturer of tomorrow may create an electrical device with a different waveform signature, thus creating a new signature for the Arc Fault Device and causing the device to trip.

With ProTools and in-situ software upgrades, Hager is able to modify the algorithm to accommodate new product signatures. These updates can be sent directly to installers’ mobile devices, via the Hager Pilot app, allowing them to connect to the AFDD through Bluetooth technology and perform a software upgrade.

“With

CONSUMER UNITS

Without this protection, it could result in electric shocks and damage to the cable installation. Arcing can potentially damage cables over time, which leads to an increased risk of fire.

PROTECT YOUR CUSTOMERS

Having a consumer unit doesn’t guarantee comprehensive protection for customers. Compliance with relevant standards and regulations, whilst considering the type and age of devices inside the unit, is key.

PROTECT YOURSELF!

Not only is compliance essential for the safety of the home in which the units are installed, the reputation of the businesses that sold, supplied, and installed them is at high risk of being tarnished too.

CREATE A SYSTEM THAT WORKS

This highlights the importance of creating a thorough vetting process for consumer unit procurement, as well as checking compliance with the latest standards and getting regular checks of installations. As the consumer unit is the heart of your customers’ home, it is paramount that all the necessary steps are taken to ensure it is as safe as possible.

CHOOSE A REPUTABLE BRAND

Your electrical business is only as good as the products that you choose to install. While there is a vast array of brands out there all vying to secure that position under the stairs or in the garage of customers’ homes, opting for the right manufacturer is critical not only for the safety of your customers but also for the reputation of your business. Compromising on quality could cause serious repercussions.

PEACE OF MIND

When making that decision on which manufacturer’s product you are going to install, the quality of the product, the reputation of the manufacturer, as well as the availability of future support should all be considered before making your selection. Doing this will give you peace of mind that you have done as much as you can to ensure the safety of your customer.

“Your electrical business is only as good as the products that you choose to install”

Introducing the Easy9 Compact Multirow consumer unit

The latest addition to the Easy9 range provides electricians and homeowners with unmatched design flexibility, adaptability and safety.

Easy9 Compact Multirow consumer units complement the existing premium Easy9+ range in order to meet the needs of every household and electrician.

It incorporates flexibility, simple installation and ample cable space to easily connect multiple devices and provide peace of mind when it comes to regulatory compliance.

To learn more about the Easy9 range, visit se.com/uk/easy9

WHICH BRAND?

So, what are the key things to look out for when selecting a manufacturer?

Go for those in the know – Looking for a manufacturer that specialises in circuit protection is maybe the most obvious tip, but it is the clearest way of knowing that the products they supply are high-spec and built to the latest industry standards.

BEAMA Membership – You would be surprised at the number of manufacturers that are not members of BEAMA, the UK’s trade association for electrical manufacturers and providers of energy infrastructure technologies and systems. Members of BEAMA are committed to building products in line with their high standards, allowing you to buy with added confidence.

3Future Ready – Consumer units aren’t something that you rip out and replace every 2-3 years, they are a mainstay of a household’s electrical system. If an older unit needs to be repaired, you may need access to spare parts for products that may be 10-15 years old. In the same vein, a company that innovates its products to factor in potential future changes is one that you know has the market knowledge and experience to depend upon.

Taking these steps to assess your manufacturer of choice will not only give you clarity of choice in the short term, but it will enable you to have longer, healthier relationships with customers who experience fewer faults as a result of safer, more reliable equipment. A little knowledge and effort go a long way toward making your customers’ homes safer.

“A little knowledge and effort go a long way toward making your customers’ homes safer ”

THE PERFECT FIT!

Easy9 Compact, the next generation consumer unit, complements the Easy9+ premium range to meet the needs of every household, combining design flexibility, ease of installation and BS regulatory compliance.

PERFECT FOR HOMEOWNERS

Compact by name and by nature, the unit maintains the range’s simplistic design at a smaller scale. The compact size, alongside a low-profile cover, means the consumer unit can be situated wherever necessary to meet any aesthetic needs. The curved profile, white finish and minimalistic markings ensure the unit blends into its environment seamlessly.

PERFECT FOR NEW BUILD OR RETROFIT

The Easy9 Compact offers multiple circuit configurations, incomer and rail positions, and cable entries. Electricians can therefore deliver circuit protection in any new build or retrofit project with minimal intrusion into living spaces. They can also be sure the solutions will meet the specifications of the home, avoiding any returns, reorders, or delays.

“The Easy9 Compact brings flexible, customisable design to every homeowner. They no longer have to compromise on functionality and scalability due to lack of space. For electricians, the benefits are just as clear. The multiple cable entries, removable DIN rail, and adaptable circuit configuration provide them with the most flexibility and dependability of any solution on the market.”

To find out more, scan the QR code:

Deepak Sharad, Category Marketing Manager at Schneider Electric, commented:

CHARGING

EV CHARGER’S KEY CONSIDERATIONS

The rapidly increasing adoption of electric cars is generating increased demand for the installation of Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers.

This trend will further accelerate with the 2030 ban on new petrol and diesel engines cars, and the 2035 move to new fully zero emission vehicles.

Here are some of the common features to consider when working with EV chargers:

EV chargers are supplied in two common charging lead configurations:

TETHERED OR UNTETHERED?

● Tethered - Includes a charging cable permanently attached to the charging unit

● Untethered (sometimes referred to as socket) - Does not including the charging cable attached. This is either supplied with the car or purchased separately.

Here are some advantages for each:

TETHERED:

● More convenient to quickly unwind the charging cable, plug in and charge, especially in dark or bad weather

● Removes the inconvenience of taking a separate charging cable out and packing it away each time the car is charged

● Cable design and colour matches the charging unit.

UNTETHERED:

● Cheaper than a tethered unit, as the charging cable is not included. However, a charging cable will still be required

● Offers flexibility where chargers will be used to charge different cars and different types of charging cables may be used, such as a commercial location

● The charging unit looks neater without the charging cable wrapped around it

● Offers the opportunity to source the right length of charging cable for the car and driveway.

EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS

There are three main types of earthing arrangements to consider when installing an EV charger:

● TT system - A copper earth rod is drilled into the ground and acts as the earth. This is typically found in rural properties or early EV chargers. There are a couple of limitations with TT systems; BS7671 regulations state the readings from the earth rod can be as high as 1,667 ohms. However, some vehicles readings above 100ohms will cause them not to charge. Also, any electrical items can’t be installed within 2 metres of the EV charger

● TNCS/PME - Incoming cable to the property includes a combined neutral and earth. This is common across majority of properties in the UK, Electrical regulations state this system cannot be exported externally to a property, without either local TT system or a Pen fault device, the latter being preferred

● PEN protection/PEN fault deviceA system that will detect a loss of neutral at the property incomer. This can be fitted upstream if required, however BG Sync EV units have this protection built in as standard. This is the preferred method and eliminates the need to install an earth rod

RCD PROTECTION

● RCD protection is necessary to protect the cable installation. Only Type A and Type B RCD’s offer suitable protection for EV chargers. Depending on the cable type used, this can be fitted upstream or included in the EV charger

● BG Sync EV chargers are supplied with a Type A RCD built in as standard

OTHER FEATURES

● Open Charge Point Protocol (OCCP)

- The agreed communication protocol

between smart EV chargers and back offices, that deal with EV charger administration. The UK is currently working to version 1.6

● Dynamic load charging - A feature that monitors changes in a buildings electrical load. It then adjusts the EV charging output to accommodate the energy usage of other appliances, such as ovens and showers, to avoid the system being overloaded. This is simply controlled by a CT clamp that can be hardwired into an EV charger, which can be added to BG Sync EV chargers.

