Sol y Mar Magazine Edition # 36 by solymar

SOL & MAR MAGAZINE

Contenido Content 4 Sometimes Smaller is Better

A veces más pequeño es mejor

28 2016 “Jake Jordan Invitational, Sailfish Fly Challenge”, in Guatemala

64 Lion Country Safari, Florida opened in 1967, in rural Western Palm Beach County

90 Swim with the biggest and most harmless shark in the world

114 Offshore Sport Fishing 134 Carnival Inspiration to undergo multi-million-dollar renovation that will add a variety of exciting new features

144 Global Warming and Coral Reefs 170 Tecnología Marina

SOL & MAR MAGAZINE

ol y Mar Magazine es la primera y única revista digital bilingüe en el mundo que incluye información sobre turismo, pesca, industria marítima, hostelería, recreación, pesca deportiva y propiedades frente al mar, que ofrece a nuestros lectores una variedad de diferentes temas de interés en cada una de sus ediciones. Sol y Mar Magazine se puede encontrar fácilmente en los principales buscadores de Internet por texto o por palabras clave, así como en nuestra página web: www.solymarmagazine.com. Sol y Mar Magazine se envía a decenas de miles de personas e instituciones, de las cuales el 89% se encuentran en el sur de la Florida y el resto en distintos países de todos los continentes. La edad promedio de nuestros lectores oscila entre 20 y 65 años de edad. Si desea ampliar su negocio, especialmente en el poderoso mercado hispano, le sugerimos anunciarse en nuestra revista. ¡Bienvenido a bordo de Sol y Mar Magazine! www.solymarmagazine.com

ol y Mar Magazine is the first and only digital bilingual publication in the world that includes information about tourism, fishing, waterfront properties, maritime industry, restoration, recreation, sport fishing and innovations among other things that are entertaining, informative and interesting to that appears in the advertiser’s own website and also (his/hers)our reader, who (will enjoy) a wide variety subjects and knowledge of different topics in our publication that addresses each of its editions. Sol y Mar Magazine can be easily found in the main Internet search engines by text or by key words, as well as on our web page: www.solymarmagazine.com. Sol y Mar Magazine is sent to tens of thousands individuals and institutions, of which 89% are located in southern Florida and the remaining to another countries in all continents. The average age of our readers is between 20 and 65 years old. If you want to expand your business, especially in the powerful Hispanic market, we suggest you advertise in our magazine. Welcome aboard Sol y Mar Magazine! www.solymarmagazine.com

PEDRO DÍAZ Presidente y Editor President and Editor info@solymarmagazine.com www.solymarmagazine.com

Cover Photo Foto de Portada: Gloria Ordaz Photographer/Fotógrafo: Pedro Díaz Director de Arte: Mario Carpio graficos@mariocarpio.com

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The partial or total reproduction of any of the articles, photos or advertisements featured in Sol y Mar Magazine, absent the Editor’s express authorization or consent, is prohibited. Sol y Mar Magazine is not responsible for any potential damage caused by opinions, expressions, interviews, documentaries, articles, declarations, ideas, images, photographs or ads published on the pages of this magazine, nor does it assume any responsibility for the services or products advertised in its pages.

Publicity and advertising are not cost; they are an investment in your business that will attract possible costumers. Publicity and advertising have the power to convince potential customers by means of ideas, words and images to purchase your products and contract for your services. Advertise now in Sol y Mar Magazine at a very reasonable price. SOL & MAR MAGAZINE

SOMETIMES SMALLER IS BETTER By Pat Ford Photos: Pat Ford and Hunter Ledbetter

SOL & MAR MAGAZINE

he Blue Heron Bridge in Riviera Beach is probably the best shore dive in Florida. It’s rated as one of the Best Macro dive sites in the world. It’s free and easy to get to. The diving entrance point is in Phil Foster Park just on the east side of the bridge on Blue heron Blvd and it’s available from dawn till 10 pm daily. Parking is available right next to the sand beach under the bridge, so you don’t have to lug your gear very far at all. There are even showers on the sidewalk for you to rinse off yourself and your gear. There’s only one catch…You have to dive at high slack tide. The incoming water brings clarity and once the current picks up, you’ll have problems staying in one place and the dirty water will quickly return. The key is to be on location, geared up and entering the water around 45 minutes before high tide. You can’t have a successful dive with out checking the tide charts. You’ll probably never get deeper than 15’ so you can probably get 100 minutes out of a tank which is all the time you’ll have for clear water. You must have a dive flag and stay out of the boat channel. It’s all common sense but carelessness can cause serious problems.

