SPARKS Handbook 2024 by SNG Publishing

2024 EDITION £9.95 PRINTED IN THE UK

ELECTRICIANS, INSTALLERS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

THE ESSENTIAL BOOK FEATURING...

GLOSSARY OF ELECTRICAL TERMS

THE FUTURE OF THE INDUSTRY IS YOURS

REACHING THE NEXT GENERATION OF INSTALLERS

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EDITOR’S NOTE I SPARKS BOOK 2024

EDITOR: CELIA MATTHEWS celia.matthews@sng-publishing.co.uk SENIOR GRAPHIC DESIGNER: LEE OWEN design@sng-publishing.co.uk SENIOR DIGITAL CONTENT EXECUTIVE: PHOEBE MANSFIELD phoebe.mansfield@sng-publishing.co.uk

WELCOME TO SPARKS! irst off, congrats on completing your first term at college. You should be feeling really proud of yourself! Every bit of hard work you put in now is laying the foundation for a solid career ahead.

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MANAGER: PATRICK BLORE patrick.blore@sng-publishing.co.uk PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MANAGER: SARAH HERNE sarah.herne@sng-publishing.co.uk EVENT MANAGER: SAMANTHA COLE samantha.cole@sng-publishing.co.uk MANAGING DIRECTOR: ZOË TANNER zoe.tanner@sng-publishing.co.uk PRINTERS: Stephens & George, Wales

GENERAL ENQUIRIES To subscribe to the SPARKS Book call 0121 779 0888 or subscribe online at www.sparks-magazine.co.uk

DISCLAIMER

SPARKS is published by SNG Publishing Ltd (SNG). All content and artwork is © SNG Publishing Ltd or its contributors and SNG and SPARKS are trademarks of SNG Publishing Ltd. No part of SPARKS may be copied, transmitted or published in any form or by any means without prior permission. Although SNG has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this publication, it does not verify any claims or other information appearing in the advertisements contained in SPARKS. It therefore cannot accept any responsibility whatsoever for consequences that may arise from the content or artwork contained in SPARKS, including any errors or omissions or any opinions or advice given therein. This publication and its content is not a substitute for professional advice on a particular matter.

This handy guide delves into key topics, offering you insights into the brands and services that make the industry both dynamic and exciting. Think you know the industry lingo? Check out the glossary at the back – test yourself to see just how savvy you are! Along with this handbook, SPARKS is here to back you throughout your college journey with magazines, online resources and practical competitions – helping you gain the confidence you need. And hey, don’t miss out! Follow us on social media for the latest updates, and enter our free competitions and giveaways – the prizes are awesome and all up for grabs! Here’s to a year of growth and awesome achievements!

Celia Matthews Editor

Advertisements are accepted for publication in SPARKS only upon SNG Publishing Ltd’s standard terms of advertising.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I CONTENTS

LEARNER OF THE YEAR

SPARKS SOCIAL MEDIA

FEMALE SKILLS COMPETITION

INDUSTRY CONTACTS

AM2S

CONSUMER UNITS

EV CHARGING

HOME LIFE SAFETY

LIGHTING

POWER TOOLS

SMART WIRING SOLUTIONS

WIRING CONNECTORS

GLOSSARY OF ELECTRICAL TERMS

LEARNER OF THE YEAR

Female Skills

43 19

CONTENTS

Get more from your tester

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SOCIAL MEDIA I SPARKS BOOK 2024

SOCIAL MEDIA 136,000+ FOLLOWERS

SPARKS MAGAZINE’S SOCIAL MEDIA IS THE BEST WAY TO GET YOUR WORK FEATURED AND SEEN BY SOME OF THE INDUSTRY’S LEADING BRANDS AND PROFESSIONALS. Do you have a bit of graft that you think everyone needs to see? Maybe it’s that new install that’s a cut above the rest, or perhaps you’ve fitted a consumer unit for the first time and want the world to know?

To be featured across SPARKS Magazine’s social space, simply tag us in a photo or video of your work and let us do the rest. And if tagging isn’t your thing, our DMs are always open!

That’s not all! Your work could be chosen for exclusive competitions and giveaways, offering you the opportunity to win prizes from some of the biggest names in the electrical industry. Whether it’s tool sets, training sessions, or new gear, we’ve got you covered!

You could be featured in our ‘Friday Follow’, where we spotlight someone each week and encourage our viewers to follow them. It’s a great chance to grow your followers!

To stay in the know and to avoid missing out on everything we have to offer, search SPARKS Magazine across all platforms and give us a follow.

WHATEVER IT IS, GET IN TOUCH!

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SUPPORTING THE FUTURE OF THE INDUSTRY

Female Skills

DESIGNED TO INDUSTRY STANDARDS

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UR O Y K C “UNLOENTIAL” POT

COMPETITION

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INDUSTRY CONTACTS SCAN HERE

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I INDUSTRY CONTACTS

Aico Ltd T: 01691 664100 I E: enquiries@aico.co.uk I W: aico.co.uk Aico, an Ei Company, are the European market leader in home life safety, pioneering technologies and quality alarms. Their Connected Home offering expanded through HomeLINK, a high-tech software team innovating home integration and analytic technologies. @aico_limited @aico-tv

@AicoLimited

@Aico_Limited

@aicoltd

@aico-smoke-&-gas-protection

BG Electrical W: www.bgelectrical.uk BG Electrical, part of Luceco Group, is a leading manufacturer and distributor of high-quality and innovative wiring accessories, circuit protection and portable power. With over 75 years within the industry, BG Electrical has gained an invaluable reputation. @bg_electrical_uk @lucecogroup

@lucecogroup

@Lucecogroup

@bg_luceco

@luceco-group

BG SyncEV W: www.syncev.co.uk BG SyncEV, part of Luceco Group, is a manufacturer and distributor of EV chargers for the residential and commercial sectors. BG SyncEV is investing heavily in new product development and technical support, to meet the needs of the rapidly growing EV market. @syncev_uk @lucecogroup

@lucecogroup @luceco-group

@syncev_uk

@bg_luceco

INDUSTRY CONTACTS I SPARKS BOOK 2024

Bosch Pro T: 0344 736 0109 I E: Bosch.ServiceCentre@uk.bosch.com Bosch Professional engineer power tools, measuring tools and accessories to the highest standards, designed to meet the toughest jobs in the trade and make professionals more efficient every day on site. @boschprouk

@boschprouk

Ideal Industries EMEA T: 01925 444 446 I E: eur.sales@idealindustries.com Founded in 1916, IDEAL is the world’s largest wire connector manufacturer and supplies quality products for fast, easy and safe installation including connectors, lubricants, fish tapes, benders, cutters, strippers, lockout/tagout devices, test & measurement, datacom tools, accessories and testers. @idealindustries_emea @ideal_electrical

@idealindustriesemea

@ideal_emea

@IDEALElectricalGlobal

www.linkedin.com/showcase/ideal-electric

Luceco Lighting W: www.luceco.com Luceco Lighting, part of Luceco Group, is a manufacturer and distributor of high-efficiency, energy-saving LED luminaires. Established in 2013, Luceco Lighting has rapidly established itself as one of the leading brands for professional lighting in the UK. @luceco_lighting @lucecogroup

@lucecogroup @luceco-group

@Lucecogroup

bg_luceco

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I INDUSTRY CONTACTS

MK Electric T: 01268 563341 I W: www.mkelectric.co.uk For over a century, MK Electric’s range of Wiring Devices, Cable Management and Power Distribution solutions have set the standard for quality, reliability and safety. We’re inventors, engineers, pioneers and perfectors. Now, with our latest smart innovations, we’ll continue Powering the Future.

NET W: www.netservices.org.uk I E: info@netservices.org.uk National Electrotechnical Training (NET) is the industry charity responsible for the Installation Electrician and Domestic Electrician apprenticeship End Point Assessments, and the industry assessment of competence (the ‘AM2’). NET’s website provides full guidance on how to prepare for your assessment: @NET_Assessments

@national-electrotechnical-training-net-

Schneider Electric T: 0370 608 8608 I W: www.se.com Schneider’s purpose is to empower all to make the most of our energy and resources, bridging progress and sustainability for all. We call this Life Is On. Our mission is to be your digital partner for Sustainability and Efficiency. @schneiderelec_electricians_uki @facebook.com/groups/TheElectricianGroup @SchneiderUKI

www.eal.org.uk

Visit our website to find out more about these qualifications, and many more.

