THE ESSENTIAL BOOK
THE FUTURE OF THE INDUSTRY IS YOURS FEATURING...
GLOSSARY OF ELECTRICAL TERMS
EDITOR: CELIA MATTHEWS celia.matthews@sng-publishing.co.uk
SENIOR GRAPHIC DESIGNER: LEE OWEN design@sng-publishing.co.uk
DIGITAL MANAGER: PHOEBE MANSFIELD phoebe.mansfield@sng-publishing.co.uk
PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MANAGER: PATRICK BLORE patrick.blore@sng-publishing.co.uk
PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MANAGER: SARAH HERNE sarah.herne@sng-publishing.co.uk
EVENT MANAGER: REISS BASSETT reiss.bassett@sng-publishing.co.uk
MANAGING DIRECTOR: ZOË TANNER zoe.tanner@sng-publishing.co.uk
PRINTERS: Stephens & George, Wales
GENERAL ENQUIRIES
Congratulations on completing your first term at college - what a fantastic start to your journey in the electrical industry! The effort you’re putting in now is setting the stage for a strong and successful career ahead.
This handbook is here to guide you, packed with practical advice, industry insights, and an introduction to some of the top brands and services you’ll encounter on your course and in the workplace.
Fancy testing your industry knowledge? Head to the glossary at the back and see how many terms you’ve already mastered!
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Here’s to a bright 2025 - and the start of an amazing career!
Celia Matthews
Editor
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FANTASTIC PRIZES TO BE WON DESIGNED TO INDUSTRY STANDARDS
AM2S
If you are doing the Domestic Electrician apprenticeship you’ll be taking the AM2D and not the AM2S - look out for more info on the AM2D in future editions of Sparks!
AM2S - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
At the end of your apprenticeship, you’ll need to take the AM2S assessment before you can become fully qualified.
As you work through the Installation & Maintenance Electrician apprenticeship, it’s important to prepare for the AM2S assessment, which is a key step towards qualifying. For those pursuing the Domestic Electrician apprenticeship, your journey will lead to the AM2D assessment. Both tests have different components and preparation methods, so look out for updates on the AM2D in future Sparks editions!
BE PREPARED
Strict exam conditions are in place during the assessment, with no electronic devices or outside help. You’ll be monitored by an assessor who will be marking your work as the day progresses.
The AM2S assessment is a bit like a driving test – you spend weeks or months learning how to drive, then the test is where you put everything into practice.
The AM2S is an in-depth assessment where you have to carry out specific tasks to show what you have learned during your apprenticeship. The test lasts around 16 hours over two and a half days and includes:
● SAFE ISOLATION & RISK ASSESSMENT
● INSTALLATION
● INSPECTION, TESTING & CERTIFICATION
● SAFE ISOLATION OF CIRCUITS
● FAULT DIAGNOSIS & RECTIFICATION
● ONLINE KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT
Passing the AM2S is one of the final steps to becoming a fully qualified electrician.
If you started your apprenticeship from September 2023 onwards you’ll be doing a slightly newer version of the AM2S – keep an eye in future Sparks editions and the NET website for more information!
SCAN HERE for more information.
ON TOP OF YOUR GAME
At the end of your apprenticeship you’ll need to complete the AM2S Assessment before you can become fully qualified.
WHAT IS THIS?
It’s an in-depth assessment where you have to carry out specific tasks to show what you have learned during your apprenticeship.
BE PREPARED!
NET has a Self-Assessment Checklist so you can look at exactly what you need to do and make sure you have gained the right knowledge and practical experience. The AM2S is the pinnacle of everything you’ve learnt during your apprenticeship. So why not be proud of your skills and training and make it your mission to pass first time?
CHECK OUT THE CHECKLIST!
The ‘Readiness for Assessment Checklist’ from NET helps you check if you have the skills and knowledge needed to take your AM2S assessment.
HOW TO PREPARE
The checklist lays out all the tasks you’ll need to complete for the AM2S. Each section highlights what’s required, so you can assess your knowledge and experience in those areas. Towards the end of your apprenticeship, your training provider and employer should review your abilities with you and identify any gaps. For example, do you need more hands-on experience with Inspection & Testing?
GETTING HELP
Towards the end of your apprenticeship, If there are areas where you’re not feeling confident, your training provider should produce an action plan to work on the items where you need more knowledge or practical skills. If this is the case, don’t allow yourself to be put forward for the assessment too early.
SIGNING THE CHECKLIST
Before you’re allowed to book your assessment, the checklist must be signed by you, your employer and training provider to confirm you’re ready. So make sure you only sign the checklist when you feel you’re 100% confident to take the assessment.
TOP TIPS!
In the days and weeks before your assessment, look carefully at NET’s Pre-Assessment Manual. This goes into detail and lists common errors that people make, so you can avoid making the same mistakes!
HERE ARE JUST A FEW TIPS TO GET YOU STARTED:
FOLLOW THE SPECIFICATION
● You must follow the specification that is given to you for the assessment. Many fail simply because they did what they thought was best rather than following the written instructions.
SAFE ISOLATION - GET IT RIGHT
● People also fail because they did not correctly safely isolate before starting the installation task. Make sure you practice the 10-point safe isolation test before your assessment!
INSPECTION & TESTING
● Remember to verify your test results against BS7671 requirements and record on the documents supplied.
● Don’t take shortcuts that you might have learnt on site! Follow the technique shown by your college or training provider. If you’re unsure how to carry out a test, check the On-Site Guide and Guidance Note 3 which you’ll have during the assessment.
● As you carry out each test, record your results straight away on the test sheets provided. Blank forms are on the NET website to look at before your assessment.
The NET website has a Top Tips video for each section of the assessment –watch all of these to give yourself the best chance!
www.netservices.org.uk/videos
SCAN HERE for more information.
Download two great apps from NET to help you practice some key components of your
AMPED UP
INSPECTION & TESTING WITH SPARKY NINJA
THIS APP PRESENTS FIVE KEY TESTS:
TEST 01
● Continuity of Protective Conductors
TEST 02
● Continuity of Ring Final Circuit Conductors
TEST 03
● Insulation Resistance
TEST 04
● Earth Fault Loop Impedance
TEST 05
● Prospective Fault Current.
www.netservices.org.uk/amped-up 1
For each test you can watch an instructional video with Sparky Ninja showing you how to carry out the test. Then try things out with the interactive tasks where you can drag, drop and tap to carry out the test yourself!
www.netservices.org.uk/test-app
The Amped Up game allows you to have some fun with some of the key areas you’ll need to master during your apprenticeship.
In addition to areas such as protective devices knowledge, Ohm’s law and R1 + R2 testing, importantly it’ll help you to practice the safe isolation process, which is a critical part of your AM2S assessment.
PLEASE NOTE:
There is no substitution for proper hands-on experience in real life! These apps are just revision tools to provide some guidance and interactive help. Talk to your training provider and employer to make sure you are getting sufficient practical experience in these areas.
ELECTRICAL WHOLESALERS
BACKING THE NEXT-GEN ELECTRICAL EXPERTS. THAT’S YOU.
The world of young electricians can feel daunting.
That’s why every electrician should know about CEF: the UK’s largest electrical wholesaler with over 70 years of expertise. They stock over 40,000 products, have 400+ branches and more than 3,500 experts on hand to help.
“Your
electrical business is only as good as the products that you choose to install
TOP TIPS FOR ASPIRING ELECTRICIANS
START SMALL, THINK BIG:
Know your tools and master the basics but keep an eye on emerging tech like EV chargers and smart home systems. These are the future.
STAY UPDATED:
Industry standards change all the time, so keep current with resources like CEF’s TechTalks and TradeHub blog.
ASK QUESTIONS:
Every pro started as a learner. Use your local CEF branch or TechTalks to ask questions and gain valuable advice.
PLAN AHEAD:
Take advantage of CEF’s next-day delivery and Click and Collect options to ensure you have the materials and tools when you need them.
GET THE SUPPORT YOU NEED:
CEF have brilliant industry know-how, a huge range of products and lots to help aspiring electricians, like you!
