Water Skills Academy SUP Water Safety

Stand Up Paddle

Water Safety and Rescue Award

Disclaimer - Copyright Issues

Apart from any purposes of private study or research as permitted under the copyright act, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, for the purpose of financial gain or resale. Ensure bibliographic reference when extracts are used in associated publications. The management of Water Skills Academy along with the authors and editors of this book, shall not accept responsibility for any injury, loss or damage caused to any person acting or failing to act upon information arising from material in this book, whether or not such injury, loss or damage is caused by any negligent act, or omission, default or breach of duty by Water Skills Academy or the authors and or editors, except as provided by law.

Content produced by Steve West, Chris Rea, Oli Myles, Ben Longhurst, Mandy West

Publishing Information

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014

First published 2014

ISBN 978-0-9574664-5-6

Aloha mai no, aloha aku; o ka huhu ka mea e ola `ole ai.

When love is given, love should be returned; anger is the thing that gives no life.

The sea turtle; for the Polynesian people, a symbol of strength on account of the hard carapace and often referred to as, 'the navigator' because of their ability to always find their way home to lay their eggs.

Any water-based training carries with it a degree of risk both to people and property, even if under proper supervision by qualified instructors. This training course is a strenuous activity that requires those taking part to have a good standard of swimming and fitness. All course members must therefore make instructors aware of any medical conditions, illnesses or allergies they may have and any prescribed medication they are taking. No-one should participate in any course if they are suffering from a heart condition or if they are pregnant. All course members must in no circumstances be under the influence of any alcohol, drugs or medication at the time of the course which may adversely affect their physical abilities. All course members must agree to abide to all instructions and decisions that Water Skills Academy and its instructors make in order to secure the safety and comfort of all participants. Course members will have the use of Water Skills Academy equipment during the course. Whereas Water Skills Academy takes all reasonable measures to ensure the safety and good condition of that equipment, course members are responsible for immediately reporting any damage caused to the equipment or which becomes apparent whilst the equipment is in their possession. Course members are responsible for their own safety whilst undertaking non-compulsory training sessions. Water Skills Academy does not seek to limit or exclude any liability for personal injury or loss of life which may occur as a result of its own negligence or that of its employees, officers or agents however, Water Skills Academy assumes no liability in respect of any personal injury, loss, damage, consequential loss or third party claims which occur through no fault of its own, its employees, officers or agents. All other liability or conditions implied by law are excluded to the fullest extent possible.

www.waterskillsacademy.com

Aim

The WSA SUP Water Safety and Rescue Award has been designed to create a level of competence in lifesaving for stand up paddleboard (SUP) instructors operating in enclosed flat waters and exposed coastal environments.

This award is not surf endorsed. The WSA requires anyone delivering lessons or training in the surf environment to hold a recognised surf lifesaving qualification.

SUP Sport Good Practice

Originally authored by Steve West for and on behalf of the AALS UK. SUP offers a unique paddle sport experience. Not surprisingly therefore, it presents unique risk management issues for instructors and participants. The rapid, global spread of the sport, promoted at times with over zealous emphasis of its apparent simplistic, safe nature, combined with conflict as to whether considered a surf sport as against that of a paddle sport, has led to confusing, random teaching practices.

PHOTO Mandy West

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 -

Definition

SUP is best defined as a paddle sport, not as a surf sport. The use of a paddle is the essential point of difference from conventional surfing, allowing the paddler to travel on lake, river or sea, well away from the surf or the shoreline.

Part of being a good instructor, is having the knowledge and capabilities to prevent and if need be, react to emergency situations.

This can be done through the use of appropriate equipment and being aware of weather conditions. However through experience we have learnt that the unexpected can happen which is why having a thorough understanding of rescue techniques is so important.

Being a good instructor demands sound and effective teaching and interacting with students, provision of a safe learning environment, the skills to manage a group both on land and on water and having the skills, ability and knowledge to respond to an emergency situation should it arise.

Tangible, teachable skills should first be learnt and should extend too; paddle skills, board-control, awareness of the sports limitations and hazards, including dynamic risk assessment of the natural elements, self rescue techniques together with basic knowledge of maritime rules. These should be the novice and facilitator’s core concerns.

PHOTO Mandy West

- © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

1. Definitions, Origins and Comparisons

SUP has its origins in the Hawaiian Islands and combines two of their traditional sports, notably Outrigger Canoeing and Surfing. By definition, paddlers utilise a large board similar to that of surfboard, of adequate volume and stability to support their weight while they paddle the board using an extended canoe paddle to propel the board over water, employing a forward canoeing stroke combined with directional steering strokes and varying weight placement to control direction.

SUP manufacturers, retailers and websites, promote this activity as multi-faceted.

(i)A paddling activity on inland waterways (lakes, rivers, dams, creeks) or sheltered flat-water ocean environments (estuaries, lagoons, bays)

(ii)An ocean racing paddling sport covering long distances whether between islands, point to point or on inland-waters.

(iii)Adventure paddling, involving long distances tours/journeys on inland waterways, or sheltered ocean waters. This forms the basis for example, of new business ventures, some offering tours down stream, with camping as part of the experience.

(iv)A form of surfing in the ocean within a surf zone.

(v)A platform from which to carry out a number of exercise routines.

The mass appeal of SUP sport, is closer to that of canoeing or kayaking than it is surfing. Flat water paddling and cruising in sheltered areas utilising appropriate equipment, represents the entry level to the sport for most individuals possessing little or no water sports experience.

The mechanics of paddling and safety issues associated with SUP are fundamentally its most teachable elements, while balance and the ability to surf are fundamentally less tangible and therefore less teachable, being more reliant on instinctual skills acquired through discovery-learning and practice.

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

PHOTO Mandy West

4 - © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

Consequently this is the area of concern, which facilitators must predominantly focus upon and ultimately where the greatest potential for mass-appeal exists, for the individual, families and couples.

Progression of ability via improved paddling and board skills combined with conditioning and geographical proximity, leads some participants to be attracted to the more technically advanced SUP disciplines of open water paddling, surfing or both.

2. Nomenclature and its Implications

(i)Where the sport has been termed “Paddle Surfing” this implies the sport is a surf sport, the use of a paddle not necessarily the primary means of power.

(ii)Where the sport is termed “Stand Up Paddleboarding” this implies the participant is paddling while standing on a board using a paddle, avoiding association as to where the sport is practised or in what form.

(iii)“Stand Up Paddle” is an additional nomenclature.

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 -

PHOTO Mandy West

6 - © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

This confusion reiterates the need for educators in particular to establish a clear definitive classification for the sport in regards to being predominantly a paddle sport over that of a surf sport. Paddle Surfing and Stand Up Paddleboarding, are used interchangeably to mean the same activity, or, by different people to mean quite different activities.

Benefits and Attractions of the Sport

SUP provides many varied benefits, both social and physical, though these benefits also present some inherently obvious hazards and some more insidious.

Benefits and attractions of the sport include:

Easy entry. Family orientated. Promotes good balance. Potential to develop core strength and conditioning of the body. Versatility. Coastal or inland use. Nurtures a broad range of motor co-ordination skills. Varied skills acquisition (paddling and surfing skills). Socialisation. Fulfils the need to be active. Available to all. Relatively inexpensive. Provides a platform for exploration and adventuring. A means of cross training between similar or dissimilar sports. A new sport fostering brotherhood between participants. Opportunity to engage in competition. Opportunity to travel and participate overseas. Advantages over other paddle sport costs. Less reliant on accessories over other paddle sports. Relatively safe when compared to kayaking and many other paddle sports. The ultimate ‘open’ entrapment-free paddling discipline. Easily transportable. Enjoyment can be had at any level of competence. Extensive workout, more so than sit-down paddling. Escapism. Remedial proprioception therapy for the handicapped and injured.

Associated Hazards and Considerations

All SUP activity is potentially hazardous in that apparently innocuous incidents or accidents can have serious or compounding consequences. Though associated as being an ocean sport presenting one particular set of risks, the activity is actively performed on inland lakes, quarries, dams, creeks and rivers, presenting both similar and varied risks.

1.Extent of Use Beyond Shoreline

A SUP is ‘practically capable' of and intended to be used as a water sport activity beyond the narrow limits of swimming, surfing, or bathing areas. Inherent risks are associated with operating a SUP beyond these limits to both paddler and other water users.

2.Underestimating the Physicality and Skills Required of SUP

Underestimating the physicality and skill levels required of SUP presents an insidious danger. Given perfect conditions (calm water, little or no wind or tidal flow) balance is little challenged and the act of paddling may well appear easy, even effortless as a first impression to the paddler. This degree of ‘ease’ diminishes exponentially as wind, wave action or tidal flow increase either in combination or separately, potentially resulting in the paddler succumbing to these elements.

3.Failure to Learn / Be Instructed in a Sequential Manner

Learning paddle and board skills in a non-sequential manner, lacking sound methodology, will distract and confuse the novice and lead to slow learning curves and possible injuries.

4.Transportability. A Bonus and Potential Hazard

Due to the transportable nature and versatility of the sport, newly instructed paddlers may well go on to put themselves unwittingly in an ‘at risk’ situation in an inappropriate environment relative to their skill levels. Being that the activity can take place either at sea or on inland waterways, this greatly expands the risks which a paddler can place themselves through ignorance or misadventure.

