What is it? A Burqa covers the entire body, from the head to the ground. With only a mesh screen allowing the wearer to see in front of her. It is worn by Islamic women. The colour of a burqa is mostly black. You also have a Nigab, which is a face veil that leaves the eyes uncovered. Why do Islamic women wear a burqa? The reasons why woman wear veils of all kinds vary widely and take in influences from culture, fashion as well as religion. Some women wear it because they strongly believe it is their religious obligation. The Quran also tells: ‘cover and be modest’ but the Quran does not explicitly say you have to cover yourself in this manner. There is also a possibility that some husbands would tell their wives ‘please wear a nigab or burqa, I don’t want any other man to see you.’ Some women also may be pressured into covering themselves or they wear it for religious reasons. So there are a lot of reasons why woman wear a burqa or nigab. Burqa ban There are a lot of countries that have a burqa ban; France: France was in 2011 the first European country with a burqa ban. It was introduced by president Nicolas Sarkozy. Wearing a niqab is also forbidden in France. If you wear a burqa you get a fine of 150 euros.
Belgium: also Belgium has since 2011 a burqa ban. In the event of violation, a penalty of seven days in jail or a fine is possible. Switzerland: A burqa ban is also in Switzerland, but only in the southern canton of Ticino. The fines for violations can amount to not less than 9,200 euros. Before the end of 2019, a referendum will vote on the introduction of a ban on burqa throughout the country. Austria: a burqa ban has been in force in Austria since 2017. There is a fine of 150 euros for violation. Australia: In 2017, Australian senator Pauline Hanson caused a stir when she appeared in burqa in parliament. Hanson sat in her seat with the burqa for about 20 minutes, then pulled it out and argued for the ban on burqa for the sake of the national security. “if a person in a balaclava or helmet goes into a couch or even a courtroom, they have to take it off,” she explained. “Why does this not apply to someone who conceals her entire face and therefore can’t be identified.” Morocco: Surprised reactions where heard here and there when Morocco suddenly decided in January last year to ban the production and sale of burqas. Also advertisements in which the Islamic robe can be seen were banned. For security reason, Moroccan authorities reported. Continued on page 3 >> 1
Dear readers, On behalf of our sophomore group, I would like to thank you for reading the (lucky?) thirteenth edition of the St. Martin’s Courier. Students from V2at and V2bt contributed in producing the stories you are about to read. The newsroom worked on their stories during one of their weekly Maatwerkuren, to broaden their horizons and to improve their English writing skills. I want to congratulate them all on a job well done! This Editor in chief helped them along the way, but did not interfere in their writing process or what they were writing about. This also means that there might be mistakes in grammar and spelling, but I hope you will agree that this in no way affects the quality of the articles. Let
me
conclude
by
mentioning
our
digital
component on Facebook and Instagram. Here you will find more (up-to-date) stories, pictures and videos about our bilingual department. We love your likes and we appreciate your comments, so please like or follow us. Work on our fourteenth issue have already started, so until next time! Questions, remarks, suggestions? courier@sintermeerten.nl !
Dennis van Roekel Editor In Chief St. Martin’s Courier tto coordinator (havo-vwo)
2
Germany: in Germany, the discussion about religious clothing flared up after attacks on German prestige. At the request of Angela Merkel’s CDU, a partial ban on wearing the entire veil in certain circumstances was introduced in 2016. “Burqa’s not in Germany. Veils is the opposite of familiar ones, “the party wrote in a statement. The Social Democratic SPD was initially not in favor of the ban and believed it was counterproductive. The coalition partner finally agreed to the plans. Spain: in Spain, there is since 2010, a partial burqa ban in some places. This is true for: Barcelona, and some other places in Catalonia. But enforcing the ban is difficult, as the Spanish Supreme Court has ruled in case of religious freedom that no punishments may be imposed on Muslim woman wearing face-covering clothing. Italy: there has been a law in Italy since the 1970s, that prohibits clothing that makes it difficult to identify people in public places. The Lombardy region introduced a specific burqa ban in 2015 for government buildings and hospitals. The burqini is also forbidden in some places. Bulgaria: the parliament in Bulgaria agreed in October 2016 to a burqa ban that could incur a fine of more than seven hundred euros. Burqas were almost non-existent on the street in Bulgaria, although about 12% of the population are Muslims. They are usually of Turkish origin.
Opinions of people wearing a burqa People that are wearing a burqa are of course not happy with the fact that there’s a burqa ban, they say it’s not fair and they should be able to wear their burqa where they want. Some even demonstrate, an example was the demonstration in the Hague on the 9th of August. Around a hundred people were at this demonstration, they were holding signs and banners. The As-Sunnah mosque has indicated that it supports the protest, but has not issued a call after Friday afternoon prayer. The Federation of Islamic organizations, the umbrella organization of 27 mosques in the Hague, did make a call. The mosque boards received an e-mail with the call to pay attention to the demonstration and to participate in the demonstration. Punishment for wearing a burqa On 26th of July 2018 the government of the Netherlands agreed with the burqa ban, the new law would be that people couldn’t wear face covering clothes anymore because people can’t be recognised with cameras or in public. The 1st of August 2019 this law was official, people who would still wear face covering clothes would get a fine of €150. When someone wears a burqa they can be asked to not wear it or leave the location. People can also call the police. If someone refuses to not wear the burqa or leave the location they can even get a higher fine than €150. Face-covering clothing is allowed in public locations if necessary for work or at events and parties. A headscarf, face paint or cap are not included by the law.
3
Farmers in South America sometimes burn pieces of rainforest down to make more land for their crops. Or more ranch for their animals. Plus, the burned ground is very fertile, so perfect for plants to grow on.
Has any help been offered yet?
We chose this subject because it is important that more attention is raised for the Amazon. We wanted to research why and how the fires happened and we thought it was important to learn more about subjects that could make a difference in the world.
What is the Amazon? The Amazon is a gigantic rainforest in South America. It spreads over 7.000.000 km2 of which 5.500.000 km2 rainforest. The majority of the rainforest lays in Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest. Followed by Peru with 13%. And lastly, Colombia with 10%. The minor percentages are spread over countries like Venezuela, Ecuador, Suriname, Guyana and French Guiana. The Amazon (or Amazonia) is also called “The lungs of the Earth”, because the Amazon transfers a lot of the CO2 in the world to oxygen. It is also a place for millions of animals and insects to live. But lately, the Amazon is on fire, which is a massive problem for the inhabitants and the animals there.
Why is it on fire? Like mentioned earlier, the Amazon is on fire. A massive problem. But why is it on fire? The Amazon is also known for its humidity, which means it’s always kind of moist. And in rainforests, like the name already says, it rains a lot. But in this time of the year, there is a dry period in South America, so also in the rainforest. The reason for it to be burning, is that farmer put it on fire.
Yes help has been offered. Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has ruled out accepting a G7 offer of aid to fight fires in the Amazon rainforest unless he gets an apology from his French counterpart, Emmanuel Macron. Mr Bolsonaro said the French leader should apologise for insulting him personally by calling him a liar. Mr Macron had accused him of "lying" about fighting climate change. Aid worth $22m (£18m) was announced by Mr Macron at a summit in France of the seven leading industrial powers. Satellite data show a huge increase in the number of fires burning in Brazil, most of them in the Amazon region. Earlier, Brazilian ministers said the G7 money was not needed and they accused foreign powers of wanting control of the Amazon.
Why is Bolsonaro so prickly about foreign aid? He has long maintained that European countries are trying to gain access to Brazil's natural resources. He alleges that European interest in the welfare of the Amazon is a thin guise for attempts to gain a foothold in the region. Asked by international journalists about environmental protection of the Amazon at a press briefing on 6 July, he said: "Brazil is like a virgin that every pervert from the outside lusts for."
Why is it still burning? NOTE: This piece is written on September 16! When you read this, there is a chance that the fires have been extinguished! The rainforest is still burning ‘til today. But hasn’t it been extinguished yet? After 2 months? It has probably to do with the fact that the Brazilian president Bolsonaro acted like he doesn’t want the forest to be extinguished. He rejected all foreign aid that has been offered from the rest of the world. So a lot of people began to protest against the president. They want the Amazon to survive.
4
Other countries in South America are trying to force the Brazilian president to accept all the help that has been offered. president. They want the Amazon to survive. Other countries in South America are trying to force the Brazilian president to accept all the help that has been offered.
What can you do to help (the recovery of) the Amazon? The most logic way is to donate money via charity. A very popular one right now is WWF Emergency Fund for Amazon Fires. You also can educate your family about the importance of the Amazon rainforests. They can then speak out (with you) to educate others about the rainforests. You can tell them that around 10% of all living species live in the rainforests. Or that a lot of inhabitants have to watch people destroy their natural homes. Last but not least, you can make choices that’ll help the Earth. For example, you can eat less meat. What also is very important, is that you use wood with an FSC-mark. This wood is slightly more expensive, but it is from recycled wood and 10 times better for the environment. Or cut down on your use of fossil fuels. Try to recycle them, or instead of going with the car, you can use the bike or public transport to get around! Another method is to turn of electronic devices when you’re not using them. For example your lamps or your chargers. You help the planet and save a bit of money! Obviously, to save the world, doing this alone is not going to help. But if you motivate other to join you, a lot can be accomplished!
conclusion We learned a lot while making this article. For example, the importance of the Amazon. Or the ways you can help save the Earth. Also, we hoped to raise attention for the fires in the Amazon. 5
Since then, much research has been done into this form of marine pollution and solutions are being sought. Because if nothing is done about it, more and more waste enters the sea and the plastic soup gets bigger and bigger. How is plastic soup formed? Plastic soup comes from rubbish that we throw away on the street, fishnets that are discarded and from washing synthetic clothing. All these different types of plastic together form the plastic soup in the seas and oceans. Weathering, sunlight and wave action break down large pieces of plastic into small pieces. This causes serious pollution.
We have chosen for this topic because we were very interested and it is something that is going on nowadays. What is plastic soup? Plastic soup is plastic waste that ends up in our seas and oceans. Plastic waste can be found in all seas and rivers. Even in the most remote places and in places where very few people come, such as in Antarctica and at the deepest point of the sea plastic waste is found. The term “plastic soup” is not only used for large pieces of plastic, but also for microplastics and nanoplastics that are sometimes even smaller than 5 mm. Discovery of the plastic soup The plastic soup was first mentioned in 1988, when researchers investigated the amount of floating plastic in the sea. They discovered that the concentration of marine waste was extra high in areas where sea currents crossed. Based on their results, they predicted that a lot of waste would have to float in the North Pacific gyre. In the middle of such a gyre / whirlpool, it is often windless. That is why ships try to avoid these places. But in 1997, Charles Moore sailed through the North Pacific Gyre, from Hawaii to Southern California. Every day he saw huge pieces of plastic floating by and decided to return for research. He discovered that more floating plastic waste was collected at this place than at other places in the ocean and he called this the plastic soup.
Types of plastic There are different types of plastic: bioplastic, biodegradable plastic and ordinary plastic. All of that ‘ordinary plastic’ is made from fossil fuels, such as natural gas, oil, or coal. Bioplastic is made without using fossil resources, which means that it can break down into its component chemicals water, carbon dioxide, and methane. That may seem like the ideal solution, but much of the bioplastic doesn’t get broken down, it simply breaks into smaller pieces called microplastic 6. Also, when bioplastic breaks down it can release toxic substances that can be hazardous to the health of animals and humans. Biodegradable plastic may seem to be a solution to the whole plastic problem, because if plastic can decay in nature, it can’t get blown or washed into the ocean. Unfortunately, that’s not how it works. Biodegradable plastic can often only be broken down through exposure to large amounts of light, oxygen, and heat. These conditions are anything but ‘natural’, especially in the oceans. That means even bio degradable plastic can remain in the ocean for a very long time.