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I METRIC CONVERSION TABLE

METRIC CONVERSION TABLE

To convert METRIC to IMPERIAL multiply by the conversion factor. To convert IMPERIAL to METRIC divide by the conversion factor. METRIC UNITS:

IMPERIAL UNITS:

CONVERSION FACTORS:

Millimetres (mm)

Inches (in)

1mm = 0.0393701 inches

Centimetres (cm)

Inches (in)

1cm = 0.393701 inches

Metres (m)

Feet (ft) / Yards (yd)

1m = 3.28084 feet / 1.09361 yards

Square Metres (m²)

Square Feet (ft²) / Square Yards (yd²)

1m² = 10.7639 ft² / 1.19599 yd²

Cubic Metres (m³)

Cubic Feet (ft³) / Cubic Yards (yd³)

1m³ = 35.3147 ft³ / 1.30795 yd³

Litres (l)

Pints (pt) / Gallons (gal)

1.75975 pt / 0.219969 gal

Kilograms (kg)

Pounds (lb)

1kg = 2.20462 lb

Joules (J)

British Thermal Units (BTU)

1J = 0.000947817 BTU

Kilowatts (kW)

Horsepower (hp)

1kW = 1.34102 hp

Newtons (N)

Pounds-Force (lbf)

1N = 0.224809 lbf

Pascals (Pa)

Pounds per Square Inch (psi)

1Pa = 0.000145038 psi

Bar

Pounds per Square Inch (psi)

1bar = 14.5038 psi

Metres per Second (m/s)

Feet per Second (ft/s)

1m/s = 3.28084 ft/s

TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS Fahrenheit (0F) to Celsius (0C) 0C = 5/9 x (0F - 32)

Celsius (0C) to Fahrenheit (0F) 0F = (9/5 x 0C) + 32

AM2S

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I AM2S

AM2S - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

At the end of your apprenticeship you’ll need to take the AM2S test before you can become fully qualified.

WHAT IS THE AM2S? Think of it as similar to a driving test – you spend months learning how to drive, then the test is where you put everything into practice and you are marked against strict criteria. The AM2S is just like this - it’s an in-depth assessment where you have to carry out specific tasks to show what you have learned during your apprenticeship.

HOW LONG IS IT AND WHAT’S INCLUDED? The whole test is around 16 hours long, split over two and a half days, and it’s broken down into different sections:

Once you pass the assessment, it’s one of the final pieces of the puzzle to completing your apprenticeship and becoming a fully qualified electrician.

● SAFE ISOLATION & RISK ASSESSMENT

Check out the next few pages for some top advice and tips on how to prepare for your AM2S.

● INSTALLATION ● INSPECTION, TESTING & CERTIFICATION ● SAFE ISOLATION OF CIRCUITS ● FAULT DIAGNOSIS & RECTIFICATION ● ONLINE KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT Strict exam conditions are in place during the assessment, so this means no electronic devices or getting help from anyone else. You’ll be monitored by an assessor who will be marking your work as the day progresses.

If you started your apprenticeship from September 2023 onwards, you’ll be doing a slightly newer version of the AM2S, which includes a discussion with the assessor on handling particular scenarios - keep an eye on the NET website for more information as you approach the end of your apprenticeship! www.netservices.org.uk/am2s

ON TOP OF YOUR GAME At the end of your apprenticeship you’ll need to complete the AM2S Assessment before you can become fully qualified.

WHAT IS THIS? It’s an in-depth assessment where you have to carry out specific tasks to show what you have learned during your apprenticeship.

BE PREPARED! NET has a Self-Assessment Checklist so you can look at exactly what you need to do and make sure you have gained the right knowledge and practical experience. The AM2S is the pinnacle of everything you’ve learnt during your apprenticeship. So why not be proud of your skills and training and make it your mission to pass first time?

Ask your training provider about the AM2S Checklist or find out more at

www.netservices.org.uk/am2s

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I AM2S

CHECK OUT THE CHECKLIST! HOW TO PREPARE The ‘Readiness for Assessment Checklist’ from National Electrotechnical Training (NET) helps you decide if you are ready for the assessment. All the tasks you need to carry out are laid out in the checklist. Read over each section and ask yourself ‘how much knowledge and experience do I have in this area?’ GETTING HELP Towards the end of your apprenticeship, your training provider and/or employer should sit down with you and take a look at your current abilities, and where the gaps are, e.g. you may need more first-hand experience of Inspection & Testing. For areas where you’re not feeling confident, your training provider should produce an action plan to help you work on these areas. If this is the case, don’t allow yourself to be put forward for the assessment too early. SIGNING THE CHECKLIST Before you’re allowed to book your assessment, the checklist must be signed by you, your employer and training provider to confirm you’re ready. Only sign the checklist when you feel you’re 100% confident to take the assessment.

“Only sign the checklist when you feel you’re 100% confident”

AM2S I SPARKS BOOK 2024

TOP TIPS!

In the days and weeks before your assessment, look carefully at NET’s Pre-Assessment Manual. This goes into detail and lists the common errors that people make, so you can avoid making the same mistakes! FOLLOW THE SPECIFICATION ● You must follow the specification that is given to you for the assessment. Many fail simply because they did what they thought was best rather than following the written instructions. SAFE ISOLATION ● Students also fail because they did not correctly safely isolate before starting the installation task. Make sure you practise the 10-point safe isolation test before your assessment! INSPECTION & TESTING ● Remember to verify your test results against BS7671 requirements and record on the documents supplied. ● Don’t take shortcuts that you might have learnt on site! Follow the technique shown by your college or training provider. If you’re unsure how to carry out a test, check the On-Site Guide and Guidance Note 3 which you’ll have during the assessment. ● As you carry out each test, record your results straight away on the test sheets provided. Blank forms are on the NET website to look at before your assessment.

Check out the Top Tips videos BEFORE your assessment, at www.netservices.org.uk/videos

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I AM2S

APP, APP AND AWAY!

Download these two fantastic apps from NET, to help you practice some key components of your AM2S:

INSPECTION & TESTING WITH SPARKY NINJA

AMPED UP The Amped Up game allows you to have some fun with some of the key areas you’ll need to master during your apprenticeship. In addition to areas such as protective devices knowledge, Ohm’s law and R1 + R2 testing, importantly it’ll help you to practice the safe isolation process, which is a critical part of your AM2S assessment.

THIS APP PRESENTS FIVE KEY TESTS: TEST 01 Continuity of Protective Conductors TEST 02 Continuity of Ring Final Circuit Conductors TEST 03 Insulation Resistance TEST 04 Earth Fault Loop Impedance

www.netservices.org.uk/amped-up

TEST 05 Prospective Fault Current. For each test you can watch an instructional video with Sparky Ninja showing you how to carry out the test. Then try things out with the interactive tasks where you can drag, drop and tap to carry out the test yourself! www.netservices.org.uk/test-app

SMALL ALERT:

There is no substitution for proper hands-on experience in real life! These apps are just revision tools to provide some guidance and interactive help. Talk to your training provider and employer to make sure you are getting sufficient practical experience in these areas.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I CONSUMER UNITS

DON’T CUT CORNERS! Shortcuts lead to short-circuits, follow this advice to make sure you avoid them!

ELECTRICAL FAULTS A consumer unit is the electrical heart of the home and its vital responsibilities are often overlooked. The devices fitted within a consumer unit can help protect against electrical faults, such as:

• OVERLOADS • SHORT CIRCUITS • EARTH LEAKAGE • ARC FAULTS. Without this protection, it could result in electric shocks and damage to the cable installation. Arcing can potentially damage cables over time, which leads to an increased risk of fire.

CONSUMER UNITS I SPARKS BOOK 2024

“Your electrical business is only as good as the products that you choose to install”

PROTECT YOUR CUSTOMERS Having a consumer unit doesn’t guarantee comprehensive protection for customers. Compliance with relevant standards and regulations, whilst considering the type and age of devices inside the unit, is key. PROTECT YOURSELF! Not only is compliance essential for the safety of the home in which the units are installed, the reputation of the businesses that sold, supplied, and installed them is at high risk of being tarnished too. CREATE A SYSTEM THAT WORKS This highlights the importance of creating a thorough vetting process for consumer unit procurement, as well as checking compliance with the latest standards and getting regular checks of installations. As the consumer unit is the heart of your customers’ home, it is paramount that all the necessary steps are taken to ensure it is as safe as possible. CHOOSE A REPUTABLE BRAND Your electrical business is only as good as the products that you choose to install. While there is a vast array of brands out there all vying to secure that position under the stairs or in the garage of customers’ homes, opting for the right manufacturer is critical not only for the safety of your customers but also for the reputation of your business. Compromising on quality could cause serious repercussions. PEACE OF MIND When making that decision on which manufacturer’s product you are going to install, the quality of the product, the reputation of the manufacturer, as well as the availability of future support should all be considered before making your selection. Doing this will give you peace of mind that you have done as much as you can to ensure the safety of your customer.

CONTINUED ⊲⊲⊲

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I CONSUMER UNITS

ESSENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR LIGHT COMMERCIAL As a leader in energy management, Schneider Electric has introduced a fantastic suite of ‘out of the box’ and easy-to-install electrical distribution products for Light Commercial applications.

he product range includes high levels of safe circuit protection for overloads, earth faults and short circuits. They use fewer terminations to torque test, reducing the time during routine installation checks. In addition, the facility to include metering equipment housed within the distribution boards provide detailed visibility of lighting and power usage to drive energy efficiency. I-LINE PANEL BOARDS Available in three rated categories (250A, 400A, 630A) and different pole variants to meet size and specification needs. Suitable for both industrial and commercial installations and compliant with building regulations, the units are prefabricated and can be mounted quickly.

CONSUMER UNITS I SPARKS BOOK 2024

“Easy9 Compact is designed for all standard household requirements and retrofit applications” EASY9 PLUS, COMPACT AND MULTIROW Available in a range of sizes for multiple applications: Easy9+ is our premium designed consumer unit ideal for new builds. Easy9 Compact, is designed for all standard household requirements and retrofit applications. Easy9 Multirow supports higher density circuits for larger residential buildings and properties.

