BTX Handbook 2025

BT X

THE ESSENTIAL BOOK

THE FUTURE OF THE INDUSTRY IS YOURS

REACHING THE NEXT GENERATION OF THE UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Stormshield Silicone

The silicone technology provides high levels of breathability to allow moisture to leave the surface, resisting damage to the render or paint film. It is extremely durable with 15 years life expectancy and excellent weather resistance. It can be applied from 2ºC and rising, and is rain resistant after 20 minutes*

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EDITOR: CELIA MATTHEWS celia.matthews@sng-publishing.co.uk

SENIOR GRAPHIC DESIGNER: LEE OWEN design@sng-publishing.co.uk

DIGITAL MANAGER: PHOEBE MANSFIELD phoebe.mansfield@sng-publishing.co.uk

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MANAGER: PATRICK BLORE patrick.blore@sng-publishing.co.uk

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MANAGER: SARAH HERNE sarah.herne@sng-publishing.co.uk

EVENT MANAGER: REISS BASSETT reiss.bassett@sng-publishing.co.uk

MARKETING MANAGER: SAMANTHA COLE samantha.cole@sng-publishing.co.uk

MANAGING DIRECTOR: ZOË TANNER zoe.tanner@sng-publishing.co.uk

PRINTERS: Stephens & George, Wales

GENERAL ENQUIRIES

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DISCLAIMER

BTX is published by SNG Publishing Ltd (SNG). All content and artwork are © SNG Publishing Ltd or its contributors and SNG and BTX are trademarks of SNG Publishing Ltd.

No part of BTX may be copied, transmitted or published in any form or by any means without prior permission.

Although SNG has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this publication, it does not verify any claims or other information appearing in the advertisements contained in BTX. It therefore cannot accept any responsibility whatsoever for consequences that may arise from the content or artwork contained in BTX, including any errors or omissions or any opinions or advice given therein. This publication and its content are not a substitute for professional advice on a particular matter. Advertisements are accepted for publication in BTX only upon SNG Publishing Ltd’s standard terms of advertising.

ongratulations on choosing a career in construction! You’re on your way to becoming a skilled pro in a vital industry, and BTX is here to support you every step of the way.

Backed by college lecturers and industry experts, this handbook is your go-to guide for excellence. Inside, you’ll find advice on securing apprenticeships, acing interviews, and essential health and safety info, including PPE must-haves. Plus, test your knowledge with our handy A-Z glossary and revision exercises.

Exciting news for 2025: we’re launching the very first BTX Painting and Decorating Learner of the Year, with more trades to follow. Watch this space! In February and March, we will be hosting two regional heats in the search for the best up-and-coming industry pros. Follow all the action on social media, using #btxpaint25.

Whether you’re pursuing a future as a bricklayer, carpenter, plasterer, painter or roofer, your role is crucial. The industry’s strength lies in teamwork and diversity, and we’re here to help you embrace the journey.

Here’s to the start of your incredible journey in construction!

EDITOR

Celia Matthews

BUILD A SOCIAL MEDIA FOLLOWING

Running a social media account is a great way to build your professional image and get noticed by potential employers or customers. Here are some top tips to help you grow your following:

■ Post regularly – at least 3 times a week.

■ Engage with and interact with other accounts in your industry.

■ Mix it up with a variety of content, such as reels, carousels, and static posts, to reach different audiences.

■ Tag @btx_uk so we can share your work and credit you!

SOCIAL MEDIA TOOLS

EDITING

Creating fast-paced and engaging videos has never been easier, thanks to the variety of free editing apps now available. One popular app is CapCut, which offers trending video templates to help you quickly create reels and TikToks.

SCHEDULING

Consistency can be a challenge, especially when you're busy working. Scheduling tools like Metricool and Later let you plan and automate posts across multiple platforms - and many offer free account options.

GRAPHICS

Professional-looking graphics are simple to create with tools like Canva, which provides plenty of free, fully customisable templates for your social media content.

CAREERS IN CONSTRUCTION

WHY CONSTRUCTION?

The Construction Industry is where opportunity, learning, and fun all come together. Ready to put on that hard hat? Here are our top ten reasons why construction is for you.

TOP 10 REASONS

1. SO MANY CHOICES!

Whether you enjoy being hands-on or prefer managing big projects, construction's got you covered with heaps of different opportunities.

2. CHA-CHING!

Did you know construction workers in the UK earn an average of £38,871 a year? And if you're just starting, you could earn between £17,000 and £25,000. Not too shabby, right?

3. ALWAYS IN DEMAND

Trust us, skilled builders are always needed. This means you've got job security that's as solid as the buildings you'll work on.

4. CLIMBING UP FAST

Fancy a quick career boost? Enter skills competitions to show off your skills and commitment, and you'll find yourself moving up the ladder in no time.

5. BUILDING DREAMS

Imagine saying, "I helped build that!" every time you pass by a cool building you worked on. That's some real pride right there.

6. GENDER EQUALITY

With over 320,000 females working in construction, it’s all about smashing stereotypes and promoting gender equality.

7. SAVING THE PLANET

If you're all about a greener future, construction’s where you belong! With renewable materials, every project can shape a more sustainable world.

8. SAFETY FIRST

You'll become a pro at keeping things safe and sound on-site. It's a big deal, and you'll be part of it.

9. TECH & INNOVATION

Construction is all about learning new tech and hey, who doesn't love feeling smarter every day?

10. BEST MATES AT WORK

You'll team up with loads of different people, creating lasting friendships. It's like being part of a big construction family!

“It's all about getting better. Soak up advice like a sponge”

APPRENTICESHIP SUCCESS TIPS

Just started your apprenticeship? Check out these game-changing tips to help build that solid foundation for your career.

SUCCESS TIPS

1. LEARN THE ROPES

Keep your eyes on the pros - learn the rules and etiquette. Safety, teamwork, the works!

2. SAFETY FIRST

Always gear up properly and speak up. If in doubt, just ask!

3. WELCOME FEEDBACK

It's all about getting better. Soak up advice like a sponge.

4. NETWORK, NETWORK, NETWORK

Make connections; they're invaluable for your career path.

5. SHOW YOUR SPARK

Be the early bird, the dependable one, who's always keen for more.

6. THEORY MATTERS TOO

Understand the 'why' behind the 'how.' It’s crucial for your growth.

7. UPSKILL NOW

Get your hands on a variety of tasks. The more skills you have, the better.

8. STAY IN THE KNOW

Construction's always changing. Stay on top of trends and tech.

9. GRAB YOUR CSCS CARD

Once you’re qualified, it's your golden ticket to show you're ready for on-site work.

10. THINK AHEAD

After your apprenticeship, what's next? Extra courses can boost your career.

Remember, this apprenticeship is just the start of your awesome journey in construction.

“make every day count!”

GEARING UP

The UK construction industry is gearing up for an exciting future! According to Glenigan, a construction insights company, the UK construction industry is anticipated to see a 12% increase in 2024 and a further 3% in 2025.

SCAN HERE

To work on-site you will need a CSCS card. Find out more by watching this short video

3-STEP GUIDE: APPRENTICESHIPS

Looking for that first job in the construction industry can be daunting. Here's a 3-step guide to help you secure an apprenticeship with confidence.

STEP 1

DISCOVERING JOB OPPORTUNITIES

Searching for the right apprenticeship job opportunity will be your first step. Here's where to start:

1. COLLEGE SUPPORT:

Take advantage of your college resources. Your college's apprenticeship officer or careers advisor should be able to connect you with employers known to the college for potential apprenticeship vacancies.

2. WORK EXPERIENCE:

Gaining work experience through a trial period can be a gateway to an apprenticeship. It's an excellent opportunity to earn a good reference, or in some cases, it might directly lead to an apprenticeship offer.

3. ONLINE RESOURCES:

A primary resource is www.gov.uk/applyapprenticeship. This platform allows you to search based on your location and industry preference. Remember to set up alerts for new postings, as opportunities can arise at any time.

STEP 2

MAKING YOUR APPLICATION STAND OUT

The next step is filling out a job application that gets you noticed for all the right reasons. Here’s how:

1. PERSONALISE YOUR APPLICATION:

Ditch the one-size-fits-all approach. Each application should be tailored to that specific job role, showcasing the experiences and skills that make you the right fit for that particular job.

2. SHOW YOUR ENTHUSIASM:

Your passion for the construction industry can be your edge. Include any relevant projects or experiences, such as representing your college in a skills competition. This displays a genuine interest and willingness to grow in the industry.

3. INCLUDE RELEVANT QUALIFICATIONS:

If you have any industry-specific qualifications, like a CSCS card, make sure they’re front and centre. It's a clear signal that you’re prepared and knowledgeable about the essentials of the industry.

4. SHOW ATTENTION TO DETAIL:

A well-proofread application is non-negotiable. It shows that you're thorough and take your job application seriously.

“Get the word out that you are looking for work!”

STEP 3

WHAT’S AN APPRENTICESHIP?