6
Hotspots Places where the concentration of plastic pollution is incredibly high are called ‘hotspots’. Hotspots are not found in gyres where the concentration of platic is usually the highest. There are other places where the concentration of plastic is just as high or even higher and these are called hotspots. The Mediterranean Sea is one such hotspot.
What are the consequences of the plastic soup? The microplastic that floats in the seas and oceans can cause major damage. The plastic causes many marine mammals, birds and turtles to die. The animals regard these particles as plankton and eat them. The animals cannot digest the plastic and usually the plastic accumulates in their stomach and thereby blocks their intestines. The animals feel hungry because of their full stomach and they slowly die from lack of food. It is estimated that marine wastes cost 100,000 marine mammals and 1 million birds annually. The microplastics also end up in our food chain. By catching fish these fish can end up on our plate again. What exactly the risks and / or consequences are for humans is still unknown. A lot of research is currently being done into this. Gyres The rotation of the earth causes the oceans to continuously move and the winds to blow. There are five large rotating ocean currents that are called ‘gyres’. A gyre is a large circular motion or swirl of ocean water. This creates a kind of giant vortex, in which the floating waste is slowly sucked into the center. These places are mainly in subtropical zones, above and below the equator: in the North and South Pacific, the North and South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. All five gyres have higher concentrations of plastic rubbish compared to other parts of the oceans. Plastic can last for hundreds of years and therefore often remains present in such a gyre for years.
Impact on animals Tens of thousands of whales, birds, seals and turtles are killed every year from plastic litter in the marine environment as they often mistake plastic bags for food such as jellyfish. Plastic bags, once ingested, cannot be digested or passed by an animal so it stays in the gut. Plastic in an animal’s gut can prevent food digestion and can lead to a very slow and painful death. As plastic can take up to 1,000 years to break down, once an animal dies and decays after ingesting plastic, the plastic is then freed back into the marine environment to carry on killing other wildlife.
Solutions Boyan Slat devised a plan in 2012 to clean up the plastic. When he was still in high school, in preuniversity education, he wrote a paper about a possible solution. During a vacation in Greece, while diving, he saw more plastic than fish in the sea, and that gave him the idea to come up with an installation to collect the floating waste. With this project he won a prize from Delft University of Technology in 2012. Now Boyan Slat has his own company that only deals with cleaning up the plastic soup: The Ocean Cleanup. In 2015, his project was chosen by TIME Magazine as one of the 25 best inventions of 2015.
7
The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), (North Carolina is the world's largest active data storage for weather) that is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), (the United States government agency responsible for monitoring our climate and our environment and taking measures to conserve them) the global average monthly and annual records of combined land and ocean surface temperatures have been preserved for more than 130 years. Let's go further with ice that is shrinking...
Hello, we are Kiki and Marly from V2AT. We're going to talk about the climate changes all over the world. How can it be that the climate of the world is changing that fast? For example, why is the temperature rising? And why does the sea level rise? First we’re going to tell you about the global sea rising. Well, eighteen of the 19 warmest years all have occurred since 2001. In your location, the temperature constantly goes up and down with bigger degrees. Why should anyone be concerned about 1 degree increase in the global temperature? Well, global temperature is primarily depends on the amount of energy it receives from the sun and how much of it is radiated back into space. The numbers change very little unless some other factor is affecting the change in temperature. The amount of energy that the planet radiates back into space is dependent upon the chemical composition of our atmosphere – like greenhouse gases. Scientists around the world collect daily temperature data from a large number of locations around the world. Their data on the average temperature on earth date back to the 1880s, the earliest year for which reliable and important data were available worldwide.
According to data from NASA’s GRACE sate is shown that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002. Both ice sheets have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009. Shrinking ice sheets has an effect on the sea level reasing. In that 20-year span, Greenland lost 152 billion tons a year of ice, West Antarctica lost 65 billion tons a year, the Antarctic Peninsula lost 20 billion tons a year, and East Antarctica gained 14 billion tons a year. So as conclusion: because of the higher temperature, shrinking ice sheets provide a higher sea level and that provides overflow. Now you know something about the ice shrinking. And now we’re going to talk about why the sea level is rising. You know already that one cause The Arctic sea ice has receded over the last decade, and although research shows a downward trend in Arctic land snow, long-term snow depth measurements on sea ice are less clear. But now new research using data from Operation IceBridge from NASA shows that snow depth on Arctic sea ice has decreased over the year, a trend largely due to later freezing data of sea ice in the Arctic Sea level rise is caused primarily by two factors related to global warming: the added water from melting ice sheets and glaciers and the expansion of seawater as it warms. The first graph tracks the change in sea level since 1993 as observed by satellites.
8
The second, derived from coastal tide gauge data, shows how much sea level changed from about 1870 to 2000. Data shown are latest available, given time needed to allow for processing. Further with extreme events: We already explained some of these but there are more examples: tsunamis, hurricanes, heat waves and more. Exactly extreme events in weather means some things happens that are not normal for us. A bit weird you can say. But now our planet is changing, more of these examples take place. Tsunamis mostly happens by the continents South and North America How can you make the nature a little bit better? • • • • •
Do not throw plastic in the nature Try to stand shorter in the shower Don’t let the light on when isn’t necessary Buy only fair-trade, sustainable coffee Take the bicycle or take a walk instead of going by car or with the bus
our opinion about the climate changes... I think it is very important that all people are helping the earth to stop this climate changes. And there actually are changing some things, for example; cars that become electric and windmills instead of nuclear power plant. Here, above, you can see some tips to pay attention on the nature. So I hope with this courier we can persuade people that pay attention to the nature. Now you know some things that are happening in this world. We already told you some things how you can prevent a bad nature. When everyone is going to do these small things, it really helps already!
9
a1305
From inside his dentist office he could hear the gunshots: ‘they were like toy guns compared to the blasts of the AK-47 ‘s from the robbers’. There were many injured officers. With the help of the dentist, first responders, 12 wounded officers and 8 wounded civilians were saved.
On February 28, 1997 two bank robbers engaged LAPD officers in a 44-minute gun battle.22 years ago, one of the wildest shootouts in America happened in Los Angeles in a North Hollywood neighbourhood. People across the country saw it on live television. The bank robbery. On the morning of 28 February 1997 two heavily armed men both wearing body armour robbed a bank of America Branch, and they took a little more than 300,000 dollars. The two bank robbers were Larry Philips Jr and Emil Matasareanu. But what they didn’t know was that there were LAPD (Los Angeles Police Department) officers waiting outside of the bank with guns drawn. To get away, Larry and Emil shot everyone in their way. Including police, bystanders and a press helicopter. They were armed with two Kalashnikov’s (AK-47's) with armourpiercing bullets (these bullets can go through cement, buildings and cars). Experience? The two bank robbers seemed to have some experience. The FBI said they suspected the duo with two other bank robberies. Police in nearby Glendale told the news that the duo had been arrested in 1993. During a traffic stop officers found weapons and smoke bombs in their car. The duo had planned to rob 750,000 dollars from a bank. But due to a change in the delivery schedule there was less money inside the vault. How a dental office turned into a field hospital. Mr Montes’ dentist office is still across from the bank. On February 28, 1997 his dentist office turned into a hospital for wounded police officers.
The first and final confrontation. While the bank robbers were trying to escape Philips got shot. He was walking down a street firing a pistol when he got shot in his hand. This caused him to drop his gun. He dropped it and picked it up and put it under his chin and he pulled the trigger. But meanwhile he fell on the ground; an unknown uniformed officer shot Philips in the upper torso. Still to this day it is unclear which bullet killed him. Later a trio of swat members raced from the police academy to the bank. Emil Matasareanu stole a car, but the swat members blocked him. He hid behind another car and started shooting at the swat members. They were worried that Emil Matasareanu would come from the side of his vehicle and shoot them. One of the swat members shot him two or three times in his ankle, this caused him to drop onto the ground. When one of the swat members took off the bank robber’s ski mask, he remembers him saying: Why don’t you just put a round through my head? 56 minutes later Matasareanu died because of his injuries. His family sued the LAPD, saying that they didn’t provide him with medical aid. How the incident changed arming of police officers. The patrol officers at that time were outgunned, at that time police officers didn’t have assault rifles in their car but mostly only carried a pistol. The battle of North Hollywood (as it came to be known) changed how normal police officers across the country were armed. Police departments nowadays carry weapons such as M-16s in their patrol car. So, police departments are better equipped because of the North Hollywood incident. A movie. By the end of that day more than 2000 rounds had been fired (more than half of them by the two robbers). The North Hollywood shootout inspired a movie. With real tv-scenes from the news and scenes played by actors. The title of this movie is 44 minutes. The movie was released in 2003. 10
Hiroshima
Introduction I have chosen this subject because I’m really interested in the second world war and most people think that war was only going on in Europe, but it has been in so many other countries and therefore I’m going to give some information about those thinks that happen in other continents.
Japan The Japanese people did the same in Asia as the German people did in Europe. They wanted to be the boss of whole Asia. They started with the weakest country's around them. They first went to Korea to conquer them and they succeeded. After this they went to china to conquer them. Japan conquered one area called Mansouri which is laid in the north east of China. The Japanese army wanted that the inhabitants would revolt against the colonial rulers (especially England, France and the Netherlands). When this did not happen, the Japanese army decided to attack Pearl Harbour on Hawaii where 2403 people died. After this Japan conquered areas of south east Asia and put all European people in camps also known as the: Japan camps. America was mad and decided to conquer all areas that japan had conquered first, but they were thinking that japan did not surrender quickly. In all those fights it would take also a lot of lives of the American soldiers. They calculated that 1 million American soldiers would die during the fights That's why they thought the Japanese were dead rather than us.
American scientists working on the Manhattan Project had successfully tested a working atomic bomb in July of 1945 after the surrender of Nazi Germany in May, but Japan didn’t surrender. Almost whole Europe was liberated but japan still did not wanted to give up. More and more soldiers and inhabitants died so America thought we have to do something and stop this war immediately. On 6 August 1945 at 8.15 am the nuclear weapon little Boy was dropped On Monday, August 6, 1945, at 8:15 a.m., the nuclear weapon "Little Boy" was dropped on Hiroshima from an American Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the Enola Gay, flown by Colonel Paul Tibbets, directly killing at least 70,000 people, including thousands of Korean slave laborers. Fewer than 10% of the casualties were military. By the end of the year, injury and radiation brought the total number of deaths to 90,000–166,000.
Nagasaki The American people where not done with Japan. Japan still didn’t surrender and therefore America made ready to drop another nuclear bomb. The first target the Americans thought of was the city Kyoto. During the flight to Kyoto the weather was quite bad, it was raining, and the pilots couldn’t see that much. Therefore, they had chosen for Nagasaki to bomb. On 9 august the nuclear bomb was dropped at Nagasaki. It was a 21-kiloton bomb which had the name: Fat Man. During the bomb attack immediately around 60.000 people died and this rise till around 80.000 dead people.
conclusion I told about the 2 nuclear bombs dropped in Japan, and why the Americans did this to Japan. I hope you became a little bit wiser and enjoyed it.
11
That would mean that if Chernobyl did not have a little accident, it would have produced power for as long as 80 years, or until the government shuts it down The main equipment/features All of the 211 control rods in a RMBK-1000 Reactor are made of boron, which absorbs neutrons and thus reduces reactivity. The tips However, were made from graphite, graphite on the other hand increases reactivity.
You live in the West of Europe, you do your normal morning routine and start to read the Newspaper: The front page says in huge letters: RADIATION DETECTED COMING FROM THE EAST. You read a bit and it says everything is pointing to the Soviet Union, To a place called Chernobyl. Chernobyl is a nuclear reactor at the border of Ukraine and Belarus, but there was too much pressure in the core of the Nuclear Reactor. That reactor was the RMBK-1000 reactor. It exploded on the 26th of April 1986 at 1:23 AM. In the explosion 31 people died straight away. Importance of Nuclear Reactors In the World Nuclear Reactors play a large role in power generation throughout the world. Chernobyl, for example, already made 10% of Ukraine’s power. Worldwide nuclear power delivers 10% of all power in the world!. It’s not only good to have electricity, It’s also better for the environment then for example coal plants. You see, nuclear power does not release Carbon Dioxide in the air because it re-uses the steam. Nuclear energy is the best constant source of energy we have. But why not just use wind, hydro and solar Energy you ask? Because clouds, no wind and drought can make an end to that real quick. Uranium-235 on the other hand lasts for 80 years!