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Most any underwater camera will get you some interesting photos at the Bridge, but a Macro system is the way to go. You will be creeping along the bottom, looking for critters that are often less than an inch long. A macro lens lets you get within inches of the subject so a tiny fish will fill the whole frame. If it swims there is a possibility that you’ll see it at the Bridge but a typical dive will find blennies, wrasses, top hats, arrow and hermit crabs, pipefish, filefish, gobies, all kinds of angelfish, batfish, rays, gobies, anemones and scorpion fish….so be careful where u put your hands. Most of the critters are around the coral encrusted pilings, but there’s also lots of interesting critters on the sand which are very easy to photograph. It took me several dives to get the hang of it, but it’s addictive – the more you dive the more you see.

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A VECES MÁS PEQUEÑO ES MEJOR Por Pat Ford Fotos: Pat Ford y Hunter Ledbetter

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l puente de Blue Heron en Riviera Beach es probablemente el mejor buceo de costa en la Florida. Está clasificado como uno de los mejores sitios de buceo Macro en el mundo. Es gratis y fácil de llegar. El punto de entrada de buceo se encuentra en Phil Foster Park justo en el lado Este del puente sobre Blue heron Blvd y está disponible desde el amanecer hasta las 10 pm todos los días. El aparcamiento está disponible justo al lado de la playa de arena bajo el puente, por lo que no tiene que cargar con su equipo desde muy lejos. Hay duchas incluso en la acera para que pueda enjuagarse usted y su equipo. Sólo hay un inconveniente. Hay que sumergirse en la marea alta lenta. El agua entrante trae claridad y una vez que entras, tendrás problemas de permanecer en un lugar y el agua sucia volverá rápidamente. La clave es estar en el lugar, orientado hacia arriba y entrar en el agua alrededor de 45 minutos antes de la marea alta. No se puede tener una inmersión exitosa sin consultar las tablas de mareas. Es probable que nunca bucees más profundo de 15’ por lo que probablemente puede obtener 100 minutos de un tanque que es todo el tiempo que tendrá

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para estar en agua clara. Usted debe tener una bandera de buceo y permanecer fuera del canal donde transitan los barcos. Hay que tener sentido común, porque un descuido puede causar problemas graves. La mayoría de cualquier cámara submarina te proporcionará algunas fotos interesantes en el puente, a traves del cual debe seguir arrastrándose a lo largo de la parte inferior, en busca de criaturas que son a menudo menos de una pulgada de largo. Un lente macro le permite obtener a pocas pulgadas las fotos de un pequeño pez. Si buceas hay una posibilidad de que los veas en el puente, pero en una inmersión típica encontrará blennies, wrasses, top hats, arrow y hermit crabs, pipefish, filefish, gobies, y toda clase de angelfish, batfish, rays, gobies, anémonas y peces escorpión, así que ten cuidado donde pones las manos. La mayoría de las criaturas están alrededor de las incrustaciones de los pilotes de coral, pero también hay un montón de peces interesantes en la arena, que son muy fáciles de fotografiar. Me tomó varias inmersiones conseguir buenas fotos, pero es adictivo: cuanto más te sumerges más quieres ver.

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2016 “JAKE JORDAN INVITATIONAL, SAILFISH FLY CHALLENGE” IN GUATEMALA By Jake Jordan’s Fishing Adventures Photos: Pat Ford

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he seventh annual, 2016 “Jake Jordan Invitational, Sailfish Fly Challenge” is now history. The ten tournament fly anglers, fishing aboard six tournament boats, (six one or two angler teams), during this three day fly fishing tournament, caught and released 148 Sailfish, 1 Striped Marlin, and one Blue Marlin, all on 20 pound class tippet. This fly fishing tournament produced more than one sailfish caught and released, per hour, per boat, average during the practice day, and all three of the tournament days!!! Extra 50 bonus points are scored by removing the fly and hooks from the caught fish without breaking the 20 pound class tippet, our excellent crews managed to remove 97 percent of all flies and hooks, another new record. This was the most billfish ever caught in any fly fishing Billfish tournament ever! Congratulations to these world class anglers, Super Captains and Mates, along with all of the sailfish and marlin which are still swimming around off of Guatemala! I would like to personally thank all anglers and crews for participating in this fun tournament. Congratulations to the third place team “Makaira” with anglers Roy Cronacher and Marty Arostegui, With Captain Jason Brice. Especially Roy for catching a 180 pound Striped Marlin on fly. 4350 points. Congratulations to the second place team “Decisive” with angler Joe O’Brien, along with Captain Brad Phillips. Joe caught and released 15 sailfish on fly in one day!! 4600 points. THE TOURNAMENT CHAMPION TEAM IS: Team “Rum Line” With anglers Don Butler and Danny Cline, along with Captain Chris Sheeder! These guys did an excellent job by catching and releasing 17 sailfish on fly, while retrieving all flies and hooks. To lock up this years championship, Don Butler caught and released a 250 pound Blue Marlin on fly. Danny Cline won the top angler edging out his partner by just 100 points!!!! Awesome 2016 world champs. As I send this report out I am waiting for the rest of the pictures from our Tournament photographer, Pat Ford, also thanks for the help from Brian Horsley, and Chris Sheeder for there excellent photography and to Sarah Gardner our 30