5.Physical Limitations of Paddler

Being that the SUP paddler manually propels the board through the use of a paddle, travelling range is limited by the physical endurance of the operator. These limitations are similar to other paddle sports.

6.Failure of Knowing Self-Rescue Techniques

Without knowledge of the various self-rescue techniques and distress signals available to them, a paddler could well suffer serious consequences in failing to act when required.

7.Navigational Liabilities

A SUP whether paddled on an inland waterway or at sea, can be paddled or drift intentionally or unintentionally across locations where larger, faster craft travel, (shipping lanes, ferry routes, water ski areas) presenting a substantial hazard to navigation or safety not already present, putting themselves and other water users at risk. SUP being powered by paddle alone are not as powerful or manoeuvrable as larger craft and not as visible.

8.Abandoning the Board / Panic

In the event that the paddler becomes incapacitated in some way, the board may appear to provide only a minimal level of safety. Some paddlers may rashly decide to abandon their board and swim leading to added increased risks. Abandoning the board should only be done, if ever, as a last alternative.

9.Instructing SUP from a Surfers Perspective

Facilitators from surfing backgrounds whose natural interest is surfing, not paddling, should resist teaching SUP largely as a surf sport, which could be potentially counterproductive to learning and safety. The focus should be centred on a combination of paddling and board skills, not wave-riding. The majority of newcomers to the sport live neither near surf or necessarily have an interest in this aspect of the sport. The opportunity for ‘adventure’ paddling in a variety of conditions and water environments is open to all-comers and represents the greatest area of risk and concern.

10 - © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

10.Increased Risks Associated with Surf Conditions

Using a SUP board in surf conditions presents a far greater degree of difficulty than that of flat-water paddling in a sheltered environment. The potential for injury to the rider and or others is amplified and is similar in nature and extent to other surfing activities

11.Offshore Winds

Moderate to fresh offshore winds are of particular concern especially in open beach environments or larger lake or dam. Board and paddler can easily be blown or naturally follow wind direction. Paddling into a headwind requires strength endurance together with good paddling technique, often absent in junior aged paddlers and some adults.

12.Losing Touch with the Board

Even in calm, windless conditions, the paddler can become separated from their board, which at times can travel and collide with stationary objects or other paddlers. In moderate to fresh wind the board can travel away from the ‘swimmer’ faster than they can swim.

13.Falling On Underwater Obstructions Operating in Shallow Waters

Falling from the board especially, in murky fresh water inland waterways, can result in falling onto hidden underwater obstructions. Falling in shallow water can lead to serious impact injury.

14.Impact Injuries

Paddlers who fall between paddle and board in particular can suffer serious impact injuries.

15.Use of Oversized Boards

In the case of instructing youth 18 years and under, boards of 12' and over are often too ‘corky’ and cumbersome and are more windaffected than a shorter board, making manoeuvring difficult and the learning process and experience less encouraging and enjoyable.

16.Age Limitations

Due to physical limitations, some children are simply too small to participate or comprehend the requirements of SUP.

17.Inappropriate Paddle Lengths Leading to Injury

Shoulder injuries are often associated with paddle sports, one of the predominant factors being the use of paddles, which are too long.

18.Inappropriate Technique Leading to Injury

Shoulder, wrist or back injuries are commonly associated with canoe sports, often caused by poor paddling technique or repetitive strain related injury.

19.Clothing Hindering Board Recovery

The wearing of inappropriate clothing can hinder swimming and recovery. Restrictive clothing can limit the paddler’s biomechanical movements required for effective technique and encourage accelerated fatigue.

20.PFD Limiting the Ability to Recover Board

The wearing of a vest-style PFD hinders swimming and recovery, however “It may be reasonable to insist that novices and under 18 year olds always wear buoyancy aids if on water where they will be out of their depth.”

21.Wearing a PFD in Surf Conditions

In surf conditions, a PFD presents more of a danger than a hindrance and should not be worn. Swimmers cannot ‘Duck Dive’ into on-coming waves or board. Board recovery becomes problematic.

22.The Affects of the Sun

Over exposure to UV rays can lead to sunburn and heatstroke.

23.Inappropriate Clothing Leading to Hypothermia

Wind chill is the greatest concern where appropriate clothing is concerned. However immersion in cold water is also a consideration. The extremities of hands and feet can become numb and painful in cold conditions.

Control Measures For Instruction

Due to the similarity in methodology, appropriate weather and water conditions in which teaching SUP should be conducted, a universal set of guidelines should and can be adhered too. The WSA have created lesson plans, which form the basis of a progressive uniformed approach towards tuition. While each provider will need to determine their own position they may find it useful to assure themselves that the following issues have at least been considered.

1. Instruction must include topics concerning the implications of paddling beyond the narrow limits of swimming, bathing and surfing areas and the risk factors and safe practices required in order to avoid putting themselves at risk when paddling beyond these limits. The implications for the WSA instructor, the methodology and approach towards instruction, elevate the sport from being taught as a surf sport to being closer to that of a paddle sport, the craft being considered a vessel capable of traveling distance, not merely a surfboard used within a limited area.

2.Many existing levels of safety and consideration given towards the teaching of paddle sports must be passed on during the teaching of SUP in regards to its versatility and inherent dangers when paddled over distance. This can include general levels of preparation, issues of hydration and nutrition, reporting intentions of departure and return times, launching and landing venues, adequate clothing, communication accessories such as a phone, VHF or carrying of distress signals.

3.Basic rights of way and navigational knowledge must be passed on to the beginner paddler.

4. Self-rescue techniques must be taught and promoted and include paddling assuming a kneeling or sitting position, top hand gripping the paddle mid-shaft. From this position, greater power and blade control can be generated. In the event the paddle is broken or ‘lost’ paddler can assume a prone position and paddle using hands in true paddleboarding fashion. (Paddle can also be positioned blade face down under chest, handle towards the nose of the board).

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

5.Paddlers must be encouraged to stay with their board at all times being more visible in a rescue situation than a lone swimmer and will provide in most cases an adequate platform of safety.

6.Paddlers must be taught the importance of avoiding paddling in strong offshore winds or strong tidal flow. They must learn to read the conditions, consult weather forecasts and know how to respond to the situation in the event they cannot paddle head to wind or against a strong tide, by employing a self-rescue technique.

7.Due to the transportable nature of the craft safety education must extend to explanation of the limits of use of SUPs and appropriate, safe venues and situations in which future learning should take place.

8. Instruction must be sequential introducing simple through to more complex skills enabling paddlers to master basic paddling and board skills, balance and board recovery. This fosters encouraging outcomes, avoids high attrition rates, higher levels of safety and reduced injuries.

9.While the initial experience of SUP may appear ‘effortless’, it must be stressed this is a skilful, physical sport the demands of which significantly increase as natural forces intensify i.e. wind, wave action, tidal flow. Limitations in these areas can result in being taken off-course making recovery sometimes difficult.

10. On-water sessions must include defined paddling areas (boundaries) and understood by paddlers for their safety, the safety of other water users and the overall management of the learning environment. The use of markers, buoys or fixed objects can be used if necessary.

As a lead up to stand up paddling, these methods must be taught as self-rescue techniques used in the event of needing to take quick, immediate rescue action.

- © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

PHOTO Mandy West

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 15

11.It is essential paddlers are trained in SUP technique and etiquette before venturing into a surf or similarly more challenging environment. SUP Paddlers must be confident and possess sound paddling and board skills prior and preferably possess surfing experience (surfing, windsurfing, kite surfing, kayak/canoe surfing) or have been taught by a professional surf school where they will learn valuable safety skills, how to paddle out through waves, enhanced stationary turning skills, wave selection, positioning and surf etiquette.

Surf schools whose focus is essentially surf, when dealing in particular with non-surfers or anyone with little or no surf skills, should provide introductory, flat water courses focused on paddle and board handling skills and elements of basic safety. They must be satisfied a person has reached a required skill level prior to undertaking a course geared toward SUP surfing.

12.Be aware of underwater obstructions in the teaching environment, remove or isolate via the use of a boundary to avoid impact injuries.

13.Ensure paddlers know how to fall safely.

14.Additional consideration should be given to teaching children under 10 years of age because of the physiological concerns. Short, fun, recreational sessions however should not pose an undue problem in most children

15.Due to its buoyant nature and stability, a board can easily ‘drift’ as a result of wind, tidal flow or combination of all three. Instructors must teach value of being aware at all times of immediate surrounds.

16.Instructors must be able to demonstrate and explain the mechanics of paddling to bring about greater efficiency and skills which will assist learners to progress and become more capable participants.

PHOTO Chris Rea

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 17

SUP is promoted as ‘easy’ though this is dependent on a number of factors including the stability/suitability of board design, paddle length and type supplied. Participants use a variety of specialised boards for a variety of uses, providing varying levels of stability and capabilities inherent in the design. Safety is intrinsically linked with board and paddle performance characteristics and therefore the topic is relevant in this context.

1.Board Designs and Sizes

(i) The classic long-board style of surfboard has to date been the most universal shape for learning and an ideal platform for pure stand up paddling, stand up paddle surfing in shallow spilling waves, gentle cruising and exploration in calm, sheltered waters and as a core workout board. Designed as all-round workhorses, these boards are essentially a compromise design, offering a stable learning platform for the beginner of various body weights and vary in length from 10' to 12'6" x 28"- 32". Use of smaller, lighter boards (10'-11' x 30") for smaller paddlers is appropriate being more manoeuvrable and less affected by windage than larger boards.