KQ LOADCENTRE DISTRIBUTION BOARDS A 3-phase electrical distribution system that will cater for most installations, with metering options offer a modular and flexible approach that can be deployed as a single distribution board, or as multiple boards.

LISSE WIRING DEVICES A fully comprehensive wiring range offering the perfect choice across white moulded, decorative and a fully IP66 protected weatherproof range. They fully complement the environment with the subtle curved profile and incorporate many installer-friendly and time saving features. With modular grid solutions for more demanding applications, Lisse is ideal for both residential and light commercial applications.

“The ‘out of the box’ products are ready to install to ensure speed of installation”

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to download the latest catalogue to find out more.

All available from all major UK retailers.

Introducing the Easy9 Compact Multirow consumer unit The latest addition to the Easy9 range provides electricians and homeowners with unmatched design flexibility, adaptability and safety. Easy9 Compact Multirow consumer units complement the existing premium Easy9+ range in order to meet the needs of every household and electrician. It incorporates flexibility, simple installation and ample cable space to easily connect multiple devices and provide peace of mind when it comes to regulatory compliance. To learn more about the Easy9 range, visit se.com/uk/easy9

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EV CHARGING

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I EV CHARGING

CHARGING INTO THE EV FUTURE

Electric vehicles (EV) are becoming increasingly popular for businesses in the UK for a number of different reasons.

G SyncEV, part of Luceco Group, looks at what’s driving this demand, and explores the technologies that are available to support this growth. WHY ARE EVS BECOMING MORE POPULAR? The Government is offering various grants and incentives to encourage businesses to switch to EVs. These include a 35% discount on the purchase price of electric cars and vans. Other benefits include exemptions from fuel duty and company car tax.

Using EVs in a business, and installing on-site charging points is a strong visual statement that the company is a green business leader. It signals that sustainability and reducing carbon emissions is a business target, which can help to attract customers. It can also enhance brand reputation, help to gain a competitive advantage and win respect from stakeholders.

EVs are environmentally friendly and produce zero emissions, which can help businesses reduce their carbon footprint and meet their sustainability targets.

EVs can help businesses to save money in the medium to long term. Although the initial purchase cost of EVs is often higher than that of petrol and diesel vehicles, the financial savings during the lifetime of the vehicle are one of the most impressive benefits for a business.

EV CHARGING I SPARKS BOOK 2024

HOW BG SYNCEV CAN SUPPORT THE GROWING DEMAND BG SyncEV products are powered by Monta which helps to achieve seamless electric vehicle charging. A commercial package is offered with the new EVS/T and Wall Charger 2 products. This package is an optimal mix of hardware provided by BG SyncEV and software provided by the industryrenowned Monta. BG SyncEV and Monta have combined to offer customers the opportunity to maximise the abilities of the charge points on commercial, fleet, and workplace installations, whilst also having access to many benefits on the public charging network.

“The Government is offering various grants and incentives to encourage businesses to switch to EVs”

CONTINUED ⊲⊲⊲

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I EV CHARGING

FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF MONTA Monta allows end-users, both commercial and residential, to turn their EV chargers into a revenue stream by offering electric car charging to the public. With BG SyncEV powered by Monta charge points, pricing, users and payments can be managed through the Monta portal. Businesses can charge their employees, visitors and the general public. Homeowners can also use this to rent their driveway and EV charger out when they are not at home. WHAT ELSE SHOULD YOU KNOW? MONTA OFFERS: ■ End-to-end payment system for it all - Monthly subscriptions, electricity reimbursements and public charging can be utilised. ■ Charge on the road - Access is

available to more than 220,000 charge points through a preferred payment option.

■ Charge point customisation - Charge

points can be customised to suit individual needs, alongside choosing who can access the charge points and at what price.

■ Optimise your charge points - The

use of each charge point can be optimised by letting customers enter a Smart Queue or reserve a charge point.

■ QR stickers - Connecting a QR sticker

to the charge points lets customers charge and pay without downloading the app.

SUMMARY BG SyncEV offers a full package on all 22kW chargers including software, technical support and onsite assistance. The 7kW chargers include software and are supported by the technical team.

SCAN HERE for information on the range.

Wall Charger 2 Tethered & Socketed Quick and easy installation, with UK based technical support 3 year warranty & OZEV Approved Models with Wi-Fi, LAN, 4G and RFID 7.4kW and 22kW options Compatible with all electric and hybrid plug-in vehicles

Interchangeable coloured fascias Universal fit for Socketed or Tethered chargers, with 8 colour options

View the range at syncev.co.uk

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I EV CHARGING

THE NEW BG SYNCEV WALL CHARGER 2 BG SyncEV’s new Wall Charger 2 range offers smart, safe, and reliable charging solutions for electric vehicles at home, in the workplace, and for fleet operators.

“Installation and commissioning typically take just two hours”

FASTER INSTALLATION The new range includes 22kW three-phase variants for commercial premises, as well as 7.4kW variants for residential homes. The design is even easier to install than the previous generation, with installation and commissioning typically taking just two hours. ENHANCED SAFETY Load management in the form of a CT clamp is now included as standard in the 7.4kW variants, ensuring the home electrical system is not overloaded. The range also comes with built-in RCD protection, allowing safe installation and usage. CUSTOMISATION OPTIONS A choice of eight different coloured front fascias is now available for end users who wish to customise their installation.

END USER REVENUE OPPORTUNITIES The new range is now powered by the Monta operating platform, which allows end users to tailor their EV smart charging needs and have full control over their charge point. Additionally, Monta opens up the world of paid charging sessions, allowing businesses and homeowners to earn revenue from their chargers. This offers the capability to decide who can use it, when and at what cost.

SCAN HERE for information on the range.

HOME LIFE SAFETY SCAN HERE

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I HOME LIFE SAFETY

FIRE SAFETY IN SOCIAL HOUSING: BACK TO BASICS Throughout 2022, many notable topics emerged within social housing, and as we move into 2024, it is crucial not to lose sight of the fundamentals of safety within our homes. LD2 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS In rented domestic premises, a Category LD2 fire detection system is recommended. A Category LD2 system, as defined by BS5839-6 2019, means that mains-powered alarms with a sealed tamper-proof battery backup should be installed in the living areas and escape routes, with a heat alarm in the kitchen. All alarms should be interlinked. FIRE SAFETY IN SOCIAL HOUSING According to government data, there were 4.4 million socially rented homes in England as of 2023, and just as many are of privately rented tenure, with 24.7 million domestic dwellings in total. How many of these properties met the minimum recommended standards concerning domestic fire safety? Not as many as we might think. Statistics show the extent of work that needs to be done within social housing in England: Data indicated that 69% of registered providers were working towards achieving category LD2 in their housing stock which equates to roughly 3.4 million homes, leaving a considerable shortfall in the social sector.

HOME LIFE SAFETY I SPARKS BOOK 2024

“Changes to the laws in Scotland have led to a downward trend of fire instances over the last few years”

CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVING COMPLIANCE Registered providers face several challenges when it comes to achieving compliance. Some of these include: a lack of strategic direction for compliance management and poor asset intelligence that leads to further issues when it comes to hitting KPIs. Keeping abreast of everevolving legislation and the financial strain of achieving LD2 is often a reason providers may be hesitant when it comes to implementing a program of works or accelerating an existing program. There must be a balancing act when working towards LD2 and all other performancerelated areas registered providers are measured on. SCOTLAND’S SUCCESS IN FIRE SAFETY North of the border, the impact of legislation has been evident. Moving to a category LD2 is mandatory across all homes. The law saw all registered providers move to complete LD2 across their stock by February 2022, giving them just a few years from inception to a deadline while still meeting all other key performance areas. POSITIVE IMPACT FROM SCOTTISH LEGISLATION Recent research carried out by the Centre for Economics and Business Research indicates some key findings below: ■ Changes to the laws in Scotland have led to a downward trend of fire instances over the last few years and, most importantly, a reduction in fire fatalities of 47.5% between 2019 and 2020. ■ The cost of each fire has been reduced by 41.5% in Scotland, compared with 23.2% and 24.4% in England and Wales, respectively.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I HOME LIFE SAFETY

CORRELATION BETWEEN INCOME AND FIRE RISKS Those individuals classed as being lower-income are a staggering 60% more likely than those in higher-income groups to face serious fire hazards in their homes. Of those individuals who’ve experienced a fire, 18.7% have reported subsequent psychological trauma. This represents an estimated 957,000 adults. NEW LEGISLATION ON HORIZON FOR ENGLAND Is this basic legislative standard adopted in Scotland, one England should be looking to emulate? Scotland has shown that it is achievable with limited resources, so why couldn’t England? Given some of the data coming from Scotland, there is a compelling argument for it.

Protecting the lives of residents and enabling people to escape safely in the event of a fire cannot be understated. Registered providers have a moral obligation to ensure homes are safe and fit for purpose, and the simple route to this is to comply with current British Standards. Legislation that reflects these standards is perhaps now on the horizon in England, which may apply to all homes, not just the socially rented sector. Such changes would be a step in the right direction when it comes to making our homes safer.