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Tournament video expert. I would also like to thank our sponsors: Casa Vieja Lodge, TFO Rods, Costa del Mar, Mako Reels, Cam Sigler Flies, RIO fly lines, Gamakatsu hooks, The Flyfishing Show, Please support our sponsors, they help make this event possible. Thank you to all of the anglers who participated in this seventh annual “Jake Jordan Invitational Sailfish Fly Challenge”, the worlds most successful Billfish fly fishing tournament. This would not happen if you did not support this fun event!!! The eighth annual Jake Jordan tournament will be on the same days in 2017, dates will be announced later today, travel on Monday, practice day Tuesday, Tournament Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Home on Saturday. The new rules all for each “Team, Boat,” to be made up of one or two anglers, this should assure that we will reach out 10 team limit. Please if you are interested if fishing in 2017, contact me and let me know, I already have 3 new teams signed up for next year plus 5 of the six teams which fished this year. I will send more pictures as I get them. I love my Job, wish you were here, more reports to follow shortly. SOL & MAR MAGAZINE

SOL & MAR MAGAZINE

2016 “JAKE JORDAN INVITATIONAL, SAILFISH FLY CHALLENGE”, EN GUATEMALA Por Jake Jordan de Fishing Adventures Fotos: Pat Ford

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l séptimo torneo anual del 2016 “Jake Jordan Invitational, Sailfish Fly Challenge” ya es historia. Durante estos tres días de torneo de pesca, se capturaron y liberaron 148 pez velas, 1 Marlin Rayado, y un Marlin Azul, todo en 20 libras de leader usando equipo de moscas . En este torneo de pesca con mosca se liberaron más de un pez vela capturado y puesto en libertad, por hora, por barco, como promedio durante el día,este promedio se mantuvo durante los tres días del torneo. Se agregaron 50 puntos de bonificación por la eliminación de la mosca. Nuestras excelentes tripulaciones consiguieron eliminar el 97% de todas las moscas y los anzuelos, que fue otro nuevo récord. Esta fue la mayor cantidad de peces de pico capturados en cualquier torneo de pesca con mosca. Felicitaciones a estos pescadores de clase mundial, a los Super Capitanes y Marineros, junto con todo el pez vela y marlin que continúan nadando en aguas de Guatemala! Me gustaría dar las gracias personalmente a todos los pescadores y los equipos que participaron en este divertido torneo. Felicitaciones al equipo del tercer lugar “Makaira” entre ellos los pescadores Roy Cronacher y Martin Arostegui, con el capitán Jason Brice. Especialmente Roy por la captura de un marlin rayado de 180 libras con el que obtuvo 4350 puntos. Felicitaciones al equipo en segundo lugar “Decisivo” con el pescador Joe O’Brien, junto con el capitán Brad Phillips. Joe capturó y puso en libertad el pez vela numero 15 en mosca en un día! 4600 puntos. EL EQUIPO CAMPEÓN DEL TORNEO ES: Equipo “Rum Line” Con los pescadores Don Butler y Danny Cline, junto con el capitán Chris Sheeder! Estos chicos han hecho un excelente trabajo por la captura y la liberación de 17 peces velas, al recuperar todas las moscas y los anzuelos. Para cerrar este campeonato, Don Butler atrapó y libero un Blue Marlin de 250 libras. Danny Cline ganó el trofeo del pescador superior superando a su compañero por sólo 100 puntos! Impresionante 2016 con estos campeones del mundo.

