RENEWAL
WORKS
maki RYU
Urban Design
Research
Research and Design
Design
Susitainable water
Sustainable garden & building
Research
都市デザイン
Urban Design
Research
Netherlands Japan Control - Freedom Public - Private (Market)
Japanese Urban Planning System
Mixture or Chaos?
レクチャー Lectures
JAPANESE URBAN PLANNING SYSTEM
Maki RYU 16 Feb. 2011
Amsterdam 52°N
139°E
500km
日本の都市計画の特徴
1000km
45°N
Tokyo 35°N
5°E
Delft university of Technology Leiden University Haagse Hogeschool
500km
Taketomi 25°N
Nederland Japan Population 16,529,758 人 (2009) (x7) 127,529,000 人 (2009) Area 41,534 km2 (x9) 377,929 km2 (2007) Population Density 339 people/km2 14th in the world 336 people/km2 21st in the world Trend + 0.3% /year (2003-2008) + 0.1 % / year (2000-2005)
1000km
- Question of intermediate between public(space) and private (space)
programs
GSI (Ground space index) FSI (Floor space index) Function Height limitation Sunlight limitation
Housing
Housing Shops Offices Hotel Sport and Entertainment
Public facilities
Basically only within Urbanization promote area (ca. 4% of area) Executed through Building Standards Act > No building permission!
INVESTMENT
Exclusive Residential (Low-rise)
GSI FSI
0,4-0,5 0,6-0,8
(Medium, High-rise) Neighborhood commercial
1,0-2,0 0,5-0,6
Concentration to Residential Semi- Residential GSITokyo 0,6Metropolitan 0,6Region FSI
2,0-3,0
2,0
Source City planning of Fukuoka
0,8 2,0-3,0
Industry
transition
Commercial
MAGAZINE
0,8 4,0-8,0
UNIVERSITY
Semi-Industrial
0,6 2,0-3,0
Exclusive Industrial
0,6 2,0 NO Zoning GSI 0,7 FSI 4,0
• Complicated land-ownership • Increasing of FSI (no down-zoning)
Industry
zoning system
in future - steer - transition
Shops
instruments Netherlands Japan Exclusive < Function > Inclusive Physical Form < Space > Number
Groningen
Research
Friesland Drenthe
Noord Holland Flevoland
博士論文
Utrecht
Doctor Thesis
Tokyo, Japan, 2007
Noord Brabant
Limburg
black box expression in text
オランダの 都市デザイン協議プロセスと 「空間による枠組み」に関する 研究
Waseda University
Gelderland
Zuid Holland Zeeland
SPATIAL FRAMEWORKS IN DUTCH URBAN DESIGN PROCESS
Overijssel
expression in drawing
urban design process
policies initiatives expression in text
spatial planning condition = SPvE
reflection of opInions and conditions
plans drawings expression in drawing
Names and structure of phases in decision making process in municipalities ｱﾑｽﾃﾙﾀﾞﾑ / ｱﾙﾒｰﾚ Amsterdam/ Almere
開始文書
Startnotitie
ロッテルダム Rotterdam ビジョン Visie
実現可能性の調査 Haalbaarheidsonderzoek
ヘルモンド Helmond イニシアティブ Initiatief
アメスフォールト Amersfoort
ｼｯﾀｰﾙﾄﾞ・ﾍﾚｰﾝ Sittard-Geleen
開始文書
イニシアティブ
Startnotitie
オッス Oss 開始
Initiatief
実現可能性の調査 Haalbaarheidstudie
Start
実現可能性の調査 Haalbaarheidsonderzoek
出発点の文書 Nota van Uitgangspunten
マスタープラン Masterplan