(ii)Wave Riding SUPs are designed specifically for wave riding performance, and do not make for good cruising / learning boards on account of their shorter lengths of 7' to 10' x 28"- 30".

(iii)Racing SUPs designed for both flat water or open ocean ‘downwind’ racing, are highly specialised and of an advanced construction, often hollow, super light, sometimes with the inclusion of a foot operated tiller arm controlling a fin for directional control. Boards vary in length from 12'6" - 14' rudderless models, upwards to 18' x 27" with rudder systems included.

2.Board Construction

(i) Soft-decked boards designed specifically for schools and entry level paddling, are available and highly recommended. These boards provide cushioned impact when fallen on, providing a practical alternative to conventional epoxy or fibreglass boards fitted with or without deck-pads.

(ii) iSUP (inflatable boards) have advanced vastly since their original 18- © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

introduction and are rapidly becoming the most popular board purchase by recreational users on account of their transportable nature. Impact injuries are substantially lessened with the use of such boards. They are used across every discipline of the sport.

3.Paddles

(i)Appropriate paddle length (measured from grip to tip) is crucial in permitting the paddler to apply correct paddling technique with paddle and blade control. Overly long paddles promote shoulder injury. Undue pressure is placed on the rotator cuff. The top hand should be level with the paddler’s eye level during the power-phase of the stroke when shaft is vertical. Paddles should be no more than 6" above head height of the user. Adjustable telescopic shafted paddles are available.

(ii) Paddles should be lightweight and not overly stiff, providing an encouraging ‘feel’ to the paddling stroke, ease of use and avoidance of straining joints and muscles. Ideally lightweight wood, glass fibre or lightweight aluminium inherently having some flex would be preferable over pure carbon fibre.

(iii)Blade area should be small.

(iv)An efficient ‘flat-faced’ blade should be used, not a concave one.

4.Leg Leashes

The wearing of a leg leash and its function, how it is attached, removed and managed must be part of the learning process and worn at all times to avoid being separated from the board and to minimise the risk to others and property. Ideally attached to the paddler just below the knee, which elevates the cord from the board and includes a quick release mechanism.

5.Clothing

Appropriate clothing must be worn to permit movement, swimming and recovery. For the most part, paddlers will not be subjected to constant immersion as a consequence of the learning process in flat water on a stable platform. Wind chill is often a greater factor of concern than immersion.

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

The WSA Foundation Coach and Adventure Coach Leadership Awards highlight the importance of giving student’s the correct equipment. Having the right equipment is not only key towards being successful and enjoying a learning experience, it also minimises the risk of an incident occurring.

Instructor board – Must be of adequate length, width and volume and have the capacity to carry certain items of equipment such as First Aid Kit. The addition of side handles would add functionality in a rescue situation.

An instructor selecting unsuitable equipment could lead to clients falling in numerous times, becoming cold or too hot, fatigued or exhausted. Part of being a good instructor is having the ability to plan a session, issue equipment and prepare for the unforeseen by planning ahead.

Student boards – Must be of adequate length, width and volume.

20 - © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

(ii)Footwear in the form of old trainers, neoprene or rubber soled shoes or similar should be worn in the learning process to improve grip and provide protection.

(iii)In the case of hot, sunny weather, a cap/hat and UV protective shirt should be worn. Sun creams used must be non-greasy as the oily residue will be left on the board and paddle, making them slippery.

6.PFDs

(i)The wearing of a Personal Floatation Device (PFD) should be made available to all participants as a matter of course. However the wearing of a PFD should not be compulsory, except perhaps for novices and under 18 year olds. Vest type PFDs make swimming and recovery more difficult for the user and hinders the paddler’s mobility and paddling efficiency.

(ii)In the case of offshore paddling, a waist worn or collar inflatable PFD could be worn.

(iii) In the case of being in a surf zone, the wearing of a PFD makes recovery, swimming and ‘Duck-Diving’ more difficult and therefore a dangerous option.

Operational Considerations

Those providing Stand Up Paddling activities should take into account the following factors impacting on the safety and value of sessions. These include, but may not be limited to:

1.Briefings

There will generally need to be a policy on the existence, content and presentation of a safety briefing. Participants should be advised on what they can do to help ensure their own safety. It may not be appropriate for instructors to deliver all relevant instructions in one briefing. Verbal communication at some venues can be very difficult. Providers should decide whether a system of hand signals is necessary and introduce this at an appropriate point.

2.Acknowledgement of Risk

A policy on informing the participants of the nature and extent of risks, and what to expect from the activity is encouraged. This is particularly important where the participants may have no concept or prior knowledge of this type of activity.

Coiled leash and cord leash. Different applications for different situations and a vital piece of safety equipment.

PHOTO Mandy West

22 - © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

3. Identification of Group and Individual Competence

Where SUP is offered as a ‘one-off’ activity to a wide range of groups, from primary schools to corporate groups, a policy of identifying the competence, experience, special needs, physical and medical condition of the participants is advised. Particular attention is needed to establish the water confidence and swimming ability of participants. A 25m-swim test should be considered either wearing a PFD if one is going to be worn in the session, or not if one is not going to be worn in the session. As a minimum requirement, an assurance (possibly written) about water confidence should be sought

4. Weather and Water State

Zero to low winds, preferably cross wind. Calm / sheltered waters. Little or no tidal flow.

PHOTO Mandy West

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 -23

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

5.Site Considerations

The site for introductory lessons must be sheltered from extremes of weather in order to nurture paddling and board skills in combination with confidence and conditioning. In essence it must be 'safe’ as understood by water sports professionals.

(i) No underwater obstructions

(ii) Sufficient water depth to prevent impact injury

(iii)The site or operating area should be defined so that clear boundaries are set and are obvious for paddlers. Providers should consider a buoyed area or established in-situ objects to indicate to paddlers that they are reaching the limits of the operating area.

(iv) Limited or no water traffic within the defined training zone.

(v) Limited or no wave action caused by passing water traffic.

(vi)Fresh water quarries and river pools are often very cold and may have steep sides and limited access. Providers should be aware that such venues often become dumping grounds for old cars, bikes and shopping trolleys so may need to be checked out by personnel, using snorkelling equipment.

(vii) Pollution free.

6.Identification of Venue Options

It may be beneficial to have alternative venues or alternative start or finish points. On the day the most appropriate venue or variation on the venue could be used depending on factors such as the weather conditions, experience and expectations of the group, the number and experience of staff available.

7.Forecasting of Conditions.

(i) A policy for obtaining and interpreting weather forecasts, water levels, sea state etc. is generally needed.

(ii)It must be clear who is to do this, when it is to be done, and what action will be taken for a range of possible forecasts. These could include, but may not be limited to, modification of the venue, change of venue, cancellation and/or return of payment. If an assistant instructor required, ensure they can arrive in the given time span.

8.Safety Boats.

Some providers find it helpful to have groups accompanied by, or to have access to, a rescue boat. Careful consideration should be given to the effectiveness and safety of such a solution. However, it has been effective, for example, where there is a risk of the group being cut off in sheltered but inescapable bays by a combination of delays and rising tides. Driver must have suitable qualifications.

9.Staffing Ratios and Competence

It will generally be appropriate to have a policy on ratios, maximum group size, use of assistants, taking into account group management difficulties associated with only having one instructor, which can arise at some venues. Some providers find it useful to have two separate groups operating at the same venue, available to give mutual support if required.

10.Technical Advice

If it is deemed that certain aspects of the instructional process or knowledge of certain technical aspects of the sport fall beyond the experience of management it would be advisable to seek advice from one or more appropriately experienced and/or qualified person or persons. Technical Advisor(s) should be able to offer useful, constructive advice on the activity including, amongst other things, staff competence, operating procedures, equipment, ratios, use of assistants, etc. Ideally the provider will be suitably experienced and qualified to fulfil this role.

11.Medical Considerations

Instructors should be made aware of any medical conditions, including any injuries, especially relating to back, shoulders, elbow, ankles and wrists. The early stages of learning generally puts only limited stress on the body.

12.First Aid

(i)Specialised first aid, life saving and/or rescue skills may be necessary. Some of the life saving and rescue skills may be NGB based or developed through in-house training and assessment.

(ii)It may be appropriate to include scenario-based training at the venues to be used in order to identify the problems as well as the solutions, which particular venues may present.

(iii)First aid considerations will generally include a procedure for rewarming cold participants and should take into consideration the nature of the venue, transport arrangements etc.

(iv) Appropriate first aid equipment will need to be carried in the group. At some venues it may be appropriate to have additional equipment (like foil blankets, spare clothes and hot drinks) available, for example in a nearby vehicle.

Risk Benefit

Risk–benefit analysis is the comparison of the risk of a situation to its related benefits. Exposure to personal risk is recognised as a normal aspect of everyday life. We accept a certain level of risk in our lives as necessary to achieve certain benefits. In most of these risks we feel as though we have some sort of control over the situation.

Analysing the risk of a situation is, however, very dependent on the individual doing the analysis. When individuals are exposed to involuntary risk (a risk in which they have no control over) they make risk aversion their primary goal. Under these circumstances individuals require the probability of risk to be as much as one thousand times smaller, than for the same situation under their perceived control.