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Yo envié este reporte esperando el resto de las fotos de nuestro fotógrafo del torneo Pat Ford. Gracias también por la ayuda de Brian Horsley, y Chris Sheeder por sus excelentes fotografías y Sarah Gardner nuestra experta en vídeo del Torneo. También me gustaría dar las gracias a nuestros patrocinadores: Casa Vieja Lodge, TFO Rods, Costa del Mar, Mako Reels, Cam Sigler Flies, RIO fly lines, anzuelos Gamakatsu, y al Flyfishing Show, Por favor, apoye a nuestros patrocinadores, que ayudan a hacer posible este evento. ¡Gracias a todos los pescadores que participaron en este séptimo informe anual “Jake Jordan Invitational Sailfish Fly Challenge”, el mas exitoso torneo de pesca de Marlins con mosca del mundo. Esto no ocurriría si no apoya este divertido evento! El octavo torneo anual Jake Jordan será durante los mismos días en el año 2017, las fechas se darán a conocer oportunamente. Por favor, si usted está interesado en pescar en el 2017, comuníquese conmigo. SOL & MAR MAGAZINE

SOL & MAR MAGAZINE

LION COUNTRY SAFARI, FLORIDA OPENED IN 1967, IN RURAL WESTERN PALM BEACH COUNTY Photos courtesy of Lion Country Safari and Pedro Díaz

t the time it was the first drivethrough safari park in the country and introduced a new concept to animal lovers, “The Cageless Zoo.” The opening generated enormous interest on the part of residents, visitors to South Florida, and the media. The park developed into a popular and successful attraction. Lion Country Safari was originally developed by a group of South African and British entrepreneurs who wanted to bring the experience of an African game park, then and now an expensive and timeconsuming trip, to families who would otherwise not be able to experience an African safari. South Florida and Western Palm Beach County proved to be an ideal location for the park due to its year-round outdoor climate, plentiful land, a growing population and tourists who visit from all over the world. 64

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Today, Lion Country Safari is home to over 900 animals in the drive-through preserve and in the Safari World exhibit area. Among the more notable species on display at the park are lions, white rhino, chimpanzees, zebra, and giraffe. Safari World, the walk-through area of the park, has been developed and improved since the park opened. The restaurant and gift shops were among the earlier additions. The giraffe feeding; Ferris wheel; water spray ground; petting zoo; merry-go-round; boat rides; aviaries; bird, reptile, alligator, and squirrel monkey exhibits added over the years, have greatly enhanced the visitors’ experience at the park. The KOA Campground was opened in the 1980′s to provide overnight accommodation for visitors. Lion Country Safari has a four-mile drive-through preserve, over 200 campsites, 6 stores, 3 food outlets, a sewer plant, a veterinary hospital, an animal demonstration theater, gas station, and 170 employees who work to care for animals, and who maintain and operate the facility. It also offers a number of educational programs for school, scout, and tour groups, as well as a summer day camp. In its 49th year of operation, Lion Country SafariFlorida is one of South Florida’s leading attractions and Palm Beach County’s largest tourist attraction. Hundreds of thousands of people visit Lion Country Safari every year to experience the thrill of eyeball-to-eye-ball viewing of magnificent animals in a natural open environment. www.lioncountrysafari.com

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SWIM WITH THE BIGGEST AND MOST HARMLESS SHARK IN THE WORLD Text and pictures by Jacob Scuba

Observe unique and spectacular feeding behavior up close and personal encounters open to everyone from beginner to expert fun for the whole family maximum learning from marine biologist 90

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he whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is a slow-moving filter feeding shark and the largest known extant fish species. The largest confirmed individual had a length of 12.65 m (41.5 ft) and a weight of about 21.5 t (47,000 lb). The whale shark is a filter feeder – one of only three known filter feeding shark species (along with the basking shark and the megamouth shark). It feeds filtering the water on plankton including copepods, krill, fish eggs, Christmas Island red crab larvae and small nektonic life, such as smallsquid or fish. It also feeds on clouds of eggs during mass spawning of fish and corals. It sucks large amount of water, keep the nutrient and blow the water out from the gills. Whale sharks meets in large numbers in Bahia de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. There are whale sharks almost year round, but the highest concentration is between November and April, with almost 100 whale shark swimming and feeding in the bay. This natural phenomenon gives people an opportunity to experience one of the most exiting encounters between people and nature. Absolutely safe, whale sharks eat plankton and have no teeth in the mouth. Visit www.cabosharkdive.com for more infos, amazing pictures and rates. WHAT TO BRING: Swimming suit, Sun protection (sun block, hat, sun glasses, etc.), Jacket. towel, warm dry clothes for the way back (sweatshirt or a coat) and Camera.

