Journal of alternate energy sources & technologies (vol5, issue1) by STM Journals Publication

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies (JoAEST)

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Jan - April 2014 ISSN: 2321-5186

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Monika Malhotra Assistant Manager Assistant Editors Priyanka Aswal Aditya Sanyal Sona Chahal Himani Garg Himani Pandey

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Dr. Bimlesh Lochab Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance Engineering Centre (ITMMEC) Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India

Dr. Rajiv Prakash School of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

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Prof. Bankim Chandra Ray

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Professor and Head, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India.

Dr. Baldev Raj

Prof.D. N. Rao

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Dr. Hardev Singh Virk Professor Emeritus, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, India.

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Dr. Pankaj Poddar Scientist, Physical & Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee Singh Associate Professor, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.

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Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Head, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering department, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India.

Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India.

Dr. Shankargouda Patil

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan Dhoot

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Head Research & Development, Nurture Earth R&D Pvt Ltd MIT Campus, Beed bypass road, Aurangabad, India.

Prof. Subash Chandra Mishra

Prof. Sundara Ramaprabhu

Professor, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.

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STM Journal Editorial Board Dr. Chetan Singh Solanki

Dr. Tushar Jash

Associate Professor department of Energy science and Engineering IIT Bombay

Assistant Professor School of Energy Studies Jadhavpur University

Dr. A. Jagadeesh

Dr. Apurba Gosh

Director at Nayudamma Centre for Development Alternatives

Associate Professor Department of Environmental Science University of Burdwan West Bengal India.

Editorial Board Dr. Sundara Ramaprabhu Professor, Nurture Earth R&D Pvt. Ltd. MIT Campus, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

Dr. Ramasare Prasad Yadav Indian Institute of Technology Rorkee, India.

Dr. Atul Sharma Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli, U.P., India.

Dr. Arun P Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, NIT Calicut, India.

Dr. Mahendra Lalwani Associate Professor, Pinkcity Engineering College & Research Center, Jaipur, India.

Animesh Dutta University of Guelph, Canada.

Sudhagar Mani University of Georgia, Athens , USA, United States.

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan Dhoot Head Research & Development, Nurture Earth R&D Pvt. Ltd. MIT Campus, Aurangabad, India.

Dr. Raghubir Singh Anand Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.

Dr. P.K. Bhargava Chief Scientist & Scientist Coordinator (Efficiency of Buildings Division) Central Building Research Institute Roorkee.

T Hussain National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Complex, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 5 Issue (1)] of Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies (JoAEST). The intension of JoAEST is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Alternate Energy Sources. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoAEST provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies found to be relevant for National and International recent developments and research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Alternate Energy Sources. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Review findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies

Contents

1. A Preliminary Evaluation of Renewable Energy Technology Financing Options for Nigeria Aminu H. Isa, Abdelnasser Abdallah, Aisha S. Ingawa, Johnson O. Ojosu

2. Achieving Energy Economy and Sustainable Development by Decentralized Energy Planning in Angkuchen Village, Sikkim: A Case Study Amit Kumar Roy, Vaibhav Jaswal, Karan Wadhwa, B. B. Pradhan 6 3. Growth and Characterization of CuInSe2 Nanoparticles for Solar Cell Applications MRA Bhuiyan, MM Alam, MA Momin, MK Rahman, DK Saha

4. Renewable Energy Resource (Biofuel) For Sustainable Future Srijoni Banerjee

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies ISSN: 2321-5186 Volume 5, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

A Preliminary Evaluation of Renewable Energy Technology Financing Options for Nigeria Aminu H. Isa, Abdelnasser Abdallah, Aisha S. Ingawa, Johnson O. Ojosu* Energy Planning and Analysis Department, Energy Commission of Nigeria, Plot 701c, Central Area, P. M. B. 358, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria

Abstract Renewable energy technologies (RETs) ought to play a complementary role to conventional energy technologies as these have the potential to meet up energy needs in rural areas with regards to access, availability and affordability. Despite these potentials, the current challenge is how to finance their deployment and services. Since long-term growth in the market for RETs is going to be determined by social and economic development that is occurring in both the rural and urban areas as well as the ability of these technologies to compete financially with other energy options on a level playing field, there is need to evaluate various options available to finance the deployment of RETs in Nigeria. This paper attempts a preliminary evaluation of the possible options and their implications for sustainable commercial financing of smallscale RE projects in the rural areas of Nigeria. It is divided into five sections. The first section is the introduction which provides background information, next section “Overview of energy and financing needs of rural people” gives the market definition and an overview of energy and financing needs of rural people; this section also reviews energy access, availability and affordability challenges. It also gives an overview of RET financing barriers in Nigeria. The next section gives the possible RETS financing barriers in Nigeria. RET financing options for Nigeria are discussed further in the next section, Conclusion are discussed in the end of paper by stressing the need for an enabling environment for financing RETs.