SUMMARY

BG Sync EV offers a range of EV chargers with these features, including PEN protection and RCD protection, to make installation safe and easy: www.syncev.co.uk

Want to know more about installing an EV charger? Take our EV charger point preparation CPD at www.luceco-academy.com

EV CHARGING STATIONS

Packed with Smart technology, BG SyncEV charging stations are the perfect solution for electric vehicle charging at home or at the workplace.

BG SYNCEV CHARGERS

The comprehensive range includes five models in total - three socket and two tethered, all powered by the market leading, smart charging ev.energy app.

FREE EV CHARGE POINT PREPARATION CPD AT THE LUCECO ACADEMY

Proper planning prevents poor performance. Never is this more true than when it comes to installing an EV charge point. There are a number of things to think about before installing an EV charger.

This free CPD training course considers a few points that will make sure your installation runs smoothly, helping you to avoid common problems during the process, including:

● Verification of the incoming supply

● How to calculate maximum demand

● How and when to update the Energy Networks Association

The range offers configurable charging up to 7.4 kW (32A) and optional dynamic charging is available through a load management kit, which ensures the home electrical system is not overloaded.

Integrated open PEN conductor protection is included, which removes the need to install earth rods and integrated type A 30mA RCD with 6mA DC protection allows safe installation and use. Find out more at www.syncev.co.uk

● How manufacturers’ instructions will impact your installation

All our CPD courses are fully accredited, and each provides one credit towards your annual CPD requirements.

Sign up and take the course at: www.luceco-academy.co.uk

HOME LIFE SAFETY

SCAN HERE

SPONSORED BY

HOME LIFE SAFETY PRDUCTS

As an electrician, one element of your role may be to install fire and carbon monoxide (CO) alarms in your customers’ homes. Correct installation in line with standards and legislation is just one part of the job. Choosing high-quality, reliable products is equally as important and plays an essential role in home life safety.

When lives rely on them, you cannot take risks when it comes to fire and carbon monoxide alarms. Let’s explore the key features to look out for when choosing life safety devices.

HAS THE ALARM BEEN TESTED DURING THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS?

Batch testing products is a cost-effective method chosen by many manufacturers, however choosing a device which has not been thoroughly tested during assembly is not recommended - how can you know for certain it is in full working order?

“Correct installation, in line with standards and legislation, is just one part of the job”

Instead, why not conduct some research into manufacturers that offer a higher level of reliability? For the best protection, alarms should be individually tested during the manufacturing process, including:

Initial Assembly: Individual components of the alarms are tested to ensure they meet strict tolerances.

Test and Calibration: As part of the assembly process, alarms are tested and calibrated in smoke, heat or CO to ensure they meet the relevant British/ European standards. This means that they will respond quickly to whatever they are designed to detect.

Final Test: Once the alarm is fully assembled, it is again put through a thorough test. It is a final verification that the alarm is fully functional before being shipped from the factory.

CHECK FOR THIRD PARTY ACCREDITATION

You may be familiar with the British Standards Institution (BSI) Kitemark, as found on many appliances and materials, from electrical appliances to windows and doors.

The Kitemark is well-established and represents outstanding quality, safety and trust - a symbol consumers commonly look out for when purchasing products for their home.

This certification serves as confirmation that it has been independently and repeatedly tested by experts to assure the quality to meet the required standards.

BSI KITEMARKS FOR FIRE AND CARBON MONOXIDE ALARMS:

● Optical smoke alarms for residential properties which operate using scattered light to detect smoke particles should conform with BS EN 14604:2005.

● Heat alarms for residential properties should adhere to BS 5446-2:2003.

● Carbon monoxide alarms for residential properties should comply with BS EN 50291-1:2018. CO alarms are also recommended for vehicles such as boats and caravans - in this case, also look for the BSI Kitemark BS EN 50291-2:2019.

● Multi-sensor alarms should have an accreditation for each sensor within the alarm, as referenced above.

Once installation is complete, always educate your customers on how to maintain their fire and carbon monoxide alarms to ensure they continue to work for the devices’ recommended lifetime (10 years from most reputable manufacturers).

HERE ARE SOME TOP TIPS:

Testing: Regular alarm testing is a vital part of ensuring continued fire and carbon monoxide detection. Alarms should be tested monthly.

alarms should be turned off at the mains. Use a vacuum to clean around the vents. After, using a damp cloth, clean the cover of the alarm, then dry with a lint-free cloth. Turn on the mains power once complete.

Replacement: Let the customer know the alarms’ replacement dates and advise where this information is located on the alarm head.

“High-quality products not only assure customers that they have reliable protection, but also provide confidence that you are recommending and installing the best possible home life safety devices”

BECOME AN AICO EXPERT INSTALLER

Aico’s free, award-winning Expert Installer training scheme is FIA CPD accredited and is designed to make sure Contractors have all the information they need to correctly install domestic home life safety systems, including Fire and Carbon Monoxide alarms and Environmental Sensors.

All Expert Installers are invited to join the Aico Installer Community – a connected online platform that allows Expert Installers to connect with fellow professionals to share knowledge and best practice, learn new skills and earn points that can be exchanged for rewards

EXPERT INSTALLER TRAINING FOR APPRENTICES

Promoting best practices through education is a key part of Aico’s mission statement. Aico has seen a record-breaking 10,000 installers complete their FIA-CPD accredited Expert Installer training throughout 2022!

EXPERT INSTALLER TRAINING

This one-hour core module course is delivered across the UK by Aico’s team of 29 Regional Specification Managers. The award-winning Expert Installer training covers the key information required to correctly install domestic fire and carbon monoxide (CO) alarms and environmental sensors with details about standards and legislation.

MOBILE TRAINING

Expert Installer training sessions are available throughout the UK, delivered in popular locations and onboard Aico’s state-of-the-art mobile training and demonstration units to offer greater accessibility and flexibility for all customers, including apprentices.

AICO INSTALLER COMMUNITY

Upon successful completion of the training, Aico’s Expert Installers can become members of the Aico Installer Community Online – built to support Installers with carefully designed educational challenges to help expand their knowledge of home life safety devices.

CITY & GUILDS ASSURED QUALIFICATION

Members of the Aico Installer community can then participate in Aico’s free-of-charge City & Guilds Assured Qualification, which offers a detailed understanding of the design, installation, maintenance, interconnection, siting, and electrical connection of domestic fire and carbon monoxide alarm systems.

For more information, visit: www.aico.co.uk

LIGHTING

SPECIFYING COST EFFECTIVE LIGHTING

With the cost of energy having reached its highest ever levels, there is no doubt these surging price hikes are having a major impact on budgets. While this is frustrating, there are considerations that can be made at the lighting design stage to keep these costs to a minimum.

To deliver true energy savings, there are several aspects of a lighting installation that need to be considered.

LUX LEVELS

Every project has a minimum lux level that it truly needs to offer comfortable lighting. If lux levels are too high or too bright, not only can this be unpleasant for those exposed to that lighting, but it also uses more energy than is necessary.

LUMEN OUTPUT

Lumen output is effectively how much light is emitted into a space by the luminaire.

To work through an example, let’s look at a 12m x 12m office space where LED panels are being used. There are multiple options when looking at the lumen outputs that could be selected to illuminate the space.

By working through this for each installation, it can be clear to see which lumen output and quantity of luminaires will deliver the best results.

