(Science)
Zoom To the Moon and Back Germ Fighter Paris France Split!
Celebrities Past & Present
Table of Contents Inventeur
Jade Makala
3
Strum
Ace Rayxing
5
The Big Screen
Dawn Carter
7
Ouch my Head
Marcus Sanchez
9
To the Moon and Back
Jess Bahr
11
Paris France
Lucian Stevens
13
Zoom
Gary Scott
15
Not an Ordinary Hole
Mason White Table of Contents
17
The Father of Microbiology Zoom_______Gary Scott_________3
Emily Goodling
19
From stillMoon to Motion To the and Back_____Jess Bahr_____5
Jackson Taurus
21
GermGates Fighter______Josh Bill or BillBearn_______7 Grate
Hugh Jass
23
The Naturalist Paris France_______ Lucian Stevens_____9
Meredith Smith
25
Light Speed______Robin Poisoned Reading Banks____13
Hannabella Smilan
27
The Naturalist________Meredith Smith______11 Jose Gonzales Just a Vehicle
29
Splat!
Mark Robertson
31
Boom!________Kevin Smithson_____15 Boom!
Kevin Smithson
33
Strum______Ace Rayxing____17 Curie…ous
Kim Joyce
35
The Center of the Universe______Andrea Fox_____19 The early Naturalist Billy Harper From still to Motion_____Jackson Taurus_____21 The Center of the Universe Andrea Fox The early Naturalist_____Billy Harper_____23 Bang! Victor Ricardo Rodriquez Periodically Incline_____Ray Marshal____25 Not an Ordinary Hole______Mason White_____27 Just a Vehicle_____Jose Gonzales_____29 Ouch my Head____Marcus Sanchez____31 Poisoned Reading_____Hannabella Smilan____33
37 39 41
Inventeur By: Jade Makala
He was an American interpreter, a marketer, and an inventor. He was the chairman, co-funder, and CEO of Apple Inc. This is Steve Jobs. Are you familiar with or own any apple products? Such as the IPhone, IPod, IPad, or IMac? If so, you may already know a little bit about Steve, his products, his life, or his family. Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California. He was an adopted child, who was named and raised by his adopted parents. It wasn’t until he was 27 years old that he could uncover information about his biological parents. His real name is Steven Paul Jobs and went by Steve Jobs. When Steve Jobs was in elementary and middle school he was not necessarily a “good kid”. He got into a lot of trouble and did not do
much of his work. Although he did not have the best grades and he was not very well behaved, he was very smart. When he was in fourth grade, his teacher wanted to skip him to high school - a proposal that his parents declined. As he began to get older he began to straighten out. He attended Reed Collage in Portland Oregon, from 1972 to 1974. He studied physics, litature, and poetry. At the age of 21, Jobs and his partner, Wozniak, started Apple Computer. The duo began in the Jobs’ garage and funded their entrepreneurial venture by Jobs selling his bus, and Wozniak selling his beloved scientific calculator. Jobs and Wozniak are credited with revolutionizing the computer industry by democratizing the technology and making the machines smaller, cheaper, and accessible to everyday consumers. However, the next
several apple products suffered significant design flaws, resulting in recalls and customer disappointment. Soon enough, Jobs left apple and in 1985, he bought an animation company, which came to be Pixar Animation Studios. After this, Jobs put Apple back on track and many more inventions that are now called the iPhone, iPod, iMac, etc. In addition to his amazing careers, he had a beautiful wife named Laurence Powell Jobs. They had three children together named Lisa BrennanJobs, Erin Siena Jobs, Reed Jobs, and Eve Jobs and a daughter from another mother. As a family they lived in Palo Alto, California. As Steve Jobs got older, he encountered pancreatic cancer. After battling this for almost a decade, Apple Inc. announced on October 5, 2011, that its cofunder had passed away. He had passed away in Palo Alto, California, at the age of 56. In Steven Paul Jobs’ lifetime he
was awarded many awards. He was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation in 1985, The Grammy Trustees Award in 2012, The PGA Vanguard Award in 2002, Jefferson Award for the Great Public Service in 1987, and the Bravo Otto – Internet Star in 2011. He was an amazing man. He was a genius. Next time you get onto you iPhone iPod or iMac, thank Steve Jobs for that. If it was not for him, you would not have or do the things you do on your Apple
product without him.
!
Strum By: Ace Rayxing Have you ever seen a show called “How the Universe Works�? Do you have an interest in what they do in it? Well, you will be finding out more about one of the scientists. This particular scientist was the co-
Michio Kaku was born on January 24, 1947 and he was born in San Jose,
founder of something very important. This person has had an interest in science for many years. When he was small, he made an atom smasher as a child. Does this make you excited? Well, you are about to find more about the person. Probably the most important thing about this person is his name, Michio Kaku.
California. Kaku began to have an interest in science as a child. He made an atom smasher as a kid as mentioned before in this article. He has a family of 2 daughters and a wife named Shizue. Being a good scientist takes a lot of work, and it is not easy. Kaku studied at Harvard University. Later, he went to 2 more universities. After a lot of work in these
universities, he got a B.S. degree and a Ph.D. degree also. Michio Kaku is a physicist and a scientist. He knows a lot about what he studies and what he does. But this scientist does not keep his research private. He has appeared in many popular T.V. shows and books. He has explained many complicated ideas of science like what happens in a black hole. While many of us or even the scientists may not know a lot about the topic, they still try their best to explain what they have found so far. Kaku has also raised global awareness of many important topics such as nuclear weapons and global warming.
Michio Kaku used to read books and watch T.V. shows about parallel universes and time travel. He wanted to learn more about these topics, so he decided to learn physics. Kaku was largely inspired by someone almost everybody knows of, and that is Albert Einstein. Michio Kaku’s family was poor, but they still supported his work in as many ways possible. Probably the most
important discovery that Kaku has made is that he was the cofounder of string field theory, a subset of
string theory. This was a major idea back in
the outside world. He has allowed everybody
that time, and this was because Einstein (his inspiration) was trying to find out a theory of everything. String theory combines two theories by assuming there are multiple universes and dimensions. This was very helpful, and Kaku was a part of it.
to see what he did and he is not making science just for scientist. He does not want to cover his findings up, instead he wants everybody to learn about all they want to know. So the next time you want to find out more about a physics topic, you know who to go to.
As you can see, Kaku has done much to improve science. He was the co-founder of string theory, which was very important. Also, he has improved science by expanding to
________________________
Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2015.