“An apprenticeship is a real job where you learn, gain experience and get paid. You’re an employee with a contract of employment and holiday leave. By the end of an apprenticeship, you'll have the right skills and knowledge needed for your chosen career.”

Source: Apprenticeships, HM Government

IF YOU CAN’T FIND AN APPRENTICESHIP RIGHT AWAY

It's important to remember that finding the right apprenticeship can take time. Here’s what to do:

1. KEEP APPLYING:

Persistence is key. Continue applying and tailoring each application to the specific job role. Your perseverance will pay off.

2. EXPAND YOUR SEARCH:

Sometimes, looking a little outside your initial preference can open up unexpected opportunities.

3. SEEK FEEDBACK:

If possible, ask for feedback on unsuccessful applications. This can provide valuable insights for future applications.

4. NETWORK AND CONNECT:

Attend industry events, visit your local builders merchant, and get the word out that you are looking for work. Networking can often lead to opportunities.

5. STAY POSITIVE:

Remember, each application is a step closer to your goal. Stay focused and keep pushing forward.

Securing an apprenticeship is a journey of persistence, learning, and personal growth. Staying motivated with a positive attitude, will help in laying the groundwork for a rewarding career in construction.

“Before sending off your job application, make sure you spell check it”

GET READY TO IMPRESS

Heading to your first job interview? Here are our top tips for making a great first impression.

BEFORE THE INTERVIEW

1 DO YOUR HOMEWORK

Dig a little into the company's background before the interview. Show them you're not just there for a paycheck –you've done your homework and know what they're all about. It's a big thumbs-up for employers when you show you're genuinely interested.

2 SEARCH THEIR WEBSITE

Give their website a good look-over. Understand what they offer and what makes them different. This isn’t just scrolling; it’s strategic preparation. Make notes of anything you think is important.

3 CHECK THEIR SOCIAL MEDIA

Companies love to showcase their work on socials, plus you’ll see how they interact with customers and whether they have happy customers or not! It’s like getting a sneak peek into their world.

4 QUESTIONS = SECRET WEAPON

Remember, an interview is a two-way process, so make sure you have a few questions at the ready. Ask about how the company supports new starters or apprentices, and the specifics of the role. Be prepared to explain why you’re a great fit for the job, focusing on qualities like reliability, teamwork, and a positive attitude.

Hold your head high –you got this!

“Answer honestly, rather than trying to second-guess what they want to hear”

AT THE INTERVIEW

1

DRESS TO IMPRESS

No need to suit up like you’re going to a wedding, but dress neatly. Clean and tidy workwear is perfectly fine. Your appearance shows that you take the interview and the opportunity seriously.

2

STAY CALM

Take a sec to breathe deep and relax. The interviewer isn’t there to trip you up. Just be yourself and speak your truth. No need to play mind games guessing what they want to hear. Answer questions honestly and authentically.

3

BE CONFIDENT

Sit up straight, make eye contact, and show confidence in your abilities. Even if you’re nervous, which is completely natural, believe in yourself - you’ve earned this opportunity. Hold your head high – you got this.

4

ASK YOUR QUESTIONS

Remember to ask the questions you’ve prepared. This shows your interest in the company and the job role. And if something pops up during the chat that sparks your curiosity, just ask. This is also your opportunity to see if they’re the right fit for you.

DID YOU KNOW?

■ The average job interview lasts between 30 and 45 minutes

■ 40% of employers would reject a candidate if they showed no enthusiasm

■ A lack of understanding of the role is the most common reason for rejecting a candidate.

BE A PRO!

Being professional is a simple way to impress your customers and earn that all-important recommendation.

1

TURN UP ON TIME

Being punctual shows that you’re reliable. Showing up late is not going to endear you to a customer who has potentially waited all morning for you to arrive. If you’re running late through no fault of your own, call ahead to let your customer know you’ve been delayed.

2

“Look after your customers and they’ll look after you!”

RESPECT YOUR CUSTOMER’S PROPERTY

Show your respect for people’s property by taking off your shoes if you’re entering their home. If you need to wear shoes for the job, wear shoe covers. Remember to put down protective floor covers wherever you work indoors, and clean up afterwards.

3 LOOK THE PART

Dressing smartly suggests professionalism from the outset. A polo shirt with your company logo on it is much better than a tatty old t-shirt. Make sure you are wearing the allimportant PPE for the job in hand.

4

MANNERS COST NOTHING

Something as simple as saying ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ can make a real difference to how a customer sees you. Listen to your customer and be sympathetic to their concerns, no matter how trivial they may seem to you. You may need to be more patient with elderly customers.

5

CLEAR COMMUNICATION

Always keep your customer informed about the progress of the work, any changes in plans, and potential delays. If there are issues or complications, be honest and provide solutions. Good communication builds trust and demonstrates that you value your customer's peace of mind.

SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

FOOTWEAR: COMFORT & SAFETY MADE EASY

Your safety shoes are more than just part of your work gear - they’re your ticket to staying comfy and protected on the job.

Picking the right pair of safety shoes can make all the difference. Make sure you choose shoes that are designed to protect your feet from any hazards or obstacles you might face when working on-site. Here’s what to look for:

THE SOLE

This is where the magic happens. Your soles keep you steady, so make sure they’re oil-, heat- and slip-resistant. You’ll thank yourself when you’re not slipping and sliding around.

TOE CAPS

Go for boots made with breathable and tough materials that’ll keep up with you all day. Look out for CORDURA® - this stuff is seriously durable and built to handle whatever your job throws at you.

MIDSOLES

Think of midsoles as the hidden MVP of your boots. They cushion your feet for extra comfort and come with safety plates to stop sharp stuff like nails from ruining your day.

Want something that’s lightweight and easy on your feet? Check out sporty styles with fibreglass toe caps. They’re tough enough to keep your toes safe but light enough that you won’t feel weighed down. of Snickers Workwear.

WORKWEAR: STYLING IT OUT

Put your

safety

first! Gear up with work trousers that are super durable and with stretch panels, so they flex with every move you make.

Trackies and jeans might feel comfy, but they’re not built to handle the demands of a tough workday. Professional workwear will protect both you and your career! With the construction industry reporting the highest rates of knee injuries, staying safe has to come first. Choose workwear that’s up to the job.

DURABLE MATERIAL

Look for super-durable styles with stretch panels that flex with your every move. Whether you’re lifting, climbing, or hustling all day, these are built for all-day comfort - no compromises.

REINFORCED KNEEPADS

Protect your knees now and for the future with certified kneepads. They’re designed to block sharp objects and keep you going strong, even on the toughest jobs.

FULLY LOADED POCKETS

Holster pockets are an absolute win. They keep your tools and essentials right where you need them - no more scrambling around when you’re mid-task.

KNEE PAD POCKETS

Got knee pads? Slide them into these special pockets. Perfect for when you're working down low and want to avoid those "Ouch!" moments.

QUICK FACT

KNEE STRESS = OSTEOARTHRITIS RISK #KNEECARE

HEALTH & SAFETY AT WORK

Keeping safe, while on the job, is a big deal in construction and will be part of your daily routine.

“Always use the correct PPE and keep things clean”

T(HASAWA) of 1974 is your go-to rule book for staying safe. You've got to stick to its rules for your own good and for everyone else on-site.

KEY THINGS TO REMEMBER FROM HASAWA

■ When you're working in someone's house, their safety is in your hands. That place is your workplace.

■ Keeping the work area safe from hazards is your responsibility and those you work with. It's everyone's job.

■ Your boss will give you safety equipment, but you've still got to use it correctly and look after it. Remember, you still need to maintain safety as your boss cannot cater for negligence, if you’re not being careful.

COMMON DANGERS FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS

WORKING AT HEIGHTS

Working up high, like on scaffolding, roofs or in attics, means you could fall. Always check that where you're standing is secure and safe. Never stand on a surface unless you’re 100% it’s safe.

EXPOSURE TO NOISE

Tools and machinery can be extremely loud, and create more decibels of sound than the human ear can safely be exposed to. Protect your ears with earplugs or ear defenders.

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

You might be exposed to harmful materials like lead or asbestos, so make sure you maintain good ventilation where you are working at all times. Apply barrier cream before starting a job and wash your hands on breaks. Always use the correct PPE (gloves, masks, and other safetywear), and keep things clean.

The COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations must be adhered to at all times. Substances that fall under COSHH will often be labelled as dangerous (i.e. toxic, very toxic, harmful, irritant or corrosive) and control measures must be applied when handling such substances. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions of use.

TOOL AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY

Without the right tools you cannot do the job right – and without ensuring that all of your equipment is safe, you cannot do the job safely.

Always make sure to look after your tools and equipment, and use them correctly. For example, always cut away from your face and body when using sharp objects. If the task at hand requires a lot of concentration or if you are in an awkward position whilst performing the task, take frequent breaks to eliminate the chance of error and adjust your position regularly to avoid cramping and muscle injury.

BURNS

Hot water and steam can burn you badly. If you get burned, run cold water over it immediately. Do not remove anything that may be sticking to the burn – this may cause further damage and introduce infection. Always call 999/112 for emergency help.