“To find out more about CEF and all they have to offer, just search CEF or stop by one of their branches”
To find your local branch or download the app:
METRIC CONVERSION TABLE
To convert METRIC to IMPERIAL multiply by the conversion factor.
To convert IMPERIAL to METRIC divide by the conversion factor.
CONVERSIONS
EV CHARGING
CHARGING INTO THE EV FUTURE
Electric vehicles (EV) are becoming increasingly popular for businesses in the UK for a number of different reasons.
WHY ARE EVS BECOMING MORE POPULAR?
The Government is offering various grants and incentives to encourage businesses to switch to EVs. These include a 35% discount on the purchase price of electric cars and vans. Other benefits include exemptions from fuel duty and company car tax.
Using EVs in a business, and installing on-site charging points is a strong visual statement that the company is a green business leader. It signals that sustainability and reducing carbon emissions is a business target, which can help to attract customers. It can also enhance brand reputation, help to gain a competitive advantage and win respect from stakeholders.
EVs are environmentally friendly and produce zero emissions, which can help businesses reduce their carbon footprint and meet their sustainability targets.
ync Energy, part of Luceco Group, looks at what’s driving this demand, and explores the technologies that are available to support this growth. S 1 2 3 4
EVs can help businesses to save money in the medium to long term. Although the initial purchase cost of EVs is often higher than that of petrol and diesel vehicles, the financial savings during the lifetime of the vehicle are one of the most impressive benefits for a business.
HOW SYNC ENERGY CAN SUPPORT THE GROWING DEMAND
Sync Energy products are powered by Monta which helps to achieve seamless electric vehicle charging. A commercial package is offered with the new EVS/T and Wall Charger 2 products.
This package is an optimal mix of hardware provided by Sync Energy and software provided by the industryrenowned Monta.
Sync Energy and Monta have combined to offer customers the opportunity to maximise the abilities of the charge points on commercial, fleet, and workplace installations, whilst also having access to many benefits on the public charging network.
“The Government is offering various grants and incentives to encourage businesses to switch to EVs ”
FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF MONTA
Monta allows end-users, both commercial and residential, to turn their EV chargers into a revenue stream by offering electric car charging to the public.
With Sync Energy powered by Monta charge points, pricing, users and payments can be managed through the Monta portal.
Businesses can charge their employees, visitors and the general public. Homeowners can also use this to rent their driveway and EV charger out when they are not at home.
WHAT ELSE SHOULD YOU KNOW? MONTA OFFERS:
■ End-to-end payment system for it all - Monthly subscriptions, electricity reimbursements and public charging can be utilised.
■ Charge on the road - Access is available to more than 220,000 charge points through a preferred payment option.
■ Charge point customisation - Charge points can be customised to suit individual needs, alongside choosing who can access the charge points and at what price.
■ Optimise your charge points - The use of each charge point can be optimised by letting customers enter a Smart Queue or reserve a charge point.
■ QR stickers - Connecting a QR sticker to the charge points lets customers charge and pay without downloading the app.
SUMMARY
Sync Energy offers a full package on all 22kW chargers including software, technical support and onsite assistance. The 7kW chargers include software and are supported by the technical team.
SCAN HERE for information on the range.
THE NEW SYNC ENERGY WALL CHARGER 2
Sync Energy’s new Wall Charger 2 range offers smart, safe, and reliable charging solutions for electric vehicles at home, in the workplace, and for fleet operators.
FASTER INSTALLATION
The new range includes 22kW three-phase variants for commercial premises, as well as 7.4kW variants for residential homes. The design is even easier to install than the previous generation, with installation and commissioning typically taking just two hours.
ENHANCED SAFETY
Load management in the form of a CT clamp is now included as standard in the 7.4kW variants, ensuring the home electrical system is not overloaded. The range also comes with built-in RCD protection, allowing safe installation and usage.
CUSTOMISATION OPTIONS
A choice of eight different coloured front fascias is now available for end users who wish to customise their installation.
“Installation and commissioning typically take just two hours ”
END USER REVENUE OPPORTUNITIES
The new range is now powered by the Monta operating platform, which allows end users to tailor their EV smart charging needs and have full control over their charge point. Additionally, Monta opens up the world of paid charging sessions, allowing businesses and homeowners to earn revenue from their chargers. This offers the capability to decide who can use it, when and at what cost.
SCAN HERE for information on the range.
HOME LIFE SAFETY
NAVIGATING STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, & LEGISLATION
Understanding the rules for installing smoke and CO alarms is an important step in your journey as an electrician.
MAKING REGULATIONS SIMPLE TO UNDERSTAND
There is often confusion among contractors and landlords regarding which regulations they should adhere to when installing smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) alarms. Aico outlines the key documents and the relationships between them, providing guidance on how to navigate these standards effectively.
“A competent person for fire alarm installation is defined as someone with appropriate training, experience, tools, and information, capable of meeting BS 5839 standards ”
LEGISLATION (LAW)
THE SMOKE AND CARBON MONOXIDE ALARM (ENGLAND) REGULATIONS 2022
In October 2022, the government introduced updated regulations governing smoke and CO alarms in the social and private rented sectors. These regulations guide landlords on installing compliant alarms but do not specify the type (mains- or battery-powered). Instead, landlords must assess the specific needs of their properties and tenants. The alarms must meet the following British Standards:
■ CO alarms must comply with BS EN 50291-1
■ Smoke alarms must comply with BS EN 14604
Landlords must also follow manufacturers’ installation instructions.
To support compliance, Aico offers free, award-winning Expert Installer Training for electrical contractors, ensuring proper installation of fire and CO alarm systems.
THE HOMES (FITNESS FOR HUMAN HABITATION) ACT 2018
Effective from 20 March 2019, this legislation requires rented homes to be “fit for human habitation”. This means they must be safe, healthy, and free from hazards, including fire and CO risks. If landlords fail to meet these safety obligations, tenants have the right to take legal action.
BUILDING REGULATIONS
Building regulations are mandatory for most construction work, including minor alterations, renovations, and extensions. These regulations complement legislation by directing professionals to specific standards:
■ BS 5839-6 for fire safety, referenced in Approved Document B
■ BS EN 50292:2013 for CO alarms, referenced in Approved Document J, which details standards for combustion appliances and fuel storage systems
BRITISH STANDARDS
BS 5839-6:2019
+A1:2020 - This is the key document for fire safety in residential properties, outlining system grades and categories based on the type and tenure of the property. While fire risk assessments are ideal, in most cases - especially for single-owner or rental properties - British Standards serve as the minimum protection guideline.
A competent person for fire alarm installation is defined as someone with appropriate training, experience, tools, and information, capable of meeting BS 5839 standards. Electricians should be familiar with Table 1 in BS 5839-6, which specifies installation grades. For rental properties (new, materially altered, or existing), the standard requires Grade D1, Category LD2 installations.
TRAINING AND COMPETENCE GAPS
Many electricians are unfamiliar with these requirements because standard training programs often exclude BS 5839-6. While qualifications like the 18th Edition or AM2 cover essential knowledge, they typically do not address fire safety installation standards in detail. However, Clause 560.10 in the wiring regulations (BS 7671) mandates compliance with the relevant parts of BS 5839 for fire alarm systems.
TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES WITH AICO
To ensure competence in fire alarm installation, electrical contractors should pursue targeted training and qualifications. Aico’s CPD-certified Expert Installer Training provides essential knowledge and skills. For those seeking further progression, the Aico City & Guilds accredited 2426 course sets a global benchmark for excellence in fire and CO alarm system training.
Aico offers award-winning training courses designed to equip installers with the skills they need to ensure compliance and excellence.
“To support compliance, Aico offers free , award-winning Expert Installer Training”
SCAN HERE
For information:
Aico’s free, award-winning Expert Installer Training scheme is FIA CPD accredited and is designed to provide installers with all the information to correctly install domestic home life safety systems, including Fire and Carbon Monoxide Alarms and Environmental Sensors.
