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I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (3)] of Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits (JoEECC). The intension of JoEECC is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoEECC provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

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Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits

Contents

1. Bioaccumulation Pattern of Heavy Metals in Saltmarsh Grass (Porteresia coarctata) of Indian Sundarbans Kakoli Banerjee, Gahul Amin, Shankhadeep Chakraborty, Prosenjt Pramanick, Rajrupa Ghosh, Pardis Fazli, Sufia Zaman, Pavel Biswas, Nabonita Pal, Abhijit Mitra

2. Rebonding Forest Fiber to Sustainable Deployment Priyavrat Thareja, Honey Garg

3. Trend Analysis of Research on Arsenic Pollution in West Bengal, India Sangeeta Dhar, Debal Ray, Neera Sen Sarkar

4. Signatures of Increasing Energy Demand of Past Two Decades as Captured in Rain Water Composition and Airmass Trajectory Analysis at Delhi (India) Sudha Singh, Bablu Kumar, Gyan Prakash Gupta, U.C. Kulshrestha 43

Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits ISSN: 2249-8621 (online) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Bioaccumulation Pattern of Heavy Metals in Saltmarsh Grass (Porteresia coarctata) of Indian Sundarbans Kakoli Banerjee1*, Gahul Amin2, Shankhadeep Chakraborty3, Prosenjt Pramanick3, Rajrupa Ghosh4, Pardis Fazli5, Sufia Zaman6, Pavel Biswas7, Nabonita Pal7, Abhijit Mitra6 1

Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Central University of Orissa, Koraput, India 2 Department of Physics, Chanchal College, Malda-732123, India 3 Department of Oceanography, Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata 700091, India 4 Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India 5 Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia 6 Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India; Also attached to Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata-700091, India 7 Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata 700091, India

Abstract Heavy metals (Zn, Cu and Pb) in saltmarsh grass tissue inhabiting Indian Sundarbans were studied during 2011–12. The selected heavy metals in the present study area originate from municipal and industrial sources. Samples from three different sites of deltaic Sundarbans were analyzed for selected heavy metals by AAS (atomic absorption spectrophotometer). The mean values of heavy metal concentrations were highest in Zn (68.17 ± 12.11 to 112.67 ± 30.17 in 2011; 74.72 ± 11.92 to 118.46 ± 30.22 in 2012) followed by Cu (27.53 ± 4.36 to 42.47 ± 9.96 in 2011; 30.81 ± 4.40 to 45.66 ± 9.87 in 2012) and Pb (5.49 ± 1.91 to 13.23 ± 3.00 in 2011; 7.10 ± 1.95 to 15.04 ± 3.31 in 2012) in all the selected stations. Significant positive correlations were observed between tissue metals and dissolved metals, whereas significant negative correlations were observed between tissue metals and biologically available heavy metal in sediment irrespective of all stations. ANOVA results exhibit significant spatial variations in tissue metal concentrations.

Keywords: Porteresia coarctata, Indian Sundarbans, Zinc, Copper, Lead

Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits ISSN: 2249-8621 (online) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Rebonding Forest Fiber to Sustainable Deployment Priyavrat Thareja1, Honey Garg2* 1

Rayat & Bahra Inst. of Engg. & Info Tech, SBS Nagar, India 2 PEC Univ. of Tech, Chandigarh-160012, India

Abstract The significance of wood in artistic manipulations is unraveled to any other material used in engineering, commercial or in infrastructural uses. All this is at the cost of ecosustainability, not directly because manufacturing remains ecofriendly, but indirectly; because forests are expended in realization of this raw material. The author pre-supposes that with the mere thought of cutting a tree, environmental degradation has already begun [1]. As a preventive measure, least draw from the environment should be solicited and/or engineered. This work attempts to sketch the misdemeanor of focusing on the wood rather than the trees. Such a focus has helped society deforest the natural green cover while perfecting wood engineering. Through this work the authors’ paradigm to continue their endeavor to enrich the “wood engineering” but at no further expense to the forest cover. This will be affected by a reengineering of the attitude of “wood engineering,” which holistically seeks the deployment of trees together with the various product options ranging from the root of trees, bark, fibers extracted from the plants and byproducts of consumed or non-consumable wooden products. The product reengineering must seek a change depending upon the different types of by-products or waste produced in the primary unit of manufacturing the wooden product. The desired emphasis is not to opt for trees as a direct use in its product or fuel, but through a component-wise selection-attitudinally.