SLIPS AND TRIPS

If someone gets hurt, like a broken bone, try to keep them still and get help fast. You should prevent movement at the site of the injury and keep them still until the injured part is secured and supported. If the person is in immediate danger, then of course they should be moved away from the hazard – but do not put yourself at risk and always call

DID YOU KNOW?

The heaviest weight a fit person should lift is about 20kg (that's like a big suitcase).

“Never stand on a surface unless you’re 100% it’s safe”

Lock away dangerous substances in an approved, clearly labelled place when you’re not using them. TOP TIP

BRICKLAYING

BRICKLAYING: A CRAFT WITH A FUTURE

Looking for a career where you can work with your hands, build something that lasts, and develop skills that are always in demand?

Bricklaying could be the perfect fit. Stephen O’Donoghue, bricklayer and tutor at Telford College, shares his experience and advice for getting started in this rewarding trade.

WHY BRICKLAYING?

Whether you’re working on modern homes or restoring historic buildings, every project brings new challenges and opportunities. It’s a trade that requires skill, precision, and attention to detail.

“Skilled bricklayers are always in demand, and that’s not changing any time soon”

MY JOURNEY IN THE TRADE

I started bricklaying at 16 and have been in the industry for over 40 years. From new builds to restoring medieval churches, I’ve worked on a huge range of projects. In 2021, I had the chance to visit Telford College to see how students were learning the trade. That visit led me to a new role - teaching bricklaying while still running my own business. Sharing my experience with young bricklayers has been incredibly rewarding, and it’s great to see new talent coming through.

Whether you want to work on new builds or help preserve historic architecture, there’s plenty of work out there.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD BRICKLAYER?

Bricklaying is a mix of skill and knowledge. It’s not just about putting bricks together - you need to understand different materials, work to precise measurements, and make sure the finished structure is solid. For example, lime mortar is used in historic buildings because it allows them to ‘breathe’ and last longer, while cement is more common in modern construction.

SCAN HERE to vist the Telford College website for more information.

Photos courtesy of Telford College

GETTING STARTED

If you’re thinking about a career in construction, here are some things to keep in mind:

1 GET HANDS-ON EXPERIENCE:

Shadowing a bricklayer or getting work experience will help you see if the trade suits you.

2 TALK TO PEOPLE IN THE INDUSTRY:

Builders and tradespeople can give you insights you won’t find in a textbook.

3 LEARN THE BASICS:

College courses or apprenticeships can give you a strong foundation in techniques and safety.

4 INVEST IN GOOD TOOLS:

A solid set of tools makes your work easier and more precise.

5 PAY ATTENTION TO DETAIL: Precision is key in this trade. The best bricklayers take pride in their work and get it right the first time.

6 KEEP LEARNING:

New techniques and materials are always coming in, so staying up to date will keep you ahead in the industry.

“There’s plenty of room to grow, and no two days are the same”

WHY CHOOSE CONSTRUCTION?

A career in construction offers job security, variety, and the satisfaction of seeing your work take shape. You can work on-site, specialise in restoration, start your own business, or even go into teaching. There’s plenty of room to grow, and no two days are the same.

I’ve never regretted choosing this path. It’s given me skills, independence, and a career that’s always evolving. Whether you’re just leaving school or thinking about a career change, bricklaying is a trade that’s worth considering. Pick up a trowel, give it a go, and see where it takes you.

CARPENTRY AND JOINERY

CRAFTING EXCELLENCE

Woodworking is an excellent career choice! These trades offer a unique mix of creativity and practical expertise, leading to a rewarding and highly respected career.

Darren Jones, an expert Carpentry & Joinery Lecturer from Wigan & Leigh College, offers his insights into the woodworking trades, along with top tips for anyone starting out.

Carpentry and joinery are highly skilled trades, each with its own set of skills and applications, offering a range of opportunities.

CARPENTRY

Carpentry involves constructing, installing and repairing wooden structures and components. Carpenters work with materials like timber, plywood, and other woods, building and assembling various structures. They typically work on-site, constructing roofs, joists, flooring, and fitting doors, windows, stairs, kitchens, architrave and skirting.

JOINERY

Joinery focusses on precision and detail. It's the art of creating wooden components in workshops, such as doors, windows, and furniture. Joiners use specialised tools like chisels, planes and saws. They craft pieces that are functional and aesthetically pleasing, using techniques like mortise & tenon and dovetail joints.

DARREN'S TOP TIPS

1

SAFETY FIRST:

Prioritise safety by wearing appropriate protective gear, using tools correctly, and maintaining a tidy workspace to prevent accidents.

2

KNOW YOUR TOOLS:

Familiarise yourself with each tool in your toolkit, practising their safe and efficient use.

3

ACCURACY IS KEY:

Develop your skills by practising measuring techniques, employing proper cutting methods, and refining your skill through attention to detail.

“Being organised and managing your time efficiently are crucial”

4

CHOOSE QUALITY MATERIALS:

Always choose high-quality wood and materials for your projects. Understanding the characteristics of different types of wood will help you in your selection.

5

ESSENTIAL SKILLS:

A good level of maths and English is crucial to ensure precise measurements and calculations. For example, carpenters need to accurately calculate material quantities and understand geometric principles and interpret drawings.

6

PROBLEM-SOLVING:

Cultivate your problem-solving skills by thinking creatively, exploring alternative solutions, and seeking advice from the pros.

7

“Always choose highquality wood and materials for your projects”

CONTINUOUS LEARNING:

Stay updated in this ever-evolving industry, with new techniques, materials, and industry trends by continuous learning through further education, online resources, or hands-on experience.

8

TIME MANAGEMENT:

Being organised and managing your time efficiently are crucial for success in carpentry and joinery.

9

PROFESSIONALISM:

Trustworthiness, punctuality, and reliability are all key components of professionalism. Demonstrating these qualities will help you build a reputable professional image.

10

COMMUNICATION:

Clear communication with clients, colleagues, and supervisors will ensure the job is completed successfully.

The keys to success in carpentry and joinery lie in honing your skills, embracing innovation, and maintaining a commitment to quality and safety - the cornerstones of a rewarding career.

WHERE CAN A CAREER IN CARPENTRY TAKE YOU?

A career in site carpentry offers a variety of opportunities, from management to self-employment. Here, Darren Jones, Carpentry and Joinery Lecturer at Wigan & Leigh College, offers guidance on different career progressions.

After completing your apprenticeship and gaining experience, you might specialise in:

• 1ST FIX – roofing, flooring, stud walls, casing

• 2ND FIX – skirting, architraves, doors

• Window, door, kitchen, and bedroom fitting

• Staircase manufacture and installation

Here are some potential career paths for you to consider:

1 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGER:

■ Skills Needed: Leadership, organisation, communication, time management.

■ Progression: Gain experience in site coordination and project management.

■ Qualifications: NVQ, BTEC, or degree in Construction Management.

■ Role: Overseeing projects, managing budgets and schedules, ensuring safety compliance, and liaising with clients and contractors.

2 SITE SUPERVISOR / MANAGER

■ Skills Needed: Leadership, organisation, building regulations knowledge.

■ Progression: With significant on-site experience, carpenters can move into supervision.

■ Qualifications: NVQ Level 3 or Site Management qualification.

■ Role: Managing workers, ensuring quality control, maintaining schedules and safety.

“Keep learning and developing your skills to reach your goals”

4 QUANTITY SURVEYOR

■ Skills Needed: Cost control, contracts and financial management.

■ Progression: Hands-on carpentry experience will be valuable for this role, but formal training will improve prospects.

■ Qualifications: Degree in Quantity Surveying or NVQ Level 6.

■ Role: Managing project budgets, preparing estimates, ensuring cost efficiency.

5 HEALTH & SAFETY OFFICER / MANAGER

■ Skills Needed: Understanding of health and safety regulations, risk management, attention to detail and communication.

■ Progression: Gaining hands-on experience in safety protocols.

■ Qualifications: NEBOSH (National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health) certification.

■ Role: Ensuring compliance, conducting site inspections and training staff.

3 CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATOR

■ Skills Needed: Maths, attention to detail, budgeting.

■ Progression: Training in construction estimating or quantity surveying.

■ Qualifications: RICS (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors) or CIOB (Chartered Institute of Building) certification.

■ Role: Estimating material, labour, and project costs, preparing bids, and helping with budgeting.

6 CARPENTRY & JOINERY LECTURER / ASSESSOR

■ Skills Needed: Teaching, communication skills and industry expertise.

■ Progression: With significant experience as a carpenter, you can move into teaching or assessing apprentices.

■ Qualifications: NVQ Assessor qualifications, teaching certifications.

■ Role: Training apprentices, assessing learners, ensuring standards are met.

7 BUILDING SURVEYOR

■ Skills Needed: Understanding building regulations, problem-solving and attention to detail.

■ Progression: If you’re interested in this role, you will need formal qualifications.

■ Qualifications: Building Surveying degree (or related field) and RICS accreditation.

■ Role: Inspecting and assessing buildings, advising on repairs, renovations and compliance.