Shutdown Button Every reactor has a emergency shutdown button, In a RMBK 1000 reactor this button is labeled “A3-5” also knows as “AZ-5”. Pressing this button will lower all of the control rods into the core, decreasing radioactivity and if enough enter, stall the core and eventually shut it down. Turbine After the water was turned into steam it went to the turbines, Chernobyl had 2 turbines to make electricity from the steam. Chernobyl Unit 4 was made to operate for 3200 MW. Condensers Chernobyl did not have a cooling tower, Instead it had steam condensers. Steam condensers work with the physics of heat transfer: The steam goes through a room filled with water pipes. These water pipes are filled with cold water from Kievskoe reservoir, The cooling pond used for supplying coolant. After the water is condensed, It goes back into the core to do the cycle over and over again. How the RMBK reactor Exploded First it was thought a RMBK-reactor couldn’t explode. But Chernobyl told us about a fatal design flaw that did allow for an explosion to happen. The leadup to the explosion actually started 24 hours earlier. The sequence of events started when the Soviets started to prepare the reactor for an experiment, a test which was ironically aimed at improving the safety of the reactor.
12
The idea was to disconnect one of the turbines of the reactor and find out if it was possible to use the energy from it as it slowed down to power the pumps since the emergency generator needed to warm up before starting, which were part of the reactor’s emergency cooling system. The Soviets have been known to operate an RMBK-1000 reactor for over 20 years. In their official report they admit that there were significant violations in the operating rules for the power station on this occasion. But they also acknowledged that it had basic design faults. In their discussions with international experts, the Soviets confirmed that their operators placed the reactor in an unstable condition. And that the design placed too much responsibility on the operator’s shoulders. What happened (in greater detail) The experiment what the Soviets hoped to carry out, should have been tried just one’s as the reactor shut down and lasting about 45 seconds. But in case it didn’t work first time they kept the reactor working at a reduced level. The operators planned to reduce the level from 3200 to around 700 and keep it there so they could repeat the experiment if necessary. Unfortunately the operator in charge failed to set the controller at 700 and the level dropped to 30 this made the disaster. It's forbidden to operate an RBMK reactor at lower than 700 MW (megawatts), because the design limitation make the reactor unstable and potentially dangerous at a lower level. Determined to go ahead with their safety test the men in the control room said to bring the reactor up to power again but it was very difficult. They got the heat output back up to 200 but, couldn’t get higher. Even to get that far they had to switch off vital safety systems. And deliberately withdraw many of the control rods. Control rods are designed to descend automatically into the reactor core to shut down the nuclear reaction in the event of a in the event of a fault developing. Unfortunately the operators withdrew to many rods and they withdrew them to far in fact beyond the design limits. Unlike in British reactors they were unable to insert them again fast enough when things started to go really wrong. The RBMK1000 was not a reactor designed to cope automatically with operator error as is the case with CEGB reactors. the mark-1000 was a development of the very first Russian power reactor. Which started operating at Obnincs till 1954 nothing like it exists outside the Soviet Union. In fact for that reason one of Russia’s top Scientist has stated publicly that an accident like the one which happened at Chernobyl would not be possible at any other reactor in the world.
What the RBMK-1000 reactor does The reactor had 2 fundamental design flaws and these were vital important that day. A RBMK-1000 reactor produces steam for its turbines by boiling water actually in the reactor using heat from the fuel elements. The same water circuit also cools the reactor the water is pumped under pressure around 1661 tubes situated in the graphite core. In any water reactor the amount of steam effects the tempo of the nuclear reaction. In the RBMK an increase in steam increases the tempo which in term leads to more steam. And so on a runaway situation without enough control rods in place and without any effective automatic shutdown systems operating the Chernobyl reactor went on surging with power. Some of the uranium fuel disintegrated, steam explosions took place bursting open the tubes the structure around the graphite core couldn’t contain the buildup in pressure and the reactor literally blew it’s top. The aftermath The people involved in the 1986 accident that helped in cleaning up radioactive material, extinguishing fires, evacuating towns Etc. were called Liquidators. As a result of the explosion the hydrogen tank situated in the turbine hall blew and due to Oxygen, Hydrogen and superheated graphite now being together a very big explosion took place: this blew off the roof of Unit 4 and set the roof as well as the turbine hall on fire, next to that extremely hot graphite spread all around the building. The fire brigade was called in and in the days that followed 29 firemen died as a result of ARS (Acute Radiation Syndrome). Even after such a long period of time they still had to watch out for the graphite because it remained extremely hot. Before a sarcophagus could be placed on Unit 4, the graphite on the roof needed to be thrown into the core. For this task they first used robots. On the roof closest to the reactor, however, the radiation was too high: the radiation just simply blew away all circuit boards and other electrical components. So, for this task they used 3,828 so-called “biorobots’. These biorobots are nothing more than humans. 3,828 humans each had 90 seconds to throw off as much graphite as they could. They could not go longer as that was extremely dangerous. All of the protective gear was only used one time as it was now highly radioactive. There’s still more to it, but we have gone passed our 2 pages, I recommend watching the 5 part HBO miniseries as these are extremely interesting and cool.
13
But what is article 13? Well Article 13 is about the copyright of you to use there self-made sound, movie or picture. Artist, youtubers, DJ’s and so on. They say that it is not fair that social media earns money with the thing they made themselves. They say you first have to ask permission and the you have to pay for their thing you used, but if you have to pay for every edit or sound you use, you will not edit anymore and stop making it. so they came with the solution to let the social media pay itself but that might cost problem. In this article you will learn more about what article 13 is and what the causes are of article thirteen and also article eleven ,but we will talk about that later. Are proven to be completely controversial. Which means that it’s completely done for the money. This article is about article 13 and 11 because article 11 is a bit the same as article 13 and helps you understand it more for when you read this pages. Article 13 is about the copyright and the suspension of accounts if they don’t follow the law rules. And article 11 is about trying to help news outlets to get even more money than they already earn, it’s also called the link tax. We all know it: social media, YouTube for example, we all know what you do on YouTube: listen to music, watch a video from your favorite youtuber or look funny video’s. But with article 13 it’s going to be harder for youtubers to upload video’s with music in the background or to even use a song for your intro, Article 13 is about copyright you might even say that article 13 will be the Meme Killer, but that’s not correct memes are going to be safe, also if you are going to use a video of someone else you first have to ask for permission. People also think that Article 13 is going to ruin the Internet because when article 13 is there, there is almost nothing to do because the article doesn’t allow you to do much. Also on Instagram when you go live and you play music Instagram can stop your livestream because of the music an you’ll get a warning about playing music, and when you keep doing it while you got a warning your account can be suspended for an amount of hours, days, weeks or even months.
Article 11 is more easy to digest than Article 13. Also known as the 'Link Tax', it targets news aggregators such as Google and Apple and search engines. It tries to help news outlets generate more money for the content they produce. By making the news aggregators to pay the news outlets. But no one is really sure how this one would work. How much of the article has to be shared before the platform has to pay the news outlet? After years of debating politicians have made radical decisions after the final vote in the European Parliament. But the critic are opposing against two points of the law Article 11 and Article 13.
14
Now you are first going to read about cola. Like you might already know you have different kinds of cola when we talk about the sugar and calories in it. Because you have cola light, cola zero and the original taste. It first started of course with the original taste and here is sugar in it. Then a year later in 1893 the cola light (diet coke) followed. This one is sugar and calorie free, but you can taste the difference. After this one the cola zero was followed in 2006 and again replaced in 2016. The difference between cola light and cola zero is that the cola zero tastes more like the original taste because with cola light you can taste it more. But they are both sugar and calorie free. You have also different flavours of cola. There are a lot of them; cherry, vanilla, lemon, Lime, Black Cherry, Black Cherry Vanilla, Raspberry and there are even more.. The one I like the most is cherry. Of all of those three you have a zero drink. Our article is going to be about Coca Cola and all the brands that belong to Coca Cola. You will learn about the different types of Cola and an interview with random people on the street in the city Heerlen where we ask those people about their opinion of Coca Cola. If you want to learn more about Coca Cola, you should read on…. Otherwise I bet you will regret it. Coke The first page will be about the cola and sprite of Coca Cola and how the company started and in what year. So, I think most of the people know the company Coca Cola because it became famous all over the world. In almost every country you see people drinking something of Coca Cola but how did they get so famous? The Coca Cola company was established on the 29th of January in 1892 in the United States. So, it already exists for a long time. First it was made in little jugs and you had to add water yourself. Not until 1915 they sold cola in bottles. There slogan is; Taste the feeling. In 2012 Coca Cola got a competitor to Pepsi Cola.
Sprite The second drink you will read about is Sprite. This drink is a colourless, caffeine-free, lemon and limeflavored soft drink that was also created by the CocaCola company. It was first developed in West Germany in 1959 as Clear Lemon Fanta and in the US under the current brand name Sprite. And in 1961 they got a competitor to 7Up. 7Up also belong to the Pepsi Cola company. The original drink of Sprite is of course with sugar. But you have also had a zero drink of Sprite. But I don’t really taste a difference between zero and the original drinks. Sprite is also very popular but not as popular as cola is. You also have like the cola different flavours of Sprite. You will read some of them (the most popular ones) but you won't read all of them because it is too much: Cherry, Lemon Lime and Cucumber, Peach flavour, Green Tea Tropical flavoured etc. Fanta On this second page you will read about Fanta. It is also a very famous soda drink of the Coca-Cola company. Fanta is a carbonic acid soda from the Coca-Cola company. It all started in the second world war in Essen (Germany). Because the Germans couldn’t get to the right ingredients for coke they started to think of a new recipe, because the Germans couldn’t get in contact with the headquarters, they started Fanta without permission of the headquarters. 15
After the war the recipe and the brand Fanta where hand over to the headquarters. And so, Fanta is created. Fanta is mostly famous from the orange juice with carbonic acid. But in 1969 there where flavours added to the product range Fanta, such as lemon, cassis, exotic and fruit twist. Now Fanta is the biggest multi-flavours brand from the whole wide world. Fanta is available in more than 190 countries. In 2017 Fanta presents its new look fruity, energetic and intense. Aquarius On this second half of the page you are going to read about Aquarius. Most of the people drink this, when they are going to the gym for example. It originated in 1978 and was first introduced in Japan in 1983. Aquarius is made to give you energy while sporting and it also has added vitamins. Of course, you also have different flavours of Aquarius. You have the Cold Ice flavour, Cherry, Lemon, Orange, Tropical Fruit, Watermelon, Citrus Blend, Red Peach, Blueberry and Grapefruit. They called this drink Aquarius because there is a lot of water in it and in the name, it says ‘aqua’, which means; water. The brands of the Coca-Cola Company:
Fuze tea The drink you are going to read about is Fuze Tea. It looks a little bit like their competitor Lipton. Fuze tea originally named Fuze beverage was started in 2000 by Lance Collins and Paula Grant in their home basement. Bruce Lewin helped them launch the brand in 2001, they launched with 3 flavours which are: mixed berry, banana colada and cranberry raspberry. The next year they had grown 30 employees and moved out of their basement, they also launched 2 more flavours (peach mango and tropical punch). They rapidly started adding more flavours throughout 2005 and 2006 and the Fuze beverage brand exceeded 11 million cases by 2006. The brands growth caught the attention of the Coca-Cola company, which bought Fuze beverage in 2007 for an estimated $250 million. This move of buying the Fuze beverage company was a strategic move to expand their variety of non-carbonated drinks, and to compete with PepsiCo’s SoBe line of fruit juice blends and flavoured waters. Since the Coca-Cola company bought Fuze beverages their name changed to Fuze Tea and they came out with 8 flavours which are:Fuze tea sparkling, Fuze tea peach, Fuze tea green tea, Fuze tea peach hibiscus, Fuze tea mango chamomile, Fuze tea lemon, Fuze tea lemon lemongrass, Fuze tea lime mint. And they continue bringing out new flavours. Fuze beverages contain between 1.0% and 5.0% real fruit juices with the Fuze beverage company saying it has a variety of vitimites and natural health products. However, this has never been tested so it’s not recommended as a health product. Chaudfontaine The next drink you are going to read about is Chaudfontaine, its name comes from a city in Belgium that is also called Chaudfontaine. In Chaudfontaine lays the only water source of the Benelux. It all started in 2003 when The Coca-Cola company started to pump and bottle the water. They say the water travels from a 7,5-kilometre distance and it takes more than 60 years for the water to travel over all the purifying rock layers in the Ardennes, the temperature of the water is 37°C when it flows out of the rocks. Chaudfontaine recently came out with their Chaudfontaine fusion line, this is a variety of fruit infused carbonated waters. Some people speculate that this line was to compete with Spa’s many fruit waters, but overall the Spa waters and Chaudfontaine waters are different.
