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I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 5 Issue (3)] of Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. The intension of JoEAM is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoEAM provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Experimental & Applied Mechanics found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

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Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics

Contents

1. On Triply-Diffusive Convection in Completely Confined Fluids Hari Mohan, Sada Ram

2. A Numerical Study on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Electromagnetic Air Compressor used in Household Refrigerators Soutrik Bose, Suvanjan Bhattacharyya

3. Statistical Study of Turbulence Near Piano Key Weir: A Review Harinarayan Tiwari, Nayan Sharma

4. Analysis of Mechanical Properties of EN 24 Steel After Austempering and Martempering Tridib Kumar Mahata

Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics ISSN: 2230-9845 (online), ISSN: 2321-516X (print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

On Triply-Diffusive Convection in Completely Confined Fluids Hari Mohan*, Sada Ram Department of Mathematics, ICDEOL, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, India Abstract The present paper derives some energy relationships and limitations for the growth rate of a disturbance in the problems of triply-diffusive convection of Veronis type configurations for fluids completely confined in an arbitrary region in the three dimensional Euclidean space R 3 .

Keywords: Triply-diffusive convection, Rayleigh numbers, Prandtl numbers, Lewis numbers

Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics ISSN: 2230-9845 (online), ISSN: 2321-516X (print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

A Numerical Study on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Electromagnetic Air Compressor used in Household Refrigerators Soutrik Bose*, Suvanjan Bhattacharyya Department of Mechanical Engineering, MCKV Institute of Engineering, Liluah, Howrah, West Bengal, India Abstract With the development of high-strength magnetic material, moving magnet linear compressors have been gradually introduced in the fields of refrigeration and cryogenic engineering, especially in Stirling. This paper presents computational investigations on the static and dynamic characteristics of a moving magnet. Equivalent magnetic circuits and finite element approaches have been used to model the moving magnet linear motor. In this paper an electromagnetic air compressor is used, where the piston which is a permanent magnet makes a suction stroke by the use of two electro magnets which is positioned at both inner and outer dead centers, and sucks air into the cylinder which is made by non-ferromagnetic material. The variation of force verses piston displacement and the Von Mises stress verses piston displacement is reported and results obtained. Finally, the method to identify optimal points of the linear compressor has been described, which is indispensable to the design and operation of moving magnet linear compressors.

Keywords: Computational mechanics, refrigerator, Von-Mises, piston displacement

Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics ISSN: 2230-9845 (online), ISSN: 2321-516X (print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Statistical Study of Turbulence Near Piano Key Weir: A Review Harinarayan Tiwari*, Nayan Sharma Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, India Abstract Piano Key Weirs are more efficient than the traditional Labyrinth weir and Piano Key Weirs can be an interesting solution for increasing the active storage of reservoir or for improving the safety of dam during extreme flood. This technology helps to reduce the reservoir sedimentation. It will also help in minimizing the sub-mergence effect. Flushing is vital for the preservation of long-term storage in reservoirs. However, downstream impacts such as turbidity act as a constraint in the planning and operation of sediment flushing. Physics especially about turbulence phenomena will be helpful to decide the design criteria. Turbulent mixing is an important process controlling the descent rate, water mass modification and volume transport. Under stable conditions dissipation essentially balances shear production, while turbulent transport and buoyant production are of secondary importance. Under unstable conditions, dissipation slightly exceeds the total production, and energy is also lost at a substantial rate due to upward export by the turbulence. Theoretical analysis and prediction of turbulence has been problem of fluid dynamics due to random or chaotic nature of turbulence phenomena. Because of this unpredictability, it has been usual to work with the time averaged forms of the governing equations, which inevitably results in terms involving higher order correlations of fluctuating quantities of flow variables. Turbulence is a very complex phenomenon so near PKW occurrence need extensive laboratory experiment and analysis of these results through some statistics will be reliable. This paper deals with issues, gaps and scope of statistical turbulence study near PKW.

Keywords: Turbulence, Piano Key Weirs, mean kinetic energy, velocity

Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics ISSN: 2230-9845 (online), ISSN: 2321-516X (print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Analysis of Mechanical Properties of EN 24 Steel After Austempering and Martempering Tridib Kumar Mahata* Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Karnataka, India Abstract The mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for a particular condition. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel. The present work aims at experimentally investigating the effects of normalizing, austempering and timed quenching on AISI 4340 steel. The material was machined to ASTM standards and then different tests like microstructure analysis, hardness test, impact test, and were carried out after the heat treatment processes. All the tests were carried out in the mechanical workshops and laboratories under the supervision of their respective faculty, at the MIT campus, Manipal. It was found that normalized steel was least hard and while timed quenched steel was hardest. The ASTM grain size affirmed these results by displaying a similar trend. An increase in brittleness was observed with the increase in hardness, with the timed quenched specimen displaying the least impact strength. Heat treatment is necessary to obtain the required mechanical and physical properties for a material to make it suitable for fabrication. For this reason, the knowledge of heat treatment is necessary to suitably condition the material for the subsequent stages of manufacture, or in the case of semi-finished component to impart the desired mechanical and physical properties such as increased strength, toughness and wear resistance. Heat treatment is also resorted to relieve internal stresses and to soften hard metals in order to improve machinability. The outstanding advantage of steel as an engineering material is due to its versatility. Its properties can be controlled and changed at will by the heat treatment. Thus, if steel is to be formed into some intricate shape, it can be made very soft and ductile by the heat treatment, if, on the other hand, it is to resist water, it can be heat treated to a very hard, wear-resisting condition.

Keywords: Austempering, martempering, tensile, steel