“Protecting the lives of residents and enabling people to escape safely in the event of a fire cannot be understated”

#AlarmsSaveLives The European Market Leader in Home Life Safety

Ei3030

MULTI-SENSOR FIRE & CO ALARM

The latest addition to the technologically advanced 3000 Series, the Ei3030 combines individual Optical, Heat and CO sensors for the ultimate fire and CO response, while maintaining the simplicity that Installers love. Smart, connected and future-proof.

www.aico.co.uk | 01691 664100 | enquiries@aico.co.uk

Add the Ei3000MRF for wireless interconnection and data extraction via the Ei1000G Gateway

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I HOME LIFE SAFETY

INTRODUCING AICO’S LATEST INNOVATION! Aico has released the Ei3030 Multi-Sensor Fire and Carbon Monoxide Alarm. The Ei3030 combines individual Optical, Heat and CO sensors for the ultimate fire and CO response. DUST COMPENSATION TECHNOLOGY Its unique built-in dust compensation mechanism reduces the risk of false alarms. The optical sensor chamber continually self-monitors small changes in dust levels, automatically recalibrating the alarm’s trigger point when necessary. VERSATILE COMPATIBILITY OPTIONS The Ei3030 can be fitted in any room where both Fire and CO protection is required (excluding the kitchen) ensuring comprehensive coverage with fewer alarms.

THE EI3030’S SPECIFICATIONS ARE DESIGNED FOR SUPERIOR SAFETY AND INCLUDE: ■ FIRE RESPONSE: Thermistor Heat Sensor and high-performance Optical Sensor that intelligently work together, but operate independently. ■ CO RESPONSE: Proven electrochemical CO Sensor providing an accurate CO response which is in line with BS EN 50291-1:2018. ■ VISUAL INDICATORS: The relevant indicator flashes depending on what has triggered the alarm. ■ KITEMARKS: British Standards BS EN 14604:2005, BS 5446-2:2003 and BS EN 50291-1:2018.

The Ei3030 utilises an easi-fit base, is mains powered, has a 10-year rechargeable lithium cell backup, and is compatible with other Aico mains-powered units. The device is also compatible with the Ei3000MRF Module for wireless interconnection and data extraction via the Ei1000G Gateway. EASILY ACCESSIBLE DATA With Aico’s award-winning AudioLINK+ technology, data from the Ei3030 can be accessed directly from the alarm head via the AudioLINK+ app, reporting information such as alarm activations, sensor status and record of testing.

“Its unique built-in dust compensation mechanism reduces the risk of false alarms” For more information, visit: www.aico.co.uk

LIGHTING

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I LIGHTING

LIGHTING, WITH THE END USER IN MIND When thinking about lighting solutions for an office or home environment, it’s essential that it’s designed with the end user in mind.

LIGHTING:

IN THE OFFICE

The main goal is to create a better quality of life for office users and to reduce some of the everyday challenges of being in a workplace setting, such as eye strain, headaches and fatigue, which poor lighting can contribute to. GETTING THE LIGHTING RIGHT There are several ways to light an office adequately, ensuring that light levels are functional while reducing glare on screens and preventing eye strain. MEETING STANDARDS AND DESIGN In open-plan offices, we typically aim for 500 lux across the room, giving computerbased tasks sufficient light to be able to operate effectively. In compliance with CIBSE guidelines, it’s important to choose a fitting that can achieve below UGR19, preventing the issue of glare on screens, as well as reducing eye strain. Usually, 600 x 600 panel fittings, such as our Luxpanel range, will be accompanied by this rating. However, on more architectural fittings, such as our Contour fitting, this can be achieved with a microprism diffuser.

LIGHTING I SPARKS BOOK 2024

“With the introduction of Part L Regulations, more office spaces are seeing a fully controlled system implemented”

SMART LIGHTING SOLUTIONS With the introduction of Part L Regulations, more office spaces are seeing a fully controlled system implemented, with daylight dimming and PIRs being vital to accomplish this. Also, with the cost of living being a significant factor in the management and running of offices, companies are looking for effective ways to reduce their energy costs. Using a dimmable system allows for increases in natural daylight, which can contribute to the efficiency and positivity of occupants. Dimming and sensor systems allow companies to save money by switching to LED lighting.

“Dimming and sensor systems allow companies to save money by switching to LED lighting” ENERGISING THE WORKFORCE Companies can reap the benefits of having an energised workforce by simply implementing a solid lighting solution. Having the correct lighting is proven to promote productivity, increase innovation, and enhance the energy levels of employees in a workspace.

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For information on the Luceco Lighting commercial office range.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I LIGHTING

LIGHTING: IN THE HOME When lighting a home environment, the main consideration should be the personal preference of the end user and striking a balance between looking good and being energy savvy in the current environment.

“It’s important that the right task has the required amount of illumination”

DIMMABLE SMART LIGHTING It’s important to have a balance between the feature lighting and the accent lighting. Contrast lighting can be created using dimming and alternate colour temperatures. Dimmable smart lighting offers the ability to interchange between colour temperatures as well as illumination levels. UNDERSTANDING USER REQUIREMENTS Some multi-use areas of the home will need more light than others and it’s important that the right task has the required amount of illumination. For example, a kitchen requires higher illumination for preparation and cooking. The final layer is task lighting, this can be in the form of a simple floor-standing or tablemounted lamp or under-cupboard lighting. MAXIMISING NATURAL DAYLIGHT It is important to maximise natural daylight wherever possible. This is good for well-being as well as reducing energy consumption.

LAYERING: FEATURE LIGHTING One of the key aspects of lighting a home is layering, which is utilising a main light and then supplementing it with accent and task lighting. The main light source generally comes from a feature lighting point which is commonly a pendant, central to the room or to an object within it. LAYERING: ACCENT LIGHTING This is complemented by accent lighting, generally in the form of adjustable recessed downlights or even track lighting to illuminate walls, artwork and photography. These adjustable light sources offer flexibility to the end user, enabling them to create alternative scenes and atmospheres for different occasions.

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For information on the Luceco Lighting residential range.

Making Downlighting Choices Easier – Simpler Options, Larger Choice

Maximum performing 1st & 2nd fix downlight with CCT, Wattage selector and Dim2Warm technology

Maximum performing retrofit downlight with CCT, Wattage selector and Dim2Warm technology

High performing retrofit downlight at a cost effective price

NEW FType Downlight Range • Dim2Warm standard on MK2 and Ultra models – Replicates the feel of halogen through LED technology • Quick view window – Conveniently check your connection is properly terminated • SpeedFit Connector – Innovative loop-in/out terminals that speed up cable connection

See the revolutionary new range at www.luceco-ftype.com

www.luceco.com

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I LIGHTING

NEW FTYPE DOWNLIGHTS Luceco Lighting’s new range of FType fire-rated downlights is designed to set a new standard of downlight performance and functionality, with the latest advancements in LED technology. THE RANGE INCLUDES THESE THREE MODELS: FTYPE ESSENCE The budget-friendly option that delivers functionality, design, and performance. It’s available in 3000K or 4000K light outputs and comes with a three-year warranty. FTYPE MK2 This model builds upon Essence, offering even more value and innovation. With power-selectable functionality, you can customise lighting spaces based on user preferences. Choose between 4CCT Colour Change 2700K/3000K/4000K/6000K or Dim2Warm CCT 3000K/4000K, which combines the traditional warm lighting feel of halogen in modern LED technology. Adjusting to extra warm 2400K colour temperature when dimmed, creating a cosy, ambient lighting effect for maximum comfort. The Mk2 range is supplied with a five-year warranty. FTYPE ULTRA Incorporating all the Mk2 features, the FType Ultra adds the ground-breaking, patent-pending Easy Access ClipFit connector. This 500V insulation resistance compatible connector revolutionises installation, with a removable VDEcertified terminal block. This provides 360-degree access when wiring, eliminating cable bending around bulky housings and providing hassle-free wiring. Ultra is available in both Dim2Warm CCT and 4CCT options and is backed by a remarkable seven-year warranty.

“The new range of FType fire-rated downlights is designed with the latest advancements in LED technology”

SCAN HERE for more information.

POWER TOOLS SCAN HERE

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I POWER TOOLS

POWER UP YOUR CAREER When you’re starting out as an electrician, choosing the right power tools can be daunting, and costly, without the right advice.

When choosing power tools, make sure you check out the following key features:

SAFETY Buying from a reputable brand is important to give you that peace of mind, knowing that your power tools have been put through rigorous safety tests. DURABILITY Your tools need to be reliable with a decent amount of battery life, so they won’t let you down in the middle of a job.

“Choosing Bosch Pro, means you will be buying from a reputable brand”

COMPACT Working in tight spaces is often part of a an electrician’s job, so a compact set of drills will be a must. POWER The all-important feature! You need your drills to power through tough materials, so you can move on to the next job as efficiently as possible.

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I POWER TOOLS

CHOOSE A REPUTABLE BRAND The Professional 18V system offers a selection of tools that are lightweight with extreme power, exactly what you need when you are starting out.

good first set of power tools an electrician should never be without would be: a combi drill, an impact driver and a multi-cutter. The following power tools come with the BITURBO Brushless selection, light in weight but heavy duty. One ProCORE18V battery will give you the equivalent of up to 2,000W of corded power, offering efficiency and fantastic results! COMBI DRILL With the GSB 18V-90 C Combi Drill, you will get exceptional power thanks to its brushless motor, high levels of safety with Kickback Control and Precision Clutch. The 13mm metal chuck means increased durability too.

With these three in your tool bag, you’ll be all set to handle most projects that are thrown at you.