条件 枠組みの文書 Randvoorwaarden Kaderstellende Notitie
都市デザイン要件 Stedenbouwkundig Programma van Eisen
都市デザイン計画 Stedenbouwkundige Plan
マスタープラン・都 市デザイン計画含む Masterplan, Stedenbouskundig Plan
都市デザイン計画 Stedenbouwkundig Plan
建設計画・設計 Bouwplan- en Inrichtingsplan
建設計画 Bouwplan- 実施提案 ontwikkeling Uitwerkingsvoorstel
定義 Definitie
プロジェクト定義 Projectdefinitie 要件案 Concept Programma van Eisen デザイン Ontwerp
抽出された キーワード keywords
イニシアティブ Initiatief 調査 onderzoek
実現可能性 haalbaarheids
出発点と条件 出発点 Uitgangspunten en uitgangspunten Randvoorwaarden 条件 rand-voorwaarden 都市ﾃﾞｻﾞｲﾝ計画 ・建築ｶﾞｲﾄﾞﾗｲﾝ Stedebouwkundig Plan en Beeldkwaliteitplan
都市デザイン stedebouw-kundig
計画手続き Planprocedure
建設計画 bouwplan
実施 Realisering
実施 realisering, uitvoering
管理 Beheer
管理 beheer
プログラム programma
典型的なフェーズ phases 開始 start
調査 research
方針 directions
プログラム・デザイン programs, design
設計 design
最終的な要件 Defnitief Programma van Eisen 実施 Realisering
実施 Uitvoerings
準備 Voorbereiding 実施 Realisatie
管理 Beheer
管理 Beheer
管理 Nazorg
実施 implementation
管理 maintenance
Cell with bold lines 太線で囲まれたセル：Phase with physical proposal 空間的な提案をするフェーズ Gray cells グレーに塗られたセル：Phases in common between some cities 都市間でフェーズ名称がキーワードと共通するフェーズ
Nota van Uitgangspunt
都市デザインの出発点 Stedebouwkundige Uitgangspunten 都市デザインの方針 Stedebouwkundige Visie
都市デザイン協議文書 SPvE
Studie Studie
Development of plans designated in Plaberum and supplementary studies for Borneo & Spoorenburg in Amsterdam
戦略文書 パイロット プロジェクト d
都市デザイン 協議文書 D
空間スケール 詳細度小
戦略文書
戦略文書
パイロット プロジェクト c
都市デザイン協議文書 B パイロット プロジェクト b
詳細度大
決定プロセス要綱によるプロセス
決定プロセス要綱によらないプロセス
パイロット 戦略文書 都市デザイン プロジェクト a 協議文書 A
空間スケール
都市デザイン 協議文書 C
時間
scale
詳細度小
contents of SPvE
「都市デザイン協議文書」 の掲載内容
主要な決定スケール
scale for main plan
補足する他のスケール
scale for supplementary plan
計画としての整合性
consistency in planning
1/10000
1/1000
de
cis
ion m 定 akin プ gp ロ ro セ ce ss ス
決
詳細度大 時間 time
Design
持続可能性
Sustainability
Before Renewal
Design
木造住宅の改修
RENEWAL OF WOODEN HOUSE
Fukuoka, Japan, 2005
Before Renewal
After Renewal
light - new windows on east side - remove parking roof - small windows on west side
heated by west sunshine
less heat
more daylight
rain - remove concrete floor of parking and create new garden with plants - rain tank concrete floor
collection of rainwater and use it for garden rain tank
rainwater infiltration though garden
wind - no air condition - new windows with grilles - remove parking roof - create vertical stream of wind more wind stream vertical stream of wind through a staircase
1800
7200
1800 2000
bath 風呂
closet 洗面
2000
800
4000
wc WC
4000
closet 収納
2800
wc WC book 書庫 kitchen キッチン
11500
1200
寝室 bed room
1000
300
300
1200
200
4200
土間
FL-300
玄関 entrance
500
1600
2000
1200
living 居間
7200
900
2700
3600 10800
Plan
3600
Changes in time
Four seasons
Trees grow....