The controlling factor appears to be the individuals perception of their ability to manage the riskcreating situation .

Risks of Drowning Associated with Paddle-sports

Paddle-sports are negatively associated with drowning, caused by a singular or multiple set of events which can be deemed:

‘Intrinsic’ - Responsibility of the individual to which end diminished risk management has determined the outcome.

‘Extrinsic’ – Responsibility of something or someone beyond the individuals immediate control.

The wearing of a Personal Floatation Device (PFD) is universally considered a hazard and a hinderance beyond reasonable consideration of its virtues, to all surf orientated board-sports, as a result of reduced agility both on or in the water which in itself can put the individual at risk.

Falling, retrieving and recovery, are inherent, natural components of SUP sport as per windsurfing and surfing, not ‘critical’ events as associated with kayaking or canoeing. While this view may seem incongruous with other water sports, SUP boards present no inherent risk of entrapment, swamping or suffer from the potentially disabling consequences of capsize, being inherently safer from these points of view than a kayak or canoe and ‘unsinkable’.

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

1. Freedom from constraint are essential to the paddler to permit:

(i)Performance of swimming strokes for board/paddle recovery.

(ii)Ease of re-boarding ‘Duck-diving’ oncoming waves

(iii)Avoiding oncoming manned or unmanned surf craft

(iv)Ease of handling board into position for re-boarding

(v)Ease of paddling prone on stomach for self rescue.

(vi)Ease of paddling

2. In the case of the tuition of novice participants under the age of 18 in flat sheltered waters, the following guidelines are recommended.

(i)Compulsory wearing of a suitable leg leash. Water confidence test.

(ii)Compulsory wearing of a *PFD if the ability or confidence of the participant following a ‘swim test’ (or other factor) is identified as being below a reasonable level of competence.

(iii)Given the option of wearing a PFD if the ability or confidence of the participant following a ‘swim test’ (or other factor) satisfies a reasonable level of competence.

* 50N rated foam vests,Jackets. EN/ISO 12402-5(2006) +1 (2010)

Core Areas of Learning Related to Safety First

Learning how to SUP should merely be concerned with the mechanics of the sport, but more importantly the learning of new knowledge regarding the safe and harmonious relationship with the elements which so strongly govern differing levels of safe or unsafe participation.

1. Land-based sessions may include;

(i) Group management discussion; procedures, expectations, behaviour.

(ii) Clothing / footwear requirements and ensure these are checked.

(iii)Discussion regarding beach and estuary hazards, including site safety. Basic navigational and rights of way issues.

(iv) Weather assessment; paddlers learn importance of safe conditions over unsafe; wind direction, strength, forecasting, present conditions, future forecast in the short term relating it to SUP.

(v) Introduction to board and paddle, safe use and practice.

(vi) Selecting of paddles for each paddler relative to height, ergonomics.

(vii) Paddling technique, paddle management including sound demonstration with sound, logical explanations.

(viii) Demonstrating turning / steering strokes / foot placement

(ix) Leg leash attachment and detachment, the importance and relevance of their usage, differing designs and their application.

(x) How to carry a board and how to avoid injury.

Long after students leave your care, they should be armed with the knowledge which permits them to assess some basic measure of dynamic risk assessment in the process of determining their own risk management and duty of care to others.

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

2.Water-based sessions can include:

(i) Swim test over 25m (as part of participation)

(ii) Falling and retrieval (familiarity / reinforces as a water sport)

(iii) Standing on the board without paddle (balance exercises)

(iv) Self rescue techniques and when to use them. Prone paddling (using the hands, or when paddle kneeling using the paddle.

(v)Paddle management.

Optimum 'Safe' Learning Environment

Selection of an appropriate learning environment, matched with appropriate weather and water conditions, will ensure optimum, safe learning conditions. Adverse conditions from the outset, will exponentially affect the success and outcome of your sessions and increase risks of incidents.

Little or no tidal flow.

Smooth calm water.

Low or no wind.

Absence of offshore wind.

No immediate obstructions above or below water level.

No water traffic.

No swimmers / bathers.

Group management and water safety

Stand up paddleboarding (SUP) is a hugely accessible sport. In a relatively small amount of time someone can achieve a basic level of competency. This accessibility brings with it certain concerns for instructors and for the sport in general terms.

SUP is often perceived to be easy and when put into the context of flat water with little wind or tidal movement, this statement could be seen as true. This perceived accessibility has the potential to attract people to the sport that may be put off from some of the realities which water sports present.

Pre-empting potential incidents

Instructors must be prepared to take responsibility and respond to any apparent distress students may show. Instructors must work hard to prevent incidents occurring. The WSA advocates the same philosophy.

During the early stages of a lesson or training it is important for the instructor to identify and if necessary make other instructors aware of certain individuals that may present a higher risk than others.

This may include but not be limited to:

1.Age extremities

Older and younger participants should be observed as they may require additional assistance.

2.Uncoordinated

Individuals that appear to be uncoordinated may struggle to simply get into the standing position. These people may require additional support and observation.

3.Overweight

May struggle, especially when re-boarding.

4.Weak or less confident swimmers

These students must wear buoyancy aids and be carefully monitored. Be confident in wearing one.

5.Client characteristics

Disruptive or boisterous behaviour is distracting for other members of the group which can subsequently lead to inattentiveness which can be a catalyst for an incident.

6.Busy areas

Where the activity is being conducted in an area where there is significant activity.

7.Alcohol

Where students are intoxicated or hung-over, which may lead to boisterous behaviour, a sense of invincibility and the onset of early hypothermia.

8.Lack of adequate water depth

Shallow water. Submerged objects. Where the activity is conducted in areas where the water depth is insufficient (less than 3ft) or where shallow, dangerous, submerged objects are know to exist.

Environment and Weather

Working on water requires a degree of understanding about the weather and how it affects the structure of sessions. This award is aimed at instructors operating in environments ranging from lakes, rivers and estuaries to leading tours around the coast in exposed waters. Although this is not a surf rescue course we must still have an understanding as to how waves are created.

1. SUP tours in exposed coastal waters require careful planning.

2. Instructors should have a thorough understanding of how to read the weather forecast and be able to apply the forecast to lessons / hire.

3. Daily checking forms a daily part of your dynamic risk assessment.

Wind

The wind and its power is often overlooked by inexperienced water users. The emergency services rescue hundreds of people every year that have been blown out to sea while using inflatables such as dinghies. Understanding the direction of the wind, its strength and how this affects the location, group size, the groups ability and planned route is hugely important.

Wind speed is generally measured in knots and relates to the Beaufort Scale measuring Force 1 (very light winds) up to Force 11 (hurricane). In the learning phases you need avoid winds of much more than 12 knots.

Wind direction is described in terms of its origin, which in relation to terms of direction relative to the shoreline winds can be described as:

1.Onshore

Wind blowing directly on to the shore.

2.Offshore

Wind blowing directly out to sea.

3.Cross-On-Shore

Wind blowing angled over sea toward shore.

4.Cross-Off-Shore

Wind blowing at an angle over the land out to sea.

5.Cross Shore

Wind blowing directly parallel to the shoreline.

Some of these wind conditions can be considered hazardous to participation for the newcomer, relative to wind strength; the stronger the wind, the more hazardous the situation.

1.Any offshore wind must be treated with caution.

Being blown off shore happens all too easily, while returning requires a good deal of physical effort.

2.Offshore winds create deceptively calm waters close to shore.

Velocity tends to increase the further from shore you travel due to reduced land friction, elevation and other factors. What may appear to be a light breeze on the beach, may well be twice the velocity once only several hundred metres from shore.

3.Always exercise extreme caution.

4.Recommendations

Many factors will influence your decision to place your students in a learning situation where an offshore wind is present. While recommended wind strengths can be given, the fitness, pre-existing skill levels and varied circumstances of the environment, facilities and staffing levels that exist, differ in all circumstances.

WIND

Offshore Wind

Wind on your back as you face the ocean.

DOWNWIND UPWIND

Wind on your back.

Cross Shore Wind

Wind on your face.

Onshore Wind

Wind on your face as you face the ocean.

Wind on your side as you face the ocean.

- © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

Ensure

Marine Creatures

Though of little threat, encounters with marine creatures can ultimately be an inevitable consequence of SUP participation in an ocean environment. Depending on your geographical proximity, these may include sharks, rockfish, weaver fish, jellyfish, sea snakes, sea lice and seals.

1.Seasons may result in differing marine life in the same areas.

2.Avoid known areas, where dangerous marine creatures are present

3.In all other circumstances exercise a high state of alert.

Dangers from Other People and Watercraft

Be aware of other water users (swimmers, bathers) and of other water-craft. Ensure you are aware of what is going on around you ensuring a 360˚ scan of the area. This must be taught to students.

When falling, your safe distance from others is the length of your leash (9' or so) plus board length (10-12' average) plus your own body height (6') which dictates you need leave a very wide area of some 30' to ensure no collisions will result. Realistically when working in tight groups, this is impractical, but it reinforces the need to pass on the importance of learning how to fall and retrieve in a skilled manner.

Pollution

Polluted waters and beaches occasional occur due to spillages and storms.

1.Oil can dirty the board and make paddle and deck surface slippery.

2.Falling into polluted waters can be detrimental to health and create health issues some time after the event.