IMPACT DRIVER Ideal for working in tight spaces, the GDR 18V-200 Impact Driver offers a variable speed trigger for full control, plus excellent battery runtime and a long lifespan. MULTI-CUTTER Some electricians have been known to use these every day! With the GOP 18V-28 MultiCutter you’ll find accessories simple to swap over due to its snap-in function. The tough metal components make it extremely durable, and the powerful motor with a superior Starlock interface delivers precision power.

POWER TOOLS I SPARKS BOOK 2024

EXPERT ACCESSORIES

Of course, to get the most from great power tools you need accessories to match. The Bosch Professional accessory range offers durability, speed, precision and much more.

SAW BLADES EXPERT MULTIMATERIAL ACZ 105 ET SEGMENT SAW BLADE Lasting up to 50 x longer than other blades this is the one you want for reliable cutting of abrasive and composite materials. Blades can be changed in under three seconds!

Engineered from premium quality materials, and safety tests, their huge range of tools lets you work faster, for longer. They’re all designed for accuracy and are made to measure with the 18V power tool system. Here are the three EXPERT accessories from the range to complement your essential power tools: HAMMER BITS EXPERT SDS PLUS 7X HAMMER BITS Whatever you’re up against, from reinforced concrete to soft stone, these bits are a musthave. The durable tip with Bosch Carbide Technology means they last up to 3 x longer.

HOLE SAWS EXPERT TOUGH MATERIAL HOLE SAW STARTER KITS Individually ground teeth made from hard Carbide make this hole saw last up to 50 x longer. It also has a special slot design for better visibility and plug ejection.

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For more information on our top power tools and accessories plus much more.

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I POWER TOOLS

DON’T GUESS IT, STREAM IT Want to find out more about impact drivers? Got a burning question about Bosch ProCORE18V batteries? Confused about which accessory you need for a specific job? EXPERT ADVICE Find out all you need to know from the experts in Bosch Livestreams. Bosch’s livestreams cover a wide variety of topics, providing essential advice for anyone starting off in the electrical trade.

LIVE PRODUCT DEMOS From explaining the 18V system, to the EXPERT accessories for electricians and how to choose the right hole saw. Not only do our experts demonstrate the tools and techniques in an easy to understand and entertaining way, but they also answer your questions and respond to your comments during the stream.

“Our experts demonstrate the tools and techniques in an easy to understand and entertaining way”

WHY NOT GET INVOLVED?

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Check out what’s coming up as well as the large back catalogue of previous streams or search for Bosch livestreams on Instagram

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I SMART WIRING SOLUTIONS

SMART WIRING DEVICES: WHAT DO THEY MEAN FOR INSTALLERS? The trend towards complete connectivity and the Internet of Things (IoT) in homes and offices is leading more customers to connect their sockets for complete control. But what does this mean for electrical installers? WHAT ARE SMART WIRING DEVICES? First, it’s important to understand what smart wiring devices are and why they are growing in popularity. In effect, a smart wiring device is a plug socket with built-in connectivity, whether by using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or mesh network technologies such as Zigbee or MiraMesh. This connectivity enables users to remotely monitor energy consumption through the socket and power it down. In most domestic settings, this is done using a mobile app.

Customers will normally ask for these products for energy-saving purposes. In homes, customers will want an easy way of keeping energy costs down by powering down sockets remotely when not in use. For commercial settings, smart wiring devices not only help keep costs under control, but also can help meet sustainability targets linked to energy consumption.

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COMMERCIAL PRODUCT OF THE YEAR & INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT OF THE YEAR

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I SMART WIRING SOLUTIONS

TYPES OF SMART SOCKETS There are primarily two types of smart sockets: ■ SMART PLUGS: These are the most common smart wiring devices that most consumers are familiar with. Smart plugs act as an intermediary between traditional wired sockets and appliances, plugging into existing sockets. No installation is required, but the wired socket must always be switched on.

■ SMART OUTLETS: A more permanent alternative to smart plugs. Smart outlets must be hard-wired into a building, giving the same monitoring and control functionality but with a greater level of energy efficiency. Most will have the same footprint as a conventional outlet, to be retrofittable. These give the greatest opportunity for installers, and are the ideal option for commercial settings.

Both types of wiring device must meet BS1363 standards, with the neutral and line slots protected by shutters that only open when the earth pin is inserted, ensuring safety in domestic and commercial settings.

SMART WIRING SOLUTIONS I SPARKS BOOK 2024

“Businesses are becoming increasingly interested in smart wiring devices — which provides a great opportunity for electrical contractors”

THE GROWING OPPORTUNITY Most of the smart wiring devices that have been previously introduced to the UK market have been focused on domestic applications. However, businesses are becoming increasingly interested in smart wiring devices — which provides a great opportunity for electrical contractors that have suitable highquality products and know how to install them.

“Customers will want an easy way of keeping energy costs down by powering down sockets remotely when not in use” NEW 2023 PRODUCT LAUNCH MK Electric’s Connected Power solution is the only ready-now smart wiring device with direct BMS connection for commercial installs available on the UK market. The product launched in early 2023, making it a relatively new addition to the market that businesses are only now becoming aware of as an option for their projects.

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES As an emerging technology, commercial smart wiring devices are still developing and advancing to open more opportunities for contractors and customers alike. The current versions of products such as Connected Power rely on integration to a building management system (BMS) or supervisor system, which is often the point where an installer will hand over the project to a system integrator. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INSTALLERS In the future, there is potential for smart wiring devices to form part of an independent system that can be fully installed by electrical contractors — giving a much more valuable commercial opportunity to installers.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I SMART WIRING SOLUTIONS

MAKING TOTAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT A REALITY Developed to meet the evolving needs of commercial installs, MK Electric’s Connected Power is the UK’s first commercial smart wiring device.

CONTROL OF ENERGY USE Comprising smart plug sockets and connectivity hubs from MK Electric, the Connected Power solution allows businesses to gain visibility into their buildings’ energy usage, remotely power down unused sockets and automate functions such as scheduling, grouping and alarms. Data is available down to an outlet level, providing more robust information and control of energy use. EASY RETROFITS Connected Power sockets are the same size as BS1363 standard plug sockets, allowing for easy retrofits, and boast the superior build quality synonymous with the MK Electric brand. Installers can pair a socket with a Connected Power hub, which can interlink with up to 50 sockets, and as many as 50 hubs can connect to a single supervisory or BMS, giving a total capacity of 2,500 sockets or 5,000 individual outlets. SEAMLESS INTEGRATION To maximise compatibility, the Connected Power system is brand agnostic and can be seamlessly integrated into a site’s existing BACnet-based BMS for a fully detailed overview of its energy use.

VALUE FOR INSTALLERS As an installer, knowledge of smart wiring devices can help you add value in: ■ INSTALLATION: Smart outlets are wiring

devices like any other, and they need to be wired in. Market leading brands such as MK Electric design their smart wiring devices to occupy the same backbox dimensions as a standard switch socket. This allows new and retrofit projects to be a pain-free task for installers.

■ COMMISSIONING: Connecting together the smart wiring devices and hubs to form a coherent virtual system is essential. Electrical contractors that can link everything together and commission a functioning system are more valuable to customers.

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to find out more about installing smart wiring devices.

WIRING CONNECTORS SCAN HERE

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I WIRING CONNECTORS

5 BENEFITS OF USING BRANDED PRODUCTS We all have a favourite brand, be it smartphone, clothing, vehicle or food, and for good reason – we like what it delivers. Mike Cullom, Northern Europe Sales Manager, explains why it pays to invest in quality rather than cut corners.

y sticking with branded products on site, contractors can eliminate the quality, integrity, safety and legal implications associated with unbranded, often inferior, products.

“ANY MONEY SAVED BY USING AN UNBRANDED, LOWER COST OPTION CAN COME AT A HIGH PRICE”

COST SAVINGS – YES, REALLY!

A cost saving might not be the first thing that springs to mind when championing branded products over unbranded ones and it is generally the case that branded items come with a higher price tag. Of course, costs are a factor on every site, but as the phrase goes, ‘buy cheap, buy twice’, meaning the purchase of a cheaper but inferior product is a false economy as it is likely to need replacing, which comes at a price. When it comes to connectors, any money saved by using an unbranded, lower cost option can come at a high price with consequences for the maintenance, lifecycle and operational costs of the building, not to mention possible legal and liability implications too.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I WIRING CONNECTORS

REPUTATION OF BOTH BRAND AND CONTRACTOR

Trusted brands earn their reputation by consistently delivering quality products that contractors have faith in and have the confidence to use again and again, without issue. By using trusted products from a reputable company, contractors can provide tangible quality assurance to their clients. This level of brand loyalty simply doesn’t exist with unbranded products and should contractors opt for inferior, unbranded items, they risk installation issues, which could affect repeat business and even their own reputation.

“trusted brands earn their reputation by consistently delivering quality products”

COMPLIANCE AND SAFETY STANDARDS

Branded products are subject to rigorous product development and testing to ensure they meet strict quality assurance and safety standards. On the other hand, cheap imitations are not only contravening patent law, but also often fail to meet the quality assurance and safety standards embedded in the development of branded products. Ideal Industries provides products which meet the 18th Edition Wiring Standards, are CE tested and approved providing peace of mind. Additionally, the In-Sure® Enclosure Box has been tested to and complies with BS 5733 maintenance free accessory standard. It is therefore suitable for installation of an electrical junction in an inaccessible location, such as behind plasterboard or under a floor helping to avoid damage to finished surfaces which would then need to be reworked or repaired.