THE BIG SCREEN By: Dawn Carter
Could you imagine life without TV? Because the TV might not have been invented if it weren’t for Philo Farnsworth. He invented the first fully electronic TV. If we did have the TV we definitely wouldn’t be as far in TV technology as we are now. Philo Farnsworth became interested in technology when he was 6. He was talking to his aunt on a telephone and was amazed by how well he could hear her. So he decided he wanted to become an inventor. When he was 12 he built an electric motor and a washing machine. (His family had never owned a
washing machine until then.) In high school he changed his
Philo Farnsworth and his TV family’s home appliances to electric power. In high school Farnsworth also won a national contest with his original invention, a tamper proof lock. Philo Farnsworth went to school at Brigham Young University He focused on science
math and technology. When his dad died in 1922. He dropped out of college to support his family. Finally, in 1927, at age 21 he sent his first image through a TV. That first image was surprisingly a line. The TV looked almost exactly like a sketch he had drawn in a high school chemistry class at Rigby high school. Sadly Farnsworth rejected his first offer from RCA to purchase the rights of his TV and moved to Philadelphia to open his company called Philco.
Starting in the late 1920s Farnsworth’s life went downhill. He fought legal charges. People thought he was copying Vladimir Zworykin idea for the TV. Philo proved he wasn’t copying by showing a picture that he had sketched of the TV, in high school. After
he delt with Vladimir Zworykin. He kept trying to invent more things. Something he invented was a
machine to sterilize milk using radio waves. After he accepted the deal from RCA, he sold his company. He continued his studies at Brigham Young University, and started to run a fusion lab. The following year he moved his lab to Salt Lake City. His company didn’t last long. By 1970 he was in serious debt. He had been battling depression for decades, and turned to
alcohol in his last years of life. He got pneumonia and died on March 11, 1971 in Salt Lake City, Utah. After he died, his wife, Pem Farnsworth tried to make known of the inventions he made. Because of his wife Farnsworth has been inducted into the San Francisco Hall of Fame and a statue of him stands at the Letterman Digital Arts Center.
Ouch, my head! By: Marcus Sanchez Gravity, if you ask someone “what is gravity?” they will tell you “it is what holds us to the ground” but if newton was you ask them “who found out how it works” they might not know. The person who found out how gravity works was Sir Isaac Newton.
world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or prettier shell than ordinary, whistle the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me” and he built his first Sir Isaac WAS telescope on 1668. And born on 1-4developed a theory of 1643 in United colors based on the Kingdom. And he observation that a also died in closed shape United Kingdom decomposes white light on into the many colors of 3-31-1727 so he the rainbow. newton’s lived for 83 real father died three years. He was months before he was buried in the born. so newton’s United Kingdom, mother, name Hannah where he was Ayscough, remarried This is Sir Isaac Newton he is best born and where and he was raised by his known for how gravity really he died. When he grandmother. His real works. was nine years father’s name was also old he carved the sundial on a Isaac, and he was a farmer. wall in his house. One of his Newton had a stepbrother and famous quotes is “i do not know his name was Benjamin. When what I may appear to the Newton was young his main
interest was optics. And when he grew he wrote a book about optics. sir isaac newton’s field of studies are mathematics, physics, astronomy, theology, alchemy, and natural philosophy. And Sir Isaac Newton published seven books before he died. and One of them was called “a historical Account of Two Notable corruptions of scripture” he published that book on 1754. And another one was called “method of fluxions” he published this one on 1736. The third one was called “the Chronology of Ancient kingdoms” and he published this one on 1728. The fourth one was called “de mundi systemate” he published that one on 1728. The fifth one was called “arithmetica universalis” and he published this one on 1707. The sixth one was called “optics” he published that one on 1704. The last book Sir Isaac Newton wrote was called “philosophiae naturalist principia mathematica” and he published his last book on
1687. And On 1665 Sir Isaac Newton was rewarded the Bachelor of Arts (B.A). And on 1668 he was rewarded the Master of Arts (M.A). And Sir Isaac Newton was best known for explaining how gravity works. The college Sir Isaac Newton went to was called Trinity College. But he did not do well in college, and his mother did not want to pay for it because he did not do well in college. And Sir Isaac Newton kept a writing journal to express his ideas on paper. SIR Isaac Newton is widely recognized as one of the greatest scientists of all time Even though he lived with his grandmother because his mother remarried after his father’s death.
If you can’t afford the Xbox 360, get the Xbox 180! They look worse and get dirty easier with its white color.
To The Moon and Back By: Jess Bahr It was August 5th, 1930 in Wapakoneta Ohio, and a very important event was about to happen. A hero was about to be born. This heroes name was Neil, Neil Armstrong, about to become the oldest out of three. Neil also grew up in Wapakoneta, Ohio where his dad took him to an air show at a young age and his passion and love for flying started. When he was 15 Neil got his pilot’s license. He even got his pilot’s license before he got his driver’s license. Neil served in the Korean War then went off to college. Neil went to Purdue
Medal of Freedom, Collier Trophy and Congressional Space to name a few. Before Neil’s big mission “Apollo 11” he also had another mission “Gemini 8”. On this mission there were two crewmembers, Neil Armstrong and David Scott. This mission took them 10 hours, 41 minutes, and 26 seconds. All things went well on this mission and both David and Neil got home safely. December 23rd, 1968 he got offered the command of the Apollo 11 mission. It was July 16th, 1969 in Cape Kennedy. In the picture below you will see Neil
“That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” University in Southern California. When he went off to college he earned two college degrees. He received a Bachelor’s Degree and his Aerospace Engineering Degree. Neil graduated with these two degrees and also graduated with a Masters in Aeronautical Engineering. After college Neil and his wife had three children. From there he started training to become an astronaut at an organization called N.A.S.A in 1962. At first he was just a test pilot he flew over 200 different types of aircraft during his carrier. After that he had to go through a series of harsh tests. He then became command pilot for his first mission Gemini 8 in 1966. Neil got so many awards throughout his career; the Presidential
The crew that “Apollo 11” carried to the moon.
Armstrong on the left, Michael Collins in the middle and Buzz Aldrin on the right. There was tension in the air one of the biggest moments in man history was about to be made. Apollo 11 was about to take off from its launch pad, after months and months of preparation. Carrying Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot
Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin. It’s time 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5… 4… 3… 2… 1… take off! 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, and 35 seconds later. “July 21” Apollo 11 or the “Eagle” landed on the moon; the world went silent, six hundred million people watching on their TV’s. Neil Armstrong was about to step off of the Lunar Module and about to become the first man in the universe to walk on the moon. Step by step he went down the stairs. About to step off, about to make history as the first man on the moon ever, he steps off and he says one of most famous quotes in the whole world…“That’s one small step for man, one leap for mankind”
Neil’s footprint on the moon. After that he put an American flag on the moon, as cheers throughout the country spread. The heroes landed in the Pacific Ocean safely. Still today, stand Neil Armstrong’s footprints on the moon. Edwin “buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins are also a big part of this mission. Buzz was the second man to ever step on the moon while Michael stayed in the lunar module. Before the Apollo 11 mission both Buzz and Michael had at least one other mission. Buzz had Gemini 12 [1966] and Michael had Gemini 10 [1966]. After Apollo 11 Neil became a professor at the University of Cincinnati teaching Aerospace Engineering. Neil Armstrong “a great man” unfortunately passed away August 25th, 2012 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was 82 years old.
