Journal of geotechnical engineering (vol1, issue1) by STM Journals Publication

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Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Focus and Scope Covers ? Engineering Geology , Hydrogeology ? Soil and Rock engineering ? Geosynthetics ? Earth Quake engineering ? Pile Dynamics

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Dr. Bimlesh Lochab Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance Engineering Centre (ITMMEC) Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India

Dr. Rajiv Prakash School of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

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STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

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Prof. Bankim Chandra Ray

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Professor and Head, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India.

Dr. Baldev Raj

Prof.D. N. Rao

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Dr. Hardev Singh Virk Professor Emeritus, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, India.

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Prof. Subash Chandra Mishra

Prof. Sundara Ramaprabhu

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Editorial Board

Dr. Anil Kumar Sachan Head, Civil Engineering Department, MNNIT Allahabad, India.

Dr. Aniruddha Sengupta Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.

Dr. Arun Prasad Associate Professor (Geotechnical) Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, India.

Dr. Babu K K Principal ,Thejus engineering College, Vellarakkad, Erumappetty,Thrissur, Kerala, India.

Dr. Chander Kumar Singh Assistant Professor, Department of Natural Resources,TERI University, India.

Dr. Dalchand Jhariya Assistant Professor, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India.

Dr. Erfan Mondal Professor of GeologyDepartment of GeologyAligarh Muslim University Aligarh - 202002 India.

Mr. Gobinath Ravindran Assistant Professor ,Department of Civil Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of I nstitutions, Avinashipalayam, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India.

Engr. Habib Zaman Memon Lecturer, Institute Of Petroleum & N-GasMehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro, Pakistan.

Dr. Janendranath Mandal Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, India.

Dr. Javed Alam Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, A.M.U, Aligarh, India.

Dr. Kamalesh Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BITS Pilani, Rajasthan, India.

Editorial Board

Dr. N. Vishwakarma Assistant Professor, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India.

Dr. Pradeep Kumar Agarwal Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Bhopal, M.P, India.

Dr. Rehman Associate Professor Department of Civil Engg. AMU, Aligarh-202002, U.P

Dr. Rini Abdullah Senior Lecturer Department of Geotechnics & TransportationFaculty of Civil EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

Dr. Shamsuddin Shahid Associate ProfessorDepartment of Hydraulics and HydrologyFaculty of Civil EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

Dr Shoeb Malik Associate ProfessorDepartment of Civil EngineeringZ.H. College of Engg. & Tech.A.M.U., Aligarh-India.

Dr. Syed Zaheer Hasan Scientist-G Petroleum Research WingGujarat Energy Research And Management Institute. Pdpu CampusRaisan, Gujarat, India.

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the print version for the Volume 1 Issue (1) of Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. The intension of JoGE is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Geotechnical. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoGE provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Geotechnical found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Geotechnical. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

Contents

1. Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Study at Pennar River Estuary, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, Southeast Coast of India G. Sreenivasulu, N. Jayaraju, T. Lakshmi Prasad

2. Comparison of Vegetation and Water Indices Calculated on IRS LISS-3 and IRS-P6 AWiFS Data Ajay Singh Tomar

3. Strength of Geopolymer Concrete by Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Steel Slag Asha M, Subramanian M, Karthik PR, Dinesh S, Shobana K S, Gobinath R

4. Identification of Accident Hot Spots at Different Roads of Midnapore Municipality Area: A Geoinformatic Approach Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Kartic Bera, Sanghita Chakraborty 20 5. Characteristics of Geology in Khulna City Corporation (KCC) Area, Bangladesh K.M. Bipul Shahriar, Md. Rokonuzzaman, Liton Rabbani

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Volume 1 Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Study at Pennar River Estuary, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, Southeast Coast of India G. Sreenivasulu*, N. Jayaraju, T. Lakshmi Prasad Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa-516003, AP, India

Abstract Coastal zones are the most valuable and dynamic places on Earth. A large portion of the world’s population has habitat coastal areas. Fertile coastal low lands, abundant marine resources, water transportation, aesthetic beauty and intrinsic values have long motivated coastal habitation. Two-thirds of the world’s fish catch, and many marine species, depend on coastal wetlands for their survival. The process of coastal morphodynamics has resulted in environmental problems such as coastal wetland loss, habitat degradation, water pollution and destruction of forest vegetation as well as host of other issues. In the study, remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) were used in order to study land use/land cover changes by using three years (2005, 2007 and 2012) satellite images IRS-P6, LISS-III data of Pennar river estuary in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Land use/land cover maps for three years (2005, 2007 and 2012) were prepared. It is observed that the important land use features like coastal wetlands, agricultural crop and plantation lands, waste lands or uncultivated lands, swamps and water bodies and its changes. The result shows a rapid growth in agricultural lands from 44.20 (2005) to 57.45% (2012) due to the annual rainfall. The water bodies and wetlands decreased from 34.53 (2005) to 21.10% (2012). Built-up lands increased 0.17% between 2005 and 2012. Uncultivated or waste lands and swamps got decreased. The reason for these changes can be attributed to urbanization, industrialization and modern civilization.