Keywords: Renewable energy technologies, financing barriers, evaluating financing options, rural areas

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies ISSN: 2321-5186 Volume 5 Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Achieving Energy Economy and Sustainable Development by Decentralized Energy Planning in Angkuchen Village, Sikkim: A Case Study Amit Kumar Roy*, Vaibhav Jaswal, Karan Wadhwa, B. B. Pradhan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Majhitar, East Sikkim-737132, India Abstract Energy is the fuel for the growth of human civilization. But what becomes of utmost importance by current trends is proper management of the energy resources. The commercial energy consumption, in current state of affairs, is about 67% of the total energy consumed in India. This includes coal with the largest share of 57%, followed by oil at 28%, natural gas at 12% and hydro energy at 3%. Non-commercial energy sources consisting of firewood, cow dung and agriculture wastes account for over 30% of the total energy consumption. Here we have a country that is rich with its share of renewable energy resources which still remain unharnessed. If these resources are harnessed judiciously and their allocation is done based on proper surveying and analysis of demography, geography and climatic conditions, a sustainable balance can be achieved between commercial and non-commercial energy sources. This in turn would be helpful in controlling the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s import bill and achieving economic stability in the country, as energy is a key component in the economic instability prevailing in the country. For this paper, the authors surveyed Angkuchen village, Pakyong, East Sikkim, India, and gathered data that helped place in context the current demography and energy trends in the village. Further, a climatic and geographic analysis was carried out. This helped us to place a great deal in the allocation of the available energy resources and optimizing them so as to increase the energy efficiency of the village. The current energy status, choice of energy options, and potential of renewable energy systems for creating sustainable livelihoods and meeting energy economy in this village has been elaborately discussed in the paper. The outline plan at decentralized level was prepared with the objective of providing energy security in villages by meeting total energy needs for cooking, lighting and motive power through various forms of available renewable energy sources.

Keywords: Decentralized energy planning, renewable energy systems, alternative energy technology

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies ISSN: 2321-5186 Volume 5, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Growth and Characterization of CuInSe2 Nanoparticles for Solar Cell Applications MRA Bhuiyan1*, MM Alam1, MA Momin1, MK Rahman1, DK Saha2 1

Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Centre, GPO Box 164, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Abstract This paper investigates the possibility of growing copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) nanoparticles by solution method for solar cell applications. The purpose is to study the reaction, growth mechanism and to optimize the parameters of this method. Upon successful synthesizing the samples, they were characterized using various techniques. EDAX, SEM, PIXE, XRD together with the measured optical parameters obtained from UV-VIS absorption testing were analyzed. They show reasonably identical values that ascertain the compositional uniformity of the sample. The sample is mainly composed of a large amount of nanoparticles with irregular shapes that were easily aggregated together. All elements of Cu, In and Se are present. The XRD result indicates a mixture of CuInSe2 in the product. The UV-VIS absorption spectrum shows an absorption peak centered at approximately 440 nm. Analyzing the results of various types of characterizations, it has been assessed that CuInSe2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized.

Keywords: CuInSe2 nanoparticle, compositional uniformity, structural parameter, optical parameter

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies ISSN: 2321-5186 Volume 5, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Renewable Energy Resource (Biofuel) For Sustainable Future Srijoni Banerjee* Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Abstract The equal distribution of resources should be for all, irrespective of rich or poor. There must be a balance between the need and consumption. The developed countries are utilizing more resources as compared to developing countries. This imbalance is responsible for rich becoming richer and poor becoming poorer. This is due to sharp increase in population in developing countries. To achieve a sustainable life style, there should be equal distribution of global resources and income to meet everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s need. This paper is a review article based on sustainable development scenario. This article also indicates the depletion of non-renewable energy resource level and its adverse impacts on the environment. But biofuel is a good example of renewable energy resource, an example of sustainability and biofuel can be generated from waste plastic, municipal solid waste, biomass, cellulosic material, etc.

Keywords: Sustainable development, sustainability, renewable energy resource, biofuel

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