8 SELF-EMPLOYED / BUSINESS OWNER

■ Skills Needed: Business management, customer relations and marketing.

■ Progression: Experience in carpentry, business and financial knowledge.

■ Qualifications: Not essential, but business training can help.

■ Role: Running a carpentry/construction business, managing projects and employees.

“A carpentry apprenticeship can open doors to exciting roles within construction”

TOP TIPS

■ Get Qualified – Continuous learning opens new opportunities.

■ Network – Building industry contacts help with career growth.

■ Stay Updated – Keep up with regulations and technology to stay ahead.

9 BUILDING INSPECTOR

■ Skills Needed: Regulations knowledge, attention to detail and communication.

■ Progression: Carpenters can become building inspectors after gaining experience and additional training.

■ Qualifications: HNC or degree in Building Surveying/Construction Technology. CIOB or RICS qualifications help.

■ Role: Inspecting construction sites, ensuring compliance, reviewing architectural plans and advising on regulations.

“Experienced carpenters with an entrepreneurial mindset can start their own business”

SCAN HERE

For more information about carpentry and joinery courses at Wigan & Leigh College.

TIMBER SIZE CONVERSION CHART

Note: These are rounded up numbers

CEMENT MATERIALS

A Guide to Choosing the Right Cement

In the world of construction, cement is essential. It’s the binding agent that holds our roads, buildings, and bridges together. Understanding the different types will ensure you choose the right cement for the job.

THE PRODUCTION OF CEMENT

Cement is primarily made up of two natural resources: limestone and clay. When heated in a kiln, these elements combine to form ‘clinker’. Clinker is then ground and mixed with additives, resulting in various types of cement, tailored for specific applications.

THE TYPES OF CEMENT

In the UK, there are several types of cement available but commonly you will find most bagged cement used by tradespeople are CEM II Portland Composite Cements.

■ CEM II: Portland-Composite Cement: A factory-produced composite cement consisting of finely ground clinker. Clinker is mixed with other ingredients with special properties, like those below, which help reduce the amount needed. Since clinker requires a lot of energy to produce, using less lowers carbon emissionsmaking cement more environmentally friendly.

The three most common composite materials are:

■ Ground-Granulated Furnace Slag (S): A by-product of iron.

■ Limestone (L or LL): An abundant rock from the Earth’s crust.

■ Siliceous Fly Ash (V): A residue from burning hard coal.

“Cement is a key ingredient in concrete, mortar, and screeds”

DECODING CEMENT TERMINOLOGY

Understanding technical terms can be daunting, so here’s a breakdown using an example to help:

TECHNICAL NAME: CEM II / B-V 42,5 N

■ Main Type: CEM II – Indicates the cement is a Portland-composite variant.

■ Composition Ratio: ‘B’ denotes the percentage split between clinker and the composite material.

■ Composite Material: ‘V’ signifies it contains fly ash.

■ Strength Class: ‘42,5’ is an indicator of the cement’s inherent strength.

■ Early Strength: ‘N’ stands for normal, representing the setting speed and initial strength. Higher early strengths will include an ‘R’ in place of the ’N’.

By understanding the product data, you can confidently select the cement type that best suits your project needs.

CEMENT THAT GIVES YOU THE ADVANTAGE

Introducing our new look kit inspired by our history and heritage.

Inspired by Rugby’s history and heritage, the new kit is tough, copes in all weathers and features bold colours making it easy to recognise. The Vertua labelling highlights our commitment to sustainable development and makes it easier to identify lower carbon cements.

Get in touch to find out more: t: 0808 1451900 e: gb-cementsales@cemex.com w: cemex.co.uk/cement

Cement Types & Applications

The different types of cement are vast. Below is a handy guide to help you understand which type of cement works best with specific applications.

GENERAL PURPOSE

A blended cement containing limestone used for general purpose applications. Rugby Premium, (Cemex’s general cement) is a Portland-composite cement, meaning it emits less CO2 than a conventional Portland cement, making it more sustainable.

APPLICATION:

■ General purpose

HIGH STRENGTH

A cement with strength superior to conventional varieties. It is used in applications where higher durability is required, such as groundwork where strength is needed to withstand heavy loads.

APPLICATION:

■ Precast components

■ Groundwork

■ Cold weather working

SULFATE

Sulfate cement is more resistant to sulfate attacks, which are common in underground environments. Sulfate uses a minimum of 25% fly ash, a waste by-product of coal-fired power stations.

APPLICATION:

■ Below ground work

FAST SET

Contains special additives that allow the cement to harden and gain strength rapidly, making it ideal for mortar and concrete jobs where speed is necessary, such as repairs to pedestrian areas.

APPLICATION:

■ Kerbs, setting manholes and posts

■ Concrete drives and steps

“It’s important to choose lower carbon cements, whenever possible, to minimise the environmental footprint”

HYDRATED LIME

Hydrated lime is a fine, white powder made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) to drive off the carbon dioxide and adding water to produce a material called calcium hydroxide or hydrated lime. Hydrated lime changes the consistency of mortar making it easier to work with, which is ideal for bricklayers.

APPLICATION:

■ Bricklaying mortar

■ Lime wash mortar

HYDRAULIC LIME

Hydraulic lime is a powdered lime with strength-giving properties that are made from limestone. It is used for repairing old buildings because it is highly tolerable to movements within buildings and joints.

APPLICATION:

■ Restoration of listed buildings

WHITE CEMENT

White cement has the same properties as High Strength, but it is used where colour is important.

APPLICATION:

■ Precast

■ Light mortars and renders

■ Architectural finishes

“ Rugby Premium is a Portlandcomposite cement, meaning it emits less CO 2 than a conventional Portland cement, making it more sustainable ”

“The Vertua logo shows that the product is more sustainable than traditional building materials”

LOWER CARBON CEMENTS

The construction industry heavily relies on natural resources, so it’s important for tradespeople to choose lower carbon cements, whenever possible, to minimise the environmental footprint.

BENEFITS:

1

2

Using renewable energy and alternative fuels in the manufacturing process and operating more efficient factories.

Reducing the amount of carbon intensive clinker in the finished product by using alternative materials in its place to reduce the overall carbon dioxide (CO2) attributed to the cement.

Each cement manufacturer will have their own way of highlighting their Lower Carbon Cement range. To highlight the lower carbon Rugby cements, we use a Vertua Logo.

VERTUA RUGBY CEMENTS

Vertua is a family of products from Cemex that help to reduce the environmental impact of building materials.

These products have one or more of the following five features: Lower Carbon Energy Efficiency

Water Conservation

Recycled Materials

Design Optimisation

Any product that has one or more of the above features, will include a Vertua logo to help identify that the product is more sustainable than traditional building materials.

To qualify under the Vertua brand, Rugby Cement products must reduce CO2 emissions by over 25% compared to traditional Portland cements CEM I. This is achieved through using high quality composite materials in the manufacture of cement and reducing emissions through the manufacturing process.

Vertua Cement products are split into three groups based on the amount of the products reduced carbon compared to traditional Portland Cements:

● Vertua Plus: (25% to 39% reduce carbon emissions)

● Vertua Ultra: (40% to 55% reduce carbon emissions)

● Vertua Supreme: (Over 55% reduce carbon emissions)

Three Rugby Cements sit under the Vertua group of products:

● Rugby Sulfate (Vertua Ultra)

● Rugby High Strength (Vertua Plus)

● Rugby Premium (Vertua Plus)

SCAN HERE for more information about the Rugby range.

LUBRICANTS, GREASES & CLEANERS

WD-40® SPECIALIST PRODUCTS – A FORMULA FOR TRUST!

As an apprentice or newly qualified builder, or any professional tradesperson for that matter, your formative years will be spent learning the skills and techniques that will shape your career.

THE TOOLS OF THE TRADE

Developing a reputation for quality, longlasting repairs can build trust with clients and supervisors alike. From mastering the ins and outs of erecting scaffolding, mixing mortar or laying bricks, every task requires precision, efficiency and the right tools. While most of the focus might be on wrenches, trowels and spades, there’s another key tool that can be overlooked but makes a significant difference, particularly when time is of the essence. We are, of course, referring to WD-40 Specialist® products.

INTRODUCING WD-40 SPECIALIST

WD-40 is a brand that needs little or no introduction because of its versatility for cleaning, lubricating and, of course, displacing water and damp conditions. However, the WD-40 Specialist range comprises various products each specifically developed for professionals and industrial use including White Lithium Grease, Spray Grease, Silicone, Contact Cleaner, Penetrant, Degreaser and Cutting Oil.

TACKLING STUBBORN FITTINGS

Friction is a builder’s enemy. Stuck bolts, rusty screws or tight fittings can slow down a process. In worst case situations, a broken bolt holding a scaffold bracket, for example, can derail what should be a swift process. WD40 Specialist Penetrant can solve the issue through its extremely low surface tensions, which enables it to cut through rust, seams and tightly bonded threads to easily saturate and lubricate. In essence, freeing up the problem.