© the Coca Cola Company
16
Chaudfontaine’s line consist of 13 kinds of waters, here are a few: Chaudfontaine natural, Chaudfontaine sparkling, Chaudfontaine lightly sparkling natural, Chaudfontaine fusion lemon, Chaudfontaine fusion lime mint, Chaudfontaine fusion raspberry and lime. The interview So, as you might already read, we did a kind of interview with random chosen people on the street of Heerlen. We asked them their opinions about some drinks of Coca Cola. What do you prefer Coca-cola or Pepsi Cola? Person 1: ‘I personally don’t drink coke, but if I have to choose it would be Coca-Cola.’ Person 2:’I prefer Coca-Cola especially coke zero.’ Person 3:’I prefer Pepsi because I think it is sweeter’ What do you prefer Fanta or Sisi? Person 1: I don’t drink Fanta or Sisi, I think it is too sweet. Person 2: I prefer Fanta, I love it I drink it all the time. Person 3: I prefer Fanta, but I don’t drink it a lot. What do you prefer Lipton iced tea or Fuze Tea? Person 1:’ I prefer Lipton iced tea, why? I don’t know’ Person 2:’ I don’t drink any iced tea I don’t like it.’ Person 3: ‘I have never heard of fuze tea, but I drink a lot of Lipton iced tea.’ What do you prefer Sprite or 7up? Person 1:’ I don’t really taste a difference between them, so I don’t really prefer one.’ Person 2: ‘I always drink sprite I have never had 7up.’ Person 3:’I never drink sprite or 7up.’
Our own opinions Tara - I wrote about Sprite and coke because these are the two drinks I like the most. Most of the time I just drink cola zero. A friend of my mom works at the Coca-Cola company, so that is how we came on the idea. The pictures that are in the article also come from him. I also drink Sprite sometimes but coke I like the most. I am not a fan of Fanta, but I do like Fuze Tea. I also drink water sometimes, but I don’t care from which brand it is. And like to drink the Spa flavours. Roos- I wrote Fanta and the interview I agreed to do Coca-Cola because I like all the drinks of Coca-Cola and I thought it would be interesting. I must say I learned a lot from it, and I learned about drinks that I didn’t even knew at first. It surprised me how many drinks and kinds of flavours there are. I found the interview I did really interested because I was surprised by what people prefer or if they think there is really a difference between some drinks. I am not really a fan of Fanta, but I like to drink coke & iced tea. Macy - I wrote about Fuze tea and Chaudfontaine, mostly because I like these drinks the most, especially the Chaudfontaine fusion waters, but I do like Lipton better than Fuze tea. I also was interested in where all these drinks and brands came from and it was very interesting to see that they all come from the same company which is the Coca-Cola company. I learned a lot about the history of these popular soda brands and even about what most people prefer, so it was a pretty cool learning experience. We hope you enjoyed our article and maybe learned something about the Coca-cola company and all its different brands and sodas.
What do you prefer Pocari swet or Aquarius? All persons we asked said that they didn’t know what Pocari Swet was. What do you prefer Chaudfontaine or Spa? Person 1: I don’t care what I get but if I must choose, I would choose Spa I think because I know spa better. Person 2: I like it both, but I drink more Chaudfontaine Person 3: I prefer Spa, especially the Spa fruit flavour.
17
Slowly, more people were beginning to have permanent access to the internet and also to online shopping. In 2003, online sales increased by 26% in the United States.
Why did we choose for E-Commerce? E-Commerce is becoming more and more important in the modern world. Maybe we’ll only use ECommerce in the future. In this article we’ll tell you about what E-Commerce is and what the advantages and disadvantages are. What is E-Commerce? E-Commerce is doing commercial transactions on the internet. Examples of this are: iDeal, Bitcoin, Visa, Mastercard, PayPal and many more. E-Commerce can involve a lot of things. Today, in this modern world, many big companies work with E-Commerce and mostly because it’s easier and it makes a lot of money. For example: Bitcoin. If you bought 100$ of Bitcoin in 2010, You would own 72,9 Million Dollars now! (Or even more!) The history of E-Commerce In the 1960s, businesses found out how to exchange data electronically for the first time. But in 1979, Micheal Aldrich, an English inventor, invented online shopping. He wanted to enable online transactions between consumers and businesses, a technique later known as e-commerce. In 2003, more than 20% of Americans had broadband in their homes.
Advantages and disadvantages E-Commerce is of course a new method of buying and selling things. It will have a lot of advantages and disadvantages with it. First of all, you could do transactions a lot faster with E-Commerce. As well as buying and selling things. It doesn’t matter where you are. But data security can be a big problem. Nowadays there are more and more hackers on the internet. People become smarter and if it goes on like this, you won’t even decide yourself anymore what you will buy. The cause of this are the things that tempt people such as advertisements and cookies. For example: You went on holiday to Italy, and when you go on your phone, you see advertisements from activities in Italy and advertisements from airline companies if you went with the plane. Marketplaces A lot of online websites use E-Commerce. That is because it’s very easy to make transactions, it just takes a few minutes and you’re done! In the Netherlands, we mostly use iDeal to make transactions on websites, for example on bol.com. You just click on iDeal, log in into your bank account, and you’re done! Here are some examples of the biggest E-Commerce websites in the Netherlands: Marktplaats.nl- The most visited E-Commerce website is Marktplaats. Almost everyone uses it or knows it. Bol.com- Also one of the biggest E-Commerce websites. A lot of orders are made every day. Almost 15 orders a second! Wehkamp.nl- Also like bol.com, One of the biggest ECommerce websites in the Netherlands!
18
Some examples of the biggest E-Commerce websites in the world: Amazon- Amazon is the biggest E-Commerce website in the world. It’s almost everywhere in the world, also in Germany and the Netherlands. eBay- It wasn’t possible to not mention eBay in this list. With a lot of transactions per day, is eBay the 2nd biggest E-Commerce website in the entire world! Alibaba- One of the most important E-Commerce websites in the world, Alibaba. It’s a very big company with 2 major websites running under it: Alibaba and AliExpress. Payment Methods Payments are made almost everywhere, and all the time. They can be made by cash, but a lot of payments are also made on the internet. Some examples are: iDeal, PayPal, Visa, Mastercard and many more. I will talk about some payment methods that are given above. iDeal- iDeal is the biggest Payment Method in the Netherlands. It can be used almost at every Dutch website, and sometimes, it also can be used at foreign websites, like AliExpress. PayPal- PayPal is used by almost everyone, and everywhere. Almost all websites support PayPal. You make an account, put your credit card (or debit card) info in your account, and you’re done! Visa and Mastercard- Visa and Mastercard, also called ICS (International Card Services) is also used a lot by making transactions. Apple/Google/Samsung pay – These payment methods are mostly available in other countries, but Apple Pay is available since the 10th of June for ING customers. The Rabobank, ABN Amro and Bunq will support it soon too. (Probably they support Apple pay already after this article is released)
Our opinion about Cryptocurrency and E-Commerce We think that Cryptocurrency can become a big thing in the world. In a few years, people could use it more naturally. In the future, people could use the same credit card, but they won’t pay with Euro’s, but with Cryptocurrency. But it can also become the other way around: People could be less interested in Cryptocurrency and they will just continue pay in Euro’s or another currency. And if that happens, Cryptocurrency will probably die and it won’t be used anymore. We use a lot of E-Commerce at the moment, in the way of Buying and Selling things on the internet. Most of our clothes are bought online, because it’s more easy and they often have more options to choose from, and they will just bring it to your house. You can almost buy everything online, even your food. Conclusion The conclusion is that E-commerce is becoming more and more important in this modern world. We can’t live without it anymore, so you need to know how to use it and what it actually is. A lot of people are making a lot of money, because of E-commerce. If you run one of the biggest E-Commerce businesses on the world, you will make millions and sometimes even billions of Euros. On the other side there are also a lot of disadvantages, of course. As well as people are becoming better doing business and doing transactions online, people are also becoming better in hacking and misleading people. And if you made the wrong expectation with cryptocurrency you can lose money as well. So be aware of the consequences if you use E-commerce. But who knows what the future will bring us.
Cryptocurrency What actually is cryptocurrency? You may ask yourself now: Isn’t cryptocurrency like a digital currency? Well, you are right. It’s used as an alternative money system instead of the regular money system. Crypto money consists of a part of encrypted codes in which transactions are saved. Again, and again. When a transaction is made, the code is getting supplemented or changed with another encrypted part. When the transaction is done, the code will change or become longer. It’s very difficult to crack such a code, but when it’s cracked (mostly done by secret programs on computers), he or she will get paid. Examples of Cryptocurrency: Bitcoin - Litecoin - Ripple - Ethereumv- Dogecoin Coinye - Monero 19
a1305
The only things left of the 111m tall rocket are: the third stage, a moon lander in a protective cover, and a cylinder-formed service capsule. At the top there was a sphere-formed commando module. The rocket was first used with the launch of the Apollo 4. This mission was without an astronaut crew. The first manned mission was on the 21-27th of December 1968. In this mission they flew in an orbit around the moon and searched for possible landings for later missions. In this mission they made a very famous picture named Earthrise. Then the next big mission to the moon: Apollo 11. The three man crew existing of Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins.
The moon landing. It all started with the speech of the American president John F Kennedy. He said that he wanted a manned American mission to the moon before the end of the decade (the 60’s). Since then there was a tie in the space race. The Americans were losing the space race. The Soviet Union had the first spacecraft in an orbit called Sputnik 1. They also had the first living animal in space, it was a dog called Laika. Unfortunately she died in space. Then they launched a man called Yuri Gagarin right into the history books, he was the first man in space. After that, the Russian Alexei Leonov became the first man to leave his spacecraft. The Soviets were winning… NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) had a lot of work to do if the US wanted to win the space race. They made a rocket called Saturn V. This spacecraft was 363ft (111m) tall, it was bigger than the statue of liberty!~If the rocket was fully fueled it had a weight of 6.2 million pounds (2.8 million kg). That is about the weight of 400 elephants. The Saturn V was a Three-stage rocket. This means it was built in three stages: a first, second and third stage. The third stage contained a payload, it was a capsule for flying to the moon and back to earth. It contained a landing craft to land and lift-off on the moon. The total mass of the payload had a weight of 45 tons. When the spacecraft enters space, it has already lost 2 stages.