By Lucian Stevens Ever been to Paris, France
decades to build stronger and
wondered
the
lighter structures. One of Eiffel’s
Eiffel tower? It was built in
first projects was in 1858, when
January 28, 1887 by Gustave
he was overseeing the building
and
Eiffel.
Did
who
you
built
know
that
Gustave Eiffel is nicknamed the “magician of Iron”? Eiffel went to college at Sainte-Barbe. Now that you’ve gotten enough basic information, let’s dive in to the life of Gustave Eiffel and his most famous creation, the Eiffel Tower! Gustave Eiffel’s full name is
Alexandre-Gustave
Eiffel.
Eiffel was born on December, 15, 1832 at Dijon, France. He had two uncles (Jean-Baptiste Mollerat and Michel Perret) who taught
him
things
from
chemistry to religion. He had brothers and sisters, his uncle and his dad and mom. After his graduation, Eiffel specialized
in
metal
construction. He was especially specialized in bridges. He used mathematics for the next few
of an iron bridge at Bordeaux. Then in 1866, Eiffel started his own establishment. As Eiffel’s career away
advanced, from
he
moved
bridgework.
For
example, in 1879 he created a ceiling
for
the
observatory
in
astronomical Nice,
France.
During the same year, the initial interior engineer of the Statue of Liberty
died,
and
Eiffel
was
employed as the new engineer. Eiffel
created
a
whole
new
support system for the statue that
would
not
rely
on
the
weight to support the copper skin, but the skeletal structure instead to support the structure. He framework
made on
the
the
steel
Statue
of
Liberty before it was sent to New York. He also designed numerous other structures such
as the Garabit viaduct, Eiffel
became a rich man in result. It
Bridge, the Saigon Central Post
stood at 1,000 feet. After its
Office. The Eiffel Tower was
construction,
built
viewed
for
the
International
this
Exhibition of Paris in 1889 to
skepticism.
commemorate
originally
the
100th
many
people
structure The
tower
planned
to
with was be
a
anniversary
of
the
French
temporary exhibit. Then in 1909,
Revolution.
The
final
design
the tower was almost scrapped
required over 18,000 pieces of
and torn down.
puddle iron (wrought iron), 2.5 million
rivets,
and
a
couple
hundred workers who spent two years building the framework to
Then in 1957, a antenna was
added
and
this
added
another 63 feet to this nearly thousand foot tower! The tower is still standing today thanks to the design that Eiffel designed. Open sides in the Eiffel Tower allows
the
wind
to
pass
throughout the building which sways only around six to seven centimeters!
The Eiffel Tower
While we remember Eiffel
"Discovery Education." Discovery Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
mainly for his creation of the
the tower. The
Eiffel
Eiffel Tower, it is very important
Tower’s
construction was completed in 1889. It had cost 1.5 million in U.S dollars back then with Eiffel and
the
French state
paying
to remember the man himself who built the Tower. Eiffel once said “I ought to be jealous of the tower. It is more famous than I am.”
–Gustave
Eiffel
most of it. In today’s dollars that would mean about 36 million dollars! After a year of the tower being open to the public, Eiffel
Free vacation to space!
Zoom By: Gary Scott
Alexander Fleming was born on able to fight for his county. They August 6, 1881 in a remote rural practiced their shooting, swimming, place in a part of Scotland. The and other events that will prepare Fleming family spent most of their them to travel to Transvaal. Later time out side exploring the Stream there Uncle died and left them each and valleys around them. “We 250 pound. Tom’s medical repetition unconsciously learned a great deal was now thriving and he inspired Alec from nature,” to put his legacy Said toward the Alexander investigation of Fleming. Then medicine. Fleming Alexander’s also was interested father died with natural when he was bacteria and the only seven blood in years old, and antiseptics. .With his oldest the 250 pounds he brother took got from his uncle the farm. Alec took to mind Later his other that he could start This is a picture of Alexander Fleming trying to brother Tom his career. find a cure for bacterial infection like penicillin. had gone to Fleming took study medicine and was starting a the highest score in the qualifying practice in London. A little later four examination, and had his choice of Fleming brothers and one sister were medical school. Alec lived by three living together He had to wait 4 years different schools, he picked ST. in a shipping office waiting to go to St. Mary’s. In 1905 he started to Mary’s. . Ale, as he was called, moved specialize in becoming a surgeon for to London when he was 14 years old. the most random reason. His switch to Travel to The 1900 came around and bacteriology was even more surprising the Boer War broke out between the and if he was going to become a United Kingdom and its colonies in surgeon he would have to leave ST. southern Africa. Alec along with two of Mary’s. The leader of ST. Mary’s rife his brothers joined the Scottish club and knew he was a good shot and regiment. He hoped that he would be
tried everything he could to keep Alec at ST. Mary’s. With all his hard work he was able to convince Alec to stay for the rest of his career. Fleming was one of the doctors to treat patients with syphilis. He used new and difficult techniques of injection. He was able to treat so many patients that he got the nick name “private 606.” When World War 1 broke out, the staff left to go to France to set up a battlefield hospital lab. They encountered so many drastic infections that soldiers quickly died from them. Yet they were still very simple infections. Fleming felt like there was something like the salvarsan that could help find a solution to fighting microbe infections. During the course of the war it was soon overshadowed. In the labs in 1920, Fleming researched for an effective antiseptic and he found that lysozyme, an enzyme occurring in many blood fluids that is in tears. It had a strong natural antibacterial effect on the agents. Usually Fleming had some much going on in his lab that it was often jumble. This disorder proved very fortunate. In 1928 Fleming wash starting some dished and would examine each one before putting it in the dry station. But on mad him stop and say “That’s funny.” Mold was growing on one of
the dishes and around the mold was staph bacteria had been kill. He made sure to take a sample of the mold to examine it. Later on he found out that penicillium family, then specified as Pencillium Notatum. Fleming presented this to the British journal of Experiment Pathology. When world war 11 came out this came back to their attention and Alexander Fleming won the Noble Prize in 1945 for his findings. Alexander Fleming died on March 11, 1955 in London, United Kingdom. His findings have saved many lives and without his invention a lot of people would have died from vary simple infections. He also wrote several pages of bacteriology, chemotherapy, including the original description of lysosome.