YOUR PARTNER IN HOME LIFE SAFETY
With over 30 years of expertise, Aico is dedicated to providing reliable, innovative, and high-quality solutions to ensure homes are protected.
INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS FOR INSTALLERS
Aico’s products are designed with electricians in mind, featuring easyto-use systems such as wireless interconnection, long-life lithium batteries, and intuitive setup processes. These features save time and simplify installations, ensuring compliance with the latest regulations.
COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
Aico’s commitment to supporting electricians extends beyond products. Their award-winning Expert Installer Training is free and designed to help contractors build knowledge and skills to meet regulatory standards confidently. For those seeking advanced qualifications, the City & Guilds accredited 2426 course offers a globally recognised benchmark for excellence in fire and CO alarm installation.
AICO IN THE COMMUNITY
Through its Corporate Social Responsibility initiative, ‘Aico in the Community,’ the company actively supports education, health, and sustainability projects. This reflects Aico’s dedication to making a positive impact both within the industry and beyond.
“Aico’s products are designed with electricians in mind”
START YOUR JOURNEY WITH AICO TODAY
Whether you’re just beginning your career as an electrician or looking to enhance your expertise, Aico provides the tools and training you need to succeed.
SCAN HERE
For information:
LIGHTING
LIGHTING, WITH THE END USER IN MIND
When thinking about lighting solutions for an office or home environment, it’s essential that it’s designed with the end user in mind.
LIGHTING: IN THE OFFICE
The main goal is to create a better quality of life for office users and to reduce some of the everyday challenges of being in a workplace setting, such as eye strain, headaches and fatigue, which poor lighting can contribute to.
GETTING THE LIGHTING RIGHT
There are several ways to light an office adequately, ensuring that light levels are functional while reducing glare on screens and preventing eye strain.
MEETING STANDARDS AND DESIGN
In open-plan offices, we typically aim for 500 lux across the room, giving computerbased tasks sufficient light to be able to operate effectively. In compliance with CIBSE guidelines, it’s important to choose a fitting that can achieve below UGR19, preventing the issue of glare on screens, as well as reducing eye strain.
Usually, 600 x 600 panel fittings, such as our Luxpanel range, will be accompanied by this rating. However, on more architectural fittings, such as our Contour fitting, this can be achieved with a microprism diffuser.
“With the introduction of Part L Regulations, more office spaces are seeing a fully controlled system implemented”
SMART LIGHTING SOLUTIONS
With the introduction of Part L Regulations, more office spaces are seeing a fully controlled system implemented, with daylight dimming and PIRs being vital to accomplish this. Also, with the cost of living being a significant factor in the management and running of offices, companies are looking for effective ways to reduce their energy costs. Using a dimmable system allows for increases in natural daylight, which can contribute to the efficiency and positivity of occupants. Dimming and sensor systems allow companies to save money by switching to LED lighting.
“Dimming and sensor systems allow companies to save money by switching to LED lighting”
ENERGISING THE WORKFORCE
Companies can reap the benefits of having an energised workforce by simply implementing a solid lighting solution. Having the correct lighting is proven to promote productivity, increase innovation, and enhance the energy levels of employees in a workspace.
SCAN HERE
For information on the Luceco Lighting commercial office range.
LIGHTING:
IN THE HOME
When lighting a home environment, the main consideration should be the personal preference of the end user and striking a balance between looking good and being energy savvy in the current environment.
“It’s important that the right task has the required amount of illumination ”
DIMMABLE SMART LIGHTING
It’s important to have a balance between the feature lighting and the accent lighting. Contrast lighting can be created using dimming and alternate colour temperatures. Dimmable smart lighting offers the ability to interchange between colour temperatures as well as illumination levels.
UNDERSTANDING USER REQUIREMENTS
Some multi-use areas of the home will need more light than others and it’s important that the right task has the required amount of illumination. For example, a kitchen requires higher illumination for preparation and cooking.
The final layer is task lighting, this can be in the form of a simple floor-standing or tablemounted lamp or under-cupboard lighting.
MAXIMISING NATURAL DAYLIGHT
It is important to maximise natural daylight wherever possible. This is good for well-being as well as reducing energy consumption.
LAYERING: FEATURE LIGHTING
One of the key aspects of lighting a home is layering, which is utilising a main light and then supplementing it with accent and task lighting. The main light source generally comes from a feature lighting point which is commonly a pendant, central to the room or to an object within it.
LAYERING: ACCENT LIGHTING
This is complemented by accent lighting, generally in the form of adjustable recessed downlights or even track lighting to illuminate walls, artwork and photography. These adjustable light sources offer flexibility to the end user, enabling them to create alternative scenes and atmospheres for different occasions.
SCAN HERE
For information on the Luceco Lighting residential range.
NEW FTYPE DOWNLIGHTS
Luceco Lighting’s new range of FType fire-rated downlights is designed to set a new standard of downlight performance and functionality, with the latest advancements in LED technology.
THE RANGE INCLUDES THESE THREE MODELS:
FTYPE ESSENCE
The budget-friendly option that delivers functionality, design, and performance. It’s available in 3000K or 4000K light outputs and comes with a three-year warranty.
FTYPE MK2
This model builds upon Essence, offering even more value and innovation. With power-selectable functionality, you can customise lighting spaces based on user preferences. Choose between 4CCT Colour Change 2700K/3000K/4000K/6000K or Dim2Warm CCT 3000K/4000K, which combines the traditional warm lighting feel of halogen in modern LED technology. Adjusting to extra warm 2400K colour temperature when dimmed, creating a cosy, ambient lighting effect for maximum comfort. The Mk2 range is supplied with a five-year warranty.
FTYPE ULTRA
Incorporating all the Mk2 features, the FType Ultra adds the ground-breaking, patent-pending Easy Access ClipFit connector. This 500V insulation resistance compatible connector revolutionises installation, with a removable VDEcertified terminal block. This provides 360-degree access when wiring, eliminating cable bending around bulky housings and providing hassle-free wiring. Ultra is available in both Dim2Warm CCT and 4CCT options and is backed by a remarkable seven-year warranty.
“The new range of FType fire-rated downlights is designed with the latest advancements in LED technology ”
SCAN HERE for more information.
POWER TOOLS
BUILD YOUR CAREER WITH CONFIDENCE
When you’re starting out as an electrician, choosing the right power tools can be daunting, and costly, without the right advice.
“Choosing Bosch Pro, means you will be buying from a reputable brand”
BWhen choosing power tools, make sure you check out the following key features:
SAFETY
Buying from a reputable brand is important to give you that peace of mind, knowing that your power tools have been put through rigorous safety tests.
DURABILITY
Your tools need to be reliable with a decent amount of battery life, so they won’t let you down in the middle of a job.
COMPACT
Working in tight spaces is often part of a an electrician’s job, so a compact set of drills will be a must.
POWER
The all-important feature! You need your drills to power through tough materials, so you can move on to the next job as efficiently as possible.
APPRENTICE TO EXPERT
As an electrical apprentice, having reliable tools is key. The Bosch Professional 18V system is lightweight, powerful, and designed for top performance.
TACKLE ANY JOB
With the ability to mix and match tools and batteries within the same voltage class, you’ll have the flexibility to tackle any job with ease.
And here’s the best part: the Bosch Professional 18V range is constantly expanding! Here are some of the latest tools to add to your kit:
GOP 18V-34
PROFESSIONAL MULTI-CUTTER
Versatility is the name of the game. This easy-tohandle multi-cutter features advanced Vibration Control for added safety and a Snap-In locking system for super-fast blade changes - in just 3 seconds!
GDR 18V-220 C IMPACT DRIVER
ENJOY A FREE 3-YEAR EXTENDED WARRANTY
Bosch Professional tools and batteries are built to withstand the toughest jobs, and they come with a free 3-year extended warranty for extra peace of mind. Simply register your tools and batteries within 4 weeks of purchase at our digital service centre, PRO360 - quick and easy!
Compact but mighty, this impact driver packs a powerful 220Nm of torque for precise, efficient work. Its adjustable screw modes help prevent damage to screw heads and workpieces by either slowing down or shutting off as needed.