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OFFSHORE SPORT FISHING

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Jason Tison Rogue Offshore

o many times we are in a rush to load our boats with gear and bait ready to chase that monster catch that we often forget about the three “Fs” – Friends, Family, and Fishing. Experiences on the water are not always about the biggest fish or winning money in a big tournament. It’s about sharing the time we have on this earth with the ones that you love, doing what you love to do. The humbling feeling of being offshore is the lure that continues to drive us to go offshore and the tug of war with a great fish is the fuel that keeps us coming back. All fishermen have that specific memory when you can remember all the details of the day - the smell of the air, the sight of the sun rising in the east, and the great catch, but who was with you to share those memories? There is nothing that bonds a group of people better or teaches them lessons of teamwork like fishing hard all day and only landing one fish. We all know how fortunate we are to be able to experience the offshore lifestyle. As great stewards of our industry,

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hobby, and lifelong passion it is our responsibility to share these experiences with others and take the young and old fishing. The adrenaline rush of the screaming drag and bending of the rod will have them hooked for life and teach them that nothing is easy and nothing is free. It is the building of this bond and memories between friends and family that will live on for years to come. On your next trip think about a friend or family member that hasn’t been fishing and offer them a boat ride. They will never forget the experience with you as you share your knowledge and love of the great ocean. Just as Henry David Thoreau said: “Many men go fishing all of their lives without knowing that it is not fish they are after.”

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CARNIVAL INSPIRATION TO UNDERGO MULTI-MILLION-DOLLAR RENOVATION THAT WILL ADD A VARIETY OF EXCITING NEW FEATURES

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Guyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Burger Joint, BlueIguana Cantina, RedFrog Rum Bar, BlueIguana Tequila Bar, Cherry on Top and Alchemy Bar to be Added During Three-Week Dry Dock

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he 2,052-passenger Carnival Inspiration will undergo a multi-milliondollar makeover that will add a wide range of new dining and bar innovations next month. The new features will be incorporated during a three-week dry dock taking place in Portland, Ore., Jan. 18 to Feb. 5, 2016. Following the renovation, the ship will resume its year-round schedule of three- and fourday Baja cruises from Long Beach, Calif. Here’s a look at the exciting new options that will be added to Carnival Inspiration: • Guy’s Burger Joint, a free-of-charge poolside venue developed in partnership with Food Network personality Guy Fieri serving hand-crafted burgers and fresh-cut fries enjoyed amidst a décor that celebrates the chef’s California roots and love of car culture 136

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• BlueIguana Cantina, a complimentary poolside Mexican eatery where guests can enjoy authentic, freshly made burritos and tacos on homemade tortillas, as well as an elaborate toppings and salsa bar • RedFrog Rum Bar, a poolside watering hole offering the quintessential Caribbean vacation vibe with refreshing Caribbean rum-based frozen drinks and beers, including Carnival’s own private label draught brew, ThirstyFrog Red • Alchemy Bar, a vintage-themed “cocktail pharmacy”-themed lounge with mixologists who “prescribe” concoctions from different elixirs and ingredients with creative monikers like Forty is the New Twenty and The Restorative Basil Drop • BlueIguana Tequila Bar, a fun and festive outdoor bar offering a laid-back Mexican-themed atmosphere and tequila-based frozen drinks and beers, perfect for chillin’ by the pool • Cherry On Top, the “sweetest spot on board” which celebrates the joys of simple indulgences with bins of bulk candy, fun fanciful gifts and novelties, custom apparel and more In addition to these new spaces, guests sailing aboard Carnival Inspiration can check out the ship’s massive WaterWorks aqua park featuring a 300-footlong Twister slide and a kiddie splash zone, a 24-hour pizzeria, full casino gambling, a luxurious 12,000-square-foot Spa Carnival health and wellness center, and the Serenity adults-only retreat. On its year-round short cruise program from Long Beach, Carnival Inspiration departs every Friday on three-day cruises to Ensenada and every Monday on four-day cruises to Ensenada and Catalina Island. SOL & MAR MAGAZINE

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GLOBAL WARMING AND CORAL REEFS By Maria Bello Credit: Twilight Zone Expedition Team 2007, NOAA-OE Photographer: David Burdick

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lthough coral reefs have coped with changes in the global environment for millions of years, coral reefs appear to be among the most vulnerable ecosystems to future climate change. Their capacity to continue doing so is now seriously threatened not only by human impacts, such as coastal development, destructive fishing techniques, the souvenir trade, tourism and pollution, but also by 146