They had a lift-off at the 16th of July 1969. President Kennedy wanted an American man planting an American flag on the moon before 1970. He unfortunately died before they landed on the moon. The two astronauts Armstrong and Buzz landed, after three days of flying, on the moon. But…. Hey! It was a three man crew, so where did Collins go? Don’t worry, he’s fine. Only two man can land on the moon in the moon lander. So he had to stay in the spacecraft and go on an orbit around the moon. And then the moon lander landed and the crew said… the eagle has landed. These words became famous, but even more famous became Armstrong’s words when he set his foot on the moon: it’s a small step for men, but a giant leap for mankind. They walked around for about two and a half hours and took some beautiful pictures. Then five more American missions (so there were twelve man on the moon in total), with a crew, were send to the moon. These were Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17. With all of these missions, one man had to stay behind in the capsule and the other two landed on the moon. But you can see there is no Apollo 13 mission on the moon, they did go but everything went wrong… They had to break of the mission and to NASA’s amazement, they made it back safe to Earth. The next big step the Americans set on the moon was with Apollo 15 when NASA landed a crew and moon buggy on the moon. It was called Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). This LRV was used in Apollo 15, 16 and 17, during the years 1971 and 72.
20
The last Apollo mission (Apollo 17) was on the 11th of December 1972. NASA had 17 Apollo missions of which 6 landed on the moon, 12 people walked or drove around on the moon and 3 people died. That was on Apollo 1 when the rocket flared flame in a test. NASA later on called it Apollo 1. Nowadays, countries are still trying to land on the moon. A couple of weeks ago, India lost their moon lander just before the landing. How can this still happen after 50 years? The Apollo 11 was crewed, but the Indian shuttle wasn’t. The Apollo didn’t land at the place they planned, so the crew had to land it themselves. In the Indian shuttle that was impossible, because there was no crew.
21
5. Yang Xinhai – 67 victims Youth: In his youth, Yang was an introverted boy who dropped out of school at the age of seventeen in 1985. He started traveling around China and was hired for various activities. In 1988 and 1991, he was sentenced to time in a labor camp for thefts and so on. Killings and arrest: Yang Xinhai was convicted and executed for 67 murders. He himself admitted 65 of them. During his "killing spree" between 1999 and 2003, he also committed 23 rapes. It makes the
4. Pedro Rodrigues Filho – 71 victims Hi! We are Alyssa and Lizzy. This article is about the top 6 serial killers who have committed the most murders. This is only about the proven murders they committed. It is therefore not clear whether they have committed more murders. They come from all over the world so if you are curious, read on.
6. Andrei Chikatilo – 53 victims Youth: In his youth he was told that his brother was killed by Russian farmers and he himself was beaten by his parents and was bullied at school. These are possible allegations of his actions. Killings and arrest: The butcher of Rostov, the Red Ripper or the Rostov Ripper; those are the nicknames of Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo. At least 52 children and women were killed in his lap between 1978 and 1990. Chikatilo himself committed 56 murders and was tried in 1992 for 53 cases. His murders were often accompanied by mutilation and rape (during and / or after the act). Sometimes Chikatilo also went into cannibalism. His urge to murder is due to sexual impotence. Chikatilo was sentenced to death in October 1992 and executed in February 1994. His "career" is known as one of the greatest scandals in the legal and police history of the Soviet Union.
Youth: Filho was born on a farm in Santa Rita do Sapucaí."Pedrinho Matador" He claimed he wanted to kill for the first time at age 13 - in a fight with an older cousin, he pushed the young man into a sugar cane press, almost killing him.At 14, he killed the deputy mayor of Santa Rita do Sapucaí by shooting him in front of the city hall, for having fired his father, a school guard, then accused of stealing school lunch. He then killed a security guard, who was suspected of being the actual thief. Filho took refuge in Mogi das Cruzes, Greater São Paulo, where he began robbing drug dens and killing traffickers. He met with a traffic leader's widow, nicknamed Botinha, and they began living together. Killings and arrest: Filho was arrested in 1973. In 2003, he was sentenced to 126 prison years for 71 murders between 1967 and 1973. Filho himself committed more than 100 murders. This also includes some 47 fellow prisoners who he allegedly killed in 1973. Filho's actions were often motivated by revenge. For example, he killed his own father after he killed his mother.
22
He was then 12 years old. He mainly lived on the street by begging. In his puberty he also started stealing. He earned a lot of money especially by stealing cars. At the age of 18 he was arrested and had to go to jail. There he was raped again by four fellow prisoners. He then took revenge by killing three of them. This act gave him two more years. He was released in 1978 and went to live in Peru.
3. Daniel Camargo – 72 victims Youth Camargo's mother died when he was a little boy and his father was overbearing and emotionally distant. He was raised by an abusive stepmother, who punished him and sometimes dressed him in girls' clothing, making him a victim of ridicule in front of his peers. Killings In the 1970s and 1980s, Daniel Camargo raped and killed more than 150 young girls. Camargo chose victims with little money. He pretended to be a lost stranger and then lured them with the promise of work. Camargo then took his victims into the forests, where he raped and strangled them. If the victims resisted, he stabbed them. After the death and rape of every girl, he approached them. Camaro did it because he had a sense of revenge towards women because no woman lived up to his idiom. Camargo was sentenced in 1989 for 16 years in prison. (The maximum penalty in Ecuador). In 1994 he was murdered in prison by a cousin of one of his victims.
2. Pedro Lòpez – 110 victims Youth Pedro was the seventh of thirteen children. His mother threw him out of the house when he was eight. After being raped by a pedophile, he became very paranoid. He hid during the day and lived mainly on the streets of Tolima at night. An American couple found him on the street and brought him to a school for orphans. After being beaten by a teacher, he stole money from the school and returned to the street.
Killings and arrest Lopez had a bad opinion about women. His mother was a prostitute. This greatly increased his hatred for women. In his eyes, they were all whores. Partly because of this, he is said to have killed around 350 children, all young girls. He usually raped them first, then they were strangled. With some he even first showed the grave where they would later lie. A precise figure is unknown, but he is said to have killed around 100 girls in Peru, 100 in Colombia and 110 in Ecuador. This also gave him the nickname "The monster of the Andes Mountains".
1. Luis Garavito – 138 victims Youth Although the mother of Garavito is unknown, it was speculated by the Génova community that the mother of Garavito had been an old prostitute. Garavito's father was a heavy alcoholic who abused Garavito and his brothers and sisters. Under the influence of drugs, Garavito's mother was unable to do anything about the abuse of her children and herself. Garavito eventually ran away from home and survived on the Colombian streets. Garavito was found by a pedophile at the age of eight. The man promised Garavito a hot meal and a resting place; Garavito reluctantly accepted the offer, but instead of the hot meal and a place to sleep, the man led Garavito to an abandoned house where Garavito was sexually assaulted. Garavito has since taken the wrong path. Killings Luis Garavito is a Colombian serial killer. He confessed in April 1999 that he had raped and murdered 140 boys all over Colombia, of whom 114 had been found in October that year. The total number could in reality be over 300 if all the plans he drew were correct in the prison with places where he dumped his victims. Garavito was sentenced to 30 years in prison, at the time it was the highest possible sentence in Colombia. This was our article. We hope you found it interesting. Bye! 23
You can body check someone that is contact from the front between the waist and the shoulders. You can also stick check a player that is hitting someone on the stick or gloves to try and knock the ball away or to avoid someone from getting the ball. When the ball gets out of the field, the team that touched the ball the last must give the ball to the opposing team. Every player must wear a lacrosse helmet, mouthguard, shoulder pads, rib pads, arm pads, lacrosse gloves and a protective cup.
What is lacrosse? Lacrosse is a sport were men play 10 vs 10, women play 12 vs 12 and in box lacrosse 6 vs 6. Lacrosse is played with a stick and on the end a net in which you can hold the ball. The ball is a hard rubber and weighs around the 150 gram and is the size of a tennis ball. The aim of the game is to score as much as you can in the opponent's goal. The goal has the same size as a hockey goal. The sport is a mix from basketball, American football, hurling, ice hockey and hockey. Lacrosse is mostly played on grass or artificial grass. Lacrosse is a major sport in Canada and the United States. About 430.000 men now play lacrosse in the US. In the Netherlands lacrosse isn’t that popular. men’s box lacrosse and mixed lacrosse aren’t even played in the Netherlands and Belgium. Rules of lacrosse There are 10 players on each lacrosse team. Only three of them can move anywhere, the other seven must stand on a certain place. four must stay in the defensive halve and the other three on the offensive half. A normal game has four quarters of 12 minutes by adults the game is off course longer then by kids. The game starts with two players facing each other. The ball sits on the ground between the two players and when the referee blows the whistle both players can start to get the ball. You can’t touch the ball with your hand. You must use your stick to carry, shoot, pass, or catch. Only the goalie can touch the ball with his hands. Around the goal is an area were only the goalie is allowed to stand in it. To get the ball from an opponent you can do two things.
History of lacrosse The sport was invented by the North American Indians. they called it Dehuntshigwa’es That meant: "Men hit a round object " This game was meant to prepare the young men of the tribe for war or small conflict that end brutaly. The field where they trained on was five hundred by 2-3 kilometres long. The time it took til a game ended could go up to three days. It got his name from the French scouts that then (the Indians) played the game. A very wide spread explanation for the name Lacrosse is that the shape of the stick they play with reminded the French scouts of the staff of the French bishop, the staff was known under the name: croisier (crosse). but this is actually not right. Crosse also means flask/wooden bat. the missionary Jean-deBrébeuf made the connection between the "flask" of the Indians, and the bishop’s staff. Box lacrosse Box la box, box lacrosse or indoor lacrosse is all the same.it is the indoor version of lacrosse. Box lacrosse came from Canada in the 1930s.Box lacrosse is very popular in Canada even more popular than normal lacrosse. Box lacrosse is a national summer sport in Canada. It is played between 2 teams of 5 players and one goalie. it is traditionally played on ice but if the ice has molten or if it has been removed it is called the box. There the name came from for Box lacrosse. The aim of the game is the same as field lacrosse. The highest levels of Box lacrosse are the National Lacrosse League, Arena Lacrosse league. While there are 62 official members of lacrosse, only 15 of them were in the international Box lacrosse competition even then only Canada, the Ironiquois and the USA finished in the top 3.
24
a1305
The sport became public entertainment. All clubs got support from their local inhabitants, which is nowadays still the same. People from the region support their local clubs. Going to the stadium became a every week activity for the people (going to the matches of the club they are supporting). Because the sport was received so well it became bigger. Bigger tournaments, bigger stadiums, etc.
Always wanted to know the history of footbal, read this article?! Football is a really old game which was originated in 1863 when people in England founded the Football Association. Which is now at the moment called the FIFA . Official, football existed in the 19th century. But many alternative versions existed earlier. The first football clubs, Football clubs have existed since the 15th century, but unorganized and without official status. It is therefore hard to decide which club the first football club ever was. Some people say a club in Edinburgh, a place in England has the oldest football club. In the 19th century football started developing. There came official rules and teams which played in a competition Italians, Austrians and Germans drew to Europe, while Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil adopted the sport in South America. FIFA was established in the year 1904 and by early 1930s, different leagues were operating from various countries. FIFA is credited with organizing the first world cup in Uruguay. The history of soccer is rich with events, development and its growing craze all over the world. You will find yourself amazed as you learn about different times of this wonderful sport that has held our awe and admiration for over 3000 years.
Some of that tournaments are still played nowadays. Like the Champions League and the Europe League, the Copa America, etc. It are tournaments where the clubs can make a lot of money. The amounts you can win are millions of dollars. That is also the reason why much football clubs even almost don’t have a chance to come close to the bigger clubs in the competition. Because the big clubs make so much money in the big tournaments, the smaller clubs stay behind. Because of that every week less people go to the stadium because the differences are so big, it doesn’t make fun for them to go to the stadium. So soccer has developed so much in a financial and not fairly way it doesn´t make fun to look at anymore. Its only about the big clubs and the big tournaments. So about making money for the big clubs and to develop for the lower financial clubs. That’s also why the big clubs have thousands of fans and the lower clubs only the loyal fans who grew up in the local area. The fans don´t want to see their club being every week defeated by a bigger club. So they go support a big club which have a chance in the big tournaments and have the money to buy the better players in the world. So soccer developed in a bit the wrong way in contrast with how soccer was when it was starting developing in the 18th century.