GAL 18V-160 PROFESSIONAL CHARGER
Never get caught out with a flat battery! This ultra-fast charger gets your ProCORE18V 8.0Ah battery powered up in just 44 minutes, keeping your workflow smooth and uninterrupted.
SCAN HERE For more information:
MAXIMISE YOUR TOOLS
The right accessories can take your power tools to the next level. Bosch Professional accessories are designed for durability, precision, and a longer lifespan.
THE EXPERT RANGE
For those tougher materials and demanding tasks, Bosch also offers their EXPERT range. Made from premium-quality materials and rigorously tested for safety, these accessories are built to handle whatever the job throws at you.
Here are three must-have accessories to complement your essential power tools:
PRO IMPACT MIXED SET
Looking for versatility? This set has you covered. It includes durable HEX-9 multiconstruction drill bits and high-performance screwdriver bits, made with modified steel for strength and laser markings for easy selection. The torsion zone absorbs torque stress, reducing the risk of breakage - so you can work with confidence.
EXPERT HEX-9 MULTI CONSTRUCTION DRILL BIT
This all-rounder drill bit belongs in every apprentice’s tool bag. Perfect for highprecision drilling across multiple materials, it features a specially designed centring tip for accurate starts - saving you time and effort.
EXPERT PAII 32 APIT MULTIMAX PLUNGE CUT BLADE
This blade lasts 50x longer than the AIZ 20 AB blade, thanks to Bosch Carbide Technology, making your work smoother and more durable.
SCAN HERE For more information:
DON’T GUESS IT, STREAM IT
Want to find out more about impact drivers? Got a burning question about Bosch ProCORE18V batteries? Confused about which accessory you need for a specific job?
EXPERT ADVICE
Find out all you need to know from the experts in Bosch Livestreams. Bosch’s livestreams cover a wide variety of topics, providing essential advice for anyone starting off in the electrical trade.
LIVE PRODUCT DEMOS
From explaining the 18V system, to the EXPERT accessories for electricians and how to choose the right hole saw. Not only do our experts demonstrate the tools and techniques in an easy to understand and entertaining way, but they also answer your questions and respond to your comments during the stream.
WHY NOT GET INVOLVED?
“Our experts demonstrate the tools and techniques in an easy to understand and entertaining way”
SCAN HERE
Check out what’s coming up as well as the large back catalogue of previous streams or search for Bosch livestreams on Instagram
SMART HEATING
GET SMART: HELP YOUR CUSTOMERS HEAT BETTER
With energy prices rising, householders are looking to save wherever they can. Smart heating systems are the tried and tested solution!
Smart heating can help your customers cut energy waste and save money on their bills, which is also a great way to boost your business in a sector that’s only set to grow.
Here’s what smart heating systems can do for your customers and your business:
BOOST SAVINGS
1
Helping customers heat their homes more efficiently and in line with their habits has a host of benefits – chief amongst them cost. There’s no need to heat when nobody is at home, or to keep the whole house warm when only some rooms are in use.
Smart thermostats and heat pump optimisers are the easiest way to schedule the heating with maximum efficiency, or make adjustments on the go. All it takes is a few taps in a userfriendly app. Your customers save while always staying comfortable, and you build a reputation for delivering value.
CUT WASTE
2
Using less energy is a growing priority for customers, too. Home heating is responsible for around 14% of the UK’s entire carbon emissions (Source: Energy Systems Catapult). That makes smart energy-saving systems the obvious choice for eco-conscious homeowners, and for businesses looking to improve their environmental impact.
EMPOWER YOUR CUSTOMERS
3
Delivering better efficiency and immediate savings is a sure-fire way to build trust and strengthen your relationship with customers. Of course, it’s crucial to do your research and offer products from bestin-class suppliers who can support you all the way from installation to long-term care.
With tado° X for Professionals, you can offer up to ten years’ warranty on the latest in smart heating technology. Your customers can rest easy knowing their products will serve them well into the future.
STRENGTHEN EXPERTISE
4
Getting up to speed on the latest advances in smart home technology is also a good way to demonstrate that you can provide expert advice on the ideal solutions for your customers. More techsavvy homeowners may already be familiar with concepts such as Matter and Thread, which are becoming standard in smart home integration.
Matter is a new, open standard that allows different smart devices, no matter the brand, to work together seamlessly. Thread is a low-power, wireless technology that helps smart devices communicate quickly and securely across the home. Knowing about these technologies can boost your credibility and build trust and confidence with customers.
“Smart thermostats and heat pump optimisers are the easiest way to schedule the heating with maximum efficiency”
GROWING DEMAND FOR SMART HEATING
Heating efficiency is a vital part of the UK government’s net-zero strategy. As a result, there’s now a bundle of initiatives to promote smart heating installations.
Homeowners can now get grants for adding smart heating controls under the ECO4 scheme.
The Boiler Plus standard also requires adding energy efficiency measures, such as smart controls with automation and optimisation functions, when installing a gas combi boiler.
Only a small fraction of UK households have smart thermostats installed. That means the market is set to grow significantly over the coming years as more and more consumers switch to smart heating – a great opportunity to expand your installer business.
Smart heating systems can also be a first step in the journey to broader smart home integration, offering ample space for additional services from electric vehicle charging to smart lighting and more.
“Smart heating systems can also be a first step in the journey to broader smart home integration”
Take the first step to boost your business with smart heating and sign up for tado° X for Professionals today. tado.com/professional
Intuitive, simple and smart.
THE SMART CHOICE FOR HOME HEATING
The all-new tado° X for Professionals range offers the best in smart home energy management, services and after-sales care.
CUSTOMER SUPPORT
Whatever your customers are looking for, tado° X has you covered:
■ Wired Smart Thermostat X
■ Wireless Smart Thermostat X
■ Smart Radiator Thermostat X
■ Heat Pump Optimizer X
■ Bridge X (Thread border router)
All products are powered by Matter and Thread, and are compatible with voice assistants from Amazon, Google and Apple.
tado° also offers you a 10-year warranty on all tado° X devices because durability and reliability are very important to us. You can be sure that you are investing in quality.
REGISTERED INSTALLERS
Registered installers get a host of extra benefits, including an online platform with expert training and dedicated real-time phone support. Members can also collect and redeem points for a host of rewards, from tech gadgets to luxury items, or load them onto a personalised credit card to spend the cash equivalent.
At tado°, we’re committed to helping you sustainably grow your business – one smart thermostat at a time.
“I like a manufacturer looking after the installer. It helps that I like and use the products in my own house”
Nick, Electrician in Northampton
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For more information.
WIRING CONNECTORS
5 BENEFITS OF USING BRANDED PRODUCTS
We all have a favourite brand, be it smartphone, clothing, vehicle or food, and for good reason – we like what it delivers. Mike Cullom, Northern Europe Sales Manager, IDEAL Electrical, explains why it pays to invest in quality rather than cut corners.
y sticking with branded products on site, contractors can eliminate the quality, integrity, safety and legal implications associated with unbranded, often inferior, products.
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COST SAVINGS –YES, REALLY!
A cost saving might not be the first thing that springs to mind when championing branded products over unbranded ones and it is generally the case that branded items come with a higher price tag. Of course, costs are a factor on every site, but as the phrase goes, ‘buy cheap, buy twice’, meaning the purchase of a cheaper but inferior product is a false economy as it is likely to need replacing, which comes at a price.
When it comes to connectors, any money saved by using an unbranded, lower cost option can come at a high price with consequences for the maintenance, lifecycle and operational costs of the building, not to mention possible legal and liability implications too.
“ANY MONEY SAVED BY USING AN UNBRANDED, LOWER COST OPTION CAN COME AT A HIGH PRICE”
REPUTATION OF BOTH BRAND AND CONTRACTOR
Trusted brands earn their reputation by consistently delivering quality products that contractors have faith in and have the confidence to use again and again, without issue.
By using trusted products from a reputable company, contractors can provide tangible quality assurance to their clients. This level of brand loyalty simply doesn’t exist with unbranded products and should contractors opt for inferior, unbranded items, they risk installation issues, which could affect repeat business and even their own reputation.