RE
RENEWAL
Research & Design
Susitainable Water
持続可能な 水利用
RENEWAL
These have to be taken into account in the design of water management systems. The four sections of chapter 4 describe the ESTs in relation to the four parts of the water cycle (see Illustration 1). - Water storage and augmentation water storage & augmentation
- Water supply and distribution - Water use and saving
UNEP DTIC IETC , 2008
4.4.3.2 Water efficiency: innovation at the urban level The example in Illustration 32 focuses on a typical singe family house, but, of course, there are different types of houses in different densities. Water efficiency can be optimised for each type, but generally in the existing built environment
20
136
rain
AN RB
water supply & distribution
water use & saving
30
45
10
16
9
U
EVERT DROP COUNTS
36
AT W E
CYC
Generally speaking, the used water from bathing and showering alone would be sufficient and can be reused after minor treatment. In this case the arguments for this specific combination of ESTs are primarily technical: the ESTs are relatively low cost water use efficiency and low tech if compared with a centralised system for waterin supply wastewater treatment. At the theandurban and household level, however, introducing these ESTs is domestic environment; more expensive than the traditional solutions. The differences between ESTs make sourcebook ona difference. Taps and showerheads are cheap and do not take any Environmental Sound extra space but the grey water technology does and so doTechnologies rainwater containers. For the grey water ESTs, climate does not make much difference, but climates with long dry periods and shorter rainy seasons require sizable containers,UNEP_ch1.indd especially if they 15 Chief Editor: should contain enough water for a lush garden. If Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze, water efficiency and the reduction of water use is Associate Editor: the starting basis of a design process, the required Dr. Sybrand P. Tjallingii, effort and related costs for an optimal system, Illustrations and layout: including reuse and recycling measures can be Dr. Maki Ryu, minimized effectively (water which is not required Delft University of Technology has to be neither purified, distributed nor stored).
water reuse, recycling & disposal
R
The sections storage and augmentation as well as supply and distribution can be assigned, in principle, to supply-side measures, whereas the sections water use and saving and reuse, recycling and disposal may betoilets. listed as demand-side measures. machine (see section 4.5) for the water-saving
LE
Research- Water reuse, recycling and disposal
The four sections of the urban water cycle
Illustration 1: The four sections of the urban water cycle. cleaning bath drinking
washing toilet
watering
127
Introduction
rain
20
78 9
14
5
08.4.26 4
30
30
drinking cleaning bath
washing watering
13 toilet
69
Illustration 32: Examples for an existing domestic water household with high water consumption (top) and a water-saving household, with applied ESTs for water use
15
Examples for an existing domestic water household with high water consumption (top) and a water-saving household, with applied ESTs for water use and savings (bottom) in litres per person and day
EST
Overview of ESTs assigned to the four main sections of the urban water cycle with potential scales of application.
keeping quantity & quality providing water efficiently & safe purifying water safely
using water efficiently
Water storage & augmentation Water reuse, recycling & safe disposal
Water use & saving
Water supply & distribution
Section of water cycle
Environmental Sound Technology
Technologically and institutionally embedding Public Collective Individual
Technology, know how for & management of
centralized system
Ponds and reservoirs Artificial recharge of groundwater Water tanks Rainwater harvesting - runoff in surface water Rainwater harvesting - runoff in groundwater Rainwater harvesting - runoff in tanks Treated sewage - effluent in surface water Treated sewage - effluent in groundwater Surface water abstraction Groundwater abstraction Water supply reservoirs Transfer of water Single pipeline system (one water quality) Dual pipeline system (two water qualities) Water containers (bottles and tanks) Centralized treatment systems Point of use treatment systems Waterless toilets (e.g. compost & dry) Water-saving toilets Water-saving urinals Waterless urinals Water-saving taps Water-saving showerheads Pressure reducers Water-saving household appliances Economised water use for personal hygiene Economised water use for cleaning and watering Domestic rainwater use On-site treatment of grey water Constructed wetlands On-site and near-site treatment of black water and mixed sewage Separating rainwater from sewer systems Environmentally sound centralized sewage treatment in developing countries for reuse
legend Level technologically and institutionally embedding Active operation and maintenance
+++ + + ++ + +++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ + +++
+++
+++ + +
semidecentralized decentralized system system ++ + +++ +++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ + +++ +++ ++ + +++ ++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ + ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ + ++ ++ +++ +++ +++
+++ +++ +++ + + +++ +++ + +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
+++
+++
++
+++
+++
+
low +
medium ++
+ ++ +
high +++
Support and creating conditions (legal, financial, skills) Table 2: Overview of ESTs assigned to the four main sections of the urban water cycle with potential scales of application.