A QUALITY PRODUCT

INNOVATIVE, FUTURE-PROOF SOLUTIONS

Meticulously tested and manufactured using high quality materials, branded products offer consistent product quality, ensuring items are fit for purpose, easy to use and provide a robust, durable solution throughout the service life of the installation. In contrast, the use of cheap materials, poor quality control and lack of testing for unbranded products mean that product integrity is often a problem. Connectors may crack or break easily when used on site, compromising the installation leading to call backs that eat into the profit.

Respected brands are known for their ingenious solutions, continually investing in product development and market research to deliver the latest in cutting edge technology. Time pressures, challenging site environments and high-quality expectations are all considered in the manufacture of their products. Ideal Industries’ connectors, for example, have been designed to provide fast, easy and consistent installation, ensuring a right-firsttime termination regardless of the skill level of the user.

WIRING CONNECTORS I SPARKS BOOK 2024

A WORTHY INVESTMENT

“Ideal Industries’ connectors have been designed to provide fast, easy and consistent installation, ensuring a right-first-time termination regardless of the skill level of the user”

Yes, it can be tempting to cut costs by opting for unbranded alternatives, and contractors might make the mistake of believing cheap imitations will perform the same as branded versions. However, inferior products will result in inferior installations, with significant implications for the smooth delivery and quality of the build – is it really worth it?

SCAN HERE For further info

SPARKS BOOK 2024 I WIRING CONNECTORS

YOUR TRUSTED BRAND IDEAL Industries’ range of wire connectors provides electrical installers with a time-saving, modern and safe alternative to traditional screw down terminal strips. GEN II LEVER WIRE CONNECTORS

SPLICELINE® WIRE CONNECTORS

PUSH-IN WIRE CONNECTORS

■ Perfect solution for joining solid, stranded or flexible conductors

■ Excellent for extending and connecting wires

■ Reduce installation time by up to 50%

■ Safe, reliable and reusable – no tools required

■ 3x faster to install than traditional crimped butt splices

■ Easy glide-in wire connection

■ Compact design that takes up less room in junction boxes and enclosures

■ Provides a crimp free, solderless butt splice

■ No screwdriver required ■ 0.2mm2 to 4.0mm2 (solid and rigid stranded) and 0.14mm2 to 4.0mm2 (flexible) ■ 32A/450V

■ Tool free, push in straight line connector ■ 0.5mm2 to 4.0mm2 for solid and 1.0mm2 to 2.5mm2 for stranded ■ 32A/450V

■ Perfect replacement for crimped splices ■ Low insertion force for fast connections ■ 0.75mm2 to 4.0mm2 for solid and 1.5mm2 to 2.5mm2 stranded ■ 32A/450V for 2-, 3- & 4-port models. 41A for 6mm2 3-port push-in model.

ADDITIONALLY, ALL THREE TYPES COME WITH: ■ Check port for continuity testing ■ Clear shell allowing for visual inspection of connection

Robust and well-designed at an attractive price point, IDEAL wire connectors offer a user-friendly, cost-effective and quality-led alternative to terminal strips. They are BS 7671:2018 (18th Edition), IEC 60998-1 and IEC 60998-2-2 compliant plus CE, UKCA, UL and ENEC approved.

For further info, check out www.idealind.com

GLOSSARY I SPARKS BOOK 2024

GLOSSARY OF ELECTRICAL TERMS Do you know your electrical terminology? In this feature, you will find a selection of commonly used terms you are likely to come across during your studies and on-site.

A ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C.) A.C. is the flow of an electric current, first in one direction and then in the reverse direction in a conductor or circuit. AMMETER An instrument used for the measurement of electric current. AMPERE A unit of electrical current: Symbol A, Unit symbol: I ANODE The anode is a positive electrode or terminal, e.g. the + terminal of a battery. APPARENT POWER This is the power of an a.c. circuit based on the formula P = V x A x pf If the a.c. circuit supplies a purely resistive load, such as a heating element, the Apparent Power and the True Power will be the same. This is called ‘Unity’.

ARMATURE The term is used to describe the rotating part of a d.c. electric motor or generator, and an a.c. universal motor. ASYNCHRONOUS This term is used to describe the rotor speed of a.c. motors in which the rotating magnetic field created by the stator windings is at synchronous speed i.e. being dependent on the supply frequency and number of sets of stator windings; compared to the actual rotor speed that is turning at a speed less than synchronous, called asynchronous speed. ATOM The minute parts of a substance consist of a nucleus, protons and electrons; a number of atoms make up a molecule. AUTOTRANSFORMER A static device consisting of a laminated steel core and one winding to which a single-phase a.c. supply is connected, this is the primary connection. The secondary output is made by tapping – off the same winding at a point that gives either an increase or decreased output voltage. Three-phase autotransformers are also available.

ARC A very low resistance between two points of different potential can result in an electrical discharge in the form of a spark or flash between the two points.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I GLOSSARY

B BACK E.M.F Back e.m.f is a voltage that is produced in opposition to the supply voltage when an alternating current passes through a coil of wire such as a motor winding, choke or relay coil. BALLAST This is another term for the choke found in discharge lighting circuits. BIMETALLIC STRIP This is a component found in certain types of thermostat, e.g. room thermostats used to control central heating systems. The strip consists of two dissimilar metals bonded together. When the surrounding temperature increases one metal will expand faster than the other and because the other metal is not expanding at the same rate the strip will bend. This can be incorporated with a switching device designed to switch on or off the central heating boiler. BLACK The insulation or marker colour associated with Line – 2 (L2) of a 3-phase AC supply system. BONDING The practice of intentionally connecting all exposed metal items not designed to carry electricity in a room or building, to prevent electric shock in case they inadvertently become live. BROWN The insulation or marker colour associated with Line – 1 (L1) of a 3-phase AC supply system.

C CAPACITOR A capacitor is a component capable of storing electric charge. It consists of two or more conductive plates, or metallic foils, insulated from each other and the container housing them. The outer plates have terminals enabling the device to be connected into a circuit. This device can be found in a.c. single-phase motor circuits, discharge lighting installations, power factor correction units and electronic circuits. CARBON BRUSH Carbon is a good conductor of electricity as well as being a good lubricant. This makes the carbon brush a suitable method of passing electrical energy into or out of the rotating part of an electric motor or generator. CATHODE This is the negative electrode or terminal of a d.c. power source such as a battery. CELL A device capable of producing electric current through chemical action between an electrolyte and conductive plates. CHARGE Electric charge is a quantity of electricity measured in Coulombs: Symbol Q CHOKE This is a coil of wire wound on a laminated steel core. The coil has a low resistance and high inductance making it particularly useful in a.c. circuits to (a) provide a high voltage when starting certain types of discharge lamps and (b) to control the flow of current in low resistance circuits such as the discharge current through a fluorescent lamp when fully on.

GLOSSARY I SPARKS BOOK 2024

CIRCUIT-BREAKER The circuit-breaker is designed to protect circuits from over-current that can be caused by short-circuit or overload in the circuit. The circuit-breaker incorporates both magnetic and bimetallic components that react to each type of overcurrent fault in the circuit. COMBINED NEUTRAL EARTH CONDUCTOR (CNE) A conductor that simultaneously serves the functions of both the neutral and the earth in electrical systems. COMMUTATOR This is a device found in d.c. motors or generators and some a.c. machines. It consists of segments of copper insulated from each other and from the armature shaft around which they are mounted. Carbon brushes make contact with the copper segments and provide a ‘sliding electrical contact’ such that electrical energy can be supplied or taken from the armature. CONDUCTOR A material, usually copper, but can be aluminium that has a low resistance to the flow of electric current. CONVENTIONAL CURRENT Conventional current refers to the assumed flow of electric current in a circuit i.e. current flowing from positive to negative of the supply source through a load. Electron current flow is the actual current flow in a circuit. CURRENT The flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in Amperes (A) Current symbol: I

D DIRECT CURRENT (D.C.) The flow of an electric current in a circuit in one direction only rather than alternating.