3. Weed can tangle fins and slow progress while flotsam and jetsam need be avoided wherever possible.

4. Check daily for pollution as part of dynamic risk assessment.

you are absolutely aware of the potential for problems arising from the presence of offshore winds and how wind strength directly correlates to the levels of physicality required to return to shore.

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 35

Waves

While operating in exposed coastal waters a great deal of consideration needs to be applied to how much swell there is and whether it will affect your chosen route and in leaving and returning to the beach.Through an in-depth risk assessment and Normal Operating Procedure (NOP) you will need to establish what kind of conditions are appropriate for certain locations.

Parts of the wave

The front side of the wave is referred to as the wave face, which can be measured from its trough (the bottom of the wave) to its lip (the top, crest or peak) in estimating its wave height. The impact zone is the point at which the wave implodes, which inevitably results in foam being created.

How are waves formed?

Waves are formed by the wind blowing across the surface of the ocean.

The size and power of waves are determined by three factors:

Velocity (Intensity of the wind)

Length of time it blows

Fetch (Distance blown over water)

When wind blows over a short distance it produces ‘chop’. As the distance increases waves become larger, eventually becoming swell.

Shore Break

In respect of learning, there will be occasions when a shore break is present and you will need to instruct your students in the skills required to ensure safe passage.

- © Steve West, Batini

www.waterskillsacademy.com

1.The term shore-break refers to a wave which breaks onto the beach or just before reaching its edge.

2.These waves can be wind generated or residual waves generated from distant storms or sometimes on account of passing water traffic.

3.Regardless, the shore break wave needs to be treated with respect.

Plunging or Dumping Shore Break

A plunging wave or ‘dumper’ is a wave, which throws its peak over itself, imploding on the beach below it. This can form part of a beach break and needs be avoided or approached with caution, both leaving and returning.

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 37

Tides

The state of the tide and its height can have a considerable affect on how we deliver our sessions. Certain locations that have an adequate amount of water on a high tide can turn, reveal areas of exposed rock and sand as the tide drops.

Tides exist due to gravitational pull of the moon and sun, producing high and low waters, subject to a 6 hour flow time either way. However narrow harbour areas may take as much as 7hrs to fill and only 5hrs to ebb. This tidal flow is strongest in the 3rd and 4th hours, the strength of flow determined by the moons proximity.

Some areas of the world are subject to very large tidal ranges, leading to many metres of variance (11m plus) and strong tidal flow, while areas such as the Mediterranean have marginal tidal range as do equatorial regions.

Tidal effect is due to the sun and the moon moving around the earth. Their greatest effect is on a spring tide; the least is on a neap tide. Generally the seas reach their highest and lowest levels on the shore twice a day with an average interval between two successive tides of 12 hours and 25 minutes.

In the image above we see the moon positioned either side of us in relation to the sun, hence less gravitational pull and the presence of Neap tides on our shores.

In this image we see the sun, moon and earth in directly alignment causing Spring tides to occur.

1.The rate of flow can present serious safety issues. Spring (King) tides in particular can cause the greatest concern.

2.A thorough understanding of the relationship between the tides and how you operate at your location is vital prior to conducting sessions.

3. SUP boards are affected by tidal flow and can place extra physical demand on the paddler.

4.Variance in high and low waters can leave you stranded.

5.Local knowledge of tides is essential and can be gained by seeking a local tide chart and / or speaking with experienced locals.

The alignment of the sun, moon and earth dictates whether the tides are Neap or Spring.The moon orbits the earth in monthly cycles.The moons position effects the amount of gravitational pull on the earths oceans and seas.

Communication

As an instructor you should be aware of what recourses are available in the case of an emergency. The emergency services are only available if there are means to contact them in the first place. This will form an important part of your emergency procedure process.

1.The WSA advises all instructors to ensure either a mobile phone or VHF radio is carried at all times.

2.These devices should be checked prior to any session and be well maintained.

3.Anyone using a VHF radio should gain a short-range operators certificate.

4.VHF radios are designed to be water resistant and tolerate a degree of exposure to the outdoor environment. This is why they are the device of choice for coastal emergency services.

When calling emergency services consider the following;

P – Position Where are you?

It is vital that you are as specific when directing the emergency services to you.

P – Person Who is involved?

Are their multiple casualties?

What age and gender is the casualty?

P – Problem Is the casualty breathing normally?

Have any injuries been sustained?

Try to give as much relevant information as possible.

You could be operating in an area which may be covered by a lifeguard patrol or under a local authorities jurisdiction. The WSA encourages a good working relationship with these people. If you are intending to paddle from one beach to another then ensure local lifeguards are aware of your intended route and estimated duration of the session.

Rules and regulations

It is important to be aware of any local rules and regulations that apply in your operating area. Inland waterways and working ports have numerous rules and laws that you must make yourself aware of. Instructors must identify relevant channels, working areas and port boundaries prior to entering the water or conducting sessions.Your risk assessment and Local Operating Procedure (LOP) should outline these areas in detail. Not respecting or adhering to these rules could prove fatal.

An isolated danger mark as defined by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, is a sea mark used in maritime pilotage to indicate a hazard to shipping such as a partially submerged rock.

A Safe Water Mark, as defined by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, is a sea mark used in maritime pilotage to indicate the end of a channel. It usually implies that open, deep and safe water lies ahead, though it is sometimes also used to indicate the start and end of a buoyed section of a continuous narrow channel, or a line of these marks can be used to mark a

safe route through shallow areas.

A lateral buoy, lateral post or lateral mark, as defined by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, is a sea mark used in maritime pilotage to indicate the edge of s channel. Each mark indicates the edge of the safe water channel in terms of port (left-hand) or starboard (right-hand).

Emergency wreck marking buoy can be used to mark a newly discovered hazard not yet shown in nautical documents.

A Special Mark, as defined by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, is a sea mark used in maritime pilotage. It is recognisable by its yellow colour and X, (often referred to as a St. Andrews Cross) top-mark. It has a distinctive sequence of various flashes that does not match any other navigational mark flashes in its vicinity.

Cardinal Marks

A cardinal mark is used in maritime pilotage to indicate the position of a hazard and the direction of safe water.

Cardinal marks indicate the direction of safety of which to navigate. For example; a north Cardinal mark would indicate you should keep to the north to avoid danger.

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

Signalling

It is vital for the instructor to have a series of simple, easily understood visual signals in order to communicate with their students. Use a whistle to attract attention in noisy environments or if you can, whistle yourself. Refrain from shouting where possible.

Go this way

Return to shore

Both arms up and pointing to the area you wish students to return.

Important note

There is no left or right as such, as students may be ahead or behind you, therefore the signal simply means 'Go this way'

Go this way, avoid underwater obstruction

44 - © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

Return to me Stop

Stop and go to knees

Return to me (Alternate)

Student in need of assistance.

Kneeling and saluting from the head in sharp movements (not waving)

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 45

Self, Team, Victim (STV)

This acronym is used is emergency service training especially in and around water. We can apply this in a rescue scenario to ensure a structure is followed and the prevent the situation worsening. Using S.T.V. will give you the coach time to take a breath, stop and think before our natural urge to get involved immediately.

Self

Whilst we may be concentrating on others we must turn focus to ourselves as the coach and ensure that we are not in danger, injured and ready to take appropriate action.

Team

In this instance, our group. Are our group that are in our care safe? We may need to move them to a different area, ensure they are together or even be dispatched to get help?

Victim

Once our group is safe or not in a situation to worsen then we must address the rescue of the person difficulty.

This may all seem to make sense however in the heat of the moment or faced with any scenario that requires us to act to preserve or save life, S.T.V can help us. Equipment, is at the bottom of our list to be saved. However if possible and safe to do so, will be the final important piece in the jigsaw and possibly important if any investigation required.

The Rescue

In a rescue situation it is necessary to remember that the safety of the rescuer must remain the priority. All rescues require a calm and resourceful approach. Unfortunately rescues do not seem to follow the textbook and incidents often require quick thinking.

What must be remembered is that lessons and training sessions often operate in scenic locations that attract other water users. There are occasions when surf instructors on beaches have been involved in incidents due to it being out of lifeguard hours or out of season where there is no lifeguard cover. As Stand Up Paddle instructors you may come across situations that require emergency intervention that are not part of your group.

Instructors have a duty of care to their students. Only become involved in an external rescue situation if the safety of your group can be guaranteed. Sometimes the most appropriate course of action is to call the emergency services and maintain visual contact of the casualty(s).

Drowning

“Drowning is the process of experiencing respiratory arrest from submersion/immersion in a liquid medium, thus preventing the victim breathing

The victim may live or die after this process, but whatever the outcome, they’ve been involved in a drowning incident. At the most fundamental level, fatal drowning is death from asphyxia.

For a drowning to occur in a structured lesson there would have to be numerous operational failings. As instructors we aim to prevent any incident occurring however as we are working in and around water it is important to examine drowning, what it is and the process that takes place.

air.”

A Drowning Event

A person can be said to have experienced a 'drowning event' if any of the three phases have been reached. Recovery from such an event can lead to symptoms including coughing, shortness of breath, vomiting and delayed respiratory infections or psychological responses. A feeling of 'wellness' may not be implicit the person has fully recovered and side affects may manifest up to 72 hours and therefore the individual should seek medical / hospital review.

The drowning process

1.Immersion

Implies that at least the airway and face are under water, though the rest of the body may be floating.