Builders facing corroded fittings, especially in older buildings, often add a spritz of Specialist Penetrant to break the bond caused by years of build-up in rust and corrosion enabling them to be disassembled.

ALL-ROUND PROTECTION

WD-40 Specialist products add that extra protection during installations, services or repairs and help to safeguard that work for the future.

SPECIALIST WHITE LITHIUM GREASE

Provides unequalled protection for heavy-duty, metal-to-metal applications. It is a thick, waterresistant non-drip formula that sticks like glue to wherever it is applied.

SPECIALIST SPRAY GREASE

Has a non-drip formula that provides long-lasting lubrication and corrosion protection on all metals, including vertical surfaces. The formula also contains the classic WD-40 Multi-Use Product as a base, which provides a highly water-resistant lubricant with excellent adhesion properties.

SPECIALIST SILICONE

A high-performing lubricant spray, ideal for high-pressure equipment, and is widely the go-to product for dealing with rubber parts like pipes and plumbing fittings. With the ability to waterproof and prevent cracking, it is the ideal protective lubricant that ensures parts will remain clean and functioning for longer.

SPECIALIST CUTTING OIL

Vastly improves the performance and extends the life of all cutting and drilling tools. The formula is used when cutting through wood, stainless steel or even titanium components and prevents pitting and metal seizures and reduces heat and damage caused by friction.

SPECIALIST CONTACT CLEANER

Essential for any electrical work. The fast-drying non-conductive spray is suitable for even the most sensitive electrical components, switches and connections and removes dirt, dust, condensation and flux residue with ease.

SPECIALIST DEGREASER

Another must for the tool bag. The solvent-based spray quickly removes stubborn oil, grease, dirt and grime without leaving any residue. The process is effortless, spray on the area and wipe away. For heavy or severe soiling, simply leave the solution for a few seconds before wiping away.

All Specialist products come armed with the WD-40 Smart Straw® applicator providing users with two ways to get the job done. Flipped up, the straw can precisely and accurately target hard to reach and problematic areas. Flipped down, this produces a wider spray to cover larger areas.

“WD-40 Specialist products provide extra protection for installations, services, and repairs”

“A free sample of Specialist Penetrant will be available at this year’s Automechanika Birmingham in June”

NEW! SPECIALIST® DRY LUBRICANT

Completing the line-up and adding an eighth product to the range, Specialist Dry Lubricant will be available to buy from June 2025. Ideal for lubricating enclosed areas where dampness, moisture and mould are less than desired, this brand-new product is a must-have for stiff padlocks, latches, conveyor belts and metal extrusions. Specialist Dry Lubricant leaves behind a dry, clear film that won’t attract dirt, dust or oil, and provides excellent corrosion protection on metals, plastics and PVC.

TRY BEFORE YOU BUY

Did you know you can try small sample sizes of the WD-40 Specialist products? A free sample of Specialist Penetrant will be available at all Jewson stores throughout March and April, and at this year’s Automechanika Birmingham in June. If you’re looking to trial Specialist Contact Cleaner before you make a purchase, Euro Car Parts will be giving away free samples of these in May.

SCAN HERE

Sign up to the WD-40 newsletter - be the first to know when and where you can sample our products.

TRADE PAINT

CHOOSING THE RIGHT PAINT

As you start your learning journey, it's essential to understand the importance of choosing the right paint for your projects.

Here are some key factors to consider when selecting your paints.

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

Emulsions are typically designed for use on walls and are formulated to cover large surfaces evenly. In contrast, “trim” products are specifically designed for use on wood and metal surfaces, including areas such as skirting boards, window frames, and doors. You may also come across primers, undercoats, and specialist coatings designed for specific purposes, such as floor paint or stain-blocking paints.

EXPLORING FINISHES

Paint finish plays a significant role in the overall appearance of a room. There are several options to choose from:

Each finish has unique characteristics that vary across brands and product types, such as sheen level and durability. When selecting a finish, consider the room's function, surface imperfections, lighting conditions, and design preferences.

SOLVENT-BASED VS. WATER-BASED PAINTS

Traditionally, solvent-based paints were widely used for their durability. However, with increasing environmental concerns and technological advancements, waterbased paints have gained popularity. They offer low VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) levels, quick drying times, and easy cleanup. Today, water-based paints often perform as well as - or better than - their solvent-based counterparts.

CONSIDER DURABILITY

Durability is crucial, especially for high-traffic areas or projects requiring extra protection. High-durability paints resist scuffs, stains, and fading. For such projects, look for paints with a “Class 1” scrub rating to ensure easy maintenance.

PAINTS FOR EXTERIORS

For exterior projects, choose paints specifically formulated to withstand exposure to sunlight, rain, and temperature fluctuations. Look for products with excellent adhesion, UV resistance, and long-life expectancy. Additionally, consider the climate and environmental conditions of the project’s location.

TOP TIP

Proper surface preparation is often more important than the paint itself. Ensure the surface is clean, dry, and free from loose or flaking paint. Proper priming enhances adhesion and improves paint longevity.

“Understanding colour is fundamental in painting”

COLOUR PRINCIPLES

At the start of your painting journey, explore the basics of colour theory, the effects of colour, and how to combine colours effectively to create visually appealing and harmonious spaces.

THE EFFECTS OF COLOUR

Colours significantly impact emotions, perceptions, and the overall experience of a space. Warm colours like red, orange, and yellow evoke energy and warmth, while cool colours like blue, green, and purple create a sense of calm and peace. Understanding these effects will help you create the desired atmosphere in a room.

COLOUR THEORY

Colour theory is the foundation of understanding how colours interact. By familiarising yourself with the colour wheel - comprising primary, secondary, and tertiary colours - you can easily identify complementary, contrasting, and harmonious colour schemes.

60-30-10: THE PERFECT COLOUR COMBINATION

60%: Dominant colour setting the room’s tone.

30%: Feature colour complementing the dominant shade.

10%: Accent colour for highlights.

This principle can also be used to emphasise architectural features and create focal points.

SCAN HERE

to learn more about the colour tools available from Johnstone’s:

JOHNSTONE’S SUPPORT & SERVICES

At Johnstone’s, we are here to provide all the painting advice you need.

rom preparation to application and aftercare, our team of experts is ready to assist. Our colour consultancy team can also help with tailored colour recipes to match a client’s brief or individual colour matching to bring your project to life.

FYou can match any colour in-store at Johnstone’s Decorating Centres. For any questions, contact our support team:

E: customersupport.acuk@ppg.com

T: 01924 354354

DID YOU KNOW

You can shop Johnstone’s products online. Visit our decorating centre website at johnstonesdc.com or download the app to:

● Access customer-specific pricing.

● View product information.

● Shop products and access invoices.

● Build lists of your favourite items and much more!

SCAN HERE

To download the app.

“You can match any colour in-store at Johnstone’s Decorating Centres”

PAINTING & DECORATING TOOLS

MASTERING THE CRAFT: PROFESSIONAL TOOLS

Starting your journey as a painter and decorator involves more than just skill; it also requires the right set of tools.

In this section, we'll delve into the world of professional tools, focusing on rollers, brushes, and masking techniques. These fundamental tools play a pivotal role in achieving impeccable finishes, making them essential for both seasoned professionals and trainees.

1

ROLLERS:

THE EFFICIENT WORKHORSES

Rollers are the workhorses of the painting world, known for their efficiency in covering large surfaces. Professionals rely on them for tasks ranging from walls to ceilings, ensuring a uniform coat of paint.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE:

■ CHOOSE THE RIGHT PILE: The pile length of the roller determines its suitability for different surfaces. Use shorter pile for smoother surfaces and longer pile for textured walls.

■ LOAD THE ROLLER PROPERLY:

Dip the roller into the paint tray, ensuring even coverage. Roll it back and forth to distribute the paint evenly on the roller.

■ MAINTAIN CONSISTENT PRESSURE:

Apply consistent pressure while rolling to avoid uneven textures. Overlapping strokes slightly ensures complete coverage.

PRODUCT EXAMPLES:

■ ROTA FINISH ROLLER: Renowned for its versatility, this roller delivers a perfect ultra smooth finish. Optimal paint loading minimises the need for frequent reloading, enhancing efficiency.

■ ROTA GOLD ROLLER: Preferred for its durability and paint-release capabilities, this roller ensures a professional-looking result every time.

Stress less just...

2BRUSHES: PRECISION IN EVERY STROKE

While rollers cover large areas, brushes are indispensable for detailed work such as edges, corners, and intricate designs. Professionals often employ a combination of brushes and rollers for a comprehensive approach.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE:

■ CHOOSE THE RIGHT BRUSH:

The type of brush matters; for instance, an angled brush like the Kana Aqua Angled Brush is excellent for cutting in and precision work.

■ DIP AND TAP:

Dip the brush into the paint, tap off excess to prevent drips, and apply with smooth, even strokes for a flawless finish.

■ MAINTAIN BRUSH HYGIENE:

Clean brushes thoroughly after use to preserve their quality and extend their lifespan.