NOT JUST AN ORDINARY HOLE By: Mason White
Stephen Hawking is the worlds must famous Scientist of this century. He is famous for giving Black Holes a theory. Stephen should have died earlier in his life, but he didn’t. Since he hasn’t died yet, he still lives with ALS, or, Lou Gehrig’s disease, but it really means, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Stephen Hawking likes to study the Cosmos more than anything else in the world to study. He is the world’s smartest man alive, well CURENTLY alive as of now. He is an excellent scientist. Now, let’s end this, and move on to his child life, and current life so we learn more about him. Born in Oxford, England, January 8, 1942, during Galileo’s 300th death anniversary, and while Germany bombs England, Stephen Hawking was born. Stephen Hawking wrote two famous books, they are “George and the Unbreakable Code,” and “Stephen Hawking: My Brief History.” He also is a
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. He still studies Space today, and he still dreams of going to space, even now! Now, let’s go back to his childhood. Stephens’s family is a family of thinkers, he is oldest of four other siblings he has. Stephen Hawking’s mom is Scottish, and she somehow earned her way into Oxford University and studied Philosophy, and his dad, Frank Hawking, studied Medicine. His dad went To the tropics to study tropical medicine for a while, well, because Frank was an expert in Tropical diseases. Stephen Hawking’s birth came at a bad time for his parents, because Germany was bombing London, at that’s where Stephen’s parents lived, but in a rural area where the bombings were taking place. His parents were also too poor to go to a hospital, so they moved to Oxford to have Stephen. Then, a few years after Stephen was born, they had two other children, Mary & Philippa Hawking. Then, in 1956, they adopted a second son, his name was Edward. The Hawking’s called themselves, an “Eccentric” bunch.
As you can see, a Black When they eat Hole can devour a Sun, dinner, they that’s how powerful usually never they are! talk when they ate. They sometime all read books at some times. They lived in a three-story home in St. As you can see, a Black Albans, England that needed devour a Sun! to be fixed, but, Hole nevercangot fixed. They housed Bee’s in their basement, and made Fireworks in their greenhouse. Stephens’s father went to Africa during the months of winter to do research. Frank wanted Stephen to study medicine at an early age, but Stephen wanted to study the sky & space more than anything. Stephen was not an exceptional student at St. Albans School, & he had only a few close friends. As he entered his teen years, Stephen and his friends made a computer out of recycled parts to build a machine that can solve hard and easy equations. Stephen traveled a lot with his sister Mary, who really loved to climb. When Stephen turned 17, he went to Oxford University, and he still traveled, he also really liked to dance.
Now, as we close, Stephen won many awards, one is the “Albert Einstein Medal.” Stephen won as many as 14 awards. As Stephen Hawking still slowly dies of ALS, He still studies the cosmos, including his famous discovery of his Black Theory. At first, Stephen Hawking said that Black Holes don’t exist, but later he had a theory, and he called it, “Information Preservation and Weather Forecasting for Black Holes.” He published this on January 22, 2013. His
but didn’t really convince much scientists. But, as time goes by, more scientists are being convinced.
If Earth were orbiting a Black Hole, it would be destroyed…INSTANTLY! Depending on the size of Earth and/or the Black Hole.
Once a Black Hole has had enough, “FOOD,” it shoots out Gamma Bursts, which is a burst of Gamma Radiation from whatever it has eaten. new theory was astonishing,
Father of Microbiology By: ellie Goodling
He is a Microscopic, Dutch tradesman, and biologist. He hand crafted the first microscope. This man is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek “The Father of Microbiology”. You may not know much about him but now you will know almost everything about him. Antonie claimed he say tiny things swimming. Do you really think he did? Well he really did he say bacteria and protozoa. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the Fifth child in his family but the first son. He was born on October, 24, 1634 and died on August, 26, 1723 (both in the Delft, Dutch Republic). His father was a basket maker and his mom came from a brewer family and married a painter when Antonie’s dad died. When he was eight he was sent to grammar school. Antonie worked as a draper and founded his own shop in 1654. Antonie discovered the first single celled organism. Here is a quote from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek “ Whenever I found out anything remarkable I have
thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed there of”. He said this because he wanted People to be able to see\find out what he did. He wrote down every observation so that everyone could see it. He was self-taught and never got any formal degrees but got named “The Father of Microbiology”. He stacked two magnifying glasses on top of each other to observe the quality of the cotton for his draping business. This is how he got the idea of making the first microscope. It was his passion to discover microscopic objects. He would grind lenses together to get a better look at what he was looking at when he would use his magnifying glasses. Leeuwenhoek would use samples of his own to look at things. For example he would swab blood, the inside of his mouth and his nose and any other substance from his body. Here is another one of his quotes of what he would use for his samples “in all falling rain, carried from gutters into water-butts, animalcules are to be found; and that in all kinds of water, standing in the
open air, animalcules can turn up. For these animalcules can be carried over by the wind, along with the bits of dust floating in the air”. This was his process for getting samples\ finding samples.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek learned many different ways to look at microscopic
organisms\things without a microscope. These tiny animalcules that he found and discovered made him famous and inhabited by and for the human body. Antonie is the whole reason that we can look at microscopic organisms and discover new things every day. “The Father of Microbiology” is the most amazing, famous, and inspiring biologist, Dutch tradesman, and microscopic there is.
Antoine’s first microscopes (top) and his first microscope design (bottom). Antoine van Leeuwenhoek would write down every observation he found.
Go to Joe’s Movie Theater and spend $50 on your movie ticket and 1 mini popcorn!
From Still to Motion By Jackson Taurus Watching TV can be so entertaining. Have you ever wondered how television became what it is now? Many inventors where well known for shooting moving picture. One person who was unknown till later in the years was a French pioneer who was truly the first one to make moving pictures on paper film using a single lens camera. He has been given the title as the "Father of Cinematography," since 1930. Later in his years, He was never able to perform a planned public demonstration in the United States because he mysteriously vanished after he had boarded the train from Dijon to Paris. No one knows how he vanished; all that has been heard are rumors. His name is Louis Aime Augustin Le Prince.
Louis Aime Augustin Le Prince
Child to Adulthood Louis Le Prince was born in Metz, France on Saint-Georges street on August 28, 1841.His father was a major in artillery in the French Army and an officer of the Legion of honour. It’s a French order established by Napoleon Bonaparte on May 19th, 1802. As a child he grew up spending time in the studio of his father's friend. There he was taught by a pioneer photographer who had developed the daguerreotype process of photography. His name was Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre. He had taught Prince when he was younger chemistry, engineering, and photography. His education went on to include the study of painting in Paris and graduate chemistry at Leipzig University which provided him with the academic knowledge he needed to continue his career. In 1866 Prince moved from France to England when he was invited by a college friend. 3 years later, he had married his friend’s sister who was a very talented artist. Together they
had made a school called the “Leeds Technical School of Art. “ Later they moved to the US for some years while Prince managed a group of Frenchmen. Talk about travelers. Also in the US, he began to build his sixteen lens camera while experimenting with film stocks.
Disappearance On September 16, 1890 Prince had disappeared. He had promised to see his friends and family in Paris but sadly did not make it to Paris. Theories were said that he mostly killed himself. No one knew until 1890 when a drowning victim seemed to resemble him. Soon his
work was forgotten, others took credit both in the US and in France.