ESTs Fact sheets Section 1
Water Storage & Augmentation 4.2.4.2 Artificial recharge of groundwater
Artificial recharge of groundwater Direct Subsurface Recharge recharge well
trench
Direct Surface Recharge river water
ESTs Fact sheets Illustration 13: Artificial recharge of groundwater. fact sheet 2
4.2.4.5 4.2.4
Water Storage & Augmentation
Section 1
rainwater harvesting - stormwater
rainwater harvesting for the artificial recharge of groundwater The different recharge methods can be generally Technological description: - stormwater for the artificial recharge of groundwater classified in the following categories:
Artificial recharge of groundwater is used to o Direct Surface Recharge uses surface structures, increase the natural replenishment or percolation like open surfaces, permeable pavements, of surface waters into groundwater aquifers, roof e.g. infiltration basins (sand filters) or shallow pits drive way for the storage and augmentation of drinking water. for the enhancement of the natural percolation open space The primary objective is to preserve or enhance of water into the subsurface. The water moves groundwater resources but is also used for other side walk from the land surface to the aquifer by means of beneficial uses, like the regulation of groundwater percolation through the soil. The systems can be abstraction, the control of salt water intrusion into combined with bioretention systems or vegetated aquifers, the storage of water to reduce pumping swales for the purification of stormwater runoff. and piping costs or for water quality improvement o Direct Subsurface Recharge use subsurface by removal of suspended solids by filtration structures, like infiltration infiltration ditches ditches, infiltration through the ground or by dilution by mixing with trenches or soakaway pits for the enhancement naturally occurring groundwater (Asano, 1985). infiltration ditches of the natural percolation of water into the The process of seasonal storage of water in infiltration well subsurface. Recharge wells, commonly called aquifers during times when there is abundance of Illustration 16: Stormwater for artificial recharge of groundwater. injection wells, are generally used to replenish water for the use during dry spells is called Aquifer groundwater when aquifers are deep and storage and Recovery (ASR). Water sources for 4.2.4 separated from the land surface by materials of the augmentation of aquifers can be river water,
S
fact sheet 5
fact
ESTs Fact sheets Section 2
Water Supply & distribution 4.3.4.6 dual pipeline systems (supply with two types of water qualities)
dual pipeline systems (supply with two types of water qualities) washing
potable water service water Illustration 26: Dual pipeline system, supply with two water qualities. Section of a building with one connection to potable water storage tank and connection to centralised water supply - and ESTs Fact sheets one pipeline system for service water supply, connected to a service water storage tank. Section 3 fact sheet 6
toilet bath
kitchen
service water car washing
garden
potable water storage - rainwater harvesting - greywater recycling - wastewater recycling
Water Use & Saving 4.3.4
4.4.4.10 Economised water use for cleaning Technological description: and watering Dual pipeline systems are used for piped water supply of two different water qualities in urban and domestic areas. They are also known as not dual reticulation systems. Additionally to the potable water potable drinking water quality, which is mainly distributed in single pipeline systems, a lower nonpotable water quality (so called service water) recycle is supplied to substitute drinking water for non-water potable uses and therefore to contribute to the saving of drinking water. Similar to single pipeline systems, various pipeline materials are available and the water is generally supplied from waterstorm water mains to the customers by connection pipelines. Rainwater harvesting, grey water recycling facilities Illustration 42: Economised water use for watering. and wastewater recycling are typical water sources for service water in dual supply systems. The 4.4.4 risk of wrong connection can be prevented by
Construction, and maintenance: Economised water use for cleaning and operation watering
fact sheet 10
o Dual pipeline systems are used in centralized systems and in decentralized systems. - drought resistant plants
o The can be installed easily in buildings in the - grouping plants - combine with domestic sanitation framework of new constructions or renovations of buildings. o In centralized systems they consist of two separated networks of water transmission and reticulation mains which are either distributing water from main reservoirs to smaller water tanks (acting as pressure break tanks) or directly to the consumers. o At the end of these pipelines meters are generally installed which form the transition from the public to the individual pipeline systems. o Leakage analysis (extent of leakage in a specific
RENEWAL HARIE, Takashima city, Shiga inhabitants: 600 people precipitation: 1,800mm / year
Research
GUJO HACHIMAN, Gujo city, Gifu inhabitants: 15,000 people precipitation: 2,600mm / year
KYOTO
TOKYO
MATSUSHIRO, Nagano city, Nagano inhabitants: 19,000 people precipitation: 800mm / year underground map: google earth
Typologies for Sustainable Water Use in Historical Japanese Towns
supported by the Netherlands Architecture Fund "start-up grant"
How can we derive new typologies for sustainable water use from the historical water systems for applications in the present living environment? To answer this question, this study aims to propose a method to derive the typologies for sustainable water use from historical examples. As the first step, Japanese historical towns with significant water systems are chosen as cases for the further studies in Asian countries. In the Netherlands, typologies for sustainable water use on district and architecture scales, such as ‘wadi’ and ‘waterplein’, are still limited, in spite of having a great tradition of water works on a civil engineering scale. Therefore, more alternatives should be proposed in order to diffuse sustainable water systems in a living environment. On the other hand, in some Asian countries with a large amount of precipitation due to the monsoon climate (more than about 1000 mm per year), water systems have more variety in form, quality and life style associated with water. In their history, people had to develop ways to regulate and utilize the large amount of rainwater and different types of water resources, such as wells, springs, and rivers. These conditions made the water systems in a living environment richer.