“Using a higher lumen level, such as 3500 lumens but fewer panels, this makes not only the cost of the panels lower, it also delivers a better return on investment, when taking into consideration the cost of energy consumption”

LIGHTING DISTRIBUTION

The next aspect is selecting the correct light distribution. In certain applications where luminaires have multiple light distributions, the overall lighting result, energy consumptions, and ultimately the ROI is hugely affected. There are examples where two luminaires, both offering 1,000 lumens, can deliver vastly different light levels into a space.

By choosing a wider beam angle, less luminaires could potentially be used, which then in turn uses less energy – delivering cost savings.

PRODUCT PERFORMANCE

It’s widely recognised that the performance of a light fitting is a direct correlation to the makeup of its components. The focus here is the amount of light that a luminaire puts out, and how this can be maximised. The performance of raw LED chips is continuously growing, with the average raw LED lumens now sitting around 160 Lm/W. Once this is surrounded by metal casing and covered with a diffuser, the amount of light can be significantly reduced in lower cost products.

“The amount of light that can be achieved through a better-quality product will mean less luminaires can actually be used, once again showing where cost savings can be achieved”

LIGHTING CONTROLS

An important consideration for commercial buildings is the use of lighting controls. Now mandated under Part L of the building regulations, these are no longer a nice to have. However, they can save an additional 30 - 40% of energy, on top of the savings outlined earlier.

Due to luminaires being off or dimmed for longer, lighting controls enable the life of luminaires to be extended - offering further cost savings.

Luceco Lighting offer a range of commercial lighting controls that can be specified as part of a lighting project.

FREE LIGHTING DESIGN SERVICE

Luceco Lighting offers a free lighting design service to provide contractors and end users with free lighting design solutions for any lighting projects, compliant with the latest British Standards and CIBSE lighting guidelines. As part of this service, return on investment estimates can be provided to indicate potential return and energy savings.

To find out more, scan the QR code:

PIR Sensor

INNOVATIVE LIGHTING

The following range of innovative downlights and robust floodlights have been designed to make installation as easy as possible.

FTYPE COMPACT LED DOWNLIGHTS

The Luceco FType Compact downlight range is designed to make installation easy. Speedfit™ loop-in loop-out push fit terminals help to speed up the wiring process, by eliminating cable cross-over. And the Clip&fit™ cable clamp housing tightly secures both solid and stranded cables.

As the name suggests, the range is designed around a compact 43mm height and uses the latest Samsung chips, with up to 100Lm/W output on selected variants. Smart, Colour Changing and Dim2Warm variants are available alongside the standard fixed, adjustable and regressed versions. The range is NHBC Certified for I-JOIST applications and new 4W versions that are Part L exempt.

CASTRA ADJUSTABLE SECURITY FLOODLIGHTS

The Castra range of residential LED floodlights have been designed with innovative features to aid installation. Floodlight positioning can be adjusted with the use of a unique, rotatable ball joint bracket, which enables not only up and down adjustment, but side to side also. This allows contractors to accurately position the floodlights at exactly the right position for each installation.

Castra LED floodlights offer a high Lm/W output and include an adjustable PIR with settings and override functionality, allowing dusk till dawn use only. Both the floodlight and PIR are IP65 rated and are supplied pre-wired with 1 metre of cable, to save installation time.

See the FType Compact range at: www.ftype-compact.com

See the Castra range at: www.castra-floodlights.uk

LUBRICANTS, GREASES & CLEANERS

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WORK SMARTER, NOT HARDER!

As an electrician, you will be heavily reliant on your tools to ensure every task is completed as efficiently as possible.

Having the confidence to choose the most reliable tools and products every time is something that comes with experience. Once you have the right tools for the job, you need to look after them! Keeping them clean and free of debris and dirt will extend their life and of the materials you are using.

Those who have been in the industry for some time, no matter which trade, will always opt for the best products available produced by recognised companies that come with a track record of constantly delivering efficiently.

Here are some of the key benefits of keeping the WD-40 range of products close to hand:

EASE OF USE

Electricians need to rely on fast-drying non-conductive cleaners suitable for use on electrical components. WD-40 Specialist® Contact Cleaner is the go to choice. A sublime cleaner with the ability to remove dirt, dust, condensation and flux residue.

CIRCUIT PROTECTION

WD-40 Specialist Contact Cleaner boasts a dielectric strength of 33.8 Kv per 2.5mm and can protect circuits from oxidation and has been developed specifically for circuit boards, switches, plugs and tape heads.

REDUCES COMPONENT FAILURE

WD-40 Specialist Contact Cleaner removes most contaminants that cause current leakage and component failure. In damp conditions it chases away condensation for a better, more efficient, contact. Its formula ensures it can safely be used on plastics, rubber and metal.

REMOVES GREASE AND GRIME

It could be argued a can of WD-40 Specialist Contact Cleaner should be high on the list of items sitting in an electrician’s kit bag alongside their array of screwdrivers, allen keys, volt metres, wire strippers, adjustable spanners and PPE. A can of WD-40 Specialist White Lithium Grease and WD-40 Specialist Penetrant wouldn’t go amiss either!

REMOVES DIRT AND RESIDUES

WD-40 Specialist Silicone, too, should be included in a professionals’ kit bag, and we’re not talking the gooey substance used to seal anything from baths to batons. WD-40 Specialist Silicone spray is an ideal lubricant for use on high-pressure equipment. Its formula enables it to be used on rubber and plastic items along with metal, plastic and wood. It really comes into its own in the prevention and protection against the build-up of dirt and dust that create damaging residues.

“WD-40 Speciliast Contact Cleaner removes most contaminants that cause current leakage and component failure”

SAVES TIME

A must-have is the WD-40 Specialist Penetrant. Nine times out of 10, more so when the item is exposed to the elements, seized screws, bolts, fasteners and clips can instantly put the brakes on a repair or service. Worst case scenario being the head of a Philips screw will round and a drill or hacksaw or some kind of opening tool or technique is required. WD-40 Specialist Penetrant has an extremely low surface tension, ensuring it can cut through rust, seams and tightly-bonded threads to saturate and lubricate – or simply free up - seized fixings. Highly water resistant, like most WD-40 products it displaces moisture that disrupts smooth movement and can be used as a preventative to prohibit the future build-up of rust and corrosion.

A LEGENDARY BRAND

WD-40® is a great example of a legendary brand that has served the world for more than 70 years primarily with its familiar Multi-Use Product, a mainstay of many a toolbox. However, to think of the business as a one-hit wonder is foolhardy. Among others, the company famed for its blue and yellow cans, produces a nineproduct range of aptly named “Specialist” products each developed to meet the demands required by professionals.

To find out more visit: http://wd40.co.uk

“Once you have the right tools for the job, you need to look after them!”

THE SPECIALIST RANGE

WD-40 Specialist® is the iconic company’s range of appropriately named products developed for industrial use, be it for professionals working in manufacturing, servicing or maintenance.

The fast-acting, high-performing array of Specialist lubricants, greasers and cleaners developed more than a decade ago are proven to withstand the toughest of industrial uses and environments and perform to the highest levels.

WD-40 Specialist Contact Cleaner is a non-conductive spray with the ability to swiftly evaporate without causing damage to electrical components and is suitable for use on most sensitive electrical areas.

WD-40 Specialist White Lithium Grease is a high-performance spray that provides super protection for heavy-duty, metal to metal, applications whether used indoors, outdoors

and in all elements. The thick water-resistant formula doesn’t drip or run and has been primarily used by professionals to ensure smooth friction free movement. It can also be used as a protection against rust and corrosion.