PRODUCT EXAMPLES:

■ KANA AQUA ANGLED BRUSH:

Its angled design allows for precise work in tight spaces, making it essential among professionals for intricate detailing.

■ KANA STAR BRUSH:

Known for its precision, this brush has excellent paint pick-up and coverage and is designed to deliver sharp lines with excellent control, making it a staple for professional painters.

Kana Aqua Angled Brush

“Rollers, brushes, and masking techniques are the backbone of any successful project”

3

MASKING: PRECISION WITHOUT THE MESS

Masking is the unsung hero of professional painting, providing clean lines and protecting surfaces from unintended paint application. It involves using materials like painter's tape and masking film.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE:

■ CHOOSE THE RIGHT TAPE:

Always use the correct tape for the surface and conduct a spot check first.

■ PEEL AND STICK:

Apply tape along the edges, pressing it firmly to prevent paint bleed.

■ MASKING FILM FOR LARGER AREAS:

When dealing with larger surfaces or furniture, masking film provides efficient protection. Secure it in place and cut to fit using a utility knife.

SCAN HERE

Visit Ciret’s website to learn more about their vast range of decorating products.

PRODUCT EXAMPLES:

■ MASQ SUPERIOR PAINTER'S TAPE:

Known for its advanced adhesive technology, this tape ensures sharp lines and residue-free removal, maintaining a professional look.

■ MASQ COVERMASQ:

This combination of tape and masking film streamlines the masking process, saving time and effort.

Rollers, brushes, and masking techniques are the backbone of any successful project. Investing in these tools is a step towards elevating your work to the next level.

Masq Superior Painter's Tape

STRESS LESS –JUST MASQ

Introducing Ciret’s all new, innovative masking tape solution for professional painters & decorators.

These premier quality tapes and masking films are suitable for an extensive number of interior and exterior projects. Let’s look at some of the favourites in more detail.

SUPERIOR

The MASQ Superior Painters Tape, engineered from thin washi paper, is your go-to for precision painting on smooth surfaces. Its UV resistant design allows it to remain intact for up to 60 days, ensuring sharp, clean lines every time.

ULTIMATE

The MASQ Ultimate Painters Tape offers higher tack for irregular surfaces and boasts high moisture and humidity resistance, making it ideal for exterior projects; it can be left on for up to 120 days.

SENSITIVE

The MASQ Sensitive Painters Tape, with a delicate lower tack, is perfect for more delicate areas like wallpaper, and can be left on for up to 90 days.

Masking tapes are versatile tools and the unsung heroes of the decorating world. Whether it’s helping you create perfect pristine lines or covering an exterior surface prior to painting, then MASQ has you covered!

“These versatile tools are the unsung heroes of the decorating world”

SCAN HERE

Learn more about Ciret’s products and how they can support you.

MASQ Sensitive Painters Tape

PLASTERING

MASTERING PLASTERING

Whether you're just starting out or already gaining hands-on experience, these expert pointers from Ben Shaw, Plastering Lecturer at Wigan & Leigh College, will help you master the basics of plastering.

BEN’S TOP TIPS

1 PREPARATION IS KEY:

Before you start any plastering, make sure you have prepared the background thoroughly. All loose areas should be removed, the suction should be controlled and the area should have a good key for the plaster.

2 ORGANISATION:

Make sure you have all the tools, equipment and materials you need ready before you begin. When the plaster is mixed, the clock starts - so being organised will save you valuable time.

3 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ANGLES:

People’s eyes are naturally drawn to the angles in a room. Take great care with your angles - keep them clean, crisp and as straight as you can. Your customer will appreciate the extra effort.

PICTURED:

Sam Dean of Wigan & Leigh College won Gold at the WorldSkills national final.

4

POTENTIAL CAREER PATHS

“As a beginner, don’t take on more than you can handle”

MEASURE TWICE, CUT ONCE:

A golden rule in construction. Double-check your measurements before committing to a cut. This helps to reduce waste - an important consideration when using nonrenewable resources.

5 KEEP YOUR TOOLS CLEAN:

Not only is this good practice, but it will ensure your tools last longer. Clean your tools regularly during plastering to prevent contamination from debris or leftover material on the trowel.

As you build your plastering skills, a range of exciting career opportunities awaits. Below is an overview of some potential paths in the construction industry.

SITE PLASTERER

Work on new build projects - including housing, commercial and industrial properties - often as a subcontractor and typically paid based on the area covered.

DOMESTIC PLASTERER

Focus mainly on residential projects, both internal and external, ranging from maintenance to full refurbishments. Payment is usually on a day-rate basis.

FIBROUS PLASTERER

Specialise in decorative features such as cornicing, panel moulding and ceiling roses. This work is common in restorations but can also feature in modern renovations.

SPECIALIST PLASTERER

Focus on niche areas like damp proofing, restoration or Venetian plasteringallowing you to develop specialist skills that can boost your earning potential.

PROFESSIONAL POSITION

With experience, progress to roles such as site agent, building surveyor, quantity surveyor or teaching - a natural move from the physical demands of plastering.

The plastering trade offers a diverse range of career opportunities. With dedication and continuous learning, you can build an exciting and rewarding career in an industry that values your expertise!

MASTERING FINISH STANDARDS

For those new to the industry, it's important to recognise that plastering is a skilled trade requiring adherence to specific standards. Understanding these guidelines will help you achieve professional and long-lasting results in your projects.

APPLICATIONS

Plastering is a wet trade that conforms to the contours of its substrate. Thin applications, such as a 2mm skim coat, address only minor irregularities; thus, specifying tolerances in these cases isn't feasible.

TOLERANCES

When tolerances are necessary, they should be clearly outlined in the project specifications, following the relevant standard:

■ BS 8000-8: Consult this standard for guidance on achievable flatness tolerances in background drylining.

■ BS EN 13914-2: This standard provides information on the flatness, application, design, and inspection of plaster systems.

SMOOTHNESS

The standard, BS EN 13914-2, defines four levels of smoothness:

■ Level 1: No specific requirements.

■ Level 2: Suitable for textured wallpapers, wallcoverings, or textured paints.

■ Level 3: Intended for matt paints, smooth wallpapers, or smooth wallcoverings.

“Plastering is a wet trade that conforms to the contours of its substrate”

■ Level 4: Designed for semi-gloss paints and/or areas with glancing illumination.

NOTE: Unless specified otherwise, Level 1 is assumed as per BS EN 13914-2.

“When tolerances are necessary, they should be clearly outlined in the project specifications”

INSPECTION

■ Recommended Viewing Positions: According to BS EN 13914-2, inspect finished plaster from adjacent areas, such as entrance doorways, the centre of a room in domestic settings, or from 2 metres away in larger spaces.

LIGHTING

■ Avoiding Misleading Impressions: Refrain from shining artificial light at shallow angles across the plaster surface, as this can create unrealistic perceptions of defects.

■ Contract Specifications: If the final lighting design includes glancing angles, this should be clearly stated in the contract documentation, along with the desired level of finish.

“Understanding these guidelines will help you achieve professional and long-lasting results in your projects”

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

The Finishes and Interiors Sector (FIS) is a membership organisation that publishes a suite of best practice guidance. You can find concise guidance notes on plastering, taping and jointing, and causes of cracking in their Knowledge Hub.

SCAN HERE for more information to support your learning.

PLASTERING TOOLS

If you're starting out in plastering, knowing your tools is essential. Ben Shaw, Plastering Lecturer at Wigan & Leigh College, has selected these must-have tools to help you master the trade.

“Look

and

Clean your tools after every use, especially your trowels and brushes, to keep them in top condition. A wellmaintained toolset makes our job easier,

EXERCISES

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION

Understanding the fundamentals of construction is essential for any trade professional. These exercises will help reinforce key principles used on-site every day.

Q1

Q2

Q3

The legal minimum height for a guardrail on scaffolding is 950mm.

The standard width of a doorway in a new-build home must be at least 762mm to comply with accessibility regulations.

All domestic electrical work must be carried out by a qualified electrician.

Q4

Q5

Concrete must reach at least 90% of its final strength within 24 hours of being poured.

A DPM (Damp Proof Membrane) must be installed below a concrete slab to prevent rising damp.

Q6 All new buildings must meet minimum energy efficiency requirements set by Building Regulations Approved Document L.

Q7 The minimum recommended pitch for a tiled roof is 10 degrees.

Q8

Q9

Building regulations state that all excavation work deeper than 1.2 metres requires support to prevent collapse.

A cavity wall tie must be installed at a maximum spacing of 900mm horizontally and 450mm vertically.

Q10 Plasterboard sheets should always be fixed vertically to walls.

MEASUREMENTS

Getting measurements right is crucial in construction - whether it’s length, weight, or volume, accuracy matters. Take this quick multiple-choice quiz to test your knowledge.

BRICKLAYING

Bricklaying requires precision, strength, and knowledge of materials. Answer these questions to check your understanding of bricklaying.

is the standard height of a brick, including mortar joints?

50mm

65mm

75mm

100mm

type of brick bond is the strongest for a wall under heavy load?