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“ trusted brands earn their reputation by consistently delivering quality products ”
COMPLIANCE AND SAFETY STANDARDS
Branded products are subject to rigorous product development and testing to ensure they meet strict quality assurance and safety standards. On the other hand, cheap imitations are not only contravening patent law, but also often fail to meet the quality assurance and safety standards embedded in the development of branded products.
IDEAL Electrical provides products which meet the 18th Edition Wiring Standards, are CE tested and approved providing peace of mind. Additionally, the In-Sure® Enclosure Box has been tested to and complies with BS 5733 maintenance free accessory standard. It is therefore suitable for installation of an electrical junction in an inaccessible location, such as behind plasterboard or under a floor helping to avoid damage to finished surfaces which would then need to be reworked or repaired.
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A QUALITY PRODUCT
Meticulously tested and manufactured using high quality materials, branded products offer consistent product quality, ensuring items are fit for purpose, easy to use and provide a robust, durable solution throughout the service life of the installation. In contrast, the use of cheap materials, poor quality control and lack of testing for unbranded products mean that product integrity is often a problem. Connectors may crack or break easily when used on site, compromising the installation leading to call backs that eat into the profit.
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INNOVATIVE, FUTURE-PROOF SOLUTIONS
Respected brands are known for their ingenious solutions, continually investing in product development and market research to deliver the latest in cutting edge technology. Time pressures, challenging site environments and high-quality expectations are all considered in the manufacture of their products.
The IDEAL Electrical connectors, for example, have been designed to provide fast, easy and consistent installation, ensuring a right-firsttime termination regardless of the skill level of the user.
“ IDEAL Electrical’ connectors have been designed to provide fast, easy and consistent installation, ensuring a right-first-time termination regardless of the skill level of the user ”
A WORTHY INVESTMENT
Yes, it can be tempting to cut costs by opting for unbranded alternatives, and contractors might make the mistake of believing cheap imitations will perform the same as branded versions. However, inferior products will result in inferior installations, with significant implications for the smooth delivery and quality of the build – is it really worth it?
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YOUR TRUSTED BRAND
The IDEAL Electrical range of wire connectors provides electrical installers with a timesaving, modern and safe alternative to traditional screw down terminal strips.
GEN II LEVER WIRE CONNECTORS
■ Perfect solution for joining solid, stranded or flexible conductors
■ Safe, reliable and reusable – no tools required
■ Compact design that takes up less room in junction boxes and enclosures
■ 2 test ports for continuity testing
■ 0.2mm2 to 4.0mm2 (solid and rigid stranded) and 0.14mm2 to 4.0mm2 (flexible)
SPLICELINE® WIRE CONNECTORS
■ Excellent for extending and connecting wires
■ 3x faster to install than traditional crimped butt splices
■ Provides a crimp free, solderless butt splice
■ Tool free, push in straight line connector
■ 0.5mm2 to 4.0mm2 for solid and 1.0mm2 to 2.5mm2 for stranded
■ 32A/450V
PUSH-IN WIRE CONNECTORS
■ Reduce installation time by up to 50%
■ Easy glide-in wire connection
■ Perfect replacement for crimped splices
■ Low insertion force for fast connections
■ 0.75mm2 to 4.0mm2 for solid and 1.5mm2 to 2.5mm2 stranded
■ 32A/450V for 2-8 port connectors. 41A for 6mm2 3-port push-in model.
ADDITIONALLY, ALL THREE TYPES COME WITH:
■ Check port for continuity testing
■ Clear shell allowing for visual inspection of connection
Robust and well-designed at an attractive price point, the IDEAL Electrical connectors offer a user-friendly, costeffective and quality-led alternative to terminal strips. They are BS 7671:2018 (18th Edition), IEC 60998-1 and IEC 609982-2 compliant plus CE, UKCA, UL and ENEC approved.
GLOSSARY OF ELECTRICAL TERMS
Do you know your electrical terminology? In this feature, you will find a selection of commonly used terms you are likely to come across during your studies and on-site.
AALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C.)
A.C. is the flow of an electric current, first in one direction and then in the reverse direction in a conductor or circuit.
AMMETER
An instrument used for the measurement of electric current.
AMPERE
A unit of electrical current: Symbol A, Unit symbol: I
ANODE
The anode is a positive electrode or terminal, e.g. the + terminal of a battery.
APPARENT POWER
This is the power of an a.c. circuit based on the formula P = V x A x pf If the a.c. circuit supplies a purely resistive load, such as a heating element, the Apparent Power and the True Power will be the same. This is called ‘Unity’.
ARC
A very low resistance between two points of different potential can result in an electrical discharge in the form of a spark or flash between the two points.
ARMATURE
The term is used to describe the rotating part of a d.c. electric motor or generator, and an a.c. universal motor.
ASYNCHRONOUS
This term is used to describe the rotor speed of a.c. motors in which the rotating magnetic field created by the stator windings is at synchronous speed i.e. being dependent on the supply frequency and number of sets of stator windings; compared to the actual rotor speed that is turning at a speed less than synchronous, called asynchronous speed.
ATOM
The minute parts of a substance consist of a nucleus, protons and electrons; a number of atoms make up a molecule.
AUTOTRANSFORMER
A static device consisting of a laminated steel core and one winding to which a single-phase a.c. supply is connected, this is the primary connection. The secondary output is made by tapping – off the same winding at a point that gives either an increase or decreased output voltage. Three-phase autotransformers are also available.
BBACK E.M.F
Back e.m.f is a voltage that is produced in opposition to the supply voltage when an alternating current passes through a coil of wire such as a motor winding, choke or relay coil.
BALLAST
This is another term for the choke found in discharge lighting circuits.
BIMETALLIC
STRIP
This is a component found in certain types of thermostat, e.g. room thermostats used to control central heating systems. The strip consists of two dissimilar metals bonded together. When the surrounding temperature increases one metal will expand faster than the other and because the other metal is not expanding at the same rate the strip will bend. This can be incorporated with a switching device designed to switch on or off the central heating boiler.
BLACK
The insulation or marker colour associated with Line – 2 (L2) of a 3-phase AC supply system.
BONDING
The practice of intentionally connecting all exposed metal items not designed to carry electricity in a room or building, to prevent electric shock in case they inadvertently become live.
BROWN
The insulation or marker colour associated with Line – 1 (L1) of a 3-phase AC supply system.
CCAPACITOR
A capacitor is a component capable of storing electric charge. It consists of two or more conductive plates, or metallic foils, insulated from each other and the container housing them. The outer plates have terminals enabling the device to be connected into a circuit. This device can be found in a.c. single-phase motor circuits, discharge lighting installations, power factor correction units and electronic circuits.
CARBON BRUSH
Carbon is a good conductor of electricity as well as being a good lubricant. This makes the carbon brush a suitable method of passing electrical energy into or out of the rotating part of an electric motor or generator.
CATHODE
This is the negative electrode or terminal of a d.c. power source such as a battery.
CELL
A device capable of producing electric current through chemical action between an electrolyte and conductive plates.
CHARGE
Electric charge is a quantity of electricity measured in Coulombs: Symbol Q
CHOKE
This is a coil of wire wound on a laminated steel core. The coil has a low resistance and high inductance making it particularly useful in a.c. circuits to (a) provide a high voltage when starting certain types of discharge lamps and (b) to control the flow of current in low resistance circuits such as the discharge current through a fluorescent lamp when fully on.
CIRCUIT-BREAKER
The circuit-breaker is designed to protect circuits from over-current that can be caused by short-circuit or overload in the circuit. The circuit-breaker incorporates both magnetic and bimetallic components that react to each type of overcurrent fault in the circuit.
COMBINED NEUTRAL EARTH CONDUCTOR (CNE)
A conductor that simultaneously serves the functions of both the neutral and the earth in electrical systems.