WD-40 Specialist Penetrant has an extremely low surface tension that ensures it has the ability to deeply penetrate rusted or corroded parts and seized mechanisms. With the gift to penetrate crevices, threads and seams and break the bonds holding stuck parts together, it’s safe to use on metals, alloys and most rubbers and plastics to free up anything from the usual daily challenges.

The complete WD-40 nine-product Specialist range consists of White Lithium Grease, Spray Grease, Dry PTFE Lubricant, Silicone Lubricant, Contact Cleaner, Penetrant, Degreaser, Cutting Oil and PTFE Lubricant.

To find out more visit: http://wd40.co.uk

POWER TOOLS

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WHAT IS A BRUSHLESS MOTOR AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR MY TOOL?

Brushless motors are prominent in power tools on the market today and this is the case for Bosch Professional’s innovative BITURBO Brushless range. As the name suggests, it uses a brushless motor, but what is a brushless motor? How does it work? And why should you make the jump to using one?

TRADITIONAL DC BRUSHED MOTORS

For a power tool to function, a motor is designed to convert electrical power into mechanical motion. Traditional direct current (DC) motors contain carbon brushes which are in permanent contact with other components within the motor in order to function. However, the drawback is these brushes generate friction and heat. This results in a loss in energy efficiency, reduced power and wear over time. Naturally, this means there is a need for maintenance or even replacements.

BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Brushless motors do not require the use of carbon brushes. Therefore, there is no friction within the motor. This means that they require less maintenance and provide more power. Tools can run longer per charge and can have up to twice the lifespan of a traditional DC motor. In the case of Bosch Professional’s BITURBO Brushless range, motors are designed to boost power even further by using larger, high-powered motors that utilise higherstrength neodymium magnets and larger fans to maximise airflow.

OUR BEST PERFORMING 18V COMBI.

If you’re looking for a powerful cordless Combi Drill that delivers both strength and control, look no further than the Bosch Professional GSB 18V-150 C.

With a maximum torque of 150Nm, it performs solidly for any screwing, drilling, or impact drilling task that it may face in a number of materials including wood, metal, and masonry. But it’s not just powerful, this cordless combi has a few clever tricks up its sleeve. Its ingenious Electronic Angle Detection ensures that long screws are always kept at the right angle, and for tasks that require hole saws, switchable KickBack Control reduces the risk of a sudden rotational torque reaction. To top this off, a metal chuck and gearbox help to ensure impressive reliability and robustness when it matters most.

So where does all this power come from? The GSB 18V-150 C is part of Bosch Professional’s BITURBO Brushless range; a range known for its revolutionary performance. This groundbreaking technology is made up of two key components, a brushless motor and the ProCORE18V battery system.

The brushless motor reduces the friction of moving parts within the tool’s motor, this not only extends the life of the tool but also increases power output. This feature is then powered by ProCORE18V batteries, Bosch’s most innovative 18V battery platform yet.

These impressive batteries combined with a brushless motor, make BITURBO Brushless the impressive and powerful technology that drives tools like the GSB 18V-150 C to the next level. A Combi Drill that truly sets a new standard in performance.

Find out more info here:

SHOULD YOU BE USING BRUSHLESS TOOLS?

There are still plenty of tools on the market that use traditional DC motors and quite a few of these would be an asset to your toolkit – especially at a lower cost. However, if you find yourself working on more demanding tasks, brushless tools are more than ready for the challenge.

Spending more money on a tool is well worth it, especially when there is less need for maintenance or replacement over time. Brushless technology is fast becoming standard in the market and there are now plenty of entry-level tools that offer similar levels of power and performance when compared to their heavy-duty counterparts. The Bosch Professional GSB 18V-55 Combi Drill is a great example of this. With a strong metal chuck and a brushless motor, this combi generates a powerful 55 Nm of torque and the machine is suitable for working in multiple materials including wood, metal, and brick.

BITURBO BRUSHLESS TECHNOLOGY

Bosch Professional has developed an innovative solution for demanding jobs onsite with their range of BITURBO Brushless tools, designed to provide extreme power when it’s most needed. They achieve this by combining two key elements: a high-performance brushless motor and the high-powered Bosch ProCORE18V Professional Battery System. These two parts have been engineered to work perfectly together and maximise each other’s performance.

The high-performance brushless motor makes full use of Bosch’s ProCORE18V battery system. Designed to drive and maintain the higher currents needed for power-hungry applications, these advanced batteries feature Bosch’s COOLPACK 2.0 technology. This uses intelligent heat management for greater power and runtime, while extending battery life by preventing damage from overheating.

The combination of powerful motors and long-lasting batteries enables tools to work to their full potential, this means BITURBO Brushless technology can match the performance of their equivalent corded tools.

Find out more: www.bosch-professional.com/gb/en/biturbo/

The Bosch Professional GSB 18V-55 Combi Drill

CORDED POWER WITH JUST ONE 18V BATTERY BITURBO

Brushless tools, like all Bosch Professional products, are built to a high quality for professionals who take pride in their work and their equipment. Their extreme power is packaged in lightweight designs for easy handling, and their high specifications typically include electronic safety and control systems. Most feature onboard interactive displays and offer the option of Bosch connectivity, allowing functions such as remote adjustment and data transmission.

Find out more online by scanning the QR code.

TESTING

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PLANNING ON BUYING A TESTER?

Buying a tester, or testers, is an important investment in your career. But before you put your hand in your pocket and hand over your hard-earned cash, take a few minutes to consider the following important points. Making an informed decision now may stop you regretting your investment in a few months.

WHAT DO I NEED?

What you’ll need to do your job are testers that will check earth loop impedance, RCD timings, insulation resistance and continuity, plus something to help you check whether cables are live before you work on them and to help you trace them, and also a general-purpose multimeter.

SINGLE OR MULTIFUNCTION TESTERS

The testers can be single function instruments or an all-in-one multifunction tester (MFT). These days most contractors choose all-in-one testers because they are more economical in terms of initial cost, storage space and the on-going cost of calibration. To support their MFT contractors will usually have a volt finder and an electrician’s multimeter, both of which are relatively inexpensive products. Single function testers tend to be bought by larger organisations that have a number of workers in the field, all of whom could be testing at the same time.

WHAT SHOULD YOU LOOK FOR WHEN YOU BUY A TESTER?

Three-phase safe: You want a tester that protects itself and even more important protects you when you make one of those little mistakes we all make from time to time, like connecting it across the phases. Some testers are three-phase safe and generally the manufacturers make this clear. Many are not, however, and if you connect them across the phases, they’re likely to make a nasty muffled bang as they expire. Be sure to check that the tester you buy is three-phase safe on all the ranges, especially the sensitive ones like continuity.

Non-trip loop testing: Being able to do earth loop impedance testing without tripping RCDs and 6 A MCBs is a must. Most testers have a low-current non-trip three-wire loop test, which is good for most applications, but it’s now also possible to get MFTs that do a two-wire nontrip test as well. This is very useful for testing where there’s no neutral available, such as at a light switch.

Make sure your new tester starts the loop test automatically as soon as the probes are on the test piece so that, once again, you don’t have to grope for the test button. It’s also worth choosing a tester that has a high current loop test function for use on circuits that aren’t RCD protected, as high-current testing is a lot faster than low-current testing.