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threats from Global Warming as high water temperatures, ocean acidification and sea level trends. Higher sea temperatures from global warming have already caused major coral bleaching events. Bleaching occurs when corals respond to the stress of warmer temperatures by expelling the colorful algae that live within them. Some coral are able to recover, but too often the coral dies, and the entire ecosystem for which it

forms the base, virtually disappears. Longer-lasting and more extensive bleaching events are already on the rise, with further increases expected in the decades ahead as ocean temperatures continue to rise. Warmer waters are also expected to increase the incidence of other opportunistic coral diseases such as black band disease, white band disease, white plague, and white pox, all of which can lead to mass mortality of coral, and subsequently the entire ecosystem it supports. Incidences of mass coral bleaching in recent decades have been attributed to rising near-surface ocean temperatures and led many to speculate that future climate change could lead to the longterm degradation of many coral reefs. In the last 60 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific. Bleaching associated with the 1982 -1983 El-Nino killed over 95% of coral in the Galapagos Islands and the 19971998 El-Nino alone wiped out 16% of all coral on the planet. Globally about 1% of coral is dying out each year. Ocean acidification which occurs when oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, is also a threat to coral. As

the oceans become more acidic, the corals’ ability to form skeletons through calcification is inhibited, causing their growth to slow. A doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide will reduce calcification in some corals by as much as 50 percent. Hard corals are the reef-building corals, and their stone like structures are composed of calcium carbonate, the same substance found in the shells of many marine organisms including oysters, clams and snails. Like these mollusks, corals must have access to available calcium in the seawater in order to build their hard skeleton. This is especially important in the early stages of a coral polyps’ life, when it settles onto a hard substance and starts “building” its skeleton. Some studies have shown a 52-73% decline in larval settlement on reefs that are experiencing lower pH levels. Scientists can also measure the calcification rates of hard corals, and ocean acidification has had a negative impact on the rate at which corals calcify. This means that coral colonies in the future may be more brittle and less resilient to other factors influencing their survival. Sea level rise caused by melting

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sea ice and thermal expansion of the oceans could also cause problems for some reefs by making them too deep to receive adequate sunlight, another factor important for survival. Global sealevel rise is caused by two main factors: thermal expansion (ocean water warms and expands), and the contribution of ice sheets (e.g., from glaciers, land-based, ice sheets, and sea ice) due to increased melting. By 2100, thermal expansion and glacial melting are expected to cause the sea-level to rise by 0.26 to 0.98 m. Over the last half century, the global average sea level rose by about 2-3 mm per year. Based on this rate, many

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scientists suggest that sea-level rise will have only negligible impacts on coral reefs because the projected rate and magnitude of sea-level rise are within the potential accretion rates (growth rate) of most coral reefs and many reefs are currently subjected to tidal regimes of several meters. From local to global, the scientific community had made great efforts on providing guidance on planning and research as well as their application to mitigate the coral degradation. This monumental task will require a lot of time and effort and the cooperation of many of the citizens of the world.

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EL CALENTAMIEN GLOBAL Y LOS ARRECIFES DE C Por Maria Bello Credit: Twilight Zone Expedition Team 2007, NOAA-OE Fotógrafo: David Burdick

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NTO

CORAL

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unque los arrecifes de coral han sobrevivido a los cambios en el medio ambiente durante millones de años, los arrecifes de coral parecen ser uno de los ecosistemas más vulnerables al cambio climático. La capacidad de recuperación mostrada hasta el presente, está ahora seriamente amenazada no sólo por los impactos antropogénicos, tales como el desarrollo costero, las técnicas de pesca destructivas, el comercio de ornamentos, el turismo y la contaminación, sino también por las amenazas del calentamiento global que genera altas temperaturas en el agua, la acidificación en los océanos y la tendencia del incremento en el nivel del mar. Las altas temperaturas alcanzadas en el mar por el calentamiento global ya han causado grandes eventos de blanqueamiento de corales. El blanqueamiento se produce cuando los corales responden al stress de temperatura expulsando las algas que viven dentro de ellos. Algunos corales son capaces de recuperarse, pero generalmente muere el coral y todo el ecosistema asociado, prácticamente desapareciendo. Los eventos de blanqueamiento 152

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son cada vez más duraderos y más amplios y con los pronósticos de nuevos aumentos de temperatura en los océanos, se espera que en las próximas décadas, sean más frecuentes. El aumento de la temperatura, además aumenta la incidencia de enfermedades de oportunistas en los corales como la enfermedad de banda negra, enfermedad de banda blanca, la peste blanca, y viruela blanca, todo lo cual puede conducir a la muerte masiva de los corales, y posteriormente a todo el ecosistema que soporta. Las incidencias de blanqueamiento masivo de corales en las últimas décadas se han atribuido principalmente al aumento de las temperaturas superficiales del océano, lo que ha llevado a muchos a especular que el futuro cambio climático podría conducir a la degradación a largo plazo de la gran mayoría de los arrecifes de coral. En los últimos 60 años, el 80% de los corales en el Caribe han sido destruidos y el 50% en Indonesia y el Pacífico. El blanqueo asociado con el 1982 -1983 ElNino mató a más del 95% de los corales en las Islas Galápagos y el 1997-1998-Nino solo acabó con el

16% de todo el coral en el planeta. A nivel mundial aproximadamente 1% de los corales muere cada año. La acidificación del océano que se produce cuando los océanos absorben dióxido de carbono de la atmósfera, es también una amenaza para los corales. A medida que los océanos se vuelven más ácidos, la capacidad de los corales para formar esqueletos través de la calcificación se inhibe, haciendo que su crecimiento se desacelere.

