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‡™àπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“‡ÀÁπÀÿàπ¬πµåµ—«π’ȇ§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‰ª¡“ ‰¡àπ“π°Á®–‡ÀÁ𧫓¡‡¡◊ËÕ¬ª«¥ §«“¡À‘«°√–À“¬ À√◊Õ§«“¡∑ÿ°¢åÕ¬à“ßπ—ÈπÕ¬à“ßπ’È ·∑√°‡¢â“¡“‡ªìπ√–¬–Ê æÕ§«“¡∑ÿ°¢åπ—Èπºà“π‰ª∑’Àπ÷Ëß °Á®–√Ÿâ ÷° ∫“¬‰ªÕ’°™à«ßÀπ÷Ëß (√Ÿâ ÷°‡ªìπ ÿ¢) ‡™àπ °√–À“¬πÈ” ‡°‘¥‡ªì𧫓¡∑ÿ°¢å¢÷Èπ æÕ‰¥â¥◊Ë¡πÈ” §«“¡∑ÿ°¢å‡æ√“–§«“¡°√–À“¬πÈ”°Á¥—∫‰ª À√◊Õπ—Ëßπ“πÊ ‡°‘¥§«“¡ª«¥‡¡◊ËÕ¬ √Ÿâ ÷°‡ªìπ∑ÿ°¢å æÕ¢¬—∫µ—«‡ ’¬ °ÁÀ“¬ª«¥‡¡◊ËÕ¬ √Ÿâ ÷°«à“∑ÿ°¢åÀ“¬‰ª (√Ÿâ ÷°‡ªìπ ÿ¢)

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∫“ߧ√“«¡’§«“¡‡®Á∫‰¢â‰¥âªÉ«¬ °Á®–√Ÿâ§«“¡∑ÿ°¢å∑“ß°“¬‰¥âµàÕ‡π◊ËÕ߬“«π“π¢÷È𠇙àπ ‡°‘¥ª«¥øí𵑥µàÕ°—ππ“πÊ ‡ªìπ«—πÊ ∂ⓧլ —߇°µ √Ÿâ§«“¡∑ÿ°¢å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èππ—Èπ °Á®–‡ÀÁπ™—¥«à“ §«“¡ª«¥π—Èπ‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë·∑√°Õ¬Ÿà°—∫‡Àß◊Õ°·≈–øíπ ·µàµ—«‡Àß◊Õ°·≈–øíπ ¡—π‰¡à‰¥â‡®Á∫ª«¥¥â«¬‡≈¬ °“¬‡À¡◊ÕπÀÿàπ¬πµå∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡‡®Á∫ª«¥ ‡æ’¬ß·µà¡’§«“¡‡®Á∫ª«¥ ‡ªìπÕ’° ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë·ΩßÕ¬Ÿà „𰓬 ‡√“°Á®–√Ÿâ™—¥«à“ §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷° ÿ¢ √Ÿâ ÷°∑ÿ°¢å À√◊Õ√Ÿâ ÷°‡©¬Ê ‰¡à„™à√à“ß°“¬ ·µà‡ªìπ ‘ËßÕ’° ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë·∑√°Õ¬Ÿà„π√à“ß°“¬

18

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·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‡®â“§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‡À≈à“π—Èπ °Á‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë°”≈—ß∂Ÿ°√Ÿâ∂Ÿ°¥ŸÕ¬Ÿà ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫√à“ß°“¬π—Èπ‡Õß ∂—¥®“°π—Èπ ‡√“¡“‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß√“«¢Õßµ—«‡Õß„Àâ≈–‡Õ’¬¥¡“°¢÷Èπ §◊Õ§Õ¬ —߇°µ„À⥒«à“ ‡«≈“∑’ˇ°‘¥§«“¡∑ÿ°¢å¢÷Èππ—Èπ ®‘µ„®¢Õ߇√“¡—π®–‡°‘¥§«“¡Àßÿ¥Àß‘¥√”§“≠„®µ“¡¡“¥â«¬ ‡™àπ À‘«¢â“«·≈â«®–‚¡‚Àßà“¬ ‡Àπ◊ËÕ¬°Á‚¡‚Àßà“¬ ‡®Á∫‰¢â°Á‚¡‚Àßà“¬ ‡°‘¥§«“¡„§√à·≈⫉¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√µÕ∫ πÕß °Á‚¡‚Àßà“¬ „Àâ‡√“À—¥√Ÿâ „Àâ‡∑à“∑—𧫓¡‚°√∏∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ „π‡«≈“∑’ˇº™‘≠°—∫§«“¡∑ÿ°¢å

‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡– 19


„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“‰¥â‡ÀÁπ¢Õß «¬ß“¡ ‰¥â¬‘π‡ ’¬ß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°„® ‰¥â°≈‘ËπÀÕ¡∂Ÿ°„® ‰¥â≈‘È¡√ ∑’ËÕ√àÕ¬ ‰¥â√—∫ ‘Ëß —¡º— √à“ß°“¬∑’Ëπÿà¡π«≈ ¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘æÕ‡À¡“– ‰¡à√âÕπÀ√◊ÕÀ𓫇°‘π‰ª ‰¥â§‘¥∂÷ß ‘Ëß∑’ËæÕ„® ‡√“®–‡°‘¥§«“¡√—°„§√àæ÷ßæÕ„®„π ‘Ëß∑’ˉ¥â‡ÀÁπ ‰¥â¬‘π ‰¥â°≈‘Ëπ† ‰¥â√ ‰¥â —¡º— ·≈–‰¥â§‘¥π÷°π—Èπ °Á„Àâ‡√“√Ÿâ‡∑à“∑—𧫓¡√—°„§√àæÕ„®∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èππ—Èπ æÕ‡√“√Ÿâ®—°§«“¡‚°√∏À√◊Õ§«“¡√—°„§√àæÕ„®·≈â« ‡√“°Á “¡“√∂√Ÿâ®—°°—∫Õ“√¡≥åÕ¬à“ßÕ◊ËπÊ ‰¥â¥â«¬ ‡™à𠧫“¡≈—߇≈ ß —¬ §«“¡Õ“¶“µæ¬“∫“∑ §«“¡À¥ÀŸà„® §«“¡Õ‘®©“√‘…¬“ §«“¡§‘¥≈∫À≈ŸàºŸâÕ◊Ë𠧫“¡ºàÕß„ Õ‘Ë¡‡Õ‘∫¢Õß®‘µ„® §«“¡ ß∫„𮑵„® œ≈œ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“‡√’¬π√ŸâÕ“√¡≥åÀ√◊Õ§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‡À≈à“π’È¡“°¢÷ÈπÊ

20

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‡√“°Á®–‡√‘Ë¡√Ÿâ«à“ §«“¡®√‘ß·≈â«Õ“√¡≥å∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ßπ—Èπ‰¡à§ß∑’Ë ‡™àπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‚°√∏·≈–‡√“°Á√ŸâÕ¬Ÿà∑’˧«“¡‚°√∏π—Èπ °Á®–‡ÀÁπ√–¥—∫¢Õߧ«“¡‚°√∏‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ¬Ÿàµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ Õ¬Ÿà‰ªÊ §«“¡‚°√∏°Á¥—∫‰ª‡Õß ·≈–‰¡à«à“§«“¡‚°√∏®–¥—∫À√◊Õ‰¡à°Áµ“¡ §«“¡‚°√∏°Á‡ªìπ·§à ‘Ëß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°√Ÿâ ‰¡à „™àµ—«‡√“ ‰¡à¡’‡√“Õ¬Ÿà „𧫓¡‚°√∏ ·¡âÕ“√¡≥åÕ◊ËπÊ °Á®–‡ÀÁπ„π≈—°…≥–‡¥’¬«°—∫§«“¡‚°√∏π’ȥ⫬

‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡– 21


22

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∂÷ßµÕππ’È ‡√“®–√Ÿâ™—¥«à“ √à“ß°“¬°Á‡ªìπ·§àÀÿàπ¬πµåµ—«Àπ÷Ëß §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷° ÿ¢∑ÿ°¢å ·≈–Õ“√¡≥å∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬ °Á‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°√Ÿâ ‰¡à „™àµ—«‡√“ ‡¡◊ËÕÀ—¥ —߇°µ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®‘µ„®µπ‡Õß¡“°¢÷Èπ §√“«π’È°Á®–‡ÀÁπ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß®‘µ„®‰¥â™—¥‡®π¢÷Èπ‡√◊ËÕ¬Ê ®π√Ÿâ§«“¡®√‘ß«à“ §«“¡∑ÿ°¢å‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß ‘Ëß∑’Ë¡’‡Àµÿ∑”„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ§√“«Ê ‡∑à“π—Èπ ‡√“®–æ∫æ≈—ßß“πÀ√◊Õ·√ߺ≈—°¥—π∫“ßÕ¬à“ß„π®‘µ„®¢Õ߇√“ ‡™àπ æÕ‡ÀÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß «¬∂Ÿ°„® æÕ®‘µ„®‡°‘¥§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°√—°„§√àæÕ„®·≈â« ¡—π®–‡°‘¥·√ߺ≈—°¥—𮑵„®¢Õ߇√“ „À⇧≈◊ËÕπÕÕ°‰ª¬÷¥‡°“–∑’˺ŸâÀ≠‘ߧππ—Èπ ∑”„Àâ‡√“≈◊¡¥Ÿµ—«‡Õß ‡ÀÁπ·µàºŸâÀ≠‘ߧππ—Èπ‡∑à“π—Èπ

‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡– 23


(‡√◊ËÕß®‘µ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰ª‰¥âπ’Ë ∂Ⓡªìπ§π∑’ˇ√’¬πµ”√“Õ“®®–ßßÊ ·µà∂â“≈ß¡◊ժؑ∫—µ‘®√‘ß®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ §«“¡√—∫√Ÿâ¡—π‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰ª‰¥â®√‘ßÊ µ√ß°—∫∑’Ëæ√–æÿ∑∏‡®â“∑à“π查‡√◊ËÕß®‘µ‡∑’ˬ«‰ª‰¥â‰°≈ ‰¡à¡’§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ·¡â·µà§”‡¥’¬«) À√◊Õ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“‡°‘¥§«“¡ ß —¬„π∏√√¡ «à“‡√“§«√ªØ‘∫—µ‘Õ¬à“߉√ °Á®–‡ÀÁπ·√ߺ≈—°¥—π∑’Ë∫—ߧ—∫„Àâ‡√“§‘¥À“§”µÕ∫ ®‘µ„®¢Õ߇√“‡§≈◊ËÕπ‡¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿà „π‚≈°¢Õߧ«“¡§‘¥ µÕππ—Èπ ‡√“≈◊¡¥Ÿµ—«‡√“‡Õß ‡®â“Àÿàπ¬πµåπ—Èπ°Á¬—ßÕ¬Ÿà ·µà‡√“≈◊¡π÷°∂÷ß¡—π°Á‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫«à“ ¡—πÀ“¬‰ª®“°‚≈° §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°µà“ßÊ „𮑵„®‡√“‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ ‡√“°Á‰¡à√Ÿâ ‡æ√“–¡—«·µà§‘¥À“§”µÕ∫„π‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë ß —¬Õ¬Ÿàπ—Ëπ‡Õß

24

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À—¥√Ÿâ∑—𮑵„®µπ‡Õß¡“°‡¢â“ ‰¡àπ“π°Á®–∑√“∫¥â«¬µπ‡Õß«à“ §«“¡∑ÿ°¢å‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√ §«“¡æâπ∑ÿ°¢å‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√ ¿“æ∑’ˉ¡à∑ÿ°¢å‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ ¿“殑µ„®¡—π®–æ—≤π“¢Õß¡—π‰ª‡Õß∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß ‰¡àµâÕ߉ª§‘¥‡√◊ËÕߨ“π ‡√◊ËÕß≠“≥ À√◊Õ‡√◊ËÕß¡√√§º≈π‘ææ“π„¥Ê ∑—Èß ‘Èπ ∂÷ßµ√ßπ’È Õ“®®–查∏√√¡–‰¡à ‰¥â —°§” ·ª≈»—æ∑å∫“≈’‰¡à ‰¥â —°µ—« ·µà®‘µ„®æâπ®“°§«“¡∑ÿ°¢å À√◊Õ¡’§«“¡∑ÿ°¢å °Á∑ÿ°¢å ‰¡à¡“°·≈–‰¡àπ“π

‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡– 25


º¡‡¢’¬π‡√◊ËÕßπ’È¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ¢ÕßΩ“° ”À√—∫ºŸâ‡√‘Ë¡ π„®®–»÷°…“∏√√¡– ‡æ◊ËÕ∫Õ°«à“ ∏√√¡–‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∏√√¡¥“Ê ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕߢÕßµ—«‡√“‡Õß ·≈– “¡“√∂‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‰¥â‰¡à¬“°π—°¥â«¬µπ‡Õß Õ¬à“æ“°—π∑âÕ∂Õ¬‡ ’¬‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â¬‘π§πÕ◊Ëπ查∏√√¡– ·≈⫇√“øí߇¢“‰¡à√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß ‡√“‰¡àµâÕß√ŸâÕ–‰√‡≈¬°Á‰¥â √Ÿâ·§à«à“ ∑”Õ¬à“߉√‡√“®–‰¡à∑ÿ°¢å°ÁæÕ·≈â« ‡æ√“–π—Ëπ§◊Õ„®§«“¡∑—ÈßÀ¡¥¢Õßæ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“ ´÷Ëß®”‡ªìπ∑’˧πÊ Àπ÷Ëߧ«√®–‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ‰«â

26

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·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª ‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡– 27


‡æ◊ËÕπ√à«¡∑ÿ°¢å®”π«π¡“° ‰ª»÷°…“°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ∏√√¡°—∫º¡ ·≈–º¡‰¥â‡ÀÁπªí≠À“∑’˵“¡¡“À≈“¬Õ¬à“ß ‡™àπ ∫“ß∑à“π°≈—««à“ æÕ‰¡à‰¥âÕ¬Ÿà „°≈⺡·≈â«®– ∑”‰¡à‰¥â À√◊Õ∑”‰¡à∂Ÿ° ∂Ⓡªìπ§π°√ÿ߇∑æœ °Á¬—ßÕÿàπ„®«à“ ®–æ∫º¡‰¥âÕ°’ ‰¡à¬“°π—° ·µà§πµà“ߪ√–‡∑»À√◊Õµà“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ ®–°—ß«≈°—π¡“°ÀπàÕ¬ ®÷ßÕ¬“°‰¥â§Ÿà¡◊Õ ”À√—∫°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ Õ¬à“ßßà“¬Ê ·µà‡ªìπ√–∫∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡Õÿàπ„®«à“ ®–„™â‡ªìπ ·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘µàÕ‰ª‰¥â‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡àæ∫º¡

«—π»ÿ°√å∑’Ë ˜ ¡°√“§¡ ÚıÙÛ / Òı:ÙÒ:ÛÚ π. 28

·¥à‡∏ÕºŸâ¡“„À¡à: ‡√◊ËÕ߇√’¬∫ßà“¬·≈–∏√√¡¥“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“∏√√¡–


∫“ß∑à“πøíß·≈⫬—ß —∫ π ‰¡à‡¢â“„® À√◊Õ‰ª®”∏√√¡ ∑’˺¡µÕ∫§πÕ◊Ëπ‡Õ“‰ªªØ‘∫—µ‘∫â“ß ´÷Ë߇ªìπ§π≈–¢—ÈπµÕπ À√◊Õ§π≈–®√‘µ º≈°Á‰¡àµà“ß®“°°“√‡Õ“¬“√—°…“‚√§¢Õß §πÕ◊ Ë π ‰ª√— ∫ ª√–∑“π ®÷ ß Õ¬“°‡ÀÁ π ¿“æ√«¡¢Õß°“√ ªØ‘∫—µ‘∏√√¡∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’˺¡·π–π” ‡æ◊ËÕ®–§≈’˧≈“¬§«“¡ —∫ πµ√ßπ’ȉ¥â∫â“ß ªí≠À“Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’˺¡∑√“∫°Á§◊Õ ‡æ◊ËÕπ∫“ß ∑à“π∂°‡∂’¬ß°—π‡√◊ËÕß°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘∏√√¡ ‚¥¬π”§”·π–π” ¢Õߺ¡∑’Ë ‰¥â¬‘π¡“µà“ß°√√¡µà“ß«“√– ‰ª‡ªìπ¢âÕÕâ“ßÕ‘ß ‚µâ·¬âß°—π º¡®÷߇ÀÁπ«à“ ¡§«√ √ÿª „®§«“¡¬àÕ¢Õß°“√ ªØ‘∫—µ‘∏√√¡µ“¡∑’˺¡‰¥â·π–π”À¡Ÿà‡æ◊ËÕπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡ÀÁπ ¿“æ√«¡¢Õß°“√ªØ‘∫µ— Õ‘ ¬à“߇ªìπ√–∫∫ µ—ßÈ ·µà‡∫◊ÕÈ ßµâπ‡ªìπ ≈”¥—∫‰ª ‡æ◊ËÕ·°âªí≠À“¥—ß∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“·≈â«¢â“ßµâππ—Èπ