Auto RCD: Unless you are desperate for an excuse to get lots of exercise, choose an RCD tester that does automation RCD testing. As you know, there are five tests you need to do on an RCD: ½I, I at 0º and 180º, and 5I at 0º and 180º. With Auto RCD testing all you do is plug the tester in and set the test running, go down to the RCD, reset it four times when it trips, then return to the tester to collect your results. If you don’t have auto RCD testing, you have to make four trips to the RCD, which is annoying and also wastes your valuable time.

A FINAL WORD OF ADVICE

There’s one key piece of advice you should always bear in mind when you’re buying a tester, and that’s to choose one that’s intrinsically easy to use. That basic simplicity will make it much more likely that you and your tester will have a long and profitable life together. results. If you don’t have auto RCD testing, you have to make four trips to the RCD, which is annoying and also wastes your valuable time.

MEGGER MFT-X1: A NEW GENERATION

With it’s outstanding versatility and time-saving features, the new Megger MFT-X platform is set to transform the market for multifunction installation testers (MFTs).

INNOVATIVE FEATURES

Among its numerous innovative features are True Loop™ impedance testing with patented Confidence Meter™ technology, user-configurable automated RCD testing, full CertSuite™ certification software compatibility, support for EV charge point testing, and easy on-site upgrading to meet changes in test requirements or add extra functions.

FAST, ACCURATE AND DEPENDABLE

“Megger has always been a leader in the MFT market, and our existing range continues to be extremely popular,” said Peter Wade, UK LVI Sales Manager of Megger. “We’ve listened closely to feedback from our users and we’ve used this to guide the development of our new MFT-X1. As a result, we are confident that they will find the MFT-X1 a great instrument to work with, which not only delivers fast, accurate and dependable results, but will also save them a lot of time and trouble. It really does set new standards for multifunction testing.”

EARTH LOOP IMPEDANCE

True Loop™ is the most advanced earth loop impedance measurement system that Megger has ever developed. Integrating the patented Confidence Meter™ with the latest 3-wire no-trip loop testing technology, the user is now able to get fast, reliable, accurate and repeatable readings in the harshest of high-noise environments - where previously readings could not be obtained.

In addition, the technology ensures that loop values are immune to “RCD uplift” and will perform tests on circuits protected by RCDs down to 10 mA. To further save time, a new RCD configurator for auto-sequence testing, ensures only the tests required are completed. EV charge point testing remains straightforward, thanks to a dedicated test and full compatibility with the Megger EVCA charge point adaptor.

For more information about Megger, visit: www.megger.com

WIRING CONNECTORS

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OUT WITH THE OLD!

Switching from terminals to push in and lever wire connectors could make your job easier!

The old adage ‘if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it’ is a mantra many electrical contractors live by, continuing to use the tried and tested products and installation methods they’ve used for years because they do the job. There’s a lot to be said for familiarity; but there are also benefits to embracing new techniques that offer a faster, easier, safer and more consistent installation.

REDUCE CALL BACKS

Electrical cable terminations are traditionally done using a terminal strip. They’re not difficult to use, but even the simplest of traditional techniques can be improved upon and, in this case, the use of lever or push in connectors can save time, make the job easier, and help electricians achieve a more consistent and compliant installation.

Consistent quality not only reduces the risk of snagging and call backs; it could also enhance the success rate of bids for repeat work.

“IDEAL wire connectors – for a fast, easy and safe installation”

THE KEY BENEFITS

AVOID ARCING OR LOOSE SCREWS

When using traditional terminal strips the screws can work loose over time, causing arcing in the connector. This then presents a potential fire risk and is just one of the reasons why push in and lever connectors are being more widely used instead of terminal blocks in numerous applications.

STANDARDS COMPLIANCY

The 18th Edition requires that traditional terminal strip connections should be accessible for annual inspections in compliance with BS EN 60670-22 which makes it difficult to select a suitable location for terminal strip connections, leading to noncompliance for many projects.

MAINTENANCE-FREE

Lever and push in connectors are classified as maintenance-free when used in conjunction with an approved enclosure box, so can be part of a compliant installation anywhere within the property.

For further information, visit: www.idealind.com

SpliceLine® In-Line Wire Connector, Model 42 Orange

There are a host of benefits for using push in and lever wire connectors over traditional connectors. Below are a list of some of those benefits to help you achieve a more efficient connection:

CHOOSING THE RIGHT ENCLOSURE

A traditional junction box with screw terminals has always needed to be installed in an accessible location as over time terminals will need to be checked. If an appropriate location could not be found, access panels were needed. Choosing an enclosure which has been tested to and complies with BS 5733 maintenance free accessory standard like the IDEAL In-Sure® Box makes it possible to save money on materials and keep the enclosure installation process as quick and simple as possible.

REDUCED LABOUR COSTS

A barrier to change when it comes to switching from terminal strips to lever or push in connectors is perceptions of cost. While the unit price of connectors may be slightly more than terminal strips, the time savings they offer easily offset the minimal additional costs. Connectors not only help to keep the job within programme, but also reduces labour costs over the length of the project.

PEACE OF MIND

What’s more, making the switch provides peace of mind because use of connectors removes any inconsistency associated with the tightening of terminal strip screws, thereby building value into the cost of the connectors by reducing the need for quality assurance checks or call backs.

CONSISTENT CONNECTIONS

Secondly, using connectors rather than terminal strips ensures every connection is consistent because there is no variation in the tightening of the fixing screw that fastens the cable in place. Ideal Industries’ wire connectors even include a stripping guide on the side to aid consistently accurate stripping of the cable prior to connection, along with a CPC port for relevant testing.

REMOVED MARGIN FOR ERROR

This standardised approach to making the connections ensures lever and push in connectors deliver a fit-and-forget solution, as well as driving speed of installation. While speed and consistency of terminal strip installations grows with experience, connectors remove any margin for error, even for inexperienced installers who are still training.

2 Port Push In Wire Connectors

• Levers open in the opposite direction of insertion point locking the cables into position to prevent any accidental loosening or pull out

• For use in all applications up to 32A including lighting, access control, radial and final ring circuits

• 0.2 mm2 to 4.0 mm2 for solid and stranded and 0.14 mm2 to 4.0 mm2 for flexible wires

GLOSSARY OF ELECTRICAL TERMS

ARMATURE

The term is used to describe the rotating part of a d.c. electric motor or generator, and an a.c. universal motor.

AA.C. ALTERNATING CURRENT

A.C. is the flow of an electric current, first in one direction and then in the reverse direction in a conductor or circuit.

AMMETER

An instrument used for the measurement of electric current.

AMPERE

A unit of electrical current: Symbol A, Unit symbol: I

ANODE

The anode is a positive electrode or terminal, e.g. the + terminal of a battery.

APPARENT POWER

This is the power of an a.c. circuit based on the formula P = V x A x pf

If the a.c. circuit supplies a purely resistive load, such as a heating element, the Apparent Power and the True Power will be the same. This is called ‘Unity’.

ARC

A very low resistance between two points of different potential can result in an electrical discharge in the form of a spark or flash between the two points.

ASYNCHRONOUS

This term is used to describe the rotor speed of a.c. motors in which the rotating magnetic field created by the stator windings is at synchronous speed i.e. being dependent on the supply frequency and number of sets of stator windings; compared to the actual rotor speed that is turning at a speed less than synchronous, called asynchronous speed.

ATOM

The minute parts of a substance consist of a nucleus, protons and electrons; a number of atoms make up a molecule.