2.Submersion

Requires that the whole body be below the surface of the water.

3.Aspiration

The process of solids or fluids entering the lungs.

Three distinct stages of drowning

1.Distress

This is where a person has difficulty in getting to safety but has enough skill or buoyancy to remain afloat. They can wave or call for help. People may often be unaware of their situation or unwilling to call for the assistance of an instructor. Getting into difficulty can create feelings of embarrassment. It is key to intervene and take control at this early stage.

2.Panic

This follows on from distress as the casualty loses strength. Panics can occur on sudden water entry or depth increase. This is the classic ‘climbing ladder’ stage.

3.Submersion

Once submersion occurs it is very difficult to locate the casualty due to visibility and currents.

If a student appears to be a weak a swimmer or lacks sufficient water confidence by any of these behaviours / signs, remove them from the lesson immediately.

© Steve West, Batini Books

A

Flailing of the arms simultaneously in an attempt to keep the head above water. This condition demands immediate response. Waving for help is relatively uncommon because a distressed swimmer concentrates on using arms to stay afloat.

A stroke that barely clears the water with the head very low to the water, with no visible kick, is evidence that the individual is a very poor swimmer. Good swimmers usually have chin well clear of the water. Close attention should be given to this person.

'climbing the ladder' motion with the head tilted back is a person in need of immediate help.

50 - © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

Waves breaking over the head. Competent surf swimmers usually duck under waves. Watch this person closely. Bobbing up and down with water over the head with an obvious attempt to get air. Take immediate action.

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 51

Sudden Drowning Syndrome

Associated with existing injuries or illness, which may lead to drowning in the absence of distress or panic behaviour such as associated with a cardiac arrest, spinal injury, epilepsy, intoxication, drug use and other illnesses.

Rescuing with no equipment

As Stand Up Paddle instructors we should strive to remain in contact with our board at all times. Our board is our means of transport, an observation post and a vital piece of rescue equipment.

1.There may be some rescue situations where a casualty is in a confined space or close to rocks where it is not possible or safe to use a board to perform a rescue.

2.Attempting to rescue a casualty in the water with no equipment is a concern as it is possible for the casualty (often in a state of panic) to use the rescuer as means of remaining afloat.

3. Where possible it is encouraged to attempt to establish verbal contact with the casualty and direct them to a point of safety.

4. If a throw bag is available then it should be deployed and if that fails, attempt to reach the casualty with a paddle.

5. If you feel there is no other option and it is safe to do so then enter the water. Before you enter the water ensure someone knows what you are doing where possible.

6. On approach to the casualty establish ‘Casualty Contact’.

7. As a rescuer you need the casualty to remain calm.

8.Do not approach the casualty until you feel it is safe to do so.

9.Upon arriving to any casualty in the water it is important to establish whether that person is alone.

It must be made clear that attempting a rescue with no equipment can be highly dangerous and only considered as a last resort.

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10.Once in contact with the casualty you may have to use simple evasion techniques often referred to as ‘releases’ to avoid being pulled under the water yourself.

Front Release

People that are drowning do not want to go underwater as this is likely to prove fatal. As a rescuer you can avoid being pulled under by a casualty simply by choosing to go underwater yourself and swimming away. You may have to use your hands to push away from the casualty once underwater. When you surface firmly instruct the casualty to remain calm or you will be unable to help them.

Reassure the casualty

Hold their arms upward. Push off from their chest with your feet.

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 -53

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

Rear Release

This is very much the same as the front release but this time the casualty is behind the rescuer. Again, submerge yourself and use your hands to push the casualty away from you. Swim away to a safer location and attempt to establish good, calm verbal communication.

Tows

Hold their arms upward. Sink and roll to break free.

Once you have control of the casualty it is necessary to signal for assistance. Shout and wave for help. Although you have the casualty at this point you are still without equipment and the rescue remains high risk.

There are simple yet effective methods for towing a casualty without rescue equipment. There are a variety of reasons as to why and when one should use certain tows. Real life situations have shown us that you often do what works best. These techniques are designed to give the rescuer options.

Extended arm tow

This tow is suitable for a conscious casualty. Instruct the casualty to reach out with their arm. Hold their wrist and side stroke while encouraging the casualty to kick their feet.

Chin tows

This tow is suitable for unconscious casualties with suitable buoyancy or exhausted conscious casualties that are struggling to keep their airway out of the water. You can either swim with an extended arm or for more casualty control rest the casualties head on your shoulder.

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 55

Cross chest tow

Suitable for unconscious casualties. Lifeguards on beaches use this tow when bringing a person back through the surf as it maintains control of the casualty, especially when they are a dead weight.

Post rescue care

People react in different ways after being rescued. Casualties can appear embarrassed, thankful, distressed or relieved. Once we have got someone to a point of safety whether it be back on their board or to a pontoon it is necessary to ask a number of questions to establish if further medical attention is needed.

1.Are you sure you were alone?

Casualties in a state of panic may not hear you correctly in the water when you ask them if they are alone or not. Once back to a point of safety it is important to confirm this.

2.Did you inhale or swallow any water?

If the casualty has aspirated water they can develop a condition commonly referred to as ‘Secondary drowning’. A tablespoon of water can be highly toxic to the lungs and can seriously affect the casualty, even prove fatal up to 72 hours after a drowning event has occurred. Symptoms may include respiratory distress, coughing, vomiting and delayed levels of response.

3.Did you receive a blow to the head?

Post rescue care is about trying to establish how and why the casualty ended up in the water or whether they have sustained any injuries that require further medical care.

© Steve West,

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 57

4.Did you lose consciousness at any point?

Any person that has lost consciousness and ended up in the water or lost consciousness while in the water must be assessed by a healthcare professional.

5.Are you on any drugs or medication?

This may be prescribed medication or recreational drugs. Once again, here we are attempting to put together any information that may explain how the incident occurred.

SUP Board Rescue

A SUP board of adequate volume and dimension provides a platform that can be used to rescue a person from the water in the same way as a lifeguard rescue board. It must be made clear that SUP boards are considerably wider and noticeably more difficult to handle in a rescue situation when compared to the traditional lifeguard rescue board. Through trials and testing, WSA have identified that a narrower SUP board with side straps provides a functional and practical rescue craft.

The use of a board in a rescue situation provides:

1. A swift and reliable method of reaching the casualty from an elevated position above the water which allows the rescuer to maintain visual contact of the casualty.

2. A solid and reassuring platform for the casualty.

3. A reliable means of transport back to safety.

Conscious casualty self-rescue using their own a board

When rescuing a casualty who is visibly conscious, alert and clear of danger it is important to remain calm and reassure the casualty. Although there may not be any danger present the casualty could become increasingly panicked.

1. Ensure that your group is safe prior to approaching the casualty.

2. Establish casualty contact on your approach and assess the situation for dangers.

3. When near, drop to your knees and bring the board alongside casualty.

It may be appropriate to allow your casualty to have a moments rest and reassurance prior to asking them to re-board.

4. Instruct the casualty to lay on the board face down;

(i)placing paddle under their chest and paddle 'prone' using their arms or, depending on the paddlers 'state'

(ii)you can tow them back to shore

Board rescue of a conscious casualty using their board and towing

Individuals that are not used to Stand Up Paddling can become fatigued. A light breeze is enough to challenge a person’s ability to control the board when paddling against the wind. It may be necessary to tow a student and there are a couple of different methods out there to carry out this technique.

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 -

1. Ensure that the rest of your group is safe. This may mean gathering your group in a location or asking them to remain stationary.

2. Establish casualty contact on your approach and assess the situation for dangers.

3. When near, drop to your knees, remove your leash and fasten it tightly around the handle of the casualties paddle. Ensure the blade of the paddle is placed under the casualties chest with the shaft angled upwards.

4.Once the casualty is comfortable and holding firmly onto the paddle in the prone position you can start to paddle yourself either on your knees or in the prone position. Alternatively you can ask them to hold onto your leash and have their paddle secured under their chest.

If the casualty is injured or unwell then it may not be appropriate to ask them to hold onto a paddle or a leash while being towed. In this situation you may have to discard their board and paddle and secure them onto your board. Their board and paddle can be picked up by another instructor or left to be retrieved later.

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If you are going to leave any equipment in the water it is crucial that you notify lifeguards or the coastguard to avoid search and rescue teams being deployed. Members of the public that observe floating objects in the water are likely to make an emergency call. Board rescue of a conscious casualty using their board

It may be appropriate to have the student mount the instructors board as the best and soundest method of assistance.

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 61

Here you can see the importance of the instructors board being of adequate length and volume in order to carry out a board rescue. In addition, handles are essential for the casualty to make easy contact with the board and to assist in pulling themselves aboard. This board is an iSUP (inflatable) which minimises any impact injury issues when boarding, is more comfortable to lie on and is 12'6" in length. For two adults to share a board in a rescue situation this approximates an appropriate length (Failure to use an appropriate board, failure to carry out an appropriate rescue, can lead to serious consequences).

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 63

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

Board rescue of an unconscious casualty

Being faced with a person floating face down in the water is every instructor’s worst nightmare. This situation requires swift and methodical action. Human beings require oxygen to survive and therefore the primary concern of a rescuer is to get the casualties airway clear of the water.