Keywords: Change detection study, coastal zones, remote sensing, GIS

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Volume 1 Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Comparison of Vegetation and Water Indices Calculated on IRS LISS-3 and IRS-P6 AWiFS Data Ajay Singh Tomar* S. O. S Earth Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M. P., India Abstract Remote sensing technologies provide stereo images which allow topographic mapping and the functionality gives not only static display but also analytical process. Vegetation indices and water indices have been proposed over last decades as the most suitable vegetation and water indices for a given remote sensing application. In this research study, the suitability and results show these indices (SVI, NDVI, SWI and NDWI) can apply on LISS-3 and Awifs, more comparisons view can get it from Awifs sensor. Using a Geographical Information System (GIS) it is possible to relate location to vegetation and water bodies cover. Indices have become a key for planning, conservation and management of any ecosystem. This has resulted in the habitat quality of varied aquatic flora and funa. Moreover, the seasonal changes affect the land use/land cover characteristics of the landscape. This powerful approach is opening up new opportunities to study the vegetation mapping with sensor comparisons. This information used to enhance the regions for identifying vegetation cover/mapping area. Keywords: IRS-LISS-3, IRS-P6 AWiFS, indices, SVI, NDVI, SWI, NDWI, sensor comparison

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Volume 1 Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Strength of Geopolymer Concrete by Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Steel Slag Asha M, Subramanian M*, Karthik PR, Dinesh S, Shobana K S, Gobinath R Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Avinashipalayam, Tirupur, India

Abstract The increased production of Portland cement causes great concern to environment because of its high carbon foot print. Geopolymer concrete is a new invention in the world of concrete in which cement is totally replaced by industrial waste and byproducts like fly ash. Geopolymer concrete is environment-friendly material for construction because of its reduced carbon foot print and also it is found to be durable. In this study, strength and durability characteristics of geopolymer concrete are studied with partial replacement of waste steel slag obtained from steel plants. Steel slag is impregnated in varying percentages of 5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15% instead of fine aggregate in geopolymer concrete prepared with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide used in a ratio of 1.8:2.5, and various properties obtained were analyzed.

Keywords: Geopolymer, fly ash, steel slag, fine aggregate

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Volume 1 Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Identification of Accident Hot Spots at Different Roads of Midnapore Municipality Area: A Geoinformatic Approach Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay*, Kartic Bera, Sanghita Chakraborty Vidyasagar University Paschim Medinipur, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India

Abstract Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a huge public health and development problem, killing almost 1.2 million people a year and injuring or disabling almost 20 to 50 million or more. Both WHO and World Bank data show that without appropriate action these injuries will rise dramatically by the year 2020, particularly in rapidly-motorizing countries. The study identifies the volatile traffic areas where road accidents are almost regular events and assess the temporal variation of these traffic accidents and injuries in Midnapore municipal area through Spatial Information Technology (SIT). By applying Kernel-density method in identifying accident-prone locations in Midnapore municipal area, three accident-prone zones are observed. This result shows highest concentration of a particular type of accidents and is useful for looking at patterns rather than at locations of individual features. This work gives an insight into the present scenario of the traffic conditions, road width, land use/land cover of the area and shows the most accident-prone roads. In future, accidents can be reduced by eliminating unsafe conditions and reducing unsafe acts. This work will give an insight into the traffic scenario and will give planners and traffic authorities some breathing space when considering long-term objectives and likely solutions of the problem.

Keywords: Kernel density, spatial information technology (SIT), temporal variation, pattern analysis

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Characteristics of Geology in Khulna City Corporation (KCC) Area, Bangladesh K.M. Bipul Shahriar1*, Md. Rokonuzzaman2, Liton Rabbani3 1

ACE Consultants Ltd., DOHS Baridhara, Dhaka-1206, Bangladesh Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh 3 Tangail Politechnique Institute, Tangail-1900, Bangladesh

Abstract This study represents the general characteristics of foundation soil in Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area. The KCC is situated in southwestern part in Bangladesh. Lithologically the area is composed of coarse to very fine silty sand, silt, silty clay, clayey silt and clay in various proportion. The SPT (Standard Penetration Test) value of the investigated area range between 0 and 7 from surface to 8 m deep. Here, the liquid limit and the natural moisture content (NMC) range from 32 to 64%, 27 to 65% respectively. The shear strength of the upper subsoil horizons in the investigated area is low. Low shearing strength in the upper soil horizon is indicative of soil vulnerability to excessive settlement under high load. The cohesive nature of upper soil in the KCC area with high colloidal content, high liquid and plastic limit indicate medium to high sensitivity of the soil to moisture that could not support heavily loaded buildings and structures. The problems can be avoided by considering special type of foundation, increasing the width of basements of structures and granular backfilling. Based on geomorphology, stratigraphic litho-succession, soil types, percentage of sand, silt and clay in the soil, liquid limit, plasticity index, NMC, liquefaction, settlement and SPT zonation, the study area have been classified as lowest for urbanization. Considering the factors of geotechnical parameters for design of structural foundations this zone is rated as severe for shallow foundations without replaced the existing soil by well graded sandy material. It is understood from the investigation that the deep foundation is necessary with sufficient pile length (>35 m) is required to resist heavy structural load.

Keywords: Urban Geology, Khulna City Corporation, Bangladesh