Keywords: Wood, Deforestation, Value of a tree, Return to environment, Eco-future

Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits ISSN: 2249-8621 (online) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Trend Analysis of Research on Arsenic Pollution in West Bengal, India Sangeeta Dhar1, Debal Ray2, Neera Sen Sarkar3* 1

West Bengal Biodiversity Board (Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal), Poura Bhavan, 4th Floor, FD-415A, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700106, West Bengal, India 2 Chief Conservator of Forests, Aranya Bhavan, Block LA-10A, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700068, West Bengal, India 3 Phycology Section, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, District-Nadia, West Bengal, India

Abstract West Bengal is one of the worst affected states in India in terms of arsenic pollution. Nine out of its nineteen administrative units are severely affected, five moderately affected and a population of over 28 million suffers from the maladies of arsenic pollution. The problem, reported initially in 1978, was clinically detected for the first time in 1983. It gained importance as an issue of concern in the late 80s and became a matter of serious scientific attention in the mid-90s. A clear understanding of the issue is justifiably important for dealing with this grave environmental and health hazard. An evaluation of topics and the scientific outputs of research conducted on arsenic pollution in West Bengal was undertaken to understand how research has progressed in dealing with this serious pollutant. The study aimed to analyze trends in arsenic pollution research patterns, drives, methods and recommendations, relevant in the context of West Bengal, India but with wider geographical applicability. A dataset of 316 publications was qualitatively categorized into five broad groups (Categories 1–5), that are described here. Publications made during 1983–2012 were divided into six equal phases at an interval of 5 years each and a last phase of 2013 was separately considered. The variations in number of publications in each of the five categories implied different trends which were individually analyzed and tested for best-fit models. All the categories were supported by quadratic trend models. The significance of such findings has been discussed in the present paper.

Keywords: Arsenic, pollution, remediation, bibliometric analysis, quadratic trend

Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits ISSN: 2249-8621 (online) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Signatures of Increasing Energy Demand of Past Two Decades as Captured in Rain Water Composition and Airmass Trajectory Analysis at Delhi (India) Sudha Singh, Bablu Kumar, Gyan Prakash Gupta, U.C. Kulshrestha* School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Abstract This study reports chemical characteristics of rain water in Delhi during monsoon (2010–11) with a comparison to earlier reported values of 1994. The results showed that non-marine sources had significant influence on rain water composition. The pH of the samples varied from 5.24 to 7.48 with an average value of 6.52 showing an alkaline nature of rain water. However, the dominance of NO3− over SO42− indicated higher influence of vehicular emissions over industrial sources at this urban site. Air mass trajectory analysis revealed that the easterly air masses were the most polluted which carried highest amount of NO3− and SO42−. The study highlighted that the difference in ion balance may be minimized by including measured HCO3− concentrations especially in Indian perspective where interference of soil-derived CaCO3 is reported very high. A comparison of this study with that of 1994 values reported earlier indicated a remarkable increase in the concentrations of various chemical components of rain water which might be due to the impact of industrial and urban expansion of the city since 1994. The maximum increase (~12 times) was noticed for NO3− concentrations, clearly reflecting the signatures of increased emissions of NOx from various anthropogenic sources, especially, vehicular emissions which are drastically increased during past two decades. In spite of introduction of CNG vehicles, Bharat stage I–IV emission norms and metro rail etc., increase of NOx suggests an immediate need of further stringent regulations.

Keywords: Vehicular emissions, energy demand, rain chemistry, NOx, airmass trajectory