The following technique has been designed to help a lone rescuer retrieve an unconscious, exhausted or injured casualty from the water. Different boards and body sizes can make this type of rescue very challenging.

It is key that in an incident like this you ensure help is on the way in the form of lifeguards, other instructors or a lifeboat.

- © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 65

Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

1.Ensure that the remaining members of the group are safe.

2.Even if the casualty is lying face down in the water it is important to shout and reassure the casualty that help is on the way. Medical studies suggest that hearing is the last sense to go before death. If a drowning victim hears the voice of a rescuer coming to their assistance it may be difference between them giving up or fighting on for another few seconds.

3.Once you are close to the casualty and it is obvious that they are unconscious in the water you should discard your paddle, remove your leash, and approach the casualty with speed, this will help you scoop them from the water. Once along side them, with your arms, reach under their armpits and break the casualties face free from the water.

4.Assess the casualty for ‘Signs of life’ and check whether they appear to be breathing. If the casualty is not breathing then administer five rescue breaths to the nose while keeping their mouth shut. We refer to this technique as Expired Air Ventilation (EAV).

5.At this point you must ensure you shout and signal for assistance. Roll the casualty towards the nose of your board. The casualty should be on the upper third of the board with the rail opposite to you underneath their armpit.

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6.Make sure you keep one hand on the casualty so you don't lose them. Get your bodyweight over the top of the board and use your knee you dig the rail closest to you. Pull the outside rail towards you so that the board rolls and ends up with the fin(s) facing upwards. Make sure casualty is pushed back into the same position with their armpits on the outside rail. Repeat the roll.

7.The casualty is now lying on the board and at this stage you can get onto the board and position them correctly. You will have to remove their leash if you haven’t already done this. Signal for assistance and attempt to get help on the way. Choose a suitable location to land the casualty.

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It must be stated that this technique is extremely difficult. An unconscious person is very heavy and awkward to handle. Getting someone that is unconscious into a boat, onto a board and swimming with them is one of the hardest things a lifesaver will experience. The help of another person(s) will make the handling of an incident like this much easier and efficient.

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Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

Landing the Casualty

Once you have reached a safe location to land the casualty you need to decide whether or not they need to be moved again. If you are on a pontoon or at the bottom of a slipway it may be suitable to begin the primary survey and commence CPR if necessary.

You may be on rocks or the tide may be coming in making it necessary to move the casualty to a safe location where treatment can be safely administered. Remember that a defibrillator may be used in CPR and therefore it is important to have the casualty clear of the water.

It is better to take a bit more time initially moving a casualty to a suitable location than interrupt lifesaving treatment once it has started.

One man drag

If you are alone then you can drag the casualty using the following technique.

1. Roll the casualty off the board into a sitting position making sure their head is supported. Signal for assistance and assess the casualties breathing and whether they are displaying any ‘signs of life’. If breathing is absent then administer 5 more rescue breaths to the nose while keeping the mouth shut.

2. Position yourself behind the casualty. With one hand support the airway using a ‘V’ grip and secure one of the patient’s hands to their body.

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3. Bending your knees and not your back, lift the casualty and allow them to fall into your body. You can then walk backwards while dragging the casualties legs.

Please note that if there is help available you must be sure to ask. The one man drag is a difficult technique to apply and can cause injury.

Two person lift

1. Roll the casualty off the board into a sitting position making sure their head is supported. Signal for assistance and assess the casualties breathing and whether they are displaying any ‘signs of life’. If breathing is absent then administer 5 more rescue breaths to the nose while keeping the mouth shut.

2. If help arrives instruct them to scoop the patients legs up with their arms while you position yourself behind the casualty. With one hand support the airway with a ‘V’ grip, secure one of the patients hands to their body.

3. Give the command ‘Ready, brace, lift’ and stand up. From here you can move the casualty to an appropriate location and commence First Aid / CPR. Remember that lifting can be dangerous. Be sure to use clear commands and follow manual handling guidelines such as bending your knees and not your back.

Spinal Extraction

Spinal injuries tend to be associated with high impact sports however while Stand Up Paddling you may come into contact with people that have fallen into shallow water hitting their head, fallen down steps, slipways etc while entering or exiting the water or been involved in a collision with a boat.

What we have learnt over the years is that you cannot rule anything out so we must therefore be prepared. We must suspect a spinal injury in any person who has;

1.Sustained a significant blow to the head

2.Significant signs of facial / head injuries

3.Fallen from height

4.Discovered unconscious in the water

5.Fallen and landed awkwardly and complaining of back or neck pain.

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Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

6.Your priority with any suspected spinal injury is Manual in Line Stabilisation (MILS) of the neck. Do not move a casualty with a suspected spinal injury unless;

7.The casualty is not breathing normally

8.The casualty is in danger

9.The casualty is face down in water

It is not uncommon for a person who has suffered a spinal injury to walk or stagger from the water and then collapse on the beach. Lifeguards are often presented with this situation after a collision in the water or a surfer hitting the bottom head first.

Face Down

If you come across someone who is lying face down in the water and you suspect a spinal injury you can assume that they are either unconscious or conscious and unable to move due to the injury they have sustained.

1. Initially your concern is removing the casualties face from the water. Attempt to get assistance verbally and with hand signals as you approach the casualty. Use the ‘bear hug’ technique as shown in the

72 - © Steve West, Batini Books 2014

picture. If necessary use your knee to support the casualty. Try to avoid blocking the ears and maintain the head and neck in the neutral position.

2. If help is available they must now check for breathing and signs of life. If the casualty is not breathing or appears not to be breathing then your priority is to get the casualty from the water without delay and commence CPR. The two person lift can be used. This means turning the patient over first. Preservation of life is the priority, spinal injury is secondary to life.

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3. If the casualty is conscious and breathing then time and care can be taken to ensure MILS is maintained. At this point the help of lifeguards and other emergency services is required as they are fully trained in extracting casualties from the water. If this is not possible then it is necessary to recruit the help of other people.

4. Roll the casualty over while maintaining support of the head. Once turned support the casualty in the water while maintaining neutral alignment. With clear commands from the person on the head the

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Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

casualty must be angled slightly to allow a board to be placed underneath them. Use the command ‘Ready, brace…’

5. With minimal movement of the patients body aim to position them with their head close to the nose of the board to allow the person controlling the head to maintain control.

6. Use the command ‘Ready, brace, walk’ to then move the casualty to a suitable location and lower them down. If the patients airway is clear and they are breathing normally we can leave on their back. Reassure them and monitor their breathing, keep the casualty warm with blankets if necessary and make sure the emergency services are on the way, Moving a casualty with a spinal injury is the last resort and where possible WSA advises that you have the assistance and direction of the emergency services and healthcare professionals. If the patient is breathing normally and in no danger then leave them where they are until help arrives and continually monitor.

Safety Laws and legal considerations

Laws in differing parts of the world will affect the way you plan and deliver SUP lessons and may extend to laws regarding the use of the beach or its access and laws applying to use of the waters. Knowledge of these laws and requirements must be adhered too.

Local Bylaws

"Within its jurisdiction and specific to those areas mandated by the higher body, a municipal by-law is no different than any other law of the land, and can be enforced with penalties, challenged in court and must comply with other laws of the land, such as the country's constitution. Municipal bylaws are often enforceable through the public justice system, and offenders can be charged with a criminal offence for breach of a bylaw. Common bylaws include vehicle parking and stopping regulations, animal control, building and construction, licensing, noise, zoning and business regulation, and management of public recreation areas."

Marine Rules

"The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (Colregs) are published by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), and set out, among other things, the "rules of the road" or navigation rules to be followed by

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ships and other vessels at sea to prevent collisions between two or more vessels."

Health and Safety

These rules, laws and expectations are designed to reduce injuries in the workplace and these must be enforced by both the employer and employee and disclosed at the start of all lessons to your customers.

Employers should provide

Provision of a safe environment in which to work and the necessary equipment, training required for operational safety.

Employees and customers

Adhere to the operational rules applying to the work area, which will extend to clothing requirements, avoidance of any high risk areas be they natural or manmade and behaviour befitting safe conduct and ensuring at all times, that practice is adhered too.

Duty of care

These laws not unexpectedly, relate directly to Health and Safety requirements however they go further in stating that everything which is ‘able’ to be done to protect the health and safety of others at the workplace must be recognised and implemented. Your SUP customers are 'in your care' as are your concerns regarding anyone who may come into contact with them, such as other water users.

Indemnity waiver forms

A release of liability, sports waiver or assumption of risk form, can be created to be signed by your student prior to participation, which is in short a contractual agreement that you will do all you can to keep them safe and in turn they act within the limits of your guidance. Though this may include a statement along the lines of, they will not sue for injuries incurred, the fact remains, any failure on your part to provide adequate due care or instruction may find you negligent. Some claims over a certain value prevents you from avoiding liability.

Incident Reports

An incident report, simply details the nature of any significant event relating to injury (however small) or even near misses. By documenting such 'incidents' you can build up a record of any pattern of injuries or near misses. You can detail the actions you took, the date, the conditions and circumstances, names of the individuals involved. This documentation may help in the case of insurance claims or future issues that may arise.

Incident report forms are a usual requirement for the workplace. At the very least you should be reporting such incidents within your log book or diary. Where the 'law' is concerning you may need to furnish such information, so it is always best to document the information as soon as possible.