COMMUTATOR
This is a device found in d.c. motors or generators and some a.c. machines. It consists of segments of copper insulated from each other and from the armature shaft around which they are mounted. Carbon brushes make contact with the copper segments and provide a ‘sliding electrical contact’ such that electrical energy can be supplied or taken from the armature.
CONDUCTOR
A material, usually copper, but can be aluminium that has a low resistance to the flow of electric current.
CONVENTIONAL CURRENT
Conventional current refers to the assumed flow of electric current in a circuit i.e. current flowing from positive to negative of the supply source through a load. Electron current flow is the actual current flow in a circuit.
CURRENT
The flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in Amperes (A) Current symbol: I
DELTA
A method of electrical circuit connection used in three – phase supply systems where the load is balanced and does not require a neutral connection.
DIAC
A solid-state device that is designed to be connected, with other types of solid state devices to produce a pulsed waveform.
DIELECTRIC
A dielectric is a material or space that has high resistance and is therefore a poor conductor of electricity. The dielectric provides the insulating layer between the conducting plates of a capacitor. Dry air is a poor conductor so is plastic, glass, porcelain and certain metal oxides.
DIODE
A solid-state device that allows current flow through it in one direction but blocks the flow when the current is reversed, thus providing direct-current.
DIRECT – ON – LINE (D-O-L)
This is a term associated with the starting of single or three-phase electric motors. The full supply voltage is connected to the stator windings of the motor on the closing of the D-O-L contactor. This method of starting can be used for machines up to approximately 5kW.
DISCHARGE
The term ‘discharge’ is normally associated with the passage of electric current through a gas. However the term can also be used to describe the reduction to zero of a capacitors stored electric charge via a resistor connected across its terminals.
DIVERTED NEUTRAL CURRENT (DNC)
Unwanted current in the neutral conductor that flows through alternative, often unintended, paths in an electrical system.
DIRECT CURRENT (D.C.)
The flow of an electric current in a circuit in one direction only rather than alternating.
DOMESTIC DWELLING
Any property used as a residence, such as a house or an apartment.
EEARTHING
The practice of connecting specific parts of an electrical power system with the ground, for safety and functional purposes.
EDDY CURRENT
A circulating current that has been induced by an alternating current; in a transformer eddy currents occur in the steel core that supports the windings. To reduce eddy currents to a minimum the steel core is laminated.
ELECTRICITY
The general term used to describe the effect of electric charge whether static or in motion.
ELECTRIC POWER
The rate of doing work, measured in Watts (W). Power (P) is measured in watts and is the product of potential difference in volts and the current in amperes, so in formula:-
P = V x I or P = U x I
ELECTRODE
This term can be used in a number of ways:
i) A conductor that can allow electric current to enter or leave a medium such as an electrolyte. A lead-acid battery is such an example.
ii) An element that collects or emits electrons as in semiconductor devices such as diodes and transistors.
Generally, the term is used to describe the positive or negative terminal of a power source such as a battery. The positive electrode can also be referred to as the Anode and the negative electrode as the Cathode.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
When a current flows through a conductor or coil an electromagnetic field is produced around it. The magnetic field is proportional to the current
and so as the current increases or decreases in value the magnetic field will also increase or decrease in strength. When the magnetic field rises or falls a voltage will be induced in the conductor or coil, this is called the back-e.m.f.
ELECTRO-MOTIVE-FORCE (EMF)
This is the source of electrical energy required to produce an electric current in a circuit. The source of e.m.f can be an alternator, battery, generator, solar panel or thermocouple.
EQUIPOTENTIAL
To have the same electric potential at every point.
EXPOSED-CONDUCTIVE-PART
A conductive part of equipment that can be touched and isn’t normally live, but can become so if insulation fails.
EXTRANEOUS-CONDUCTIVE-PART
A conductive part which might introduce potential, usually Earth potential, not forming part of the electrical installation.
FFAULT
An electrical fault can occur in the distribution network, electrical installation or in electrical equipment. A fault can be short-circuit, opencircuit or component failure.
FAULT CURRENT
This is the current caused by a fault in the electric circuit. The fault can be electrical such as short-circuit or an overload caused by a mechanical problem.
FLEMING’S LEFT AND RIGHT HAND RULES
Two rules developed by Sir John Fleming. The rules are designed to assist in the understanding of the relationship between motion, e.m.f. and magnetic flux in electric machines.
The Hand rules use the first and second fingers and thumb of each hand to represent magnetic flux, electric current and the resulting movement.
The Left Hand Rule relates to electric motors and the Right hand Rule to electric generators.
FLUX
i) A substance that can be added in order to assist fusion as in soldering.
ii) A generic term used to express the ‘rate of flow’ or ‘movement’ of a property such as ‘magnetic flux’, ‘luminous flux’ or ‘electric flux’.
FREQUENCY
This is the number of cycles per second at which an alternating current voltage is supplied from the distributor; frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).
FUSE
An overcurrent protective device designed to open circuit in the event of an abnormally large current flowing in an electrical circuit or apparatus. The abnormally large current can be as a result of an electrical fault or overload.
GGENERATOR
A machine designed to convert mechanical to electrical energy; equipment capable of converting non-electrical energy into electrical energy.
GREY
The insulation or marker colour associated with Line – 3 (L3) of a 3-phase AC supply system.
GROUND
The general mass of earth in reference to earthing systems.
HHEATER (ELECTRIC)
A device, consisting of high - resistance wire, that converts electrical energy to heat energy.
HYGROSCOPIC
A compound with the ability to absorb moisture; a term often associated with the insulating material ‘magnesium oxide’ used in mineral insulated cable. When exposed to the air magnesium oxide will absorb moisture thereby lowering its insulating property.
IIET
The Institution of Engineering and Technology; providing the requirements for electrical installations.
ILLUMINATION
The light level on a surface created by natural or artificial means; raising of the light level is usually achieved by the use of electric lamps.
IMPEDANCE
The total opposition to current flow in an a.c. circuits where resistance, inductance and capacitance can contribute to opposing current flow. Inductance is measured in Ohms.
Symbol: Z
INDUCTANCE
The opposition to current flowing in a coil when a changing current causes a changing magnetic field to induce an opposing voltage; inductance is measured in henrys (H). The device is used to control current flowing in a circuit.
INDUCTOR
A static device consisting of a coil mounted on a laminated steel core; used to provide an amount of inductance in a circuit. The choke in a fluorescent luminaire circuit is one example.
INSULATOR
A material in which the flow of electric current is generally not possible, p.v.c. is one example.
ISOLATOR
The isolator is a mechanical device used to isolate all live conductors from a circuit or specific item of equipment by breaking the circuit using a mechanical switching device.
JJUNCTION RECTIFIER
A solid-state device, with no moving parts, that uses a semiconductor junction to rectify an alternating current to a direct current.
KKILOWATT
A measurement of power; one kW = 1000Watts
KILOWATT – HOUR
An expression used to state a unit of electrical energy consumed over a period of 1 – hour: (kWh).
LLIGHT – EMITTING – DIODE (LED)
A solid-state device with a p-n junction; the device is capable of producing light when a small current is passed through it.
LIGHTNING
An atmospheric electric discharge in the form of a spark or flash; if a danger to property exists then the building can be fitted with lightning conductors that safely allow the atmospheric discharge to dissipate to earth.
LUMINAIRE
A complete lighting unit, including all the essential components required for fixing, housing, connecting and distributing a light source, such as a bulb or lamp.
MMAGNET
A ferromagnetic substance that is capable of maintaining a magnetic field about it. Loadstone is a naturally occurring rock that has magnetic properties that can be transferred to iron or steel. However commercial magnets are made by inserting a suitable metal inside a coil of wire through which a direct current is passed.
MINERAL – INSULATED COPPER CABLE (MICC)
A thin copper tube containing one or more bare copper conductors separated from each other and the tube containing them by compressed magnesium oxide, a white powder that is capable of withstanding temperatures of 10000C and provides excellent insulating properties when dry.
MOLECULE
The smallest part of a substance that can exist without changing shape or form; all matter is made-up of molecules be it solid, liquid or gas.