AUTOTRANSFORMER

A static device consisting of a laminated steel core and one winding to which a single-phase a.c. supply is connected, this is the primary connection. The secondary output is made by tapping – off the same winding at a point that gives either an increase or decreased output voltage. Three-phase autotransformers are also available.

BACK E.M.F

Back e.m.f is a voltage that is produced in opposition to the supply voltage when an alternating current passes through a coil of wire such as a motor winding, choke or relay coil.

BALLAST

This is another term for the choke found in discharge lighting circuits.

BATTERY

A number of electrical storage cells arranged in series or parallel to provide the required voltage and current capability.

BIMETALLIC STRIP

This is a component found in certain types of thermostat, e.g. room thermostats used to control central heating systems. The strip consists of two dissimilar metals bonded together. When the surrounding temperature increases one metal will expand faster than the other and because the other metal is not expanding at the same rate the strip will bend. This can be incorporated with a switching device designed to switch on or off the central heating boiler.

BLACK

The insulation or marker colour associated with Line – 2 (L2) of a 3-phase AC supply system.

BROWN

The insulation or marker colour associated with Line – 1 (L1) of a 3-phase AC supply system.

CABLE

C BA conductor, usually made from copper, but can be aluminium, provides a low resistance path through which current can pass. The conductor is covered with one or more layers of insulating material such as p.v.c.

CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a component capable of storing electric charge. It consists of two or more conductive plates, or metallic foils, insulated from each other and the container housing them. The outer plates have terminals enabling the device to be connected into a circuit. This device can be found in a.c. single-phase motor circuits, discharge lighting installations, power factor correction units and electronic circuits.

CARBON BRUSH

Carbon is a good conductor of electricity as well as being a good lubricant. This makes the carbon brush a suitable method of passing electrical energy into or out of the rotating part of an electric motor or generator.

CATHODE

This is the negative electrode or terminal of a d.c. power source such as a battery.

CELL

A device capable of producing electric current through chemical action between an electrolyte and conductive plates.

CHARGE

Electric charge is a quantity of electricity measured in Coulombs: Symbol Q

CHOKE

This is a coil of wire wound on a laminated steel core. The coil has a low resistance and high inductance making it particularly useful in a.c. circuits to (a) provide a high voltage when starting certain types of discharge lamps and (b) to control the flow of current in low resistance circuits such as the discharge current through a fluorescent lamp when fully on.

CIRCUIT-BREAKER

The circuit-breaker is designed to protect circuits from over-current that can be caused by short-circuit or overload in the circuit. The circuit-breaker incorporates both magnetic and bimetallic components that react to each type of overcurrent fault in the circuit.

COMMUTATOR

This is a device found in d.c. motors or generators and some a.c. machines. It consists of segments of copper insulated from each other and from the armature shaft around which they are mounted. Carbon brushes make contact with the copper segments and provide a ‘sliding electrical contact’ such that electrical energy can be supplied or taken from the armature.

CONDUCTOR

A material, usually copper, but can be aluminium that has a low resistance to the flow of electric current.

CONVENTIONAL CURRENT

Conventional current refers to the assumed flow of electric current in a circuit i.e. current flowing from positive to negative of the supply source through a load. Electron current flow is the actual current flow in a circuit.

CURRENT

The flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in Amperes (A) Current symbol: I

DD.C. DIRECT CURRENT

The flow of an electric current in a circuit in one direction only rather than alternating.

DELTA

A method of electrical circuit connection used in three – phase supply systems where the load is balanced and does not require a neutral connection.

DIAC

A solid-state device that is designed to be connected, with other types of solid state devices to produce a pulsed waveform

DIELECTRIC

A dielectric is a material or space that has high resistance and is therefore a poor conductor of electricity. The dielectric provides the insulating layer between the conducting plates of a capacitor. Dry air is a poor conductor so is plastic, glass, porcelain and certain metal oxides.

DIODE

A solid-state device that allows current flow through it in one direction but blocks the flow when the current is reversed, thus providing direct-current.

DIRECT – ON – LINE (D-O-L)

This is a term associated with the starting of single or three-phase electric motors. The full supply voltage is connected to the stator windings of the motor on the closing of the D-O-L contactor. This method of starting can be used for machines up to approximately 5kW.

DISCHARGE

The term ‘discharge’ is normally associated with the passage of electric current through a gas. However the term can also be used to describe the reduction to zero of a capacitors stored electric charge via a resistor connected across its terminals.

EARTH

EThe general mass of earth into which any fault current can flow from an installation through one or more earth electrodes, as in the case of TT installations.

EDDY CURRENT

A circulating current that has been induced by an alternating current; in a transformer eddy currents occur in the steel core that supports the windings. To reduce eddy currents to a minimum the steel core is laminated.

ELECTRICITY

The general term used to describe the effect of electric charge whether static or in motion.

ELECTRIC POWER

The rate of doing work, measured in Watts (W). Power (P) is measured in watts and is the product of potential difference in volts and the current in amperes, so in formula:-

P = V x I or P = U x I

ELECTRODE

This term can be used in a number of ways:

i) A conductor that can allow electric current to enter or leave a medium such as an electrolyte. A lead-acid battery is such an example.

ii) An element that collects or emits electrons as in semiconductor devices such as diodes and transistors.

Generally, the term is used to describe the positive or negative terminal of a power source such as a battery. The positive electrode can also be referred to as the Anode and the negative electrode as the Cathode.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

When a current flows through a conductor or coil an electromagnetic field is produced around it. The magnetic field is proportional to the current and so as the current increases or decreases in value the magnetic field will also increase or decrease in strength. When the magnetic field rises or falls a voltage will be induced in the conductor or coil, this is called the back-e.m.f.

ELECTRO-MOTIVE-FORCE (EMF)

This is the source of electrical energy required to produce an electric current in a circuit. The source of e.m.f can be an alternator, battery, generator, solar panel or thermocouple.

FAULT

FAn electrical fault can occur in the distribution network, electrical installation or in electrical equipment. A fault can be short-circuit, opencircuit or component failure.

FAULT CURRENT

This is the current caused by a fault in the electric circuit. The fault can be electrical such as short-circuit or an overload caused by a mechanical problem.

FLEMING’S LEFT AND RIGHT HAND RULES

Two rules developed by Sir John Fleming. The rules are designed to assist in the understanding of the relationship between motion, e.m.f. and magnetic flux in electric machines.

The Hand rules use the first and second fingers and thumb of each hand to represent magnetic flux, electric current and the resulting movement.

The Left Hand Rule relates to electric motors and the Right hand Rule to electric generators.

FLUX

i) A substance that can be added in order to assist fusion as in soldering.

ii) A generic term used to express the ‘rate of flow’ or ‘movement’ of a property such as ‘magnetic flux’, ‘luminous flux’ or ‘electric flux’.

FREQUENCY

This is the number of cycles per second at which an alternating current voltage is supplied from the distributor; frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).

FUSE

An overcurrent protective device designed to open circuit in the event of an abnormally large current flowing in an electrical circuit or apparatus. The abnormally large current can be as a result of an electrical fault or overload.

HHEATER (ELECTRIC)

A device, consisting of high - resistance wire, that converts electrical energy to heat energy.

HYGROSCOPIC

A compound with the ability to absorb moisture; a term often associated with the insulating material ‘magnesium oxide’ used in mineral insulated cable. When exposed to the air magnesium oxide will absorb moisture thereby lowering its insulating property.

GGENERATOR

A machine designed to convert mechanical to electrical energy; equipment capable of converting non-electrical energy into electrical energy.

GREY

The insulation or marker colour associated with Line – 3 (L3) of a 3-phase AC supply system.