Bill Gates or Bill Greats? By: Hugh Jass
The technology and computer wizard. The man who started in a small room but little did he know his business would bloom in productivity and gain about sixteen billion dollars a year. The amazing life of bill gates will start now! From making square shaped computers in about 1975 to making hand held touch screen phones in 2014. Gates was born in Seattle, Washington. To an upper-middleclass family, the son of William H. Gates, Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates. By thirteen, gates had decided that he would like to work on technology. Bill gates was the name he went by but surprisingly his full name is actually William Henry Gates III. Gates was a man of education besides the fact that he had only attended college in Harvard for two years. After gates had finished college in sophomore year by dropping out he had actually started Microsoft in a Poker Room at Currier House at Harvard University. Bill Gates had launched Microsoft’s first version of Microsoft Windows on November 20, 1985, and in August, the company struck a deal with IBM to develop a separate operating system called OS/2. After all this trouble and success Allen and Gates had come through it finally had paid off. Little did gates and Allen know was of the year January 2015 net worth was 81.1 billion dollars. To this day Gates is very
wealthy. But the 81.1 billion doesn’t mean he owns that much out of his pocket. In personal fortune he actually has approximately a fortune of 76 billion dollars to his name! Most
people actually admire Gates just because he is a self-made billionaire!
If Bill gates was a country he would be the 63rd richest.
Bill gates had aimed to be a millionaire by the age of thirty but became a billionaire by the age of thirty one. Gates SAT score was 1590 out of 1600. That calculates to an IQ of 170 Bill gates pays about one million dollars a year on his house.
In all bill gates is a great man of mind and of heart as he is a selfmade millionaire and he actually has donated about twenty eight billion dollars to charity. He started from rags to riches with an upper middle class family born to a lawyer and a mom who was on a board of directors. He started his life off like this and now ended up being the richest man alive. He was a man of his word he would always brag to teachers and everyone else on how he would be a millionaire by the age of 30 but surprisingly enough he became one by 30 and by 31 a billionaire. He was a great man whose dreams couldn’t be crushed. He is a man that goes by Bill gate.
Bill gates actually had some competition surprising right well that competition is well known for all their products such as the iPhone, iPad, iPod. They were rivals from the time of Rivals (1983 to 1996). They were fighting to be the top of the technology business and apple kept failing to the superior Microsoft. From (1997 to 2002) they had actually agreed on a truce.
they had gained 81.1 billion dollars US. Apple has around 36.6 billion dollars it is still way more than anyone has but really I mean there was and is an obvious winner in the race to
the top of the technology race. Bill gates had done many things and he is a great man we will always remember gates and the great things that he had done. Bill gates came to this world
Bill gates and Steve jobs at an everything digital conference.
Bill Gates had been through many struggles and fought through them. He kept fighting until he become top of the technology business most say this is true but some people believe that apple had better products but in the end it matters how much money they made so they could know if people were to pay more for apple or Microsoft. Microsoft of course won by like a mile as
revolutionizing technology and that’s how he will leave. Bill Gates or Bill greats.
The Naturalist By Meredith smith
Ever think we were related to monkeys. Scientists at the time were wondering if the creationism was real. If
adapted species thrived, while others
by
failed to reproduce, and they all died off. Darwin has been described as one of
that was true, why did some creatures
the most influential people in the world
go extinct? Why did some creatures not
of science.
flourish and other species of our planet did? This made people wonder if this evolution was really true. The theory of
Charles Darwin was born in England on February 12, 1809. He was the youngest of 6 children. I could imagine how hard for the dad to take care of those 6 children. Darwin’s mother died when he was only at the age of eight. From September 1818, he joined his brother Erasmus in his
evolution has been around for a long
studies. His brother became tired with
time. Some people were angry at the
curriculum, so he took a growing interest
time. They believed that people were
in chemistry. Charles was his assistant.
silly if they believed in this theory of
At the end of medical study, he left
evolution. Or maybe they were just
Charles behind to enroll in London
angry at the fact that there was a new
Anatomy School. His father got a job in
evolution. To change the peoples mind
the medical field to help support his six
he wrote a book about this theory “The
children. Charles wanted to follow in his
Origin of our Species.
brothers footsteps, so when he went to
Darwin noticed that some species
the school of Edinburgh in October of
had the same traits. He believed that
1825, and he got his degree in fines
they had shown up by ancestors over
arts, after he got his degree Darwin
many years. Darwin called this process;
spent that summer of 1825 as an
“Natural Selection “. This is where
apprentice doctor.
On his return to England in 1836,
get a Nobel Prize. He died 10 years
Darwin tried to solve riddles of all his
before the
observations that he had seen, and
developed.
encountered. He was trying to see how all of the species evolved. The animals or plants did best in their habitat in their “natural Selection. They were able to survive, and reproduce. Characteristics really helped all of their offspring’s survive. Darwin noticed that gradually the species changed over time.
Nobel Prize
had been
The theory of evolution has been around for a long time. Studies of DNA still show the study over the next century. Even though there is still a big conflict from the religious point of view, I think that he was a hard worker and an amazing scientist. People might still be angry about the evolution, or about all of
At the school that he attended,
his interests, but all I can say is that he
he was very interested in studying
really transformed the way we think
medicine, Biology and natural history.
about our world today. He stood up for
After attending school, he was awarded
what he believed in, and his discoveries.
with three medals that he achieved.
Like he said, “A man who dares to
Medals. The royal medal, the Copley
spend one hour of a time has not
medal, and the Wellston medal. Charles
discovered the true value of life.”
Darwin
died
in
1882,
in
London,
England. He was buried in west Minster abbey. He wasn’t alive long enough to
Poisoned Reading By: Hannabella Smilan
It is the year 1962 and we see a plane fly overhead. It is spraying something. Then we remember what it is. Earlier, the government told a couple who breeds songbirds that they were going to give a harmless shower around the area. So we all went home. The next morning we find several of the songbirds dead. Immediately the government knew that their “harmless shower” was poisonous and deadly. They needed to tell everyone, and fast. So they get a best-selling author to help. She also LOVES biology. Who else fits that description but Rachel Louise Carson!!! Rachel Louise Carson was born on May 27, 1907 in Springdale, Pennsylvania. Rachel was a very quiet girl. But she would willingly listen hours and hours to her mom when she talked about biography. Rachel got the love for biography and nature from her mother. She also got the love for writing from her mom. And at the age of 10, she got her first article published.