Stretcher bond

Flemish bond

English bond

Stack bond

tool is used to check a wall is perfectly vertical?

level

is the primary purpose of a cavity in a cavity wall?

To store wiring

To improve insulation and prevent damp

To save on materials

To allow for expansion

is the purpose of a damp-proof course (DPC) in bricklaying?

To support roof structures

To prevent rising damp

To bond bricks together more securely

To insulate walls

Q5

B Plumb bob

C Trowel D Gauge rod

CARPENTRY & JOINERY

Carpentry and joinery involve accurate measurements, secure fixings, and the right materials. See how much you know with these questions.

Nails

Glue

Duct tape

Nails

Screws

Coach bolts

Staples

PAINTING & DECORATING

Successful painting and decorating rely on understanding materials, tools, and techniques. Test your knowledge with these important questions.

What is the standard width of a roll of wallpaper?

A 45cm B 53cm C 75cm

100cm

If a tin of paint covers 10m² per litre, how much paint is needed to cover a 40m² wall with two coats?

Q3 What is the recommended order when painting a room?

A Ceilings, walls, woodwork

B Walls, woodwork, ceilings

C Woodwork, walls, ceilings

D Ceilings, woodwork, walls

Q5 What is the purpose of primer when painting?

A To add shine

B To seal the surface and help paint adhere

C To speed up drying

D To make the paint thicker

type of paint is best suited for high-moisture areas like kitchens and bathrooms?

type of roller is best for smooth walls and ceilings?

A Matt emulsion

Eggshell

Gloss

Vinyl silk

Short pile

Medium pile

Long pile

Foam

PLASTERING

Plastering requires precision, the right tools, and proper preparation. See how much you know with these questions.

tool is used to smooth out plaster?

Trowel

Plastering float

Hawk

Feather edge

What should be done before applying plaster to a dry surface?

Leave it dry

Wet the surface or prime with PVA

Sand the surface

Paint the surface

Standard gypsum plaster

Bonding plaster

Cement-based plaster

Lime plaster

What is the purpose of a scratch coat?

Aesthetic texture

Keying the surface for topcoat

Stopping water penetration

Preventing cracks

SAFETY REGULATIONS

How much do you know about construction safety and regulations? Have a go at these multiplechoice questions to brush up on the basics and make sure you’re staying on top of your game.

Q1 What is the main purpose of a Construction Phase Plan (CPP)? Ans.

A To outline the financial costs of a project

B To detail the design specifications for the project

C To plan how health and safety will be managed during construction

D To list the materials needed for the project

Q3 What does the acronym PPE stand for in the context of construction? Ans.

A Property Planning Essentials

B Protective Physical Equipment

C Personal Protective Equipment

D Professional Planning Engineers Q2

Which organisation enforces health and safety laws in the UK Construction Industry? Ans. A Construction Industry Training Board (CITB)

B Health and Safety Executive (HSE)

C British Standards Institution (BSI)

D Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Q4 Which of the following is NOT considered a form of manual handling? Ans.

Lifting heavy materials by hand

B Operating a forklift truck

C Carrying bricks across a site

D Pulling or pushing equipment manually

What is the purpose of a risk assessment?

A To identify the cheapest materials for the project

B To assess the probability of completing a project on time

C To identify hazards and decide on precautions to reduce risks

D To determine the number of workers required for a project

What does a blue safety sign on a construction site indicate?

Warning

Prohibition

Mandatory action

Emergency escape or first aid

document should all construction sites display to comply with UK regulations?

The company’s annual report

A site layout plan C The Health and Safety Law poster

A list of subcontractors

Which of the following is considered a primary hazard of working at height?

Slips and trips on the ground

Falling objects

Noise exposure

Fire risks

What is the legal minimum age for working on a construction site in the UK?

16 years

Under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations (CDM), who is responsible for ensuring that a site is safe for workers?

The architect

17 years

18 years

21 years

The client

The principal contractor

The materials supplier

SAFETY SIGNS

How well do you know your safety signs? Test your knowledge by labelling each safety sign illustrated below. Good luck!

Eye protection must be worn Wear ear protectors

PROHIBITION SIGNS WARNING SIGNS

aerosols Now wash your hands

CONSTRUCTION'S A-Z

Ready to talk construction? Brought to you by the Construction Team at Wigan & Leigh College, these pages are filled with popular terms from some of the industry’s biggest trades. Many of these terms cross multiple trades, so learning them will give you a great head start!

BRICKLAYING

ABUTMENTS

The side walls that support an arch or a bridge.

BEDDING

The process of laying in position a brick, block, stonework, etc.

CORBELLING

Building out from the face of the wall, often forming a support.

DAMP-PROOF COURSE (DPC)

A waterproof course inserted in brickwork or blockwork to prevent the passage of moisture.

EFFLORESCENCE

A white, powdery substance that can appear on the surface of bricks due to the migration of salts, often caused by moisture.

EXPANSION JOINT

A gap in the masonry, typically filled with flexible material, to allow for the expansion and contraction of the building materials due to temperature changes.

EXTRUDED WIRE-CUT BRICKS

Bricks formed by forcing stiff moist clay, under pressure, through a die and cutting the extruded shape into individual bricks with taut wires.

FENDER WALL

A short wall supporting the hearth of a ground floor fireplace.

FLEMISH BOND

A traditional bricklaying pattern in which each course consists of alternating headers (bricks laid with the short side facing out) and stretchers (bricks laid with the long side facing out).

GAUGE

The specific height of every brick and block laid.

HAUNCH

The shoulder of an arch, i.e. portion on the side between the crown and the springing point.

INTRADOS

The underside or soffit line of an arch.

JOINTER

A shaped piece of metal or wood to form a mortar joint.

KEYBRICK

A brick at the crown of an arch keeping all the voussoirs in position.

LEAF

One of the two parallel walls in a cavity wall. Each parallel wall itself is a leaf.

MORTAR

A mixture of sand, cement or lime or a combination of both, possibly with the inclusion of an Air Entrainer, that hardens after application and is used for jointing brickwork, or as a render.

NECKING

A band of projecting brickwork around a chimney stack.

NON-LOAD-BEARING WALL

A wall that does not support any weight other than its own, often used for interior divisions in a structure.

POINTING

Finishing the mortar joints that have previously been raked out at approx. 12mm and filled with a mortar of a different colour, texture or density than that used for laying the bricks in the wall.

REINFORCED CONCRETE

Concrete containing metal rods or steel mesh to give an additional strength.

SCUTCH

A hammer with a sharp-edged blade, or comb blade, set at right angles to the line of the handle. Used for trimming a cut brick to shape.

TUMBLING-IN

Tilted courses used on sloping brickwork.

VOUSSOIRS

Wedge shaped blocks of which a built up arch is composed.

WEATHER STRUCK JOINTS

A type of pointing with a slightly sloping surface arranged to throw off water.

CARPENTRY

ARCHITRAVE

Moulding around a door or window that covers the joint between plaster and wood frame.

BIRDS MOUTH

Cut in the bottom of a rafter which allows the rafter to sit flat and securely on a wall plate.

CAMBER

The rising at the centre of a horizontal structural member to counteract sagging.

DATUM POINT

A reference point which levels are taken from.

EAVES

The edge of a roof which overhangs the face of the wall.

FIRST FIX

The installation of structural elements before plastering.

GABLE END

Triangular portion of the vertical wall at the opened end of the pitch roof.

HERRINGBONE STRUT

Struts form a cross bracing between floor joist to prevent the joist twisting.

INTUMESCENT STRIP

Fitted to fire doors, when exposed to heat they expand to seal the gap around the door to prevent the spread of smoke and fire.

JACK RAFTER

Traditional cut roof member which runs from the hip to wall plate.

KILN DRYING

A method of speeding up the drying process of timber.

LEAN TO

A roof with only 1 slope typically leaning on an existing building.

MITRE

The intersection of two pieces of wood forming an angle.

NOGGINS

Pieces of timber placed between joist, ceilings and stud walls to catch ends of a board.

OSB (ORIENTED STRAND BOARD)

Engineered board made from compressed layers of wood strands and adhesive.

PLYWOOD

Engineered board made from several layers of thin timber laid at ninety degrees to the previous layer and glued together.

QUADRANT BEAD

A decorative piece of wood with a quarter circle profile.

RAFTER

Structural member of a traditional roof which runs from ridge to wall plate.

SECOND FIX

All the finishing work after plastering including skirting, architraves, doors, kitchens etc

TRUSS

Factory-made structural roof triangle frame designed to transfer to load to the outer walls.

UPVC (UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)

A long lasting plastic used to make windows and doors.

VALLEY RAFTER

Rafter at the intersection of two roof surfaces meeting internally.

WALL PLATE

A horizontal timber that sits on a wall and provides a fixing point for joists and rafters.

X

The drafting symbol for a cross section of an object.

YELLOW PINE

Durable softwood often used in woodwork.

Z-CLIPS

Metal clips used in carpentry for securing panels or tabletops, allowing for wood movement while maintaining a strong hold.