Una duplicación del dióxido de carbono atmosférico reducirá la calcificación en algunos corales tanto como un 50 %. Los corales duros son los corales formadores de arrecifes, y sus piedras son estructuras compuestas por carbonato de calcio, la misma sustancia que se encuentra en las conchas de muchos organismos marinos, incluyendo ostras, almejas y caracoles. Al igual que estos moluscos, los corales deben SOL & MAR MAGAZINE

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tener acceso al calcio disponible en el agua de mar con el fin de construir su esqueleto duro; esto es especialmente importante en las primeras etapas de la vida a los pólipos de coral ‘, cuando estos se asientan sobre una sustancia dura y comienzan a “construir” su esqueleto. Algunos estudios han demostrado una disminución del 52-73% en el asentamiento de larvas en los arrecifes que se está experimentando es debido aniveles 154

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de pH más bajos. Se ha probado científicamente también que las tasas de calcificación de los corales duros, y la acidificación de los océanos ha tenido un impacto negativo sobre la velocidad a la que los corales se calcifican. Esto significa que las colonias de coral en el futuro pueden ser más frágiles y menos resistentes a los otros factores que influyen en su supervivencia. El aumento del nivel del mar

causado por el derretimiento del hielo marino y la expansión térmica de los océanos también podría causar problemas para algunos arrecifes, haciéndolos demasiado profundo para recibir la luz solar adecuada, otro factor importante para la supervivencia. Este aumento global del nivel del mar es causado por dos factores principales: la expansión térmica (agua que se calienta en el océano y se expande), y la disminución de las capas de hielo (glaciares, con base en tierra, las capas de hielo, y el hielo marino) debido al aumento de fusión. En el año 2100, se espera que la expansión térmica y el derretimiento de los glaciares pueda hacer que el nivel del mar aumente en 0,26 a 0,98 m. En el último medio siglo, el nivel medio del mar a nivel mundial aumentó en alrededor de 2-3 mm por año. Sobre la base de esta tasa, muchos científicos sugieren que el

aumento del nivel del mar tendrá efectos solamente insignificantes sobre los arrecifes de coral debido a que la tasa proyectada y la magnitud del aumento del nivel del mar se encuentran dentro de las tasas de almacenamiento potenciales (tasa de crecimiento) de la mayoría de los arrecifes de coral y muchos arrecifes están Actualmente sometidos a regímenes de marea de varios metros. La comunidad científica ha hecho grandes esfuerzo, tanto local como global en proporcionar orientación sobre la planificación y la investigación, así como su aplicación para mitigar la degradación de los arrecifes. Esta tarea monumental requerirá de una gran cantidad de tiempo y esfuerzo y la colaboración de muchos de los ciudadanos del mundo si realmente queremos preservar estos maravillosos “Jardines Marinos” para las futuras generaciones.

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TECHNOLOGY BOAT SHARING GENERATES MORE THAN JUST INCOME FOR OWNERS The average US boat owner spends fewer than 12 days per year enjoying time on his or her vessel, but pays expenses for all 365. Maintenance, dockage, fuel and storage add up quickly. Thousands have discovered a safe and seamless way to offset the costs of boat ownership: Boatsetter.com, the online community where they can safely share their vessels with others. It creates not only an income opportunity, but also a way to enhance the overall ownership experience. Akin to AirBnb and Uber, boat sharing created a marketplace for both owners and boaters. While relatively new, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s taking the boating world by storm and quickly gaining traction among those whose vessels often sit for months unused. Before Boatsetter, if someone without a boat wanted to get out on the water, they turned to a commercial charter company. It was a lucrative time for these businesses, even those with less than pristine fleets. Now, private owners have a safe and easy way to earn income by sharing their well-cared-for vessels with renters seeking a better rental experience. It creates a win-win for both groups. www.boatsetter.com