Then after earning her undergraduate degree she went to Johns Hopkins University. There she earned her master degree. Then she
completed her postgraduate studies at a laboratory in Massachusetts. It was called the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. In 1936 Rachel was a biologist at the US Bureau of Fisheries. Later she published an essay Atlantic Monthly. That led her to write her to write her 1st book called “Under the Sea Wind”. Soon she was editor Fish and Wildlife Service. She honored her writing skills during this time. She focused on wildlife and wrote the book “The Sea Around Us”. She was instantly famous. She was at the top of the best sellers list for 36 weeks. Her book was also translated into 30 different languages so people from other places can read her book. For the book, Rachel received 3 awards. They were the National Book Award, the Gold Medal of the New York Zoological Society, and the John Burroughs Medal. Then Rachel Left the government to be an author and a researcher. Robert Warden Carson and Maria Frazier Carson where her mom and dad. She had one sister. Her sister’s name was Marian Frazier Frampton. In 1935 her dad dies. In 1937 her sister dies of pneumonia. She leaves her two daughters in the care of Rachel
Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964)
In high school Rachel was very smart. She impressed all of the teachers. For collage, Rachel went to the Pennsylvania Collage for Women in Pittsburg. She studied English but then changed her major to Biology after she “rediscovered” her love for science.
and her mother. Her daughters’ names are Virginia and Marjorie. In 1957, her mom dies. Rachel dies of breast cancer from a pesticide on April 14, 1964 in Silver Spring, Maryland. Rachel had done many great things in her life. Her greatest accomplishment is the finish of the book “Silent Spring”. In 1962 when a pesticide, which could kill people, was released, they needed a way to tell the public. So they asked Rachel to help them tell everyone. So she wrote Silent Spring as a warning to everyone about the pesticide.
scientist. She wrote many bestselling books in her life. They were all about biology, as she loved it so much. And she had warned everyone of danger. She is a very great historic figure and I am positive that the people whose lives she had saved think so too. They must be very grateful to her. She wouldn’t have been forgotten there, but she certainly isn’t forgotten here.
Rachel Carson is a very important
Books by: Rachel Carson
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Just a vehicle By Jose Gonzales You might think that your car is just a car but it helps you go places also is a master piece of engineering and mathematics it took many years of mechanical engineer’s to help create to what you use constantly, but now a days they have made more advanced car in 2015, 2015 is a great year’s of enhancement but yet they are still making more faster, smarter cars then the past few years.
Now Henry Ford was a young boy on a farm but now famous and rich and he is a good engineer and he built the first gas engineered car, many kinds of vehicle as he grew up to build and fascinate the world and such it all started when he was quite young his parents died, but he was adopted by his neighbors, as he grew up with his adopted parents he had sibling their names were Margaret, William, Jr Jane, Robert Ford. Henry fixed watches but his father wanted him to take care of the farm he owned, but instead took off on engineering as Henry ford started to make auto machines in 1896 he built his first auto machine he called it the “Quad cycle” his first successful auto.
Henry Ford was also in the business institute in 1899 Detroit automotive company is founded, as henry was engineering in 1903, Ford company is formed; the first ford auto is sold, the associate of licensed automobile manufacturers sues ford motorcompany for infringement of the seldenl patent. As Henry Ford was engineering more vehicle or automobiles in 1908 the introduction of the model T.
As Henry ford was a hard working person he achieved so much since 1908 he has been helping create more and more different kinds of cars, his field of study
was really complex he grew up in greenfield, township Michigan born on july,30 1863 he was in the business institute, engineering, and he self-taught himself with some books that he had at his home, he earned rewards such as “The Franklin institute Elliott crissum medal” in 1928 also the cross of the German eagle. He married his wife Clara Ala Bryant sadly she died of cancer in May, 1943 he had kids Edsel Ford. As henry ford grew older and older, he had a great company but sadly he died of cerebral hemorrhage this disease killed him on April, 7 1947. Ford used to me a small company but today he has car dealers around the world he has modified he has created to cars and trucks he has changed the world with his cars.
Henry ford was a great engineer he thought of changing the worlds in his own mind, Henry Ford achieved his goal he was a famous and such and such. One of Henry Ford quotes was when he talks about teamwork. In my own opinion is the Henry Fords childhood is a little sad because his parents died, and adopted by neighbors but, he grew up to be a nice engineer but he had some problems also some of his business company didn’t work in the 1903 before his company in Detroit failed because of not able to ship working cars the other failed company was for failing with dealership until he grew into Ford motor company his company has grown threw out the years.
Splat!! By: Mark Robertson This person he good at painting, engineer, and inventor. His last drawing was The Last Super, he was drawing that before he die in Amboise, France. He also drew a picture of Mona Lisa and all of his sketch are in his notebook. Most of the people think that he only an artist, but he also a scientist. He inventing an armored tank, ornithopter, and arial screw. Childhood history: Leonardo da Vinci spent a great deal of his childhood outside of his house. He was raise by his father and his step mother. He sketching in his notebook when he outside observing nature. He spent his days with his uncle Francesco, tending to animals and exploring farmland, observing the nature and landscapes that he would later sketching and study because he was not expected to become a notary, he was free to pursue drawing. Leonardo father was busy in the nearby city of Florence and his
mother have married to a men name Acattabriga. Leonardo was live with his Uncle Francesco work at farmer. When he was fifteen, his father apprenticed him to Andrea de Verrocchio, the leading artist of Florence and early renaissance. Family facts: Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy and death on May 2, 1519, Amboise, France. His father name is Ser Piero da Vinci and his mother name is Caterina. Leonardo’s status as an illegitimate child because his father and mother weren’t married, but with the other their have the total of 17 other children. His father is very busy with the city of Florence and his mother was married to the other so they can’t raise him. He was leave with his uncle Francesco, who had an appreciation for nature that Leonardo grew to share with, and also help raising him. Education: Leonardo da Vinci science is impressive as his art. His famous
drawing is “The Last Super” and the “Mona Lisa.” He is known as an artist, engineer, and inventor. He sketching and inventing a lot of stuff in his note book like armored tank, ornithopter, and arial screw. He even studies human body like brain, muscle, bone, and more, then he sketching it in his note book. He sketching every work before he invent it. He put a lot of his time in the painting, engineering, and
inventing, it take him a lot of time to paint, sketching, and inventing. Leonardo notebook hold a lot of his sketching, painting, and study in there. He drawing a Mona Lisa at his studio, it take him more than one week to draw her picture and he drawing the “the Last Super,” before he die in Amboise, France at May 2, 1519.