DELTA A method of electrical circuit connection used in three – phase supply systems where the load is balanced and does not require a neutral connection. DIAC A solid-state device that is designed to be connected, with other types of solid state devices to produce a pulsed waveform. DIELECTRIC A dielectric is a material or space that has high resistance and is therefore a poor conductor of electricity. The dielectric provides the insulating layer between the conducting plates of a capacitor. Dry air is a poor conductor so is plastic, glass, porcelain and certain metal oxides. DIODE A solid-state device that allows current flow through it in one direction but blocks the flow when the current is reversed, thus providing direct-current. DIRECT – ON – LINE (D-O-L) This is a term associated with the starting of single or three-phase electric motors. The full supply voltage is connected to the stator windings of the motor on the closing of the D-O-L contactor. This method of starting can be used for machines up to approximately 5kW. DISCHARGE The term ‘discharge’ is normally associated with the passage of electric current through a gas. However the term can also be used to describe the reduction to zero of a capacitors stored electric charge via a resistor connected across its terminals. DIVERTED NEUTRAL CURRENT (DNC) Unwanted current in the neutral conductor that flows through alternative, often unintended, paths in an electrical system. DOMESTIC DWELLING Any property used as a residence, such as a house or an apartment.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I GLOSSARY

E EARTHING The practice of connecting specific parts of an electrical power system with the ground, for safety and functional purposes. EDDY CURRENT A circulating current that has been induced by an alternating current; in a transformer eddy currents occur in the steel core that supports the windings. To reduce eddy currents to a minimum the steel core is laminated. ELECTRICITY The general term used to describe the effect of electric charge whether static or in motion. ELECTRIC POWER The rate of doing work, measured in Watts (W). Power (P) is measured in watts and is the product of potential difference in volts and the current in amperes, so in formula:P = V x I or P = U x I ELECTRODE This term can be used in a number of ways: i) A conductor that can allow electric current to enter or leave a medium such as an electrolyte. A lead-acid battery is such an example. ii) An element that collects or emits electrons as in semiconductor devices such as diodes and transistors. Generally, the term is used to describe the positive or negative terminal of a power source such as a battery. The positive electrode can also be referred to as the Anode and the negative electrode as the Cathode. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION When a current flows through a conductor or coil an electromagnetic field is produced around it. The magnetic field is proportional to the current

and so as the current increases or decreases in value the magnetic field will also increase or decrease in strength. When the magnetic field rises or falls a voltage will be induced in the conductor or coil, this is called the back-e.m.f. ELECTRO-MOTIVE-FORCE (EMF) This is the source of electrical energy required to produce an electric current in a circuit. The source of e.m.f can be an alternator, battery, generator, solar panel or thermocouple. EQUIPOTENTIAL To have the same electric potential at every point. EXPOSED-CONDUCTIVE-PART A conductive part of equipment that can be touched and isn’t normally live, but can become so if insulation fails. EXTRANEOUS-CONDUCTIVE-PART A conductive part which might introduce potential, usually Earth potential, not forming part of the electrical installation.

F FAULT An electrical fault can occur in the distribution network, electrical installation or in electrical equipment. A fault can be short-circuit, opencircuit or component failure. FAULT CURRENT This is the current caused by a fault in the electric circuit. The fault can be electrical such as short-circuit or an overload caused by a mechanical problem. FLEMING’S LEFT AND RIGHT HAND RULES Two rules developed by Sir John Fleming. The rules are designed to assist in the understanding of the relationship between motion, e.m.f. and magnetic flux in electric machines.

GLOSSARY I SPARKS BOOK 2024

The Hand rules use the first and second fingers and thumb of each hand to represent magnetic flux, electric current and the resulting movement. The Left Hand Rule relates to electric motors and the Right hand Rule to electric generators. FLUX i) A substance that can be added in order to assist fusion as in soldering. ii) A generic term used to express the ‘rate of flow’ or ‘movement’ of a property such as ‘magnetic flux’, ‘luminous flux’ or ‘electric flux’. FREQUENCY This is the number of cycles per second at which an alternating current voltage is supplied from the distributor; frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz). FUSE An overcurrent protective device designed to open circuit in the event of an abnormally large current flowing in an electrical circuit or apparatus. The abnormally large current can be as a result of an electrical fault or overload.

G GENERATOR A machine designed to convert mechanical to electrical energy; equipment capable of converting non-electrical energy into electrical energy. GREY The insulation or marker colour associated with Line – 3 (L3) of a 3-phase AC supply system. GROUND The general mass of earth in reference to earthing systems.

H HEATER (ELECTRIC) A device, consisting of high - resistance wire, that converts electrical energy to heat energy. HYGROSCOPIC A compound with the ability to absorb moisture; a term often associated with the insulating material ‘magnesium oxide’ used in mineral insulated cable. When exposed to the air magnesium oxide will absorb moisture thereby lowering its insulating property.

I IET The Institution of Engineering and Technology; providing the requirements for electrical installations. ILLUMINATION The light level on a surface created by natural or artificial means; raising of the light level is usually achieved by the use of electric lamps. IMPEDANCE The total opposition to current flow in an a.c. circuits where resistance, inductance and capacitance can contribute to opposing current flow. Inductance is measured in Ohms. Symbol: Z INDUCTANCE The opposition to current flowing in a coil when a changing current causes a changing magnetic field to induce an opposing voltage; inductance is measured in henrys (H). The device is used to control current flowing in a circuit.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I GLOSSARY

INDUCTOR A static device consisting of a coil mounted on a laminated steel core; used to provide an amount of inductance in a circuit. The choke in a fluorescent luminaire circuit is one example. INSULATOR A material in which the flow of electric current is generally not possible, p.v.c. is one example. ISOLATOR The isolator is a mechanical device used to isolate all live conductors from a circuit or specific item of equipment by breaking the circuit using a mechanical switching device.

J JUNCTION RECTIFIER A solid-state device, with no moving parts, that uses a semiconductor junction to rectify an alternating current to a direct current.

K KILOWATT A measurement of power; one kW = 1000Watts KILOWATT – HOUR An expression used to state a unit of electrical energy consumed over a period of 1 – hour: (kWh).

L LIGHT – EMITTING – DIODE (LED) A solid-state device with a p-n junction; the device is capable of producing light when a small current is passed through it. LIGHTNING An atmospheric electric discharge in the form of a spark or flash; if a danger to property exists then the building can be fitted with lightning conductors that safely allow the atmospheric discharge to dissipate to earth. LUMINAIRE A complete lighting unit, including all the essential components required for fixing, housing, connecting and distributing a light source, such as a bulb or lamp.

M MAGNET A ferromagnetic substance that is capable of maintaining a magnetic field about it. Loadstone is a naturally occurring rock that has magnetic properties that can be transferred to iron or steel. However commercial magnets are made by inserting a suitable metal inside a coil of wire through which a direct current is passed. MINERAL – INSULATED COPPER CABLE (MICC) A thin copper tube containing one or more bare copper conductors separated from each other and the tube containing them by compressed magnesium oxide, a white powder that is capable of withstanding temperatures of 10000C and provides excellent insulating properties when dry.

GLOSSARY I SPARKS BOOK 2024

MOLECULE The smallest part of a substance that can exist without changing shape or form; all matter is made-up of molecules be it solid, liquid or gas. MOTOR An electro-mechanical machine that is designed to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy; a motor is usually designed to provide rotational mechanical energy to drive some load. MUTUAL INDUCTION When two coils are in close proximity to each other and an alternating current is passed through one coil, the alternating magnetic field produced by this coil will induce an alternating voltage into the second coil. This effect can be enhanced by mounting the coils on a laminated steel core.

O OHM The SI unit of resistance, (symbol Ω), of an electrical circuit or electrical component; Ohms Law identifies that at a constant temperature, when a potential difference of 1 – volt is applied across a resistance of 1 – Ohm, a current of 1 – ampere will flow. OVERCURRENT An electric current greater than expected in a circuit; an overcurrent can be caused by an overload, low resistance or short-circuit. Overcurrent protective devices are designed to protect circuits, components and equipment from overload and / or electrical faults such as short-circuits.

NEGATIVE A terminal opposite a Positive terminal on a battery or other direct current supply system, to which conventional current will flow when a circuit is made between the Positive and Negative terminals of the battery or other source. Note: Electron current flow, the actual current flow in a circuit, is from negative to positive.

PARALLEL (PATHS) Running side by side; in the case of an electrical earth fault the current may flow from the fault to the supply transformer via two or more routes. The earth connection of the supply system may provide one path and other metallic parts connected to earth, can provide other paths.

NEUTRAL A zero value or ground as the term is applied in electrical distribution systems. A common point connected to earth by a conductor.

PHASE The term used to describe any live conductor in an alternating current system. Single – phase or three – phase being common use of the term.

NUCLEUS A term used to describe the centre of an atom.

PROTECTIVE MULTIPLE EARTHING (PME) This is an earthing arrangement in which the neutral of the supply system is used as the main earth point, thereby ensuring a return path to the distribution supply transformer for any fault current that flows to earth in the installation being supplied.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I GLOSSARY

POLARITY The designation of terminals, for example a battery or specific conductors in a circuit such as the requirement that single-pole switching devices must only be located in the line conductor of a single – phase lighting circuit. POWER The rate of doing work expressed in Watts or kilowatts kW. In a resistive circuit such as an electric heater, the Power rating of the heater is proportional to the applied voltage and the current flowing through the heater, so P = V x I POWER FACTOR (PF) In alternating current (ac) inductive or capacitive circuits the power factor is the ratio of True Power to Apparent Power. pf = W VA

pf = kW kVA

PROTECTIVE MULTIPLE EARTH (PME) An earthing system where multiple earth points are connected directly to the main neutral point. PROTECTIVE NEUTRAL BONDING (PNB) The deliberate connection made between the protective earth conductor and the neutral conductor in an installation. PROTON In atomic theory this is a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. PVC Polyvinyl chloride is a thermoplastic used widely in the insulation of electrical cables.

Q QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY The amount of electrical energy flowing in a circuit and is the product of current and time for which it flows.