GROUND

The general mass of earth in reference to earthing systems.

IET

IThe Institution of Engineering and Technology; providing the requirements for electrical installations.

ILLUMINATION

The light level on a surface created by natural or artificial means; raising of the light level is usually achieved by the use of electric lamps.

IMPEDANCE

The total opposition to current flow in an a.c. circuits where resistance, inductance and capacitance can contribute to opposing current flow. Inductance is measured in Ohms. Symbol: Z

INDUCTANCE

The opposition to current flowing in a coil when a changing current causes a changing magnetic field to induce an opposing voltage; inductance is measured in henrys (H). The device is used to control current flowing in a circuit.

INDUCTOR

A static device consisting of a coil mounted on a laminated steel core; used to provide an amount of inductance in a circuit. The choke in a fluorescent luminaire circuit is one example.

INSULATOR

A material in which the flow of electric current is generally not possible, p.v.c. is one example.

ISOLATOR

The isolator is a mechanical device used to isolate all live conductors from a circuit or specific item of equipment by breaking the circuit using a mechanical switching device.

LLIGHT – EMITTING – DIODE (LED)

A solid-state device with a p-n junction; the device is capable of producing light when a small current is passed through it.

LIGHTING

A term normally associated with the use of artificial light sources when used to illuminate a space. The space can be inside or outside; be functional or decorative.

LIGHTNING

JJUNCTION RECTIFIER

A solid-state device, with no moving parts, that uses a semiconductor junction to rectify an alternating current to a direct current.

An atmospheric electric discharge in the form of a spark or flash; if a danger to property exists then the building can be fitted with lightning conductors that safely allow the atmospheric discharge to dissipate to earth.

KKILOWATT

A measurement of power; one kW = 1000Watts

KILOWATT

– HOUR

An expression used to state a unit of electrical energy consumed over a period of 1 – hour: (kWh).

MMAGNET

A ferromagnetic substance that is capable of maintaining a magnetic field about it. Loadstone is a naturally occurring rock that has magnetic properties that can be transferred to iron or steel. However commercial magnets are made by inserting a suitable metal inside a coil of wire through which a direct current is passed.

MINERAL – INSULATED COPPER CABLE (MICC)

A thin copper tube containing one or more bare copper conductors separated from each other and the tube containing them by compressed magnesium oxide, a white powder that is capable of withstanding temperatures of 10000C and provides excellent insulating properties when dry.

MOLECULE

The smallest part of a substance that can exist without changing shape or form; all matter is made-up of molecules be it solid, liquid or gas.

MOTOR

An electro-mechanical machine that is designed to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy; a motor is usually designed to provide rotational mechanical energy to drive some load.

MUTUAL INDUCTION

When two coils are in close proximity to each other and an alternating current is passed through one coil, the alternating magnetic field produced by this coil will induce an alternating voltage into the second coil. This effect can be enhanced by mounting the coils on a laminated steel core.

OHM

OThe SI unit of resistance, (symbol Ω), of an electrical circuit or electrical component; Ohms Law identifies that at a constant temperature, when a potential difference of 1 – volt is applied across a resistance of 1 – Ohm, a current of 1 – ampere will flow.

OVERCURRENT

An electric current greater than expected in a circuit; an overcurrent can be caused by an overload, low resistance or short-circuit.

Overcurrent protective devices are designed to protect circuits, components and equipment from overload and / or electrical faults such as short-circuits.

NNEGATIVE

A terminal opposite a Positive terminal on a battery or other direct current supply system, to which conventional current will flow when a circuit is made between the Positive and Negative terminals of the battery or other source. Note: Electron current flow, the actual current flow in a circuit, is from negative to positive.

NEUTRAL

A zero value or ground as the term is applied in electrical distribution systems. A common point connected to earth by a conductor.

NUCLEUS

A term used to describe the centre of an atom.

PPARALLEL (PATHS)

Running side by side; in the case of an electrical earth fault the current may flow from the fault to the supply transformer via two or more routes. The earth connection of the supply system may provide one path and other metallic parts connected to earth, can provide other paths.

PHASE

The term used to describe any live conductor in an alternating current system. Single – phase or three – phase being common use of the term.

PROTECTIVE MULTIPLE EARTHING. (PME)

This is an earthing arrangement in which the neutral of the supply system is used as the main earth point, thereby ensuring a return path to the distribution supply transformer for any fault current that flows to earth in the installation being supplied.

POLARITY

The designation of terminals, for example a battery or specific conductors in a circuit such as the requirement that single-pole switching devices must only be located in the line conductor of a single – phase lighting circuit.

POWER

The rate of doing work expressed in Watts or kilowatts kW. In a resistive circuit such as an electric heater, the Power rating of the heater is proportional to the applied voltage and the current flowing through the heater, so P = V x I

POWER FACTOR (PF)

In alternating current (ac) inductive or capacitive circuits the power factor is the ratio of True Power to Apparent Power.

pf = W or pf = kW VA kVA

PROTON

In atomic theory this is a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

PVC

Polyvinyl chloride is a thermoplastic used widely in the insulation of electrical cables.

RADIAL

RA term associated with a circuit that originates from a source but does not return to that source. A typical example is the (A2) radial socket circuit in which the conductors terminate at the last socket-outlet.

RECTIFIER

A device designed to convert a.c. to d.c. The device consists of one or more diodes connected to provide half or full-wave rectification.

RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER (RCCB)

This is a circuit protective device that combines the function of a miniature circuit-breaker and a residual current circuit breaker into one compact unit. RCCB’s are usually located in a distribution board or consumers control unit.

RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICE (RCD)

This is a circuit breaker that is designed to detect earth-leakage by constantly monitoring the flow of current into and out-of a circuit via the line and neutral. If an in-balance of current occurs due, either to an earth fault developing, or a person making contact with a live conductor of the circuit, an in-balance occurs and the RCD will open-circuit.

QQUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY

The amount of electrical energy flowing in a circuit and is the product of current and time for which it flows.

RESISTANCE

Resistance is the opposition to current flow measured in Ohms (Ω) In a circuit, resistance may consist of a purpose built unit such as a heating element, or may be the result of a fault such as a loose termination or cable that is underrated for the current that is flowing.

ROTOR

This term is generally associated with electric motors and refers to the rotating part of the machine. The rotor can be a ‘cage’ design called a ‘cage rotor’, or wound with conductors in which case it is known as a ‘wound rotor’.

SSELF - INDUCTION

When an alternating current is passed through a coil an alternating magnetic field is produced in the coil. The alternating magnetic field causes an opposing voltage, called a back –emf to be generated in the coil, this is self – induction.

SEMICONDUCTOR

A semiconductor consists of a material such as silicon that is neither a good conductor, nor a good insulator. When suitably prepared with an extra electron, the material will become negative or n-type. If the material is prepared in such a way as an electron is removed from it the material will become positive or p-type. Junctions formed with a combination of ‘p’ and ‘n’ type semiconductor can be made into components such as diodes and transistors.

SERIES

This term is used to describe the way in which a number of circuit components may be arranged, for example a single-pole light switch is connected in series with the lamp it is to control. The term can also be used to describe the connection of a d.c. machine whereby the field windings are connected in series with the armature.

SHORT – CIRCUIT

A short – circuit fault occurs when two or more live conductors touch each other or are connected to each other by external intervention, e.g. such as drilling through a cable accidently.

SHUNT

This term is normally associated with the method of connecting the field windings of a direct current motor. In this method the field windings are connected in parallel with the armature.