Boom! By: Kevin Smithson As the flashing red button was slammed by a hand, a giant fireball rose into the air above the empty New Mexican desert. The shockwave hit a moment later, knocking a row of awed scientists to the floor. The only words that were heard were “It work!” The first nuclear bomb was born into the world. Later on the subject the man that invented the bomb said “I am become death, the destroyer of world.” 4 years earlier in Washington DC, President Franklin Roosevelt approved a project to create the world’s first atomic bomb. In May of 1942, Oppenhiemer’s lecturer at Harvard University on theoretical physics invited him to work for the government on the project that was approved a year earlier. In June 1942 the US Army established the Manhattan Engineer District to house the full development of the project as the US entered World War 2. Commander Groves was appointed head of the project, and he appointed J Robert Oppenhiemer as the head of the team building the bomb. They needed a location that was hidden enough to not be noticed, and not surrounded by civilization. But it also needed to have a steady supply of water and a place that would be flat for testing the bomb. They soon found a location in New Mexico. It was a boy’s
dormitory that was located in the middle of a desert, but it also had access to a well. The US Army swore the owner to secrecy and essentially booted them out. Because the camp was supposed to be a military laboratory, the scientists needed to be trained through basic army training. Most of the scientists, including Oppenhiemer himself failed the test. They eventually made a compromise, which was that the lab would be operated by the University of California under a contract with the War Department. They quickly decided plutonium would be the best element for the bomb, and they received their first samples of Plutonium-239 from the X-10 Graphite Reactor in April of 1944. They quickly realized that the type of reactorbred plutonium that they were using was not usable for a gun-type weapon. Oppenhiemer quickly changed all work to an implosion style-weapon instead. The weapon was worked on for about a year, and finally on July 16, 1945 the bomb was tested on the site codenamed “Trinity.” Julius Robert Oppenhiemer was born in New York City, USA on April 22, 1904. His father was a wealthy Jewish textile importer that had moved over from Germany in 1888. He graduated from grades 4 and 4 in the same year, and he
skipped half of 8th grade. He was admitted to Harvard University a year late at age 18 because he became sick with the disease colitis the year before. He moved through to the University of California and taught there, and wandered around working on theoretical physics and theoretical astronomy. He worked with many widely known scientists including Albert Einstein himself. He was in a lecture at Harvard University during the May of 1942 when his lecturer invited him to begin working on “fast neutron calculations,” which is in simple words, the physics around the chain reaction of atoms and neutrons that is what the theory of an atomic bomb worked around. After he had built the bomb and the first bomb was dropped over Hiroshima in August 1945, Oppenhiemer began to regret his decision to build the world’s first atomic weapon. The FBI began to track his activity and relationships with Communist Parties within the US. He was suspected of leaking evidence to the Communists, but he was never convicted. However, in the process
The first atomic bomb was tested at Trinity Site on July 16, 1945
his reputation was destroyed completely during the conviction. He spent a series of years on a Virgin Island and soon bought a 2 acre plot of land on which he built a home. He spent much of his final years attempting to lecture to people about how people should harness the power and not use it to blow up the other countries of the world, and this was part of why he was tried to be convicted, for he was suspected of trying to defend the soviets. Soon after he was diagnosed with Throat Cancer, and he fell into a coma after unsuccessful radiation and chemo therapy. He died soon after that on February 18, 1967 at age 62. Oppenhiemer has contributed much to this world, but he also created a monster that may one day destroy the world. As his quote says, “I am become death, destroyer of worlds.” He also said this quote of the atomic bomb and how it might one day hurt the world greatly: “The optimist thinks this is the best of all possible worlds. The pessimist fears it is true.”
Curi…ous By: Kim Joyce Marie Curie was a phenomenal scientist. She had a lot of issues in her life. As a child both her mom and her oldest sister died. Marie persevered through all of the issues in her life. She did not let any of the issues in her life get in the way of her success. In result of her perseverance, she discovered the chemical elements polonium and radium along with her husband Pierre Curie.
Marie’s father was very strong in knowledge and teaching. When he was forced to be in lower academic posts, the family’s wealth went down by a large amount.
Mary Curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland. She was born as Maria Salomea Sklodowska. Marie was raised as a patriot. As a child she was not very wealthy. Living in Poland in 1867 she was not allowed a lot of freedom. The Polish government did not want the Polish people to know anything about their history, ancestors, or Polish roots.
After Marie’s mother’s death, her father lost a large amount of money by making a bad investment. Despite the fact that Marie’s father would never forgive himself, all four children appreciated him and everything he did to barely make ends meet. Marie’s father read Marie and her sibling’s literature and he also taught mathematics and physics.
When Marie was younger both of her parents were teachers. Being a family of patriots, Marie’s parents tried to show originality. Once Marie was born, her mother was forced to resign from her job because she had to take care of five kids.
When Marie was young, both her sister and her mother died. Her sister caught the flu. Her mother died from a long battle of tuberculosis. She was left her two sisters and brother. Before Marie’s mother had Marie she was the head teacher of a school and she taught math and physics.
As Marie grew older, she noticed her love for science. She graduated at the age of fifteen at the top of her class. She also won a gold medal during high school. As a child Marie wanted an advanced degree. In Europe most colleges did not allow women because that was during the time period that
women were not able to do as much as they can do during this time period. Marie went to the Flying University and the University of France. Marie Curie got the education to be a physics teacher. She went to college for a long time studying scientific topics and mathematics. Marie did not have a lab to practice in. Pierre Curie offered her a labto practice in. They both took interest in science and radioactivity. They began to like eachother. Their romance began. The two of them were dedicated to there relationship and science. Marie Curie and Pierre Curie fell in love and got married. They got married on July 26, 1895. Marie and Pierre were parteners in crime. They did everything together. On December 21, 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium. Radium is a rare, radio active, metal. It’s atomic number is eighty-eight. Radium is part of the alkaline Earth series. It was a source for radiotherapy a long time ago.
During the same year Marie and Pierre Curie also discovered polonium.Plonium is also a highly radioactive, rare chemical element. This chinmical element only seen in nature as a radioactive decay or uranium. Marie Curie became the first woman presented a Nobel Peace Prize. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1903 along with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel. She also won another Nobel Peace Prize in the same year.
Maire’s husband died in April 19, 1906. He was trampled by a horse. As usua,l Marie Curie did not let her husbands death get in her way. She continued in her scientific studies. Marie Curie died from Anemia on July 4, 1934. Anemia is a decrease in the amount of red blood cells. Mariie Curie is one of the best female scientist. We will always remember Marie Curie.
The Early Naturalist By: Billy Ray
Ever heard of a man that studied more than four things! His name is John Ray. He was sixteen when he was enrolled at Cambridge University where he studied at the Trinity College and Catherine Hall. On the day of January 17 1705 he died. He was buried in the town he was born. His place he died in the village of Black Notley. His field of study is botany and zoology.
John Ray was a highly influential English naturalist and botanist who contributes to taxonomy is considered groundbreaking and historic. He declined to take the oath to the Act of Uniformity after the Restoration. John Ray also wrote books. He wrote 74 books. John Ray was related to Sarah Miller, William Rhea, Catherine Hamilton, George miller, Susannah Bird, Archibald Rhea, Anne, gayen Miller, Margaret Henderson, Thomas Bird, Sarah Epsom, Matthew Campbell Rhea.
He was also a writer. He wrote 74 books. So John ray loved writing. He was also a English naturalists widely regarded as one of the earliest of the English person. John ray was an
For the next 10 years of his lifetime John ray started focusing on other stuff like writing books and exploring new things. In 1673 john ray got married to Margaret Oakley of lunation. When John ray found himself unable to subscribe as required he went along with 13 other fellows resigned his fellowship on 24 august 1662 rather than other options.