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TECHNOLOGY CHAFE GUARDS LENGTHEN LIFE OF LINES Boaters call upon dock and anchor lines to hold and protect expensive investments. Innovative and affordable Secure Removable Chafe Guards from Davis Instruments shield these important links from excessive wear and friction. Whether for the anchor or tied to a dock, lines can wear through quickly where they rub against the anchor roller, cleats or cap rails, or especially where two lines cross. Wrapping the line at these areas of friction with Secure Removable Chafe Guards eliminates the potential problem. This protects the lines and the boat. With outside covers of tough, UVstabilized nylon webbing and insides of 100% Velcro®-brand hook fasteners, Davis Chafe Guards stay in place without need for additional strings or ties. Recently upgraded, these super line-savers now fit braided or twisted line from 3/8” to 1” in diameter. Boaters can easily reposition the Chafe Guards, or remove and stow them for use at the next mooring or anchorage. www.davisnet.com

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TECHNOLOGY FROM BOW TO TRANSOM, IT’S A 17’ FLY-FISHING MACHINE Everything about Action Craft’s 17 ACE Flyfisher has been designed with the serious angler in mind. Versatile and practical, the 17’ 2” high-performance poling boat provides a rock-solid platform for fly casting and light tackle in the flats, yet is a commanding presence in rough water. The 17 ACE Flyfisher’s Qui-Dry hull allows water to roll off the bow, rather than slapping it essential when stealthily poling in the shallows. It also keeps the ride smooth, dry and comfortable when running in the chop. Its 87” beam is wider than any other premium boat in its class, creating superior stability. This model easily accommodates three men on one gunwale without tipping. The width also provides more displacement, thereby dramatically reducing its draft down to 7”–9”, depending on load. www.actioncraft.com

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TECHNOLOGY MASTRY DROPS CUSTOM YANMAR SOLUTION INTO INSETTA 45 When choosing engines for his new Insetta 45 from American Marine Design, an owner recently turned to Mastry Engine Center for the ultimate package. He wanted at least 350 hp diesel sterndrives, but they needed to fit into the confined space of the catamaran hulls, offer an exceptional fuel burn ratio and be lightweight. Working with American Marine Designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s builders, Mastry engineers came up with a diesel power solution. They paired twin EPA Tier-3 compliant Yanmar 8LV-370Z engines with Yanmar ZT370 hydraulic clutch counter-rotating prop sterndrives. The twin-turbo Yanmar V8s are common rail fuel injected, offer high torque and produce an impressive 370 mhp each at 3,800 rpm. Yet theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re exceptionally smooth and quiet. At a mere 992 lbs., the 8LV-370Z diesels have the best power-to-weight ratio in their class. www.mastry.com

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TECHNOLOGY PAINTED TRAILER MATCHES A BOAT’S BEAUTY A gorgeous boat deserves a beautiful trailer. Delivering the best in performance and appearance, Phoenix Trailers’ Premier Painted Trailers are offered in single, dual and tri-axle models to fit a wide range of vessels. These custom trailers are built for craft measuring 13’ to over 50’ with carrying capacities up to 20,000 lbs. They now feature larger, eye-catching, extended contoured front steps measuring 28” long. Many on the market are only eight to 12”. The steps are aluminum diamond plated, providing greater safety. Quadruple bunks provide maximum support for the hull, and easy glide-on and glideoff designs make loading and launching easy. Each trailer features an all-welded tubular A-frame and bunk uprights with a precision contoured support system. A 100% submersible LED lighting system, chrome directional rims with clear coat and aluminum diamond plating on top of all fenders ensure the trailer maintains an attractive appearance. UFP in-line brake actuator, custom steel fenders, Vault hybrid lubrication system wheel bearing protection, and rust-free lug nuts provide durability. It also comes with a Fulton F2 Series trailer jack and F2 winch. Options include aluminum mag wheels, stainless steel fenders, spare tire and mounts. www.phoenixtrail.com

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TECHNOLOGY QUIET IN THE FLATS, DRY IN THE CHOP-QUI-DRY HULLS EXCEL Some boats are quiet when stalking fish in skinny water. Others are dry when driving through the chop. Action Craft Boats, with its patented Qui-Dry® hull design, excel at both. All of the company’s 12 models feature the unique Qui-Dry design. Transitional chines at the bow provide an increased angle so water rolls off the hull, rather than slapping it. The result is a quieter ride above and beneath the surface essential for fishing the flats. A molded-in spray rail is added above the waterline. Innovative J-shaped running strakes below decrease the wetted surface to deflect water away in a sheet, rather than as spray. The end effect is a much drier and more comfortable ride when in choppy seas. Action Craft’s new ACE Premium Elite series takes the exclusive Qui-Dry design to the extreme by reinforcing the hull with state-of-the-art, lightweight laminates. With their rock-solid construction, these models are confidently taken offshore where only larger boats typically venture, yet easily skim the shallows in search of the wariest prey. www.actioncraft.com

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