Cascade use
Tree structure
Comb structure
Linear structure
Separated and parallel streams
point of use
Drainage pattern
Tree structure
Kabata By natural pressure (by an upwelling spring) Change in quantity: Accumulated in during transporta- branches tion Influence on quality: Influenced by accumubetween points of lating in branches use Collective Branches for drainage maintenance Transportation
Comb structure
Linear structure
Mizubune By inclination/a slope
Sensuiro By inclination/a slope
Stay the same in a branch and all added directly to the main drainage No influence on each other (only on the main drainage)
Stay the same in a branch
Not intensive for drainage (but intensive for supply point in a valley)
Direct influence on a point of use for a neighbour Branches for drainage
MIZUBUNE GUJO HACHIMAN, Gujo city, Gifu inhabitants: 15,000 people precipitation: 2,600mm / year
IN
OUT
1st basin
3rd basin
Odara Riv er
Quantity
2nd basin
er a Riv
id Yosh
IN
1st basin
2nd basin
3rd basin OUT
Supply and Drainage
sup
ply
Mizubune
dra ge
ina
River Yoshida or River Odara
Yoshida River
針江ーカバタ
： 滋賀県高島市新旭町 HARIE,所在地 Takashima city, Shiga inhabitants: people 人口： 600 約600人 （針江集落） precipitation: / year 降水量：1,800mm 1,800mm/年
松代ー泉水路
MATSUSHIRO, Nagano city, Nagano 所在地： 長野県長野市松代町 inhabitants: 19,000 people 人口： 約19,000人 precipitation: 800mm / year 降水量： 800mm/年
郡上ー水舟
所在地： 岐阜県郡上市八幡町 人口： 約15，000人
内カバタ：母屋内部にカバタがある 外カバタ：母屋と別にカバタがある
カワ：接道側を流れる水路 セギ：敷地の奥を流れる灌漑用水路
RENEWAL Research
暮らしに活かす 雨の建築術 RAIN AND ARCHITECTURE for daily life
日本建築学会編 北斗出版 Japanese Institute of Architecture (Ed.)
HOKUTO publisher Tokyo, Japan, 2005
配雨 - distribution 整雨 - quality control
浸透 -inflitration
Polderdrift - Arnhem, Netherlands
Ruwenbosch - Enschede, Netherlands
RENEWAL Research
活かして究める 雨の建築道 RAIN AND ARCHITECTURE
日本建築学会編 技報堂出版 Japanese Institute of Architecture (Ed.)
GIHODO publisher Tokyo, Japan, 2011
Present norm in Japanese public space: 50 mm / hour How we can handle it? even more in the futhre?
We had better chose for what we are going to use rainwater in our daily life.
Also in urban planning and design there many ways to improve and it is depends on types of building. We have to consider (seriously!) how we deal and enjoy rainwater in our living environment.
esign
Table: Levels of water quality, purification methods and purposes of use
屋根 (P.90) 樋 (P.94) 雨水タンク (P.102)
取水装置 (P.96) 配水フィルター (P.106)
伝い落とし (P.94)
沈殿槽 (P.106)
building. sly!) ater P
手押しポンプ (P.110)
浸透桝 (P.118) 地下雨水貯留槽 (P.102)
ビオトープ (P.118)
水みち (P.94) 窪地 (P.118)
What we can do in our own house per parts of architecture and garden