MOTOR
An electro-mechanical machine that is designed to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy; a motor is usually designed to provide rotational mechanical energy to drive some load.
MUTUAL INDUCTION
When two coils are in close proximity to each other and an alternating current is passed through one coil, the alternating magnetic field produced by this coil will induce an alternating voltage into the second coil. This effect can be enhanced by mounting the coils on a laminated steel core.
NNEGATIVE
A terminal opposite a Positive terminal on a battery or other direct current supply system, to which conventional current will flow when a circuit is made between the Positive and Negative terminals of the battery or other source. Note: Electron current flow, the actual current flow in a circuit, is from negative to positive.
NEUTRAL
A zero value or ground as the term is applied in electrical distribution systems. A common point connected to earth by a conductor.
NUCLEUS
A term used to describe the centre of an atom.
OOHM
The SI unit of resistance, (symbol Ω), of an electrical circuit or electrical component; Ohms Law identifies that at a constant temperature, when a potential difference of 1 – volt is applied across a resistance of 1 – Ohm, a current of 1 – ampere will flow.
OVERCURRENT
An electric current greater than expected in a circuit; an overcurrent can be caused by an overload, low resistance or short-circuit.
Overcurrent protective devices are designed to protect circuits, components and equipment from overload and / or electrical faults such as short-circuits.
PPARALLEL (PATHS)
Running side by side; in the case of an electrical earth fault the current may flow from the fault to the supply transformer via two or more routes. The earth connection of the supply system may provide one path and other metallic parts connected to earth, can provide other paths.
PHASE
The term used to describe any live conductor in an alternating current system. Single – phase or three – phase being common use of the term.
PROTECTIVE MULTIPLE EARTHING (PME)
This is an earthing arrangement in which the neutral of the supply system is used as the main earth point, thereby ensuring a return path to the distribution supply transformer for any fault current that flows to earth in the installation being supplied.
POLARITY
The designation of terminals, for example a battery or specific conductors in a circuit such as the requirement that single-pole switching devices must only be located in the line conductor of a single – phase lighting circuit.
POWER
The rate of doing work expressed in Watts or kilowatts kW. In a resistive circuit such as an electric heater, the Power rating of the heater is proportional to the applied voltage and the current flowing through the heater, so P = V x I
POWER FACTOR (PF)
In alternating current (ac) inductive or capacitive circuits the power factor is the ratio of True Power to Apparent Power.
pf = W or pf = kW VA kVA
PROTECTIVE MULTIPLE EARTH (PME)
An earthing system where multiple earth points are connected directly to the main neutral point.
PROTECTIVE NEUTRAL BONDING (PNB)
The deliberate connection made between the protective earth conductor and the neutral conductor in an installation.
PROTON
In atomic theory this is a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.
PVC
Polyvinyl chloride is a thermoplastic used widely in the insulation of electrical cables.
QQUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY
The amount of electrical energy flowing in a circuit and is the product of current and time for which it flows.
RRADIAL
A term associated with a circuit that originates from a source but does not return to that source. A typical example is the (A2) radial socket circuit in which the conductors terminate at the last socket-outlet.
RECTIFIER
A device designed to convert a.c. to d.c. The device consists of one or more diodes connected to provide half or full-wave rectification.
RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER (RCCB)
This is a circuit protective device that combines the function of a miniature circuit-breaker and a residual current circuit breaker into one compact unit. RCCB’s are usually located in a distribution board or consumers control unit.
RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICE (RCD)
This is a circuit breaker that is designed to detect earth-leakage by constantly monitoring the flow of current into and out-of a circuit via the line and neutral. If an in-balance of current occurs due, either to an earth fault developing, or a person making contact with a live conductor of the circuit, an in-balance occurs and the RCD will open-circuit.
RESISTANCE
Resistance is the opposition to current flow measured in Ohms (Ω) In a circuit, resistance may consist of a purpose built unit such as a heating element, or may be the result of a fault such as a loose termination or cable that is underrated for the current that is flowing.
ROTOR
This term is generally associated with electric motors and refers to the rotating part of the machine. The rotor can be a ‘cage’ design called a ‘cage rotor’, or wound with conductors in which case it is known as a ‘wound rotor’.
SSELF - INDUCTION
When an alternating current is passed through a coil an alternating magnetic field is produced in the coil. The alternating magnetic field causes an opposing voltage, called a back –emf to be generated in the coil, this is self – induction.
SEMICONDUCTOR
A semiconductor consists of a material such as silicon that is neither a good conductor, nor a good insulator. When suitably prepared with an extra electron, the material will become negative or n-type. If the material is prepared in such a way as an electron is removed from it the material will become positive or p-type. Junctions formed with a combination of ‘p’ and ‘n’ type semiconductor can be made into components such as diodes and transistors.
SERIES
This term is used to describe the way in which a number of circuit components may be arranged, for example a single-pole light switch is connected in series with the lamp it is to control. The term can also be used to describe the connection of a d.c. machine whereby the field windings are connected in series with the armature.
SHORT – CIRCUIT
A short – circuit fault occurs when two or more live conductors touch each other or are connected to each other by external intervention, e.g. such as drilling through a cable accidently.
SHUNT
This term is normally associated with the method of connecting the field windings of a direct current motor. In this method the field windings are connected in parallel with the armature.
SIMMERSTAT
This is an energy regulator that can be manually set to a desired level and then automatically maintained at that level. One typical application is the temperature control on a cooker- hob once a setting is selected the heating element will be automatically switched on and off thereby maintaining the setting.
SINE WAVE
The sine wave is a specific waveform representing current, voltage or power over a period of time. In a single-phase a.c. supply of 50Hz one complete waveform represents a time period of 20mS.
SOLENOID
If a coil of wire is wound uniformly round a cylinder and a current passed through the coil, a magnetic field will be established around and through the coil. The solenoid forms the bases of the simple electric door-bell, relay and contactor.
STAR
In three-phase a.c. distribution circuits or three-phase electric motors the term ‘star’ is used to describe the way in which the supply transformer, (secondary) windings are arranged, or in the case of the motor, in the way the stator windings may be connected.
STAR – DELTA
This is a term associated with the starting of three-phase electric motors. The basic principle being that first the motor stator windings are connected in star, thus receiving a reduced voltage allowing the rotor to start turning, then after a pre-set time, usually a few seconds depending on how quickly the rotor approaches full speed, the stator windings are re-connected automatically to a delta connection that now connects the full threephase supply voltage across them; the rotor is now at its full speed.
STARTER
Various electric motor starters are available depending upon the particular application required. In the case of a.c. motors the Direct-On-Line or (D-O-L), Star-Delta or AutoTransformer starter may be specified. For d.c. motors a three or four terminal ‘Face-plate’ starter would be used.
The term ‘starter’ may also refer to the device required by low pressure mercury fluorescent luminaires to establish the electrical discharge through the tube on start-up.
STATOR
The stator of a three-phase electric motor is the fixed part of the machine. The stator carries or holds the stator windings that are arranged around the inside of the stator cylinder. The three-phase power supply is connected to these windings via a suitable starter.
SYNCHRONOUS
This term is used to describe the speed at which a rotating magnetic field is moving inside the stator of an a.c. motor. The speed is dependent upon the frequency of the power supply, (in the UK this is 50Hz) together with the number of pairs of magnetic poles that are created when an alternating current circulates through the stator windings.
Note: One set of three-phase windings will generate one pair of magnetic poles, i.e. a North and a South polarity inside the stator. The more sets of windings the more pairs of magnetic poles. The purpose of increasing the number of pairs of poles is to increase the torque on the drive shaft of the motor so it can provide more work.
TTERMINAL
The connection of a conductor to an accessory or piece of equipment is made via a terminal. A terminal may be a screw, clamp, push-on, soldered or crimped lug connection.
TESTING
Testing is a procedure usually using specific instruments to establish the condition of a circuit, a termination or component in a circuit. On completion of an electrical installation a sequence of tests are performed to check that the installation conforms to the parameters set-out in the initial design and meets current Regulations. A record of the test results are kept for proof of conformity and for future inspection and testing of the installation.