25
The sport soccer nowadays is much different from in the past. How are the rules nowadays? Is it more professional than in the past? What get the professional players payed on average? What are the best soccer teams in the world? I’m going to tell you all the information about soccer in this article. Soccer is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each. It is widely considered to be the most popular sport in the world. You play the game on a rectangular shaped field. There are two goals where you can score in. Each goal is one point. You have many levels in soccer for example the highest level in the Netherlands is the Eredivisie. You also have lots of amateur levels for kids and for adults. In the Eredivisie play 18 teams the teams play 2 times against each team. At the end who has the most points wins the Eredivisie. When you win a game, you get 3 points when you play a draw you get 1 point and when you lose you get no points. You have also national teams from almost all countries over the world. Once in the four year there is a World Championship and then two years later the is a European Championship. In the World Championship all national teams play. And in the European Championship all the national teams from Europe play. There is also a Copa América. The Copa América is also once in the four years.
In Limburg there are a lot of soccer clubs. You have three professional clubs: Roda JC, Fortuna Sittard and VV Venlo. VV Venlo and Fortuna Sittard play in the Eredivisie but Roda JC plays in the Keuken Kampioen Divisie. There are also a lot of amateur clubs for example: RKVV Voerendaal, Groene Ster, VV Hellas, RKHBS, Haanrade, VV Eijsden, fc Geleen-Zuid and so on. In Europe they have also Championships for clubs. The Champions League and the Europe League the Champions League is for clubs that ended first or second in the national league. The Europe League is for clubs that ended third and fourth place in the national league. The clubs who don’t come further in the Champions league than the groups they also go to the Europe League. In the Champions League and in The Europe League there is first the qualifications secondly the groups and then you get the last 16 who play the quarter Finals than the Semi Finals and at last the big Final. The club that wins the Champions League or the Europe League get a lot of money for winning it. That amount isn’t always the same because when you win a game you get extra money and when play a draw you get a half of the bonus. The club that have earned the most was Liverpool they earned 107 million for winning the Champions League in the season 2018\2019. In the Europe League the winner earns 16.9 million euro. The first game in the Campions League was played on the 4th of September 1955. On the 14th of September 1971 the first game in the Europe League was played. But the Eredivisie started one year later than the Champions League the Eredivisie started on the Second of September in 1956. All these three competitions started in September. So, the nowadays soccer is much different than the game it was in history.
26
Jimmy afternoon there is also a day especially for kids called jimmy afternoon. on this day there are shows for children such as pony races and voltige, voltige is a kind of gymnastics on a galloping horse. well-known horses youtubers come every year. the juniors also jump on this day shows and stalls it is a jumping event, but there are also other activities such as: driving shows, this is a kind of cart with one, two or four horses in front of it. you have to drive a trail between pawns. you also have a lot of stalls selling horse gear. You also have stalls whit workshops. For someone whit horses this is a dream, you can buy al difference horse gear like saddles, bridles and way more.
Jumping indoor Maastricht is an indoor jumping event, The event lasts three days. This year it is on Friday 8 November, Saturday 9 November and on Sunday 10 November. It is always held in the mecc in Maastricht. The competition Riders from all over the world participate in the adult category. Only kids from Limburg, Germany and Belgium participate in the Euregio class. In a jumping competition, you have to jump a course with obstacles. if you do this flawlessly and within time you can go to the next round. in this round (which is called the jump-off) the rider with the fastest time wins. you can also get penalty points. you get a penalty point if a bar falls. you can also receive penalty points in the event of a refusal. with the first refusal you get four penalty points, with the second eight penalty points and with the third time your horse refuses you will be disqualified. if you exceed the time you will receive a penalty point for every four seconds.
Winners of last year The victory in the Euregio pony class went to a Belgian rider: Eva Wouters. She rode Inneke van het Voorbos, a 14-year-old mare from Top Natrio. The second qualification competition for the Longines Trophy - Grand Prix of Maastricht, the Van Mossel Prix, was won in a grandiose way by the Dutchman Willem Greve with the 11-year-old mare Zypria S. They were the fastest in the jump-off. The Big Tour Final was won by Anthony Philippaerts. The small tour final was won by Emma Bocken. The Irish top rider Bertram Allen won the Limburg Prix on Saturday afternoon.
27
Icon Ratings:
Zinedine Zidane: 91 (Baby), 94 (Mid Icon), 96 (Prime) Andrea Pirlo: 88 (Baby), 90 (Mid Icon), 92 (Prime) Didier Drogba: 87 (Baby), 89 ( Mid Icon) 91 (Prime) Ian Wright: 85 (Baby), 87 (Mid Icon), 89 (Prime) Ronald Koeman: 85 (Baby), 88 (Mid Icon), 91 (Prime) Carlos Alberto: 87 (Baby), 90 (Mid Icon), 93 (Prime) Garrincha: 90 (Baby), 92 (MId Icon), 94 (Prime) Michael Essien: 85 (Baby), 87 (Mid Icon), 90 (Prime) Gianluca Zambrotta: 86 (Baby), 87 (Mid Icon), 89 (Prime) John Barnes: 86 (Baby), 87 (Mid Icon), 89 (Prime) Ian Rush: 87 (Baby), 89 (Mid Icon), 91 (Prime) Pep Guardiola: 85 (Baby), 87 (Mid Icon), 90 (Prime) Kenny Dalglish: 87 (Baby), 90 (Mid Icon), 92 (Prime)
FIFA 20 is a football simulation game from the FIFA computer games series. It was officialt announced at the E3 event. The official release date is the 27th of September, but with EA Acces or the Champions or Ultimate edition you can play it 3 days before the official release date. You can play the game on Playstation 4, Xbox one, Nintendo Switch and windows. VOLTA: In FIFA 20, there will be a new gamemode. FIFA Volta. Its kind of like FIFA street. You can play five types of games: 3V3 Rush, 3V3, 4V4 Rush, 4V4, 5V5, Proffesional Futsal. All of these you play without a goalkeeper. In this gamemode you can create your own character to play with, you can choose hair style, tattoo’s, clothing and the way of celebrating a goal. You can play on many different locations. From a cage in a London suburb, to a square in Amsterdam, to a skyscraper in Tokyo. There is also a kind storyline you can play with your own character. NEW ICON: There are 14 new icons officialy confirmed in Fifa 20: Zinedine Zidane, Andrea Pirlo, Didier Drogba, Ian Wright, Ronald koeman, Carlos Alberto, Garrincha, Micheal Essien, Gianluca Zambrota, John Barnes, Ian Rush, Hugo Sanchez, pep Guardiola and Kenny Dalglish.
GAMEPLAY: In the gameplay of FIFA 20, there are a few new features, as well as when you have and when you dont have the ball. It goes on from controlled tackling to renewed AI defending to the new type of ball movement, wich contains all kinds of features. One of the main changes in the gameplay, are the free kicks and penalty’s. With the free kicks, you have way more control of where the ball is going to. You can aim with your left stick, and give the ball effects with your right stick. With the penalties, you can aim with your left stick and time your shots. What we want to see There will be a campaign mode, online leagues and squads and customisable player avatars – almost enough for a full Game in its own right, it would seem. It'll only be available on the PS4, Xbox One and PC versions of the game though, and will be out on the Nintendo Switch, PS3 and Xbox 360 versions. FIFA titles make massive improvements over the year it is rare to see one massively change the formula, and FIFA has been in a pretty stable state for the best part of a decade now. If you’ve played a recent edition, you’ll be able enjoy the latest one, with a few Months work needed to master its new systems. FIFA is in a good place then, withg FIFA 20 set to be built on solid foundations – but that’s not to say we can’t look forward to some improvements. Here’s a handful of things we’d like to see changed.
28
Dynamic weather For a while there, EA’s motto to be that anything rival Pro Evolution Soccer could do, FIFA could do better. But EA’s never picked up Pro’s dynamic weather systems. Just like in real life, rainy weather can blow in mid-game, changing the pace and flow of play in the Pro series. It’s a realistic consideration, and one that’d have a subtle but welcome effect the tactics in FIFA 20. Build-your-own team mode Fans have been wanting this for years – bringing back the old-school ability to create your own team, from branding and kit right down to player names and attributes. We’re guessing EA isn’t keen on this as it’d give you the ability to make updated squad information on the game even years after release. But it’d be great to be able to make a team made up of just work colleagues or online friends and see them win the trophy Career Mode changes Career Mode is FIFA’s answer to a managerial system. It’s not Football Manager, but it’s a great way of building up a lengthy relationship with each year’s entry into the franchise. It could do with a spruce up though to its core systems after its flashy-but-shallow FIFA 18 UI overhaul. Some extra depth to the managerial challenge is what we are hoping for stadium changes for smaller clubs on the rise, that sort of thing. It will be great to bring back the Player / Manager career option of FIFA 13, too. NEW RATINGS Just like any other year players deserve higher or lower ratings in this game. EA want to keep the new rating as long as possible secret. This year some ratings leaked on Instagram. This were some ratings of the LaLiga players, like Frenkie de Jong(Barcelona), Gareth Bale(Real Madrid) and others.
NEW LEAGUES/TEAMS Almost every year there are new leagues and teams added in FIFA. This year isn't different, because the Romanian league is added and of course the Romanian teams. New Dutch teams are FC Twente, RKC Waalwijk and Sparta Rotterdam. These teams got promoted to the Eredivisie. There are also a few national teams added, like Peru and Bulgaria. There is also a ‘new’ Juventus, it is called Piemonte Calcio. Juve won't be in the game this year through a partnership with Konami, the maker of PES. The same is for Boca Juniors. They will play with another kit, but just with their own name. A bit strange. FUT FUT is a game-mode where you need to build the best team with real players. You will need strong links in your starting eleven, for example Lionel Messi and Frenkie de Jong have a strong link (Green link), because they both play for Barcelona. Players from the same nation also have a link, this is an orange link (normal link). Players from the same competition also have a normal link. Better chemistry makes players play better and a better chance to win the game. OTHER You can buy different versions of FIFA 20. There are three versions with all different prices. You can buy the normal edition(60 euros), the champions edition(90 euros) and the ultimate edition(90 euros). In FIFA 20 there will be new commentators for the Dutch version, in the old FIFA’s the commentators were Joeri Mulders and Evert ten Napel. Now it will be Sierd de Vos and Jeroen Grueter, El Sierd is famous about his pronountions like ‘KOEKOEK!!’ and ‘RATATATATATA Atleti scoort’.
The leaked ratings (NOT ALL OF THE LEAKED RATINGS): Frenkie de Jong: 85(+1) Gareth Bale: 85(-3) Van de Beek: 81(+5) Marcelo: 85(-3) Zinedine Zidane: Baby icon 91, middle icon 94 and his prime version is 96
29
So, if you don’t want to spend too much money or you’re not sure if you like to draw digitally then go for a tablet without screen. If you want to buy a drawing tablet you must look what kind of size you want and what your budget is, I would recommend the Wacom Intuos S if your just starting because Wacom is a really good brand and the Intuos isn’t that expensive but it isn’t cheap either, it’s around $90,-. If you're looking for a drawing tablet with screen, then I would recommend a Wacom tablet again, the Wacom cintiq, but keep in mind that this one is more expensive, around $600, but the quality is really good.
What programs do you need?
What’s Digital Drawing? Digital drawing is basically just drawing on a computer, laptop, iPad/tablet or any electronic device. When you want to draw digitally you’ll need certain materials, I will talk about that later and you’ll need a good program for your skill level. Digital drawing started around the 1950s. It wasn’t as developed as now of course but still pretty advanced. With digital drawing you can use every media you want from oil paint to a simple pencil drawing. You won’t have to buy expensive art supply's over and over again, you can make your lines perfectly straight and you can make as many details as you want, so why not give it a try?