·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª 29


30

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Ò. °“√ √â“ߧ«“¡‡¢â“„®¢Õ∫‡¢µ¢Õßæ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“ ‡æ◊ÕË π∑’¡Ë æ’ πÈ◊ ∞“𧫓¡‡¢â“„®‡°’¬Ë «°—∫æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“¡“πâÕ¬ ®–‰¥â√—∫°“√ªŸæ◊È𧫓¡‡¢â“„®‡ ’¬°àÕπ«à“ æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“‰¡à „™à¬“ ·°â “√æ—¥‚√§§√Õ∫®—°√«“≈ ‰¡à „™à‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊ÕÕ¬à“߇¥’¬«„π°“√ ¥”√ß™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà „π —ߧ¡ ¥—ßπ—Èπ‰¡à „™à«à“‡ªìππ—°‡√’¬π °Á‡≈‘°‡√’¬π ‡æ◊ËÕ ¡“»÷°…“æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“ ‡æ√“–§«“¡√Ÿ∑â “ß‚≈°‡ªìπ ‘ßË ®”‡ªìπ ”À√—∫ °“√¥”√ß™’«‘µ„π∑“ß‚≈° ºŸâ»÷°…“æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“®”‡ªìπµâÕß√Õ∫√Ÿâ „π»“ µ√å “¢“Õ◊ËπÊ ¥â«¬ ·≈– Õ¬à“‡¢â“„®«à“ æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ 𓇪ìπ‡√◊ÕË ßÕ◊πË πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ ®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕߧ«“¡∑ÿ°¢å·≈–°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡æâπ∑ÿ°¢å (∑“ß„®) ‡∑à“π—Èπ æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“‰¡à‰¥â¡’‰«â‡æ◊ËÕµÕ∫ªí≠À“‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ‰ ¬»“ µ√å ‚™§≈“ß ‡®â“°√√¡π“¬‡«√ ™“µ‘‚πâ𙓵‘Àπâ“ º’ “߇∑«¥“ œ≈œ

·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª 31


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Ú. ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘∏√√¡ ºŸ∑⠇˒ ¢â“„®·≈â««à“æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“ Õπ‡√◊ÕË ß∑ÿ°¢å·≈–°“√¥—∫∑ÿ°¢å °Á®–‰¥â√—∫°“√·π–π”„Àâ√Ÿâ®—°‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ ”À√—∫°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘∏√√¡ ‰¥â·°à µ‘ ·≈– —¡ª™—≠≠– º¡¡—°®–欓¬“¡·π–π”„Àâæ«°‡√“√Ÿ∑â π— ‘ßË ∑’°Ë ”≈—ߪ√“°Ø°—∫ ®‘µ ‡™à𠧫“¡≈—߇≈ ß —¬ §«“¡Õ¬“° §«“¡°—ß«≈ §«“¡ ÿ¢ §«“¡ ∑ÿ°¢å œ≈œ ‡ªìπ°“√À—¥„Àâ¡’ µ‘ ´÷ßË ‡ªìπ‡§√◊ÕË ß¡◊Õ√ŸÕâ “√¡≥å∑°Ë’ ”≈—ߪ√“°Ø ·≈–‡ΩÑ“°√–µÿâπ‡µ◊Õπæ«°‡√“„Àâ∑”§«“¡√Ÿâµ—« ‰¡à‡º≈Õ ‰¡à«à“®–‡º≈Õ àß®‘µ‰ª∑“ßµ“ ÀŸ ®¡Ÿ° ≈‘πÈ °“¬ À√◊Õ„® à«π¡“°°Á®–‡º≈Õ°—π∑“ßµ“ °—∫∑“ß„® §◊ÕÀ≈߇¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿà „π‚≈°¢Õߧ«“¡§‘¥ °—∫‡º≈Õ‰ª‡æàß®âÕß Õ“√¡≥å ‡Õ“ µ‘®àÕ·πàπ‡¢â“‰ª∑’ËÕ“√¡≥å∑’Ë°”≈—ߪ√“°Ø °“√°√–µÿâ𠧫“¡‰¡à ‡ º≈Õ·≈–‰¡à ‡ º≈Õ‡æà ß °Á § ◊ Õ °“√欓¬“¡„Àâ æ «°‡√“¡’ —¡ª™—≠≠– §◊Õ§«“¡√Ÿâµ—«‰«â‡ ¡ÕÊ