THERMISTOR
This is a temperature sensitive resistor that can be of positive or negative design; the resistance increasing or decreasing as temperature changes.
The positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor is often found embedded in motor windings so if the windings become too hot during use the resistance of the thermistor increases causing a voltage drop to occur. This in turn will open circuit the motor starter control circuit thus isolating the supply to the motor and preventing damage to the windings.
The negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor is used in refrigeration and air conditioning where a cool or cold condition is to be maintained. If the temperature increases the NTC resistance drops and allows the compressor to be switched on thereby lowering the temperature.
THERMOCOUPLE
When two different metals in the form of conductors are bonded together at one end and heat is applied to the junction, a voltage will be produced between the two metal conductors. The thermocouple can be used in gas fire ignition systems, or to measure the temperature of a furnace.
THERMOSTAT
The thermostat is a device that consists of two dissimilar metals, e.g. Invar and brass, bonded together in the form of a strip. When heated the brass expands faster than the invar and because the two metals are bonded together the resulting expansion of the brass causes the strip to bend. When the strip is incorporated with a set of contacts the contacts can be made to open or close as required.
The room thermostat used in domestic central heating systems is designed to maintain the ambient temperature by automatically switching the heating system on or off in response to temperature changes.
THYRISTOR
The thyristor is also known as the Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR). It is a solid-state device that is a controlled rectifier. Unlike the solid-state rectifier or diode that, when energised continually converts a.c. to d.c. the SCR will only operate when it is switched on by triggering the ‘gate’ connection of the device.
TERRA
The term Terra, meaning ‘earth’ or ‘general mass of earth’ is used to identify different UK supply systems; for example TN-S, TN-C-S or TT.
TORQUE
The turning force created in an electric motor.
TRANSFORMER
A static piece of electrical equipment that contains windings mounted on laminated steel limbs that in turn are part of a core frame. The function of a transformer is to increase or
decrease voltages and can be large in volume as used in a supply distribution system or small as found inside individual items of electrical equipment.
Note: Electronic transformers are more frequently found today inside individual electrical equipment.
TRANSISTOR
A solid-state device used to provide amplification of current or voltage in electronic circuits.
TRUE-POWER
In the case of an a.c. circuit supplying a motor or other type of inductive load where current is used to produce a magnetic field, the power is called ‘apparent power’.
TUNGSTEN
In the form of a wire, tungsten provides a high resistance element that, in a vacuum can incandesce when current is passed through it and produce light. The tungsten filament lamp is a typical example.
UUNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS)
This is a battery supply that can automatically take over some of the connected electrical load in a building should the mains supply fail. The d.c. battery supply is converted electronically into a.c. to ensure continuity of the supply to computers and other essential equipment that requires a constant supply.
VOLT
The volt is the unit of electro - motive - force or e.m.f. that can be produced by chemical means as in a battery, magnetic means as in a generator or alternator, or by heat on dissimilar metals, e.g. a thermocouple. Symbol: V or U
VOLTMETER
A voltmeter is a measuring instrument that can be connected between two points of different potential in a circuit in order to determine the voltage between those points, e.g. between a line and neutral of a single-phase a.c. supply or between the positive and negative of a battery source. A voltmeter can be electro-mechanical e.g. moving-iron, (for a.c. or d.c. voltages), moving-coil, (for d.c. voltages only), or digital in design.
WWATT
The Watt is the unit measurement of Power. Symbol: W
WATTMETER
This is a measuring instrument that shows the true power of a circuit. The instrument usually has three connections allowing it to be connected in series, for current measurement and parallel, for voltage measurement. The combined effect of the magnetic fields produced in the current and voltage coils of the instrument indicates the power of the circuit or load.
WIRING DIAGRAM
This is a clear line drawing showing every conductor in a circuit including the protective conductor and the components, accessories and equipment incorporated in the circuit.
XEON (XE)
This is an inert gas used for filling certain types of fluorescent tubes and light bulbs.
X-RAY
Electro-magnetic radiation with a shorter wavelength than light that is able to pass through some objects but not others thereby giving some objects a transparent appearance.
YYOKE
The yoke is the laminated steel horizontal members of a power transformer that mechanically connects the laminated steel upright limbs together to form a metallic magnetic circuit through which alternating magnetic flux can pass.
Note: The limbs support the transformer windings or coils.
ZENOR DIODE
This is a solid – state device that is designed to be connected in parallel across a load in order to act as a voltage regulating or limiting device. The zenor diode is shunt connected in such a way that it is reversed biased, i.e. it cannot conduct but will shortcircuit and conduct if the voltage rises above a specific level.
The device is named after its inventor: C M Zenor.
INDUSTRY CONTACTS
Aico
T: 01691 664100 I E: enquiries@aico.co.uk I W: aico.co.uk
Aico, an Ei Company, are the European market leader in home life safety, pioneering technologies and quality alarms. Their Connected Home offering expanded through HomeLINK, a high-tech software team innovating home integration and analytic technologies.
@AicoLimited @aico_limited @aicoltd @Aico_Limited
@aico-smoke-&-gas-protection @aicoalarms
BG Electrical
W: www.bgelectrical.uk
BG Electrical, part of Luceco Group, is a leading manufacturer and distributor of high-quality and innovative wiring accessories, circuit protection and portable power. With over 75 years within the industry, BG Electrical has gained an invaluable reputation.
@luceco-group @lucecogroup @lucecogroup @bg_electrical_uk @bg_luceco @Lucecogroup
Bosch Pro
T: 0344 736 0109 I E: Bosch.ServiceCentre@uk.bosch.com
Bosch Professional engineer power tools, measuring tools and accessories to the highest standards, designed to meet the toughest jobs in the trade and make professionals more efficient every day on site.
@boschprouk @boschprouk
T: 01763 272 717 I E: customerservices@cef.co.uk
CEF is the expert supplier of electrical products and services for professional buyers and installers all over the UK. CEF offer the largest range of products including leading brands and value alternatives, alongside specialist knowhow, friendly advice and support that’s the best in the industry.
@cityelectricalfactors @cefonline
@city-electrical-factors/
Ideal Electrical
@myceftv
T: 01925 444 446 I E: eur.sales@idealindustries.com
Founded in 1916, Ideal Electrical is the world’s largest wire connector manufacturer and supplies quality products for fast, easy and safe installation including connectors, lubricants, fish tapes, benders, cutters, strippers, lockout/tagout devices, test & measurement, datacom tools, accessories and testers.
@idealindustries_emea
@ideal_electrical
@idealindustriesemea
@IDEALElectricalGlobal
www.linkedin.com/showcase/ideal-electric
Luceco Lighting
W: www.luceco.com
@ideal_emea
bg_luceco @Lucecogroup CEF
Luceco Lighting, part of Luceco Group, is a manufacturer and distributor of high-efficiency, energy-saving LED luminaires. Established in 2013, Luceco Lighting has rapidly established itself as one of the leading brands for professional lighting in the UK.
@luceco_lighting
@lucecogroup
@luceco-group @lucecogroup
W: www.netservices.org.uk I E: info@netservices.org.uk
National Electrotechnical Training (NET) is the industry charity responsible for the Installation Electrician and Domestic Electrician apprenticeship End Point Assessments, and the industry assessment of competence (the ‘AM2’). NET’s website provides full guidance on how to prepare for your assessment:
@NET_Assessments
@national-electrotechnical-training-net-
Sync Energy
W: www.sync.energy
Sync Energy, part of Luceco Group, is a manufacturer and distributor of EV chargers for the residential and commercial sectors. Sync Energy is investing heavily in new product development and technical support, to meet the needs of the rapidly growing EV market.
@lucecogroup @sync.energy.uk
@luceco-group @lucecogroup
@bg_luceco @syncev_uk
T: +44 (0) 203 893 2159 I E: Installers@tado.com
tado° is the expert in smart heating and home energy management. Our products and services – designed and developed in Germany – offer everything professionals need to help customers to heat and cool their home in an energy-efficient manner.
@tado_com @tado @tado_com
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