What materials do you need? To start you’ll need a computer or any electronic device of course. Secondly, you’ll need a drawing tablet. There are multiple options out there for drawing tablets, for example, you can have one with a screen or without, with more pen pressure or less. It just depends on what you need, want or preference. But for now, let’s talk about tablets, tablets with a screen are more expensive than without. The prices start around $400, - till over $2000, -. But tablets without screen start around $40, - till over $400, -.
There are lots of different programs from cheap till expensive, but It just depends on what you need for your skill level. Let’s start with the cheaper ones, Krita is a free program, it’s a good program and has a lot of different features and enough brushes, for a beginner this a good starter point. Gimp is also a free program it also has lots of features, but I would say that krita is better. And the last free one is Firealpaca, it’s kinda like gimp but a little bit better and has more brushes. For the more expensive ones: Clip studio paint, Clip studio paint is a really good alternative if you don’t want to pay $60, - a month. Clip studio paint is really good and gives you lots of features and many brushes, it’s really good if you want to be more professional, I personally would recommend this program to everyone. It costs $43, - for the standard version and for the full feature version $188, -. The standard version is really good and I use it myself and I can’t complain. Photoshop is the top tier, but it’s also the most expensive one, $20, - till $60, - a month. It has all feature you can dream of and it’s absolutely perfect. If you compare clip studio paint and photoshop, they are basically the same only photoshop has more options and in clip studio paint you can make sharper lines.
30
The first ever created digital drawing The first Digital drawing ever created is the ‘Oscillon 40’ made by Laposky in 1952. He made it with oscilloscope (a device for showing the shape of an electric signal) to manipulate electronic waves that appeared on a small fluorescent screen. It's actually not a drawing but more like a photograph. But why is it called a digital painting then? Because he used a computer to make it. But the first digital drawing isn’t really known, we do know that it started around the 1950-1970s but these “drawings” are more like photographs made with computers.
What’s the difference between normal drawing and digital drawing? People have many opinions about the difference between digital drawing and normal drawing on paper. Some find digital drawing way easier with all the different functions, like copy paste and the large collection of brushes. Both the digital drawing and normal drawing is expensive, with digital drawing mostly the tablet and some programs like photoshop that you have to rebuy every month. With normal drawing the paper is expensive especially if you want good paper to draw on, the pencils and paint are also expensive.
Which styles are there? Cartoon: A cartoon is a type of illustration possibly animated, typically in a non-realistic, an image or series of images intended for satire, caricature, or humor. Someone who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist. Cartoon is originated in the Middle Ages, In the 19th century, beginning in Punch magazine in 1843. Cartoon came to refer – ironically at first, to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers. In the early 20th century, it began to refer to animated films which resembled print cartoons. Realism: realism sometimes called naturalism is generally the attempt to represent an object or person truthfully without any implausible, exotic, or supernatural elements. In the Visual arts it’s all about the details of colour and light. There are all kinds of different types of realistic drawing e.g. the opera style, literary realism, theatrical realism and Italian neorealist cinema. Anime/manga: Anime is hand-drawn computer animation originally from japan, manga are comics or graphic novels also originally created in japan. The difference between anime and manga is that anime is animation and manga is a more detailed and complex comic.
Manga stories are usually printed in black-and-white though there are some full coloured manga. Anime is fully coloured but is more simple because it will take too long to make it so detailed and also add colour. There are a few anime’s that are more detailed but take a long time to add episodes such as in Violet Evergarden.
Famous people There are a lot of people who share their art on for example: YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest and DeviantArt. Some of them are really popular and make lots of art, do all kinds of art challenges and spend a lot of money on art supplies. For example ZHC, sometimes he spends more than ten thousand dollars on one video, making it very attracting for people to watch. There aren’t a lot of people who are famous with digital drawing, but the people that are, can draw very good. For example Nik Ainley who has a realistic/supernatural style, he is really good at making colour-schemes and from the extraordinary drawing ideas.
Digital art museum There are museums for all kinds of different things and there’s also one for digital art. There are not a lot of museums for digital art, but if you search for one you will find it. There are digital art museums in e.g. Tokyo, Florida, Paris, NYC. Digital art museums are not all about art in drawing context but also about nicely edited photos and technology. Most digital art museums are modern and have a lot of things to do. The first digital art museum was created in Tokyo, Japan. One of the most famous ‘attractions’ is the digital waterfall. Digital drawing is popular because of the things that you can’t do on normal paper, such as copy-paste and the many brushes you can use, you also don’t have to wait for things to dry up. With digital art you’re able to do almost everything and you can do whatever you want. It’s great to express yourself and to take out all your emotion. It’s easy to delete things and you can create beautiful pieces with it, even if you buy the cheapest things. So if you want to start making digital art, then just go for it and create your own original masterpiece!
31
9: Luigi's Mansion 3 Luigi's Mansion 3 is an action-adventure game. The gameplay is largely similar to that of Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon, but has a more open-ended level structure rather than the pre-defined missions of previous games in the series. Luigi is tasked with exploring a large hotel, with each floor based around a different theme, featuring a variety of atmospheres and mechanics. There is also a multiplayer component called ScareScraper that will allow for up to eight players to play together locally and online. NINTENDO SWITCH
A lot of games have already been released this year or announced. For example FIFA 20, Super Mario Maker and The Legend of Zelda: Link’s Awakening. Some games are announced in 2019 but are coming in 2020. I will not show these games in this article. 10: Pokemon Sword and Shield Pokémon Sword and Pokémon Shield are the first computer games in the 8th Pokémon series announced by Nintendo during Pokémon Direct on February 27, 2019. The Pokémon Sword and Shield games are released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on November 15, 2019. The games take place in the new region, called Gallar. This region is based on the United Kingdom. In the beginning of the games the player must choose between three starter Pokémon either: Grookey, Scorbunny or Sobble from the Professor Magnolia. NINTENDO SWITCH
8: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Call of Duty: Modern Warfare is a first-person shooter in development at Infinity Ward. The game is published by Activision and will be released on October 25, 2019. It is the sixteenth game from the Call of Duty series and also acts as a "soft reboot" of the Modern Warfare series. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare takes place in a realistic, modern world and focuses on conflicts with terrorist groups. The story of the game is more serious than that of its predecessors and tries, among other things, to show different perspectives of a conflict. The tone of the game in some missions is similar by developers and journalists to the controversial mission No Russian from Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. Xbox One, PS4 and Windows 7: Tom Clancy’s; The Division 2 Tom Clancy's The Division 2 is an action role-playing game developed by Massive Entertainment. The game is published by Ubisoft and was released in March 2019. The game is set in Washington D.C., about half a year after the events of Tom Clancy's The Division. The player plays as a person who is part of "The Division", a fictional sleeper cell in America that is activated in emergency situations. In the previous game, the cell was activated after a virus outbreak in New York. The Division 2 starts about half a year after the previous game, when radio contact with the group's headquarters in Washington D.C. has been lost. Arriving in Washington, the virus appears to have broken out there too.
32
In Tom Clancy's The Division 2, the player plays in a third person perspective. The environments in Washington D.C. are more spacious than the narrower streets of New York from the first part, which means that while playing, more attention must be paid to the flanks Xbox One, PS4 and Windows
In addition, these opponents regard the Epic platform as very limited in terms of the functions offered and the protection of the account for registered players. All previous Borderlands games were offered on Steam for PC players. Xbox One, PS4, Google Stadia and Microsoft Windows
6: Yoshi Crafted World Yoshi's Crafted World is a platform game developed by Good-Feel and published by Nintendo. The game was released on March 29, 2019 and is the sequel to Yoshi's Woolly World. The game is a sideways scrolling platform game in which the main character must defeat Yoshi enemies by eating them or throwing them off the level. The game also includes a multiplayer part for two players, where each player plays with his own Yoshi. Yoshi's Crafted World received positive reviews. On the Metacritic aggregation website, the game has a rating of 80/100. NINTENDO SWITCH
4: Plants vs. Zombies: Battle for neighbourville Plants vs. Zombies: Battle for Neighborville is an emerging third-person shooter developed by PopCap Games and published by Electronic Arts. The sequel to Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare 2 (2016) will be released on October 18, 2019 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Plants vs. Zombies: Battle for Neighborville is an emerging third-person shooter developed by PopCap Games and published by Electronic Arts. The sequel to Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare 2 (2016) will appear on October 18, 2019. Publisher Electronic Arts has the development of a new Plants vs. in May 2019. Zombies shooter confirmed. An alpha test for the game, codenamed "Picnic", was held in early August. The game was officially announced and released as an early-access game on September 4, 2019. Players who have purchased the Founder's Edition will receive regular content updates until the game is fully launched on October 18, 2019 and exclusive cosmetic items with the official release of the game. Windows, Microsoft, PS4 and Xbox One
5: Borderlands 3 Borderlands 3 is a scifi first-person shooter with ARPG elements that is being developed by Gearbox Software and will be published by 2K Games. Borderlands 3 is expected to be released on September 13, 2019. The game will be a sequel to Borderlands 2 and several of the characters from both Borderlands 2 and Tales from the Borderlands will be featured in the game. Borderlands 3 was officially announced at the PAX East computer game fair, with Gearbox director Randy Pitchford showing the trailer for the first time publicly on March 28, 2019. The trailer features multiple characters from the previous parts of Borderlands. The antagonist in Borderlands 3 will be a duo called the Calypso Twins. In addition, the trailer promises that Borderlands 3 will have more than a billion different firearms with unique features that are randomly generated via an algorithm. The initial reactions to the trailer were generally positive, until it became apparent that Borderlands 3 would become a game that for the first six months would only be available in the digital download store Epic Game Store for PC players.This decision was received negatively by a large group of fans who left massively negative comments and reviews.
3: The Legend of Zelda: Link’s Awakening The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening is an action / adventure computer game from 1993. It is the fourth game from the The Legend of Zelda series, and the first game from this series for a portable game console.In 1998, Zelda DX was released, a color version in which errors in the game have been solved. In 2019 a remake of the same name was released for the Nintendo Switch. Link's boat, the story's protagonist, is struck by lightning at sea. This drives him the next day on an island called Koholint. On this island Link meets, among others, Marin, Tarin and other friends such as the dog BowWow. Link's goal in this game is to awaken the Windfish. Because of this, he has to look for musical instruments in dungeons. There are eight in total. Once he has collected them, Link the Windfish can wake up from the mysterious egg on top of the mountain on the island of Koholint.
33
This game is controlled by the four-point key and objects are used by the A and B buttons. You can pause the game with start. Saving the level in this game is done by pressing all buttons simultaneously. Each screen is a piece of the island. If you continue to the top / right / bottom / left then the player enters a new screen. The game contains several cameos from other Nintendo games: Yoshi; Chain Chomp. At one point, Link has to rescue a Chomp called BowWow and then needs the beast to gain access to a dungeon; Bob ombs; Wart;Kirby; Dr. Wright from the Nintendo version of Sim City; Prince Richard from Kaeru no Tame Ni Kane Wa Naru. the game has also made a remix of the Zelda series NINTENDO SWITCH 2: FIFA 20 FIFA 20 is a football simulation game from the FIFA computer game series. The game was officially announced during E3 in 2019 and will be released on September 27, 2019. The game would have improved computer opponents, shooting mechanism and socalled ball physics: the way the ball behaves. FIFA 20 gets a new commentary duo. Sierd de Vos becomes the main commentator and Jeroen Grueter the cocommentator. July 2019 it was announced that the Italian football club Juventus will be known in the game as Piedmont Calcio. This is because Juventus has concluded an exclusive deal with football simulation game series PES. The official license of the Italian competition remains with FIFA 20. EA did a bunch of new icons in the game. NINTENDO SWITCH, PS4 and Xbox
1: Super Mario Maker 2 Super Mario Maker is a computer game where the player own levels of Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 3, Super Mario World, New Super Mario Bros. You and Super Mario can create 3D World and share online so that other players can also play those levels. The game is a sequel to Super Mario Maker on Wii U and Nintendo 3DS. Nintendo has announced this game on the Nintendo Direct of 13 February 2019. The game was released on 28 June 2019. Super Mario Maker 2 has some adjustments compared to the previous part. The biggest change is to add the Super Mario 3D World game theme. The special thing about this game theme is that the original is a 3D platformer and in Super Mario Maker 2 in 2D. In addition, new themes such as snow, jungle, sky and desert have been added and all themes are available in a night mode that ensures that the level plays slightly differently. There are also new building blocks and enemies such as slopes, snake blocks, fire bros, boom booms and ant troopers. To improve the single player experience, a story mode has been introduced. You must collect as many coins as possible to rebuild the Princess Peach castle. Finally, there is also a Multiplayer mode where you can build a level together or play levels with up to 4 people.