English naturalist and he was considered a groundbreaking and historic in a scientist. John ray was born in the same year as Robert Boyle and was born and Francis bacon died. His first publishes book was in 1690 on the British plants. John ray was the youngest son of the blacksmith. For 6-7 years Joh ray studied the literature explored the country side around Cambridge and grew plants in the garden bye his door room when he was in the university on collage.
He lived, in spite of his infirmities to the age of seventy seven dying at black notley. John ray was selected a fellow of trinity college also in 1649. However he lost the position sadly 13 years later and with full support of his former student and fellow naturalist.
Prosperous are the friends supported him during the subsequent of 43 years while he also pursued in his carries as a botanists and naturalist. Nut that carrier had already begun with the publication of his first work in 1669
The Center of the Universe The Center of the Universe By: Andrea Fox By: Andrea Fox
Everyone thought Earth was the center of the universe and that all the planets, including the sun revolved around it. But there was an astronomer who soon enough proved them all wrong. Nicolaus Copernicus was also a mathematician who wrote a book that set out his views on the universe. Cosmologists in the day chose not to accept the data based on how the sun was at the center of the solar system even though there was proof about it. The Earth based solar system was the story until the 16th century. It wasn’t until after his death that he began to be honored for what he had discovered.
Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland. He was the fourth child born to Nicolaus Copernicus Sr. and Barbara Watzenrode. Both of his mother and father were born into a merchant family. Nicolaus Copernicus’s first language was German, but there are many people who believed he also spoke a little bit of Polish. When Nicolaus Copernicus was 10 years old, his father passed away. So his uncle tried to take care of him like a father would. He wanted to give him the best possible education he could have given him.
In 1491, Nicolaus Copernicus got into the University of Cracow. In this University he studied painting and mathematics, but he did not study astronomy at that time. He developed an interest in astronomy later, and he started collecting books on it. After he graduated from the University in 1497, he went back to Torun and he became a canon. The canon's position let him pay his studies for as long as he wanted. But, the job needed a lot of his schedule; he was only able to pursue his academic interests occasionally, during his free time. In 1496, Copernicus left and traveled to Italy. There he enrolled in a religious law program as the University of Bologna. There, he met an astronomer named Domenico Maria Novara. The two began exchanging astronomical ideas and observations. The historian Edward Rosen described the relationship as, "In establishing close contact with Novara, Copernicus met, and perhaps for the first time in his life, a mind that dared to challenge the authority of the ancient writer in his chosen fields of study." The friends were so excited in their exchange that they decided to become roommates. In 1510, Copernicus moved to a residence in the Frombork Cathedral Chapter in hopes of clearing more time to study astronomy. He would live there as a canon for a really long time.
Earth Based Solar Systems
By 1508, Copernicus had begun developing his own model, a planetary system. Someone had previously invented a planetary model, which had an idea that the planets moved in a circular movement at different speeds around a fixed point, the earth. In trying to change how people thought about the solar system, Copernicus's heliocentric solar system said that the sun, instead of the earth was at the center. Afterward, Copernicus believed that the size of each planet's orbit depended on its distance from the sun. But, Copernicus was not the first astronomer to think of that theory. But, Ptolemy's theories were way more accepted by the Roman Catholic Church, which supported the earth-based solar system theory.
In 1514, Copernicus gave a handwritten book to his friends that showed his view on the universe. In it he talked about how the Sun was at the center of the Solar system and not the Earth. He even talked about how seasons were caused by Earth’s revolutions around the sun. Nicolaus Copernicus died on May 24, 1543 in Frombork, Poland. But it wasn’t until he died that his book was published. In it was his model of the solar system and the path of the planets. Copernicus helped us know that the sun was at the center and not the Earth, which the church accepted for a really long time. But he wrote that the planets went in perfect circles, which helped other astronomers who used his work, make many more discoveries.
Bibliography:
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-Nicolaus Copernicus. (2015). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 08:14, Jan 15, 2015, from http://www.biography.com/people/nicolauscopernicus-9256984.
-Redd, Nola Taylor. "Nicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts and Discoveries | Space.com." Space.com. N.p., 19 Feb. 2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2015. http://www.space.com/15684-nicolauscopernicus.html
BANG! By: Victor Ricardo Rodriguez He was well known maybe for his discovery of dynamite, or how the Nobel Prize was named after him as well as the element Nobelium. One of those amazing things that he had succeeded in happens to have been very important and a major time in history which was finding a way to control the violent explosions caused by nitroglycerin. In other words he created dynamite. Who is he you may ask. Well this heroic man goes by the name Alfred Bernhard Noble. Alfred Nobel was originally born in Stockholm, Sweden on October 21, 1832. He was originally the fourth child out of eight but only him and three other siblings survived past childhood. When Alfred was born he was very weak and had struggled to live. His mother, Andriette Nobel took very good care of him to help him to grow strong enough to survive. Alfred was born into a poor family. In 1832 Alfred’s family’s house burned down causing them to lose furniture and many of their belongings. Alfred ended up being raised in an old drafty apartment. Alfred Had always been interested in technology and explosives. His father, Immanuel Nobel, Also had a love for technology and explosives, Both Alfred and Immanuel may have inherited their interests from the former inventor and Scientist Olaus Rudbeck which was Alfred’s Great Grandfather. In 1837 Alfred’s father had various business failures which caused Him to move to St Petersburg, Where he
grew successful as a manufacturer of machine tools and explosives. In 1842 Alfred and the rest of his family moved out to St Petersburg to join his father. Before they moved to St Petersburg Alfred didn’t go to school instead he had private tutors. He excelled in chemistry and languages. For 18 months, from 1841 to 1842, Alfred only had went to the only school that he ever attended, that school was the Jacobs Apologistic School in Stockholm, Sweden. As Nobel got older he ended up studying with Chemist, Nikolai Zinin. To further the work he had done he went to Paris in 1850, then at 18 he went to the United States to study chemistry, he did this for four years. The family’s factory produced armaments for the Crimean war but it was complicated for them to switch back to normal products after the war which caused them to file for bankruptcy. Alfred’s father left the business in the care of his second son, Ludvig Nobel. Alfred and his parents then moved back to Sweden, where Alfred devoted himself to the study of explosives. Mainly to the safe manufacture and use of Nitroglycerine. On September 3, 1864 there was an explosion caused by liquid Nitroglycerine which killed five people including Alfred’s younger Brother, Emil. In 1867 Nobel invented dynamite, it was easier and safer to handle then nitroglycerin.
Soon later, Alfred’s brother, Ludvig died and his mother’s death soon followed. At the ending of this long relationship Alfred moved from Paris to San Remo, Italy. In San Remo he suffered from Angina and soon died in his home from a cerebral hemorrhage. He is now buried in Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm, Sweden.
So all in all this man may no longer be with us but we will always remember him for the discoveries he made. He was a very important person in history and will be known for the many things he accomplished.
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