JOINERY

ANNUAL RINGS

A ring of wood found in the cross section of a tree, one ring represents one year’s growth.

BAREFACED TENON

A tenon having a shoulder on one side only.

CAPILLARY GROOVE

Also known as a drip, can be found on the underside of window or door cills, the groove stops capillary action.

DEAD KNOT

A decayed knot in timber which isn’t firmly attached to the timber.

END GRAIN

The exposed cut ends of wood fibres.

FACE SIDE/ FACE EDGE

The best two sides of a piece of timber.

GULLET

The gap between the teeth of a saw.

HEADING JOINT

The lengthening joint used to join two pieces of timber.

INLAY

Decorative technique of inserting contrasting materials into wood.

JACK PLANE

Large plane used to remove large quantities of material.

KERF

A narrow groove or slit made by cutting or sawing.

LAMINATED

Built up of several thin layers of timber.

MOISTURE CONTENT

The amount of moisture in a material expressed as a percentage.

NEWEL

Vertical post which carries the hand rail on a flight of stairs.

OIL STONE

A stone used for sharpening tools.

PAR

Timber that has been planed on all four sides.

QUARTER SAWN

A term used in the conversion of timber, cut at 90 degrees from the growth rings.

REBATE

Rectangular groove in the edge of a piece of timber which holds glass or a panel.

SEASONING

The process of removing the sap/moisture from felled trees.

TENON SAW

Small saw used to cut the shoulders of a tenon joint.

URETHANE

Protective finish for wooden surfaces.

VENEER

A thin layer of wood or other material bonded to the surface of a more substantial material.

WANEY EDGE

Boards which are not cut square and follow the natural curve of a tree and can show the bark of the tree.

XYOLOGY

The study of trees and wooded plants.

YEW WOOD

A dark golden/orange brown versatile wood. Ideal for turning, joinery and furniture making.

ZINC COATED SCREW

Corrosion-resistant fasteners for wood.

PAINTING & DECORATING

ABRADE

Preparing the surface by sanding with abrasive paper.

BUTT JOINT

Edges of wallpaper lengths that touch and join together without any gaps or overlapping.

COATINGS

Applied to surfaces and come in a wide range of paints, varnishes, stains and can be either waterborne (acrylic) or oil-borne.

DE-NIB

A light sanding between coats to remove any surface dust.

EMULSION

A water-based paint normally used to paint large areas such as walls and ceilings.

FLASHING

A defect in paint work that looks like streaks or patches.

GLOSS

High-shine paint finish for a smooth, reflective surface.

HUE

A pure colour, such as red.

INTERIOR

Painting the inside of buildings, homes, and spaces.

JOINT FILLER

Used to fill plasterboard joints.

KNOTTING

A shellac-based solution used to seal knots in wood before priming.

LINING PAPER

A wallpaper used to cover poor surfaces prior to applying paint or wallpaper.

MASKING TAPE

Adhesive tape used to create clean paint edges.

NAIL PUNCH

Used with a hammer for protruding nail heads in timber surfaces.

OVERALLS

Protective clothing worn when decorating, usually with pockets for small tools and paper hanging equipment.

PAPER HANGING BRUSH

Used to apply wallpaper and remove any air pockets trapped underneath.

QUICK-DRYING

Paint that dries rapidly for efficient work completion.

ROLLER

Tool with a handle and foam or fabric for painting large areas.

STENCILLING

A decorative effect achieved by applying paint on to the cut-out areas of a paper, cardboard or acetate template to produce the design on a surface.

TRIMMING KNIFE

Used to trim wallpaper and cut around obstacles.

UNDERCOAT

A paint used for improved adhesion before a top coat is applied.

VARNISH

Protective coating applied over wood to enhance durability. A resinous or water-based solution that seals and protects surfaces.

WET-AND-DRY PAPER

A waterproof abrasive paper made with siliconcarbide particles glued to backing, used wet to provide a dust-free atmosphere.

EXQUISITE EFFECTS

Creative painting techniques like stencilling, broken colour, or distressing.

YELLOWING

Discolouration that occurs over time, when oil-based paints have little or no sunlight.

ZINC PHOSPHATE

Suitable for all ferrous metal surfaces. used in construction.

PLASTERING

AGGREGATE

The filler added to the plaster making up the bulk of the mix, such as sand.

BONDING COAT

Lightweight backing plaster to be used on low suction backgrounds.

CORNICE

Decorative moulding at the junction of walls and ceilings.

DRYWALL

Lightweight board used as a base for plastering.

EXPANSION BEAD

Metal strips that prevent cracks in plaster due to movement.

FLOAT

Tool for smoothing, levelling and consolidating plaster surfaces.

GYPSUM

A mineral used as the primary component in plaster.

HAWK

A hand board for holding plaster during application.

INSULATED PLASTERBOARD (THERMAL PLASTERBOARD)

Plasterboard with an insulated backing, to improve thermal and acoustic performance.

JOINT COMPOUND

Filler for smoothing and concealing joints in plasterboard.

KEYSTONE

The block, usually tapered, at the centre of an arch

LATH

Thin strips used as a base for plaster application.

MULTI FINISH

Versatile plaster suitable for a variety of finishes.

NIB

Small projection or notch in plaster for a neat finish.

OVERSKIMMING

Applying a thin layer of plaster over existing surfaces.

POLYVINYL ACETATE (PVA)

Primer used to seal surfaces before plastering and improve adhesion.

QUOIN

External angle of a building.

RENDERING

Exterior plastering to provide a protective and decorative finish.

SKIMMING

The setting or finishing coat which is smooth ready for decoration.

TROWEL

Flat-bladed tool for applying and finishing plaster.

UNDERCUT

The overhang in a model or mould which will prevent a cast from being removed from it.

VERMICULITE

Used as a lightweight aggregate in modern plasters such as bonding coat.

WATERPROOFER

An additive added to a gauge to improve its resistance to water penetration.

X-RAY PLASTERS

A plastering mix containing barium sulphate as the aggregate to provide protection from certain types of radiation.

ZINC

Light sheet metal, used as a profile for fibrous running moulds.

ZONAL PLASTERING

Applying different plaster finishes to specific areas.

INDUSTRY CONTACTS

APCT

The Aims and Objectives of the Association of Painting Craft Teachers (APCT) are to advance education and training throughout the Painting and Decorating Industry, including technology and related skills associated with Interior and Exterior Decorating, Industrial Finishing and Signwork.

@TheAPCT www.facebook.com/groups/apctpage

CEMEX

T: 0808 145 1900 I E: gb-cementsales@cemex.com

CEMEX, a leading construction materials and solutions company, is committed to providing innovative and sustainable solutions for the construction industry. The Rugby cement range of products supports the needs of Britain’s builders, delivering big on quality and consistency.

@cemex-uk @Cemex_UK

CIRET Ltd

T: 02392 457 450 I E: enquiries@ciret.co.uk

Ciret is Europe’s leading manufacturer of quality painting and decorating products. We provide expert solutions to the trade and retail industry. Our wide range of products allows both contractors and DIY enthusiasts to accomplish their decorating projects efficiently and cost-effectively.

@ciret_ltd @ciretuk @CIRET_UK @ciretlimited3086 @ciret-limited

FIS (Finishes & Interiors Sector)

T: 0121 707 0077 I E: info@thefis.org

FIS is the representative body for the £10 billion finishes and interiors sector in the UK. The FIS has more than 600 members drawn from contractors, manufacturers and distributors of ceilings, facades, partitions, plastering, drywall and specialist interior fit-out and refurbishment businesses.

@fisorg @the-fis

Johnstone’s

Trade Paint

T: 01924 354354 I E: customersupport.acuk@ppg.com

Johnstone's has a long history as one of the UK's foremost trade paint brands serving professionals since 1890. At Johnstone’s, we provide more than just paint, and our support services are designed to ease product selection and colour choice for any project.

@johnstonestradepaints

@JohnstonesTrade @johnstone-s-trade-paints

Painting and Decorating Association (PDA)

T: 024 7635 3776 I E: info@paintingdecoratingassociation.co.uk

Our non-profit Association is the UK’s only trade body for painters and decorators, and has been committed to encouraging best practice across the industry since 1894. PDA Members across the country benefit from a wealth of business and industry support.

@paintingdecoratingassociation @thepda @ThePDA @the-painting-and-decorating-association

Snickers Workwear

T: 01484 854488 I E: sales@hultaforsgroup.co.uk

Next-level workwear that’s built to last, keep you performing at your best and looking professional on the job. Designed for ultimate comfort and safety, it’s long lasting, functional and handles whatever the day throws at you.

@snickersworkwear

@hultafors-group-uk-ltd

WD-40

@SnickersWorkwearUK

T: +44 (0) 1908 555 450 I E: info@wd40.co.uk

Originally created in 1953 as a rust prevention and water displacement solution for the emerging aerospace industry, the blue and yellow cans of WD-40® have become the go-to problem-solver for both DIYers and professionals alike.

@wd40uk @wd40_uk

@OriginalWD40.UK @wd40uk

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