NINTENDO SWITCH
34
She became the youngest person ever to make the list of time magazine’s 100 most influential people and she is also a UNICEF goodwill ambassador – their youngest ever. As you know she is an actress. She plays in a lot of series and films here is a short list. 1. 2013, once upon a time 2. 2014, intruders. 3. 2015, modern family 4. 2016-present, stranger things 5. 2017, I dare you 6. Girls like you (music video) from Maroon 5 7. Godzilla king of the monsters and in 2020 she will be participating in the movie Godzilla vs Kong. She wrote a story with her sister Paige named a time lost which Netflix is going to produce into a film. Another fun fact at age 13 she became one of the youngest nominees in Emmy history.
© Florence by Mills
Millie Bobby Brown Millie Bobby Brown was born in Marbella in Spain on the 19th of February 2004, she’s now 15 years old. She was born with partial hearing in one ear, gradually losing all hearing in that ear over several years. She is mostly known for her acting roles, but sometimes she does modelling jobs too. She has played in the movie ‘Godzilla’ and she has played in a lot of series, but she is probably most known for her role in stranger things. Millie has gone through a lot of bullying and cyber-bullying; she was so done with it that she deleted her twitter account. Because people came up with the hashtag #takedownmilliebobbybrown. After deactivating her twitter for being made a homophobic meme, Millie used her acceptance speech at the MTV awards to address those who harassed her online; 'there should be no space in this world for bullying, and I'm not going to tolerate it’. She said; I was bullied at school back in England and it made me move schools eventually she started home schooling. It created a lot of anxiety and issues that I still deal with today. I have dealt with situations both in real life and online that are soul breaking and it genuinely hurts reading some things people have said. So, therefore its extremely important for me to speak out against bullying.’ But she’s now opened up about the struggles and she’s faced outside the spotlight.
Brand Millie Bobby Brown created a skincare / make up line for teenagers. Because she sat in hundreds of makeup chairs. She has a lot of different products from lip balms to face scrubs. Almost every product is not toxic and has vitamins in it. ’we keep it clean’. Clean means saying no to parabens, sulphates, dyes, animal testing and animal by- products and saying yes to vitamins, antioxidants and botanicals. They create safe products that really work and are designed to make you feel good. Millie made Florence to create better options for us and our friends, cause it’s about the time that the brands we buy actually want us to be happy by just being ourselves’ she said. Florence is about defining our own terms. No rules. No struggle towards perfection and every young person deserves a good start with their own skin, she said. The brand is named after her great grandmother. There are not many makeup brands out there for young skin and when she wanted to make her beauty brand, she wanted it to be clean and vegan what would be easy to get and fun to use. She wants her beauty brand to represent individuality and embrace who you are. The products are available on the official website, on ULTA beauty (stores and online) and on boots UK (online)
35
Products: Peel off mask This peel off mask is one of the skincare products. The mask is a bright purple colour and is shiny. When you’ve applied the mask, you must leave it on 20-30 minutes before you can peel it off. The main products are; charcoal powder to get the oil out of your pores, lavender oil to calm your skin and witch hazel to keep pores clear and happy. Zero chill face mist This is a botanical, rose infused spray that restores your skin. If you want to use this, you’ll have to shake it first. You can use this anytime you want, there are no limits! The main ingredients are; bladder wrack seaweed, a sea plant that brings chill and moisture back into tired skin and rose and lavender blend, that helps balance and hydrate a lot! Glow yeah lip oil As the name of the product already says, this is a lip oil! This lip oil can hydrate your lips very good, and you can even wear it on top of your favourite lipstick. You can apply this whenever your lips feel dry and need some moisturizing. The main products are; African mango butter, his will add a serious moisture and a shine to your lips. And Para cress flower which smoothens and softens dry lips. Dreamy dew moisturizer This is a hydrating lotion that will help control oil and calm skin. You can apply it after cleansing your skin, if you have some dry spots you can add a little bit more on those places to help recover. The main products are; willow bark extract which is a balancing ingredient that helps calm skin. Lotus flower blend, this helps control the oil in your skin. And lastly vitamin b12, which helps you hydrate.
Swimming under the eyes gel pads These are little whale-formed eye pads to help you feel re-energised and present again. They are soaked in a soothing essence that hydrates and brightens up your face with de-puffing coconut extract and moisturizing hyaluronic acid. They come with 30 pairs at once. To use them, you'll have to put one under each eye and leave them on for 15 minutes, after that you’ll have to tap the remaining serum in your skin with your fingertips. The main ingredients are; coconut extract which helps soothe and de-puff. Sodium hyaluronate, which ditches dullness. And pine extract which is a good source of antioxidants which helps feed the skin. Look alive eye balm This is an eye balm which helps you look alive after a long night. Using the metal tip, you can apply a small amount under your eyes and then gently tap it in with clean fingertips. The key ingredients are; peptide blend, this helps get rid of up-all-night puffiness. Just like the moisturizer, there is also vitamin b12. Clean magic face wash This is a creamy wash that cleans your skin when it feels dry. It gets rid of makeup, dirt and oil. you can use this cream as a cleanser and as a makeup remover. The main ingredients are Ferulic acid, which protects skin and boosts softness. Ellagic acid, that helps skin look bright and lastly an oil balancing blend which keeps oily skin in place. Get that grime face scrub This is a face scrub that gives the skin vitamin e. the cucumber extract keeps skin chill and soft. You can use it 2-3 times a week. The main products are cucumber extract, which is a cooling product which also soothes and hydrates the skin. Vitamin e and ivory palm seed powder, which removes the flakes on your skin.
36
Cheek me later blush cream This is a creamy blush with a powder finish, if you want to you don’t have to put it on your cheeks because you can also apply it as a lip tint. All the names of the 6 shades are named after Millie's best friends. The 2 main ingredients are candelilla wax, a vegan plant wax which moisturizes your skin, and kaolin clay, an ingredient which makes the blush stay for a long time.
Like a light skin tint This is a light coverage skin tint which makes you glow. This skin tint comes in 20 different colours. the main ingredients are: meadowfoam seed oil, which makes your skin bright. Squalene, this hydrated the skin, and lastly, jojoba oil, which is a shield for stressed out skin. One swipe glow wipe treatment pads These are treatment wipes which make your skin glow. You'll have to swipe them across clean and dry skin, avoiding the eye area. The key ingredients are; witch hazel, it helps soothe red spots and keeps pores clean. Willow bark extract, which helps calm skin. Glycolic acid, this gently ditches dead cells, so skin radiates all day long and lastly, bilberry extract, a good source of vitamin c which makes your skin look glow. Magic micellar cleansing gel A magic micellar gel that takes off your make up fast. Hydrating friends like vitamin E keep our skin dewy fresh while tiny dirt-grabbing micelles vacuum up makeup so we can wipe them off. Micelles are invisible capsules of cleansing oil. Vitamin E is a skinsoother that reinforces the skins barrier and protects against pollution.
See you never concealer A weightless, light-coverage concealer that helps even out skin tone without settling into dry areas. It is available in 20 shades. With caffeine and a cooling metal applicator so our skin will feel the love. Caffeine a dark-circle banisher that gives eyes some pep with a brightening boost. Tint n tame brow gel A tinted gel that sculpts brows into shape when they’re acting like wild things. A hint of colours helps fill in patchy spots while the micro fine brush coats every little hair. Fluffy and free or sleek and smooth. Available in 5 shades.
Get glossed lip gloss This is a lip gloss which contains vitamin e which softens your lips a lot. The lip gloss comes in 3 different colours. The main ingredients are; shea butter, this butter moisturises your lips vitamin e, to keep your lips silky, and as last, castor seed oil, a plant oil which softens your lips and moisturises chapped spots.
37
Have you ever heard of people getting paid for pretending to be sad, or do you think eating dog food is disgusting? For you it might sound weird, but there actually are people getting payed for this. In this article you’re going to read about the weirdest jobs on planet earth. � �Professional Mourner � Professional mourners are people you can hire to come attend at a funeral, they will pretend to be sad and help comfort the grieving family, this job originates from Egyptian, Chinese, Mediterranean and near eastern cultures. Most mourners that are hired are females, as men are believed to not show as much emotion or grief. Professional mourners see themselves as performers they are trained to be the best at what they do. To be a professional mourner is not easy, you must be skilled in bonding or showing emotion, you could say that professional mourning is a form of acting.
�Professional Cuddler � It may seem odd but professional cuddler is a real job that pays you to cuddle with someone, it costs about $40 to $80 an hour and you get to choose with who you cuddle. You can choose between a large category of people all with different genders, nationalities, ages and you can even choose between different races! The cuddlers won't just cuddle with you they will also hold your hand have dinner with you or even watch a movie. To them it’s just a normal everyday job.
�Pet Food Tasters � Pet food taster is a job that requires you to taste actual pet food, it’s a pretty popular job amongst companies that produce pet food, pet food tasters must taste the food to see if the aroma or flavor is right it may seem like an easy job but it’s actually pretty hard to be a pet food taster because to be one you must have a really good sense of taste and smell and it can be dangerous as well, because some foods have to be eaten raw or frozen so it could make you ill, but if you have these gifts and you are willing to eat pet food it will earn you about $30,000 up to $60,000 a year.
�Ostrich Babysitter � This is probably the easiest job in the world. Why? Because you only have to make sure the baby ostriches don’t peck the shit out of each other. That’s it! No feeding, walking or whatever. Literally just making sure they survive till their owner is back. Ostrich babysitters earn around $6 per hour and just work 2 to 3 times a month for 1.5 hour. So if you want a well-paid job, this job is not what you’re looking for.
�Professional Line-Standers � This is the most boring job in the world, because you just stand in a line for someone else for just a couple dollars (depends on how long you stand in the line). Imagine standing in a line for hours, just to make sure you make enough money to make dinner. If you are too lazy to stand in a line and you want someone else to do it for you, it will cost between 5 to 20 per hour. So you earn almost nothing even though it’s better than being an ostrich babysitter. I still don’t get why it’s called “professional” linestander. Because the only thing you need is patience and a line....
38
�Armpit Sniffer � Armpit sniffers are people that are hired / work for deodorant companies, they get paid by sniffing the armpits of people to see if a deodorant works effectively and to determine the duration of the deodorant. To be an armpit sniffer you must have a good sense of smell, an armpit sniffer gets paid about $20,000 to $55,000 per year.
�Fake Facebooker � You probably thought every Facebook account is owned by the person you see on the profile. But nothing is less true, because a lot of accounts are fake. A couple years ago Facebook removed over 2 billion fake accounts! Having a fake Facebook account is fraud. But there are also people who get paid for having a fake account to keep the number of users up. We don’t know how much they get paid per year, but it’s probably a lot of money because Facebook is very big and famous.
� � Iceberg Mover � � Iceberg mover became a professional job in 1912 after the Titanic sunk. Why? Because they wanted to prevent other ships from sinking. The organization called National Ice Patrol monitors the movement of icebergs in the artic and north Atlantic Ocean and moves them if needed. A lot of times they just melt the icebergs, even if that’s not allowed. Why? People need water to drink. Their salary is unknown.
39
40