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44

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·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª 45


46

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æ√–æÿ∑∏‡®â“∑à“π Õπ«à“ §«“¡‡°‘¥ §«“¡·°à §«“¡‡®Á∫‰¢â‰¥âªÉ«¬ §«“¡µ“¬°Á‡ªìπ∑ÿ°¢å πâÕ¬§ππ—°∑’Ëøíß∏√√¡–µ√ßπ’È·≈â«®–‡¢â“„®®√‘ßÊ à«π„À≠àøíß·≈â«°Á®–‡¢â“„®‡ªìπ«à“ ‡√“‡°‘¥ ‡√“·°à ‡√“‡®Á∫ ‡√“µ“¬ ‡ªìπ∑ÿ°¢å ‰¡à¡’„§√‡¢â“„®®√‘ßÊ «à“§«“¡®√‘ß·≈â« ¿“«–¢Õߧ«“¡‡°‘¥ ¿“«–¢Õߧ«“¡·°à ¿“«–¢Õߧ«“¡‡®Á∫ ¿“«–¢Õߧ«“¡µ“¬ µà“ßÀ“°∑’ˇªìπ∑ÿ°¢å ‰¡à¡’ ‡√“ ∑’ˇªìπ∑ÿ°¢å ¡’‡æ’¬ß ¿“«–¢Õß√Ÿªπ“¡∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷߉µ√≈—°…≥å ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ µ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà ·≈â«°Á¥—∫‰ª §«∫§ÿ¡‰¡à‰¥â ∫—ߧ—∫„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà „πÕ”π“®µ“¡„®ª√“√∂π“‰¡à‰¥â

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‡¡◊ËÕ‡¢â“„®º‘¥ ¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπº‘¥«à“ √Ÿªπ“¡/°“¬„®‡ªìπµ—«‡√“ ‡¡◊ËÕ√Ÿªπ“¡·°à ‡®Á∫ µ“¬ °Á欓¬“¡¥‘Èπ√πÀπ’ ·µà¬‘Ëß欓¬“¡¥‘Èπ°Á¬‘Ëß∑ÿ°¢å ‡¡◊ËÕ¬‘Ëß∑ÿ°¢å°Á¬‘Ëߥ‘Èπ ·∑π∑’Ë®–‡ÀÁ𧫓¡®√‘ß«à“ §«“¡∑ÿ°¢å¡’Õ¬Ÿà·µà ‰¡à¡’ºŸâ∑ÿ°¢å ‡¡◊ËÕ„¥∑’ˇ√“ªØ‘∫—µ‘∏√√¡ ®π “¡“√∂‡ÀÁπ·µà ¿“«–≈â«πÊ Õ—πª√“»®“° —µ«å ∫ÿ§§≈ µ—«µπ ‡√“‡¢“ ‡√“®–‡¢â“„®„πÕ√‘¬ —® Ù Õ¬à“ß·®à¡·®âß

48

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·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª 49


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50

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·π«∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡‚¥¬ —߇¢ª 51



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