SIMMERSTAT

This is an energy regulator that can be manually set to a desired level and then automatically maintained at that level. One typical application is the temperature control on a cooker- hob once a setting is selected the heating element will be automatically switched on and off thereby maintaining the setting.

SINE WAVE

The sine wave is a specific waveform representing current, voltage or power over a period of time. In a single-phase a.c. supply of 50Hz one complete waveform represents a time period of 20mS.

SOLENOID

If a coil of wire is wound uniformly round a cylinder and a current passed through the coil, a magnetic field will be established around and through the coil. The solenoid forms the bases of the simple electric door-bell, relay and contactor.

STAR In three-phase a.c. distribution circuits or three-phase electric motors the term ‘star’ is used to describe the way in which the supply transformer, (secondary) windings are arranged, or in the case of the motor, in the way the stator windings may be connected.

STAR – DELTA

This is a term associated with the starting of three-phase electric motors. The basic principle being that first the motor stator windings are connected in star, thus receiving a reduced voltage allowing the rotor to start turning, then after a pre-set time, usually a few seconds depending on how quickly the rotor approaches full speed, the stator windings are re-connected automatically to a delta connection that now connects the full threephase supply voltage across them; the rotor is now at its full speed.

STARTER

Various electric motor starters are available depending upon the particular application required. In the case of a.c. motors the Direct-On-Line or (D-O-L), Star-Delta or AutoTransformer starter may be specified. For d.c. motors a three or four terminal ‘Face-plate’ starter would be used.

The term ‘starter’ may also refer to the device required by low pressure mercury fluorescent luminaires to establish the electrical discharge through the tube on start-up.

STATOR

The stator of a three-phase electric motor is the fixed part of the machine. The stator carries or holds the stator windings that are arranged around the inside of the stator cylinder. The three-phase power supply is connected to these windings via a suitable starter.

SYNCHRONOUS

This term is used to describe the speed at which a rotating magnetic field is moving inside the stator of an a.c. motor. The speed is dependent upon the frequency of the power supply, (in the UK this is 50Hz) together with the number of pairs of magnetic poles that are created when an alternating current circulates through the stator windings.

Note: One set of three-phase windings will generate one pair of magnetic poles, i.e. a North and a South polarity inside the stator. The more sets of windings the more pairs of magnetic poles. The purpose of increasing the number of pairs of poles is to increase the torque on the drive shaft of the motor so it can provide more work.

TTERMINAL

The connection of a conductor to an accessory or piece of equipment is made via a terminal. A terminal may be a screw, clamp, push-on, soldered or crimped lug connection.

TESTING

Testing is a procedure usually using specific instruments to establish the condition of a circuit, a termination or component in a circuit. On completion of an electrical installation a sequence of tests are performed to check that the installation conforms to the parameters set-out in the initial design and meets current Regulations. A record of the test results are kept for proof of conformity and for future inspection and testing of the installation.

THERMISTOR

This is a temperature sensitive resistor that can be of positive or negative design; the resistance increasing or decreasing as temperature changes.

The positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor is often found embedded in motor windings so if the windings become too hot during use the resistance of the thermistor increases causing a voltage drop to occur. This in turn will open circuit the motor starter control circuit thus isolating the supply to the motor and preventing damage to the windings. The negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor is used in refrigeration and air conditioning where a cool or cold condition is to be maintained. If the temperature increases the NTC resistance drops and allows the compressor to be switched on thereby lowering the temperature.

THERMOCOUPLE

When two different metals in the form of conductors are bonded together at one end and heat is applied to the junction, a voltage will be produced between the two metal conductors. The thermocouple can be used in gas fire ignition systems, or to measure the temperature of a furnace.

THERMOSTAT

The thermostat is a device that consists of two dissimilar metals, e.g. Invar and brass, bonded together in the form of a strip. When heated the brass expands faster than the invar and because the two metals are bonded together the resulting expansion of the brass causes the strip to bend. When the strip is incorporated with a set of contacts the contacts can be made to open or close as required.

The room thermostat used in domestic central heating systems is designed to maintain the ambient temperature by automatically switching the heating system on or off in response to temperature changes.

THYRISTOR

The thyristor is also known as the Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR). It is a solid-state device that is a controlled rectifier. Unlike the solid-state rectifier or diode that, when energised continually converts a.c. to d.c. the SCR will only operate when it is switched on by triggering the ‘gate’ connection of the device.

TERRA

The term Terra, meaning ‘earth’ or ‘general mass of earth’ is used to identify different UK supply systems; for example TN-S, TN-C-S or TT.

TORQUE

The turning force created in an electric motor.

TRANSFORMER

A static piece of electrical equipment that contains windings mounted on laminated steel limbs that in turn are part of a core frame. The function of a transformer is to increase or

decrease voltages and can be large in volume as used in a supply distribution system or small as found inside individual items of electrical equipment.

Note: Electronic transformers are more frequently found today inside individual electrical equipment.

TRANSISTOR

A solid-state device used to provide amplification of current or voltage in electronic circuits.

TRUE-POWER

In the case of an a.c. circuit supplying a motor or other type of inductive load where current is used to produce a magnetic field, the power is called ‘apparent power’.

TUNGSTEN

In the form of a wire, tungsten provides a high resistance element that, in a vacuum can incandesce when current is passed through it and produce light. The tungsten filament lamp is a typical example.

UUNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS)

This is a battery supply that can automatically take over some of the connected electrical load in a building should the mains supply fail. The d.c. battery supply is converted electronically into a.c. to ensure continuity of the supply to computers and other essential equipment that requires a constant supply.

V X

VOLT

The volt is the unit of electro - motive - force or e.m.f. that can be produced by chemical means as in a battery, magnetic means as in a generator or alternator, or by heat on dissimilar metals, e.g. a thermocouple. Symbol: V or U

VOLTMETER

A voltmeter is a measuring instrument that can be connected between two points of different potential in a circuit in order to determine the voltage between those points, e.g. between a line and neutral of a single-phase a.c. supply or between the positive and negative of a battery source. A voltmeter can be electro-mechanical e.g. moving-iron, (for a.c. or d.c. voltages), moving-coil, (for d.c. voltages only), or digital in design.

XEON (XE)

This is an inert gas used for filling certain types of fluorescent tubes and light bulbs.

X-RAY

Electro-magnetic radiation with a shorter wavelength than light that is able to pass through some objects but not others thereby giving some objects a transparent appearance.

YOKE

YThe yoke is the laminated steel horizontal members of a power transformer that mechanically connects the laminated steel upright limbs together to form a metallic magnetic circuit through which alternating magnetic flux can pass.

Note: The limbs support the transformer windings or coils.

WATT

WThe Watt is the unit measurement of Power. Symbol: W

WATTMETER

This is a measuring instrument that shows the true power of a circuit. The instrument usually has three connections allowing it to be connected in series, for current measurement and parallel, for voltage measurement. The combined effect of the magnetic fields produced in the current and voltage coils of the instrument indicates the power of the circuit or load.

WIRING DIAGRAM

This is a clear line drawing showing every conductor in a circuit including the protective conductor and the components, accessories and equipment incorporated in the circuit.

ZZENOR DIODE

This is a solid – state device that is designed to be connected in parallel across a load in order to act as a voltage regulating or limiting device. The zenor diode is shunt connected in such a way that it is reversed biased, i.e. it cannot conduct but will shortcircuit and conduct if the voltage rises above a specific level.

The device is named after its inventor: C M Zenor.