R RADIAL A term associated with a circuit that originates from a source but does not return to that source. A typical example is the (A2) radial socket circuit in which the conductors terminate at the last socket-outlet. RECTIFIER A device designed to convert a.c. to d.c. The device consists of one or more diodes connected to provide half or full-wave rectification. RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER (RCCB) This is a circuit protective device that combines the function of a miniature circuit-breaker and a residual current circuit breaker into one compact unit. RCCB’s are usually located in a distribution board or consumers control unit. RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICE (RCD) This is a circuit breaker that is designed to detect earth-leakage by constantly monitoring the flow of current into and out-of a circuit via the line and neutral. If an in-balance of current occurs due, either to an earth fault developing, or a person making contact with a live conductor of the circuit, an in-balance occurs and the RCD will open-circuit. RESISTANCE Resistance is the opposition to current flow measured in Ohms (Ω) In a circuit, resistance may consist of a purpose built unit such as a heating element, or may be the result of a fault such as a loose termination or cable that is underrated for the current that is flowing. ROTOR This term is generally associated with electric motors and refers to the rotating part of the machine. The rotor can be a ‘cage’ design called a ‘cage rotor’, or wound with conductors in which case it is known as a ‘wound rotor’.

GLOSSARY I SPARKS BOOK 2024

S SELF - INDUCTION When an alternating current is passed through a coil an alternating magnetic field is produced in the coil. The alternating magnetic field causes an opposing voltage, called a back – emf to be generated in the coil, this is self – induction. SEMICONDUCTOR A semiconductor consists of a material such as silicon that is neither a good conductor, nor a good insulator. When suitably prepared with an extra electron, the material will become negative or n-type. If the material is prepared in such a way as an electron is removed from it the material will become positive or p-type. Junctions formed with a combination of ‘p’ and ‘n’ type semiconductor can be made into components such as diodes and transistors. SERIES This term is used to describe the way in which a number of circuit components may be arranged, for example a single-pole light switch is connected in series with the lamp it is to control. The term can also be used to describe the connection of a d.c. machine whereby the field windings are connected in series with the armature. SHORT – CIRCUIT A short – circuit fault occurs when two or more live conductors touch each other or are connected to each other by external intervention, e.g. such as drilling through a cable accidently. SHUNT This term is normally associated with the method of connecting the field windings of a direct current motor. In this method the field windings are connected in parallel with the armature.

SIMMERSTAT This is an energy regulator that can be manually set to a desired level and then automatically maintained at that level. One typical application is the temperature control on a cooker- hob once a setting is selected the heating element will be automatically switched on and off thereby maintaining the setting. SINE WAVE The sine wave is a specific waveform representing current, voltage or power over a period of time. In a single-phase a.c. supply of 50Hz one complete waveform represents a time period of 20mS. SOLENOID If a coil of wire is wound uniformly round a cylinder and a current passed through the coil, a magnetic field will be established around and through the coil. The solenoid forms the bases of the simple electric door-bell, relay and contactor. STAR In three-phase a.c. distribution circuits or three-phase electric motors the term ‘star’ is used to describe the way in which the supply transformer, (secondary) windings are arranged, or in the case of the motor, in the way the stator windings may be connected. STAR – DELTA This is a term associated with the starting of three-phase electric motors. The basic principle being that first the motor stator windings are connected in star, thus receiving a reduced voltage allowing the rotor to start turning, then after a pre-set time, usually a few seconds depending on how quickly the rotor approaches full speed, the stator windings are re-connected automatically to a delta connection that now connects the full threephase supply voltage across them; the rotor is now at its full speed.

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I GLOSSARY

STARTER Various electric motor starters are available depending upon the particular application required. In the case of a.c. motors the Direct-On-Line or (D-O-L), Star-Delta or AutoTransformer starter may be specified. For d.c. motors a three or four terminal ‘Face-plate’ starter would be used. The term ‘starter’ may also refer to the device required by low pressure mercury fluorescent luminaires to establish the electrical discharge through the tube on start-up. STATOR The stator of a three-phase electric motor is the fixed part of the machine. The stator carries or holds the stator windings that are arranged around the inside of the stator cylinder. The three-phase power supply is connected to these windings via a suitable starter. SYNCHRONOUS This term is used to describe the speed at which a rotating magnetic field is moving inside the stator of an a.c. motor. The speed is dependent upon the frequency of the power supply, (in the UK this is 50Hz) together with the number of pairs of magnetic poles that are created when an alternating current circulates through the stator windings. Note: One set of three-phase windings will generate one pair of magnetic poles, i.e. a North and a South polarity inside the stator. The more sets of windings the more pairs of magnetic poles. The purpose of increasing the number of pairs of poles is to increase the torque on the drive shaft of the motor so it can provide more work.

T TERMINAL The connection of a conductor to an accessory or piece of equipment is made via a terminal. A terminal may be a screw, clamp, push-on, soldered or crimped lug connection. TESTING Testing is a procedure usually using specific instruments to establish the condition of a circuit, a termination or component in a circuit. On completion of an electrical installation a sequence of tests are performed to check that the installation conforms to the parameters set-out in the initial design and meets current Regulations. A record of the test results are kept for proof of conformity and for future inspection and testing of the installation. THERMISTOR This is a temperature sensitive resistor that can be of positive or negative design; the resistance increasing or decreasing as temperature changes. The positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor is often found embedded in motor windings so if the windings become too hot during use the resistance of the thermistor increases causing a voltage drop to occur. This in turn will open circuit the motor starter control circuit thus isolating the supply to the motor and preventing damage to the windings. The negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor is used in refrigeration and air conditioning where a cool or cold condition is to be maintained. If the temperature increases the NTC resistance drops and allows the compressor to be switched on thereby lowering the temperature.

GLOSSARY I SPARKS BOOK 2024

THERMOCOUPLE When two different metals in the form of conductors are bonded together at one end and heat is applied to the junction, a voltage will be produced between the two metal conductors. The thermocouple can be used in gas fire ignition systems, or to measure the temperature of a furnace. THERMOSTAT The thermostat is a device that consists of two dissimilar metals, e.g. Invar and brass, bonded together in the form of a strip. When heated the brass expands faster than the invar and because the two metals are bonded together the resulting expansion of the brass causes the strip to bend. When the strip is incorporated with a set of contacts the contacts can be made to open or close as required. The room thermostat used in domestic central heating systems is designed to maintain the ambient temperature by automatically switching the heating system on or off in response to temperature changes. THYRISTOR The thyristor is also known as the Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR). It is a solid-state device that is a controlled rectifier. Unlike the solid-state rectifier or diode that, when energised continually converts a.c. to d.c. the SCR will only operate when it is switched on by triggering the ‘gate’ connection of the device. TERRA The term Terra, meaning ‘earth’ or ‘general mass of earth’ is used to identify different UK supply systems; for example TN-S, TN-C-S or TT.

decrease voltages and can be large in volume as used in a supply distribution system or small as found inside individual items of electrical equipment. Note: Electronic transformers are more frequently found today inside individual electrical equipment. TRANSISTOR A solid-state device used to provide amplification of current or voltage in electronic circuits. TRUE-POWER In the case of an a.c. circuit supplying a motor or other type of inductive load where current is used to produce a magnetic field, the power is called ‘apparent power’. TUNGSTEN In the form of a wire, tungsten provides a high resistance element that, in a vacuum can incandesce when current is passed through it and produce light. The tungsten filament lamp is a typical example.

U UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS) This is a battery supply that can automatically take over some of the connected electrical load in a building should the mains supply fail. The d.c. battery supply is converted electronically into a.c. to ensure continuity of the supply to computers and other essential equipment that requires a constant supply.

TORQUE The turning force created in an electric motor. TRANSFORMER A static piece of electrical equipment that contains windings mounted on laminated steel limbs that in turn are part of a core frame. The function of a transformer is to increase or

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SPARKS BOOK 2024 I GLOSSARY

V VOLT The volt is the unit of electro - motive - force or e.m.f. that can be produced by chemical means as in a battery, magnetic means as in a generator or alternator, or by heat on dissimilar metals, e.g. a thermocouple. Symbol: V or U VOLTMETER A voltmeter is a measuring instrument that can be connected between two points of different potential in a circuit in order to determine the voltage between those points, e.g. between a line and neutral of a single-phase a.c. supply or between the positive and negative of a battery source. A voltmeter can be electro-mechanical e.g. moving-iron, (for a.c. or d.c. voltages), moving-coil, (for d.c. voltages only), or digital in design.

W WATT The Watt is the unit measurement of Power. Symbol: W WATTMETER This is a measuring instrument that shows the true power of a circuit. The instrument usually has three connections allowing it to be connected in series, for current measurement and parallel, for voltage measurement. The combined effect of the magnetic fields produced in the current and voltage coils of the instrument indicates the power of the circuit or load. WIRING DIAGRAM This is a clear line drawing showing every conductor in a circuit including the protective conductor and the components, accessories and equipment incorporated in the circuit.

X XEON (XE) This is an inert gas used for filling certain types of fluorescent tubes and light bulbs. X-RAY Electro-magnetic radiation with a shorter wavelength than light that is able to pass through some objects but not others thereby giving some objects a transparent appearance.

Y YOKE The yoke is the laminated steel horizontal members of a power transformer that mechanically connects the laminated steel upright limbs together to form a metallic magnetic circuit through which alternating magnetic flux can pass. Note: The limbs support the transformer windings or coils.

Z ZENOR DIODE This is a solid – state device that is designed to be connected in parallel across a load in order to act as a voltage regulating or limiting device. The zenor diode is shunt connected in such a way that it is reversed biased, i.e. it cannot conduct but will shortcircuit and conduct if the voltage rises above a specific level. The device is named after its inventor: C M Zenor.

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