Emergency response procedures

Very simply, this relates to your ability to respond to an emergency situation in a number of circumstances both on-shore or when on the water. Naturally this implies there is some medical emergency or a situation which must be dealt with urgently to prevent any escalation of the scenario.

The identification of areas of risk is essential, but this must be balanced with the 'Risk Benefits' to avoid an overly negative portrayal of what can and should be a safe experience.

The ability to respond to an emergency will depend on several factors, most notably your ability to act calmly, processing the information to hand and responding appropriately and having thought

1.An ability to recognise the situation in the first instance

2.An ability to respond quickly and calmly

3. Have a procedure in place to ensure the safety of others in your care

4.Have the ability to act as a first responder (first aid)

5. Having a means of communication (VHF / Mobile Phone)

6.Knowing the location of the nearest medical facility

7.Having a first kit available

8.Knowing if a student has a higher level of medical knowledge

9. Local knowledge of the environment (exit points, roads, beach access)

10.Having practiced the drill for an emergency.

In addition, you must have emergency numbers pre-programmed in your phone, VHF channels to the Coastguard should be known by you. You should know where there are additional phones if required (shore-based), vehicle access (spare key so as it can be entered), use the assistance of other students to raise the alarm, seek help, ensuring their safety and your own at all times.

Dynamic risk assessment

A dynamic risk assessment is a continuous process of identifying risks and hazards, assessing and coming up with a way to reduce or eliminate such risk or hazard. It operates at a systematic, strategic and dynamic level and involves the concept of a safe person.

Significantly it is concerned around risks and hazards which are changeable, relate to the natural environment, to weather and water conditions and those obstacles and alterations to the environment which may be man-made. It can extend to the assessment of the individual ever changing variance of customers with whom you must deal with everyday.

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through a number of emergency scenarios prior, in relation to the areas in which you will be working, both on and off water. The success of your emergency response is often dependant upon having the following:

A dynamic risk assessment is in effect a daily check-list associated with checking risks and hazards which are to a greater or lesser degree out of your control, but you can take steps in advance to ensure that the potential negative consequences are avoided.

Risk management

"Risk management is the identification, assessment and prioritisation of risks followed by coordinated of resources to minimise, monitor, and control the probability and / or impact of unfortunate events'

Risk management can be applied to any

Notable Hazards but not limited to . . .

1.The elements you encounter

Water, wind, heat, cold, sun, lightening, hail, dust storms . . .

2.The natural world you may encounter (marine life)

Jelly fish, stonefish, weaver fish, sting-rays, sharks, whales, seals, dolphins, school fish, porpoise . . .

3.The equipment used

Board, paddle, leash, PFD, VHF radio, mobile phone ....

4.The people you instruct (characteristics)

Ability, age, attitude, mobility, medical issues, fitness levels, swimming ability, vision, hearing loss, language, gender differences, cultural differences, falling from the board, collisions, attention span . . .

5.Instructors methods and abilities

Attitude, demonstration skills, group management skills, personality . . .

amount of situations, but for the instructor, it is largely about identifying the risks (the degree of potential that something may go wrong) associated with the process of teaching and the factors which present as hazards (the 'thing' that could cause harm).

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6.Man made obstacles and dangers

Bridges, wharfs, markers, buoys, under-water obstructions, pollution, moored vessels . . .

7.Other peoples activities

Kayakers, boaters, ferries, ships, jet skis, sun-bathers, dog walkers . . .

© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 81

- © Steve West, Batini

Quick Tip: Falling either side of obstruction where there is current. Your leash can become entangled if you travel one side, your board the other. Your best option may be to remove your leash at the leg in order to untangle. A 'Quick Release' leash is essential. Many schools buy cheap leashes. Invest in quality, knee-cuff leashes + quick release.

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Use of inflatable boards

The popularity of inflatable boards as platforms for teaching and subsequent ownership has caught everyone by surprise, to the extent they are more prevalent than hardboards. Inflatable (iSUP) boards, have their own set of peculiarities in so far as maintenance and tolerances are concerned. The biggest mistake is to assume these boards can be abused without consequence. They should be treated with as much respect as any laminated board and in many ways, require higher levels of maintenance, including;

1. Checking for punctures

2. Valve failure

3. Leaks

4. Seam delamination

5. Board twist

6. Optimum inflation levels within plus or minus tolerances.

Everyday school use close to shore and close to rescue facilities is one level of engagement and use of these boards. Longer coastal or inland trips or ventures offshore, require another level of caution as any form of major failure will require considerable resourcefulness on the part of the leader / coach.

iSUP repair on the move

The increased use of inflatable boards for all disciplines of SUP cannot go without notice. Whilst we recognise their strengths of being light weight, easy to handle, great for storage and of course sometimes promoted incorrectly as 'indestructible', the fact is, they are all prone to puncture and even valve failure.

As individuals or acting as a coach, we may not have the luxury of paddling to shore and getting another board. We must therefore be prepared to act and have the knowledge to ensure either evacuation, ability to continue without one board or repair. A simple method of repair on the move, keeping it simple can be a lifesaver.

Most reputable iSUP's will include a repair kit and instructions, these may be great for the centre / school repair bay, but may not suit a sandy beach or rocky cove.

Minimum to carry

1.Superglue (large tube).

2.The patch from your iSUP repair kit.

3.Towel (travel towels are great for this).

4.Hand pump

Procedure

1.Deflate the board or ensure no air is leaking at pressure from the area.

2.Dry the area completely and shelter from rain / sand as necessary

3.Add the superglue to the board and then add to the patch.

4.Stick the patch over the whole acting quickly to push out any air.

5.Do not get stuck to the board (medical gloves can help with this).

6.Allow the glue to set.

7.Put all waste back in container and return to your safety sack.

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Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

8.Re inflate the board with the pump you are carrying and go. This should buy you time to finish the journey, session or allow you to move to safety and an exit point. Once back at the safety of your centre or school the board will need to be quarantined and repaired correctly following manufacturers guidelines.

Repair kit, duct tape, plastic filler, sand paper and a small towel can all be easily carried in a dry bag, secured to the board (if it includes deck webbing). Note image below, spare pump is included and a 3 piece paddle as a spare. Instructor should be prepared for all contingencies as best possible.

Loss of air while afloat

Slow loss of air while afloat will generally not be a huge, issue, with plenty of time to return to shore. While the likelihood of catastrophic failure is remote, the question remains, what does this look like and how will you cope? Moreover, the question becomes, what instructional advice can you provide to students.

Currently all iSUP boards are single-chamber inflated, which means any breach of the internal chamber, could result in near total deflation. The most (un)likely failure which could result in sudden and rapid loss of air pressure, is valve failure or high impact into or onto a hard surface. A large enough hole, will cause all of the air to suddenly and violently escape, which may render the board 'flat' almost instaneously.

If it were a simple case of the valve requiring tightening with the valve-spanner supplied with the board, it may be resolved, by tightening and re-inflating while afloat (provided you are equiped) otherwise, what to do?

Even with minimal air pressure, as little as 8psi, the board though creasing under your feet offers a reasonable platform to paddle on.

If needs be, kneeling will assist balance and control until you can reach the shoreline.

© Steve West, Batini

Using the conventional self-rescue method of paddling prone with the blade under the chest may work for a time but it may prove too hard to manage if the board continues to buckle as you will struggle to see over the nose and it will behave like a snow plough as you attempt to paddle using your arms (see below).

At this point, you can see that paddling prone in this manner becomes impractical and the further back you move, the worse it becomes, so you will need to consider an alternative method.

Once the board becomes near impossible to manage because of the folding, you can resort to using the entire length of the paddles shaft to act as a form of stringer to assist keeping the board more stable and rigid.

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Position the paddle the full length of the board, blade face down, then mount the board from the rear as best possible, pulling yourself over the length of the board and paddle. The shaft will act to provide longitudinal stiffness and blade will force the nose downward, bringing greater stability to the board and improving the ability to paddle and control it.

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If you reach the point where you cannot successfully manage the board, folding the board in half will form a crease between two areas of the board, which should help to trap some air in at least the half which does not have the valve or damage. Lie over the board and use arms and feet for propulsion (you may need to ditch the paddle) and detach your leg leash.

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Stand Up Paddle Water Safety and Rescue

If you become cold, or exhausted, this position will provide some relief, where you may need to sit it out until help comes to hand (wave paddle / arms to gain attention if you have no other means - flare / whistle / radio). Below the fin has been removed and below this, rescue comes to hand.

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Towing

It may become necessary to tow boards either to reach a destination or in a recovery / rescue exercise. It's important you practice and prepare for such an eventuality and this is best first thought out on the beach prior to it ever becoming necessary once on the water, given the boards you're using.

One way of towing multiple boards can be achieved through stacking. Some boards have towing points at the nose, but this can result in the board fish-tailing as it is being pulled directly from the front. Using a series of half hitches along the length of the board, creates what is known as a towing-bridle, which pulls the boards together and ensures the pull is not from the front but spread from front to back ensuring better handling. Above, the bottom board has the fin still in place, the other fins have been removed.

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Here we have 4 half hitches along the length of an 11'5" board more or less equally spaced. The knots must be made on the underside of the board and be in the centre line of the board so as the pull will be upward from the bow, so as to lift the nose. If this is reversed, the pull will be downward from the top which can drive the nose under. The pulling action, squeezes the boards together.

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© Steve West